JOINING the GREAT PLAINS in SPACE, PLACE, and TIME QUESTIONING a TIME ZONE BOUNDARY Rob Kuper Temple University
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Summer 2011 JOINING THE GREAT PLAINS IN SPACE, PLACE, AND TIME QUESTIONING A TIME ZONE BOUNDARY Rob Kuper Temple University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the American Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Kuper, Rob, "JOINING THE GREAT PLAINS IN SPACE, PLACE, AND TIME QUESTIONING A TIME ZONE BOUNDARY" (2011). Great Plains Quarterly. 2709. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2709 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. JOINING THE GREAT PLAINS IN SPACE, PLACE, AND TIME QUESTIONING A TIME ZONE BOUNDARY ROB KUPER Standard time zone boundaries are invisible the world for various reasons that result in the in the landscape, yet they abruptly delineate synchronization of socioeconomic and politi a temporal difference of one hour between cal activities within and between communities two large areas located relative to one another and the simultaneous separation from others. on Earth. In most cases, standard time zone The zone boundary between mountain boundaries follow political ones and define standard time (MST) and central standard areas within which daylight saving time time (CST) in the Great Plains of the United (DST)-the seasonal advancement of stan States now follows the mostly rectilinear politi dard time by one hour-is observed. Moving cal boundaries of counties and states from the time zone boundaries and the decision to Canadian border in the north t'o the Mexican observe daylight saving time occurs throughout border in the south. North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas are bisected by the standard time zone boundary. All Plains states observe DST. Two consequences result Key Words: climate, commerce, daylight saving from this current configuration: first, com time, Nebraska, water munities on either side of the MST-CST zone boundary are united by time but may not be Rob Kuper is assistant professor of landscape architec related by environmental characteristics; and ture at Temple University and a registered landscape second, that observing or eliininating DST in architect. He received a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Design and a Master of Landscape one state depends upon observance or elimina Architecture from Auburn University. In 2004, he tion in neighboring states. walked from west to east across Nebraska, his birthplace, Sutherland and Paxton, Nebraska, illus to learn more about the landscape. The walk served as trate the first consequence. These towns are a catalyst for research regarding perceptions of space, approximately twelve miles apart but lie in place, time, and water in landscapes. different counties and standard time zones, and are accordingly synchronized with socio [GPQ 31 (Summer 2011): 223-42) economic activities in the Midwest or the 223 224 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SUMMER 2011 Plains and Rocky Mountains. Paxton keeps MST, the same time as Ogallala, Oshkosh, and Scottsbluff in Nebraska, Torrington and Cheyenne in Wyoming, and Fort Collins and Denver in Colorado. Sutherland keeps CST, as do communities farther east-Kearney, Grand Island, North Platte, and Omaha, Nebraska, and Kansas City, St. Louis, and Chicago. Historically, the twenty-inch isohyet-the line that connects locations of average annual rainfall totaling twenty inches-has been used to distinguish the Great Plains from the Midwest. West of this line, rainfall totals less than twenty inches annually, the climate is arid to some degree, and irrigation is consid ered necessary for successful agriculture, the dominant land use. East of this line, rainfall exceeds twenty inches annually, the climate is more humid, and irrigation in agriculture is generally considered unnecessary. Lying beneath and straddling the isohyet is the FIG. 1. The current boundary of the mountain Ogallala aquifer: 3 billion acre-feet of water in standard time and central standard time (MST-CST) gravel beds up to 300 feet thick that have sup zones, the twenty-inch isohyet (dashed), and the plied farmers and ranchers since the 1960s.1 approximate area of the Ogallala aquifer. All maps Unfortunately, the MST-CST zone bound were created by the author. ary does not synchronize communities that are closely related by climate and land use. To other state it abuts by one hour during the date, no attempt has been made to align the spring and summer. The elimination of day MST-CST zone boundary, isohyet, and to some light saving time throughout the Great Plains extent, the use of the aquifer, although they are would require the five states currently bisected located close to one another in the landscape by the standard time zone boundary to petition (Fig. O. Aligning them has the potential to to move the MST-CST zone boundary to state define the Great Plains socioeconomically, boundaries. Thus, the communities within ecologically, geologically, spatially, and tempo these states could ensure that they would be rally using one line. temporally connected to those to the west or A January 2011 proposal to eliminate day east at one time of the year or another. For light saving time in Nebraska illustrates the example, Arizona, the only state within the second consequence of how time is currently contiguous forty-eight United States that does observed in the Great Plains.2 Nebraska state not observe DST, follows MST with states to senator Ken Shilz and three residents stated the north and east during standard time, but that doing away with daylight saving time follows Pacific Daylight Time with California would remove the health, social, and busi and Nevada during DST.4 Although the ness disruption that typically occurs with the boundaries of the states from North Dakota seasonal time change} The bill went no fur to Texas approximate the climatic boundary ther than a hearing before the Government, of the Great Plains less accurately than the Military, and Veterans Affairs Committee, due county boundaries may, the state boundaries in part to the realization that eliminating DST have been used to distinguish the legal use of would temporally isolate Nebraska from every surface water in waterways.5 Thus, a regional, JOINING THE GREAT PLAINS IN SPACE, PLACE, AND TIME 225 spatial, political, hydrological, and temporal culture in the Great Plains susceptible to ero alignment is possible with a move of this sort. sion, recession or depression, and collapse. This article examines the potential use of Moreover, global climatic change will likely the MST-CST zone boundary to define the affect demands placed upon the aquifer and eastern edge of the Great Plains. The intro other aspects of agriculture in the Plains in duction of two problems prefaces the study some unknown capacity. Climatic change and provides the reasoning for examining two models consistently suggest that increasing possible moves: aligning the MST-CST zone concentrations of greenhouse gases could boundary with the twenty-inch isohyet, and increase the temperature in the Great Plains, aligning the MST-CST zone and state bound but the models vary as to whether precipitation aries. This study will address both problems could increase or decrease? Consequently, crop through looking at the former using informa yields in corn, soybean, winter wheat, alfalfa, tion gathered from county representatives and clover hay may decline or increase and whose constituents would be affected. The become more or less variable depending on the latter is examined by reviewing legislation model and the magnitude of temperature and related to standard time changes. Obstacles carbon dioxide concentration increases used that prevent either change to the standard time in the model.!o Evapotranspiration rates, water zone boundaries conclude the study. yields, and variation in yields may be similarly affected in major watershed resource regions.!! JUSTIFYING A MOVE Regardless, irrigation is shown to decline due to either a reduction of water supply following As it is, defining the boundary between the declining precipitation or plentiful increases Midwest and Great Plains is difficult. Unlike in precipitation that would render irrigation its sudden and striking mountainous end in generally unnecessary.!2 Models have also the west, the Plains gradually materializes shown that rising ambient air temperatures and in the east. This in turn creates at least two increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide, problems that adversely affect Great Plains coupled with other weather-related variables, land and people. The first has to do with the could decrease the number of days needed to creation and enforcement of water conserva grow confined swine in the west and north, and tion policies in the present, the second with increase it in the east and south; increase the possible effects on land use in the future time needed for beef cattle to mature through caused by global climatic change. Ideally, the out the Plains; and decrease milk production differences in average annual rainfall that by dairy cattle throughout