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297 Chelu 1891 Alle.Pdf á DE L'EQUATEUR A LA MEDITERRANÉE NIL LE SOUPAN, L'ËGYPTE PAR 1. Cua tT ANCIEN INGNIEUR EN CHEF DU SOUDAN E.GYPTIEN MEMBRE DE LA SOCIÉT1 DES ING4',NIEURS CIVILS DE FRANCE Ouvrage accompagné de nombreuses Cartes hors texte imprimks en couleurs. PARIS LIBRAIRIE CHAIX GARNIER FRERES Imprimerie et Librairie ceutrales des chemius de fer Libraires4diteurs RUE BERGÈRE, 20 RUE DES SAINTS—PÈRES, 6 1 89 1 INTRODUCTION L'Egypte est un pays qu'on ne visite pas l'ete å moins d'y être force. Les archeologues, les hornmes politiques ou les touristes qui la choisissent comme but de leurs recherches, de leurs études ou de leurs peregrinations ne debarquent generalement å Alexandrie qu'å la fin de l'autornne ou au commencement de l'hiver, alors que la neige s'est abattue sur les villes et les campagnes de l'Europe et que tout ce qui y vegte s'est depouille de feuillage, a ete moissonne, vendange ou a peri sous l'etreinte du froid. A cette même epoque de l'annee, la temperature de l'Egypte est semblable å celle des aes de l'Europe centrale : son sol disparait sous un ocean de verdure qui commence å la mer et finit å Assouan. La vue des champs et des påturages luxuriants entrecoupes de canaux bordes d'acacias (acacia nilotica),des sycomores, que dominent d'Megan ts bouquets de palmiers, l'atmosphère d'une merveilleuse purete,-l'aspect des monuments colossaux et indestructibles, vieux de milliers d'annees, qu'un soleil radieux baigne de lumière et semble revair d'une eternelle jeunesse, l'inexprimable beaute de ses nuits aussi radieuses que ses jours et d'autant plus etoilees et plus belles qu'on s'avancera davantage vers le Sud : tout, en un mot, dispose le voyageur å l'admiration dont fut frappe Amrou, le conquerant de l'Egypte, admiration qu'il peignit å son maitre, le khalife Omar, dans une lettre celebre qui commenait en ces termes « 0 Prince des fideles ! peins-toi une campagne magnifique, au milieu de deux chaines de montagnes. Voilå l'Egypte ; toutes seg 11 INT1IODUCTION productions et ses richesses lui viennent d'un fleuve beni qui coule avec majeste au rnilieu du pays.... » Cette lettre finissait par ces mots : « Beni soit le createur de tant de merveilles! » Aussi les voyageurs qui ont parcouru l'Egypte et les auteurs qui se sont occupes de cette antique terre des Pharaons sont-ils unanimes å vanter la fertilite de son sol, la beaute de son ciel, et le Nil, ce magnifique fleuve qui vient periodiquernent deposer, sur les six mil- lions environ de feddans (I) qui forment la superficie cultivable de l'Egypte tout entière, le limon fecondant que ses eaux tiennent en suspens et qu'elles apportent du centre de l'Afrique. Le Nil, disent-ils, a donne å l'Egypte des terres d'une merveilleuse fecondite ; un boisseau de ble seme en produit cent, et ce sol ne s'epuise jamais, puisque ses facultes reproductrices sont constamment revivifiees par l'action bienfaisante des debordements annuels. Sui- vant une opinion generalement repandue en Europe, il suffirait, pendant la crue, de laisser l'eau du Nil s'ecouler naturellement dans les champs, ou de faire, de distance en distance, des saignees aux berges du fleuve et des canaux qui en derivent, pour donner la vie aux terres ensemencees et l'abondance aux habitants de cette heureuse contree. Il y a, malheureusement, des ombres å ce riant tableau. Le ciel d'Egypte n'a pas cesse d'etre toujours pur et le vieux Nil d'être un magnifique fleuve ; mais, obeissant å des lois naturelles souvent desordonnees, ce dernier deroute parfois toutes les previsions humaines : tantôt il n'atteint pas son niveau normal et le pays tout entier souffre du manque d'eau, tantôt il depasse trop ce niveau et se transforme alors en un torrent furieux qui devaste tout sur son passage. Meme lorsque la crue est favorable, la distribution des eaux ne laisse pas que d'être très laborieuse et beaucoup plus compliquee qu'on ne le croit. Sur la plus grande partie de son cours, le Nil n'a qu'une action tres limitee sur les terres qu'il traverse ; les immenses espaces que l'on appelle le Soudan egyptien ne se couvrent de vegetation que pendant la saison des pluies (kharif); celle-ci terminee, tout redevient (1) La superficie eultive est d'environ einq inillions de feddans, soit 2,100,000 heetares. 1NT1ODUCTION 111 aride. Lorsque la quantite d'eau tombee dans les regions equatoriales est insuffisante, des contrees tout entiéres sont en proie å la famine et des milliers de creatures humaines meurent de faim De Khartoum à Assouan, sur un parcours de pres de 1,800 kilometres, les bords seuls du Nil sont susceptibles d'etre mis en culture regulière. D'Assouan au Caire, c'est-å-dire dans la Haute et la Moyenne-Egypte, on ne peut faire qu'une recolte par an. Ce n'est que dans le Delta qu'il est possible d'obtenir de la terre plusieurs recoltes successives ; mais il faut, pendant un certain nombre de mois, variant suivant que la crue a ete plus ou moins favorable, employer des machines pour amener l'eau d'arrosage å la surface du sol. Si les esperances du cultivateur europeen sont parfois reduites å neant par le froid, la grele, une pluie prolongee ou une secheresse, les crues insuffisantes ou extraordinaires sont aussi desastreuses pour le fellah ; et si ce dernier peut, dans le Delta, elever les eaux d'une crue trop basse au moyen de ses machines, les frais resultant de la marche prolongee des appareils å vapeur absorbent presque toujours la totalite du benefice de la culture. En ce qui concerne la fertilite du sol, des siecles d'exploitation routinière et des cultures intensives faites sans discernement, c'est-à-dire sans solution de continuite, l'ont tellement compromise que le rendement des meilleures terres d'Egypte est aujourd'hui inferieur å celui que l'on obtient des bonnes terres d'Angleterre, d'Allemagne, de France et de Hollande. D'un autre côte, il ne faut pas perdre de vue qu'en Europe les crises agricoles, souvent bornees å une ou plusieurs provinces, sont presque toujours attenuees par l'etat prospere des autres industries exploitees dans ces mémes provinces. En Egypte, contree essentiellement agricole, les souffrances de l'agriculture interessent la vie tout entiere du pays. Si les besoins de l'homme etaient limites aux seuls produits du sol, les Egyp liens seraient cependant les plus heureux des mortels ; mais l'Egypte supporte le poids d'une dette ecrasante (1) et lå, comme partout, le progres, dans sa marche que rieri ne saurait arreter, a cree des besoins mulliples, d'autant plus onereux qu'en dehors de l'agriculture la production est nulle; tout doit étre importe å grands frais. (1) Les finances de l' gypte se sont consi~ablernent amgior&s dans ces derniCres annCes. Une partic de sa Dette a convertic. IV INTRODUCTION Le service de defense contre les inondations, l'entretien du vaste reseau de canalisation dont est dotee absorbent annuellement des sommes enormes, et les seuls avantages qu'elle possede effective- ment sur les contrees occidentales sont, d'abord, son beau ciel et sa temperature qui, s'abaissant rarement au-dessous de zero, lui permet de recolter les produits des regions temperees et la plupart de ceux des climats tropicaux, et, en dernier lieu, la main-d'ceuvre å bon marche. Presenter au lecteur des details inedits ou peu connus sur le cours superieur du Nil et le Soudan, å l'aide de donnees recueillies sur place au cours de ses explorations et de renseignements puises aux meilleures sources ; exposer la veritable situation economique de l'Ëgypte ; vulgariser toutes les questions relatives aux irrigations egyptiennes, telles que : legislation, droits collectifs et individuels sur les eaux, leur distribution dans la Haute et la Moyenne-gypte et le Delta : telle est la tåehe que s'est imposee l'auteur. A cet effet, l'Égypte et ses dependances africaines ont ete divisees en deux parties : la premiére comprenant le Nil et le Soudan ; la seconde, l'f;gypte proprement dite et son agriculture. Les irrigations ont fait l'objet d'une partie speciale cl6turee par un apemu sur la navigation tluviale du Nil. CONVERSION DES MESURES, POIDS ET MONNAIES D' GYPTE (TABLEAU N° 1) MESURES DE LONGUEUR Nili Nilometrique . Oni,5400 1 DBaladihirah Pic ou coudee Indigène Oin,5826 Hendaza se subdivise en 24 Kirats des Ingnieurs . 0111,656 Mimari de Construction . 0n',750 1 Kassaba 3m,550 MESURES DE SUPERFICIE 1 Feddan = 333 1/3 Kassabas carrees Metres carres. 4.200,8336 1 Kirat = 1/24 de Feddan 175,0347 1 Sahm = 1/24 de Kirat 7 , 2931 MESURES DE CAPACITE 1 Ardeb ou Dirah Baladih cube Litres. 197,7477 1 Weba = 1/6 d'Ardeb 32,9578 1 Kela = 1/12 — 16,4789 1 Roubeh = 1/24 — 8,2399 1 Malwa = 1/48 — 4,1119 1 Kadah = 1/96 — 2,0599 Le Dirah Baladih etant de 0R1,5826, son cube donne la capacite de l'Ardeb, soit 0m3,197.747.7 ou 197 litres 7477 et en poids 197.747 grammes 7 dont la 64/1000 partie equivaut au Darem qui pese 3 grarnmes 0898. En outre, le volume d'un cube dont le côte serait le quart du Dirah Baladih, ou 0m4 4555, donne0m3,003.089.8 soit 3,089 grammes ou 1,000 Darems. á PREMIRE PARTIE NIL ET SOUDAN á CHAPITRE PREMIER NIL SOMMERSET — NIL BLANC — ML BLEU Le apercu general.
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