Performance of ATLAS Muon Precision Drift Chambers in a High Radiation Environment
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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
A Gas Monitoring Chamber for ATLAS Mdts
A Gas Monitoring Chamber for ATLAS MDTs Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde Vorgelegt von Song Xie November 2011 Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Dekan: Prof. Dr. Kay Königsmann Referent: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Landgraf Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Karl Jakobs Tag der Verkündigung des Prüfungsergebnisses: 29. November 2011 Abstract As one of the four experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the ATLAS experiment features the largest muon tracker in terms of volume. The main detecting elements of the muon tracker are Monitored Drift Tubes (MDTs) which measure the drift times of the electrons created by a traversing muon ionizing the operating gas. The trajectory of the muon is reconstructed from the drift times according to the so-called space-to-drift time relation (rt-relation). The design goal of the performance of the muon tracker is a stand-alone transverse momentum resolution of approximately 10 % for tracks of 1 TeV particles. This requires the MDT detector to have a spacial resolution better than 50 µm within a volume of a length of 40 m and a diameter of 25 m. The ATLAS MDTs use Ar:CO2 93:7 plus a few hundred ppm water vapour as the operating gas. The types of the gas components and their ratios should be kept very steady in order to have a stable rt-relation. In this thesis, the influences of the fluctuations of the mixture ratio on the elec- tron velocity are discussed. Gas Monitoring Chambers (GMCs) have been designed and implemented to monitor the gas of the ATLAS MDTs by measuring the electron drift velocity in the operating gas as a function of the reduced electric field (v-r.e.f relation). -
Impact of Humidity on Deformations Offr-4 Based Detector
Impact of Humidity on Deformations of FR-4 Based Detector Elements in the ATLAS New Small Wheel Yanwen Hong Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Landgraf Dr. Stephanie Zimmermann Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Master of Science Abteilung Prof. Dr Gregor Herten July 2019 Abstract The discovery of the Higgs boson in the ATLAS and CMS experiments showed the necessity of high luminosity in discovering new physics. The LHC is undergoing upgrades of the collider, accelerator chain and detectors for the High-Luminosity LHC project in several phases. The inner endcap of the muon spectrometer in the ATLAS detector will be replaced by the New Small Wheel. The two technologies used in the NSW are sTGC and MicroMegas, which can achieve a high spatial resolution in muon tracking and better angular resolution in trigger performance by implementing strip-structured detector modules. FR-4 grade PCBs are one of the crucial components of the detectors. Mechanical deformations caused by a humid environment were observed during the single layer detector element machining and detector module assembly processes. These deformations will lead to strips misalignment and furthermore have a direct impact on resolution of the detectors. In order to evaluate the impact of these deformations on the performance of the detector, a designed humidity study is conducted in this thesis. The maximum and residual strip misalignment of three detector elements at an extremely humid environment and after the air-drying process is determined by measurement data. Considering the machining and manufacturing process, the values of mechanical tolerances of the detector modules are compared to the maximum and residual strip misalignment. -
Freiburg Institute of Physics Activity Report 2011-2013
Freiburg Institute of Physics Activity Report 2011-2013 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG ACTIVITY REPORT 2011 - 2013 Institute of Physics Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Hermann-Herder-Str. 3 79104 Freiburg Front cover Measured angular distribution of photoelectrons emitted from a Na55− cluster, scanning tunneling microscope image showing chains of oligomeric molecules, and a candidate event for a Higgs boson produced in the ATLAS experiment, symbolising the three research areas of the Institute of Physics. IMPRESSUM Published January 2014 by the Freiburg Institute of Physics Editorial Team K. Jakobs T. Schaetz O. Waldmann Design Christina Skorek Tamara Klaas Printed by University of Freiburg All rights reserved. ii The Institute of Physics of the University of Freiburg, with the explicit support of the Rectorate of the University, has decided to install an international Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), to consult and advise the institute in all aspects of its academic research and education, on a regular basis. The present activity report provides a concise description of the scientific activities of the research groups during the years 2011 to 2013, of the teaching and outreach programme, and of the available infrastructure. The part of the scientific activities is divided into three main chapters dedicated to the three main research areas of the institute. The variable structure of these chapters reflects the diverse and lively scientific cultures of the different areas which meet under the roof of this institute. The inaugural meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board is scheduled for 17 and 18 February 2014, and will be embedded into a public workshop programme, where cutting edge research on a broad selection of topics will be presented by members of the institute. -
Construction and Calibration of a Setup for Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors Using UV Laser Photoelectrons
Construction and Calibration of a Setup for Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors Using UV Laser Photoelectrons Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde Vorgelegt von Kim Temming Dezember 2013 Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau After the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in summer 2012, the properties and couplings of the newly found particle need to be determined. To deliver the necessary amount of data, the LHC will raise its luminosity significantly and new detector technologies are needed that can withstand the demands due to the increased particle flux. New types of gaseous detectors like Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) and especially the Micromegas that are foreseen for the ATLAS Muon New Small Wheel upgrade, show very good rate capabilities so far. A test setup to investigate the properties of Micromegas has been designed and built. The setup uses photoelectrons created by a UV laser in the drift volume as the primary charge to probe the detector. The creation points and times are precisely known and the setup is independent of test beams. It includes a reference measurement system based on multi-wire technology and has been commissioned and fully calibrated. A Micromegas test candidate unit with 8 different readout geometry zones and an additional cathode layer has been designed and the performance of a prototype was intensively investigated. Gain studies as well as drift and diffusion studies have been carried out successfully. Studies and Garfield simulations regarding the discharge behavior of the Micromegas test can- didate and the supplementary cathode on the bottom of the detector have been carried out and indicate a controllable influence on the electric field configuration in the amplification area by the additional potential. -
Study of the Z+Bb Production with the ATLAS Detector at The
Study of the Z + bb¯ Production with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC Dissertation der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Munchen¨ vorgelegt von Dan Nicolae Vladoiu˘ geboren in Bukarest Munchen,¨ Juli 2013 Study of the Z + bb¯ Production with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC Dissertation der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Munchen¨ vorgelegt von Dan Nicolae Vladoiu˘ geboren in Bukarest Munchen,¨ Juli 2013 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Dorothee Schaile Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Faessler Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 01. Oktober 2013 Abstract A first inclusive measurement of the productionp cross-section for a Z boson in associa- tion with a bottom-antibottom quark pair at s = 7 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented, using the full dataset of R L(t)dt = 4:64 pb−1 collected by the ATLAS detector during the year 2011. Such a measurement provides a direct test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics pre- dictions, and, for production of a Higgs boson in association with a Z boson, Z + bb¯ represents the highest irreducible background. The decay channels of the Z boson considered are: Z ! e+e− and Z ! µ+µ−. For the reconstruction of the Z boson candidate, exactly two leptons with opposite charge and of the same-flavor are required to have an invariant mass within 76 GeV - 106 GeV. Jets with weakly decaying b-hadrons are selected with a b-tagging algorithm at 75% efficiency. For the reduction of the top-antitop background, events are required to have a missing transverse energy of less than 30 GeV. The extraction of the signal cross-section from the data sample was realized with a binned likelihood template fit method, using as template fit a strong discriminant between heavy- flavor and charm=light-flavor jets.