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Space Weathering of the Large Moons of Uranus and Alluvial Fan Formation on Saturn’S Moon Titan

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Space Weathering of the Large Moons of Uranus and Alluvial Fan Formation on Saturn’S Moon Titan University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2017 Surface modification of icy satellites: Space weathering of the large moons of Uranus and alluvial fan formation on Saturn’s moon Titan Richard John Cartwright University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the The Sun and the Solar System Commons Recommended Citation Cartwright, Richard John, "Surface modification of icy satellites: Space weathering of the large moons of Uranus and alluvial fan formation on Saturn’s moon Titan. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4612 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Richard John Cartwright entitled "Surface modification of icy satellites: Space weathering of the large moons of Uranus and alluvial fan formation on Saturn’s moon Titan." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geology. Joshua P. Emery, Devon M. Burr, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Jeffrey Moersch, Nicholas Nagle Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Surface modification of icy satellites: Space weathering of the large moons of Uranus and alluvial fan formation on Saturn’s moon Titan A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Richard John Cartwright August 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Richard J. Cartwright All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my wife and parents for their unending support. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to express my unending gratitude for the support I have received from my wife and family as I pursued my Ph.D. I want to express my deepest appreciation for the guidance provided by my advisors, Joshua Emery and Devon Burr, as well as the other members of my committee, Jeffrey Moersch and Nicholas Nagle. I thank Noemi Pinilla-Alonso, Sean Lindsay, Driss Takir, and all members of the EMERGE and BRIGHT research groups for providing guidance and lending their wisdom along the way. I also thank the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) staff, support astronomers, and the people of Hawaii for allowing me to use the IRTF on Mauna Kea. Funding for the work presented in this dissertation was provided by the, the Planetary Astronomy Program (grant NNX10AB23G), the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship program (grant PLANET14F-0020), and the Solar System Observing program (grant 16-SSO016_2-0070). I thank Tom Cronin and Helen Sestak for providing additional financial support during my tenure at the University of Tennessee. iv ABSTRACT The surfaces of icy satellites are continually modified by space weathering and geologic processes. This dissertation explores the processes changing the surface compositions of the large moons of Uranus and mechanisms for development of possible alluvial fans on the Saturnian moon, Titan. On the Uranian satellites, I hypothesize that the origin and distribution of carbon dioxide ice results from charged particle bombardment, and that spectrally red material originated on retrograde irregular satellites. On Titan, I hypothesize that landforms identified as alluvial fans at low and mid latitudes were formed by sheetfloods, whereas possible alluvial fans at high latitudes were formed by debris flows. To test whether charged particle radiolysis drives carbon dioxide ice synthesis on the classical Uranian moons, I gathered new near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra over a range of satellite longitudes, and measured the areas of carbon dioxide ice bands in these data to constrain its distribution on their surfaces. I found that the abundance of carbon dioxide ice peaks on the trailing hemispheres of the moons closer to Uranus (Ariel and Umbriel), consistent with radiolytic production of carbon dioxide ice via magnetospherically-embedded charged particle bombardment. Using these same NIR spectra, I measured the spectral slopes and areas of water ice bands to constrain the distribution of red material on these moons. My water ice band area and spectral slope measurements indicate that red material is most abundant on the leading hemispheres of the outer moons, Titania and Oberon, consistent with delivery of red dust from the irregular moons. To test alluvial fan formation mechanisms on Titan, I measured the radar backscatter of possible alluvial fans located at different latitudes on Titan, and compared these backscatter measurements to alluvial fans formed by sheetfloods and debris flows on Earth. My results indicate that backscatter from possible fans at high latitudes on Titan is more consistent with sheetflood fans on Earth, and backscatter from low- and mid- latitude possible fans on Titan is more consistent with terrestrial debris flow fans. I explore the geomorphic and sedimentological implications of these results. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 References ....................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Distribution of CO2 ice on the large moons of Uranus and evidence for compositional stratification of their near-surfaces .............................................................. 8 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10 Observations and data reduction ................................................................................... 11 IRTF/SpeX ................................................................................................................ 11 Spitzer/IRAC............................................................................................................. 12 Results ........................................................................................................................... 14 SpeX spectra ............................................................................................................. 14 IRAC photometry...................................................................................................... 15 Analysis......................................................................................................................... 15 CO2 ice band parameter analysis .............................................................................. 16 CO2 ice band area measurements .............................................................................. 16 Testing the robustness of the CO2 band area measurements .................................... 17 Statistical analysis of the distribution of CO2 ........................................................... 18 CO2 band center modeling ........................................................................................ 19 CO2 band parameter analysis summary .................................................................... 19 Investigating the distribution of CO2 using IRAC .................................................... 20 Compositional analysis of IRAC photometry ........................................................... 20 IRAC photometry summary ...................................................................................... 21 CO2 production by charged particle irradiation ........................................................ 21 H2O band parameter analysis .................................................................................... 23 H2O band area measurements ................................................................................... 23 Statistical analysis of the distribution of H2O ........................................................... 24 H2O band area and depth ratios ................................................................................ 24 H2O band parameter analysis summary .................................................................... 25 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 25 Near-surface layering ................................................................................................ 25 Jupiter to Neptune: CO2 on icy satellites .................................................................. 27 Possible sources of CO2 and relevant removal mechanisms .................................... 28 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................... 29 References ....................................................................................................................
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