DOCSLIB.ORG

Benthic Infauna of the Southern California Bight Continental Slope: Characterizing Community Structure for the Development of an Index of Disturbance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Benthic Infauna of the Southern California Bight Continental Slope: Characterizing Community Structure for the Development of an Index of Disturbance OCS Study BOEM 2019-050 Benthic Infauna of the Southern California Bight Continental Slope: Characterizing Community Structure for the Development of an Index of Disturbance US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2019-050 Benthic Infauna of the Southern California Bight Continental Slope: Characterizing Community Structure for the Development of an Index of Disturbance July 2019 Authors: David J. Gillett Lisa Gilbane Kenneth C. Schiff Prepared under Cooperative Agreement M16AC00013 By Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 3535 Harbor Blvd Suite 110 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region DISCLAIMER Study collaboration and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Cooperative Agreement Number M16AC00013. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Data and Information Systems webpage (https://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies- EnvData/), click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2019-050. CITATION Gillett, D.J., Gilbane, L., and Schiff, K.C. 2019. Benthic Infauna of the Southern California Bight Continental Slope: Characterizing Community Structure for the Development of an Index of Disturbance. Camarillo (CA): US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. OCS Study BOEM 2019-050. 157 p. ABOUT THE COVER Cover photo by Lisa Gilbane, showing collection of benthic samples aboard the vessel Hey Jude near oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel, offshore southern California. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank Marcus Beck, Valerie Goodwin, and Abel Santana for help with data organization and help with some of the analyses. The authors also thank the Southern California Bight Regional Monitoring Program, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, and the City of San Diego Public Utilities Department’s Ocean Monitoring Program for providing the infaunal, chemistry, and habitat data used for all of the analyses. The content of this report was improved by comments provided by Jonathan Blythe. Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................................. v 1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 General Approach ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 3 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 4 3.1 General Approach ....................................................................................................................... 4 3.1.1 Objective 1: Data Sets ................................................................................................... 4 3.1.2 Objective 2: Reference Definition .................................................................................. 7 3.1.3 Objective 3: Biological Assemblages ............................................................................. 7 3.1.4 Objective 4: Response to Disturbance ........................................................................... 8 4 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Identifying Habitats .................................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Disturbance Response .............................................................................................................. 16 5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Ecology of the Benthic Fauna ................................................................................................... 25 5.2 Assessing Habitat Condition ..................................................................................................... 26 6 References .......................................................................................................................................... 29 6.1 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................... 29 6.2 R Packages Used ..................................................................................................................... 36 Appendix A: Inventory of Sediment Chemistry Measures .......................................................................... 37 Appendix B: Inventory of Benthic Infauna .................................................................................................. 46 Appendix C: Operational Taxonomic Units ................................................................................................. 78 Appendix D: Performance of Pre-existing Assessment Tools .................................................................... 81 Appendix E: Frequency of Occurrence and Relative Abundance of Benthic Infauna ................................ 84 Appendix F: Benthic Habitat Condition of the Continental Shelf Surrounding Oil and Gas Platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel, Offshore Southern California ........................................................ 128 Supplemental Data .................................................................................................................................... 157 i List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the Southern California Bight depicting the location of benthic samples collected from the continental slope. .................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2. Two-dimensional plot summarizing the nMDS ordination of reference sites. ............................. 10 Figure 3. Schematic box-plots of species richness and Shannon-Wiener Diversity among reference sites in each of the three deep water habitats. .................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4. Schematic box-plots of Latitude, Longitude, Depth, Clay, Sand, Silt, Total Nitrogen, and Total Organic Carbon among reference sites in each of the three deep water habitats. .................................... 16 Figure 5. A heatmap depicting the relative correlation between the different potential stressors used in the study. ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 6. Two-dimensional plot summarizing the nMDS ordination of samples from: a) Upper Slope b) Northwest Slope, and c) Lower Slope illustrating the relative separation of reference samples from non- reference samples. ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 7. Two-dimensional plot summarizing the nMDS ordination of all reference and non-reference samples from the three identified habitats across the continental slope of the Southern California Bight. 20 Figure 8. Scatter plot of the abundance of the tellinid bivalve Tellina carpenteria with Total Nitrogen from the Upper Slope Habitat. ............................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 9. Scatter plots of pair-wise Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of reference samples from continental shelf habitats shallower than 200 m (a) and each continental slope habitat (b).. ............................................... 23 Figure D-1. Two-dimensional
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Species of Ampharete (Annelida: Ampharetidae) from The
    European Journal of Taxonomy 531: 1–16 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.531 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2019 · Parapar J. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Research article A new species of Ampharete (Annelida: Ampharetidae) from the West Shetland shelf (NE Atlantic Ocean), with two updated keys to the species of the genus in North Atlantic waters Julio PARAPAR 1,*, Juan MOREIRA 2 & Ruth BARNICH 3 1 Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. 2 Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. 2 Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. 3 Thomson Unicomarine Ltd., Compass House, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, GU2 7AG, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 1urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:CE188F30-C9B0-44B1-8098-402D2A2F9BA5 2urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B1E38B9B-7751-46E0-BEFD-7C77F7BBBEF0 3urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F1E3AEB7-0C77-41BB-8A6C-F8B429F17DA1 Abstract. Ampharete oculicirrata sp. nov. (Annelida: Ampharetidae) is described from samples collected by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Marine Scotland Science, in the West Shetland Shelf NCMPA in the NE Atlantic. This species is characterised by a very small body size, thin and slender paleae, twelve thoracic and eleven abdominal uncinigers, presence of eyes both in the prostomium and the pygidium, the latter provided with a pair of long lateral cirri.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth O[ Juvenile Arctica Islandica Under Experimental Conditions
    HELGOL*NI)ER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgol~inder Meeresunters. 51, 417-431 (1997) Growth o[ juvenile Arctica islandica under experimental conditions R. Witbaard*, R. Franken & B. Visser Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands ABSTRACT: In two laboratory experiments, the effects of temperature and food availability on the growth of 10- to 23-mm high specimens of the bivalve Arctica islrmdica were estimated. Each experimental set-up consisted of 5 treatments in which either the food supply or the temperature differed. It was demonslrated that Arctica is able to grow at temperatures as low as 1 ~ A tenfold incredse of shell growth was observed at temperatures between 1~ and 12 :C. The greatest change in growth rate took place between 1~ and 6 ~ Average instantaneous shell growth varies between 0.00t)3 at I ~ to 0.0032/day at 12 ~C'. The results suggest that temperature hardly alfects the time spent in filtration, whereas particle density strongly influences that response. Starved am- reals at 9 ~ have their siphons open durmg only 12% of the time, whereas the siphons ol opti- mally fed animals were open on average during 76% of the observations. Increased siphon activity corresponded to high shell and tissue growth. At 9 ~ average shell growth at the optimum cell density o[ 20xlO" cell/1 was 3 I mm corresponding to an instantaneous rate of 0.0026/day. An algal cell density (Lsochry.sis gulbanu, Dunuliella marina) ranging between 5 and 7x10" cell/l is just enough to keep shells alive at 9 ~ (.'arbon conversion efticiency at 9 ~ is estimated to vary between 11 and 14 %.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Environment on Arctica Islandica Shell Formation and Architecture
    Biogeosciences, 14, 1577–1591, 2017 www.biogeosciences.net/14/1577/2017/ doi:10.5194/bg-14-1577-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The effects of environment on Arctica islandica shell formation and architecture Stefania Milano1, Gernot Nehrke2, Alan D. Wanamaker Jr.3, Irene Ballesta-Artero4,5, Thomas Brey2, and Bernd R. Schöne1 1Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Joh.-J.-Becherweg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany 2Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany 3Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3212, USA 4Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands 5Department of Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Correspondence to: Stefania Milano ([email protected]) Received: 27 October 2016 – Discussion started: 7 December 2016 Revised: 1 March 2017 – Accepted: 4 March 2017 – Published: 27 March 2017 Abstract. Mollusks record valuable information in their hard tribution, and (2) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was parts that reflect ambient environmental conditions. For this used to detect changes in microstructural organization. Our reason, shells can serve as excellent archives to reconstruct results indicate that A. islandica microstructure is not sen- past climate and environmental variability. However, animal sitive to changes in the food source and, likely, shell pig- physiology and biomineralization, which are often poorly un- ment are not altered by diet. However, seawater temperature derstood, can make the decoding of environmental signals had a statistically significant effect on the orientation of the a challenging task.
    [Show full text]
  • DOGAMI Open-File Report O-86-06, the State of Scientific
    "ABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ..~**********..~...~*~~.~...~~~~1 GORDA RIDGE LEASE AREA ....................... 2 RELATED STUDIES IN THE NORTH PACIFIC .+,...,. 5 BYDROTHERMAL TEXTS ........................... 9 34T.4 GAPS ................................... r6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................. I8 APPENDIX 1. Species found on the Gorda Ridge or within the lease area . .. .. .. .. .. 36 RPPENDiX 2. Species found outside the lease area that may occur in the Gorda Ridge Lease area, including hydrothermal vent organisms .................................55 BENTHOS THE STATE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION RELATING TO THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 3F THE GOUDA RIDGE STUDY AREA, NORTZEAST PACIFIC OCEAN: INTRODUCTION Presently, only two published studies discuss the ecology of benthic animals on the Gorda Sidge. Fowler and Kulm (19701, in a predominantly geolgg isal study, used the presence of sublittor31 and planktsnic foraminiferans as an indication of uplift of tfie deep-sea fioor. Their resuits showed tiac sedinenta ana foraminiferans are depositea in the Zscanaba Trough, in the southern part of the Corda Ridge, by turbidity currents with a continental origin. They list 22 species of fararniniferans from the Gorda Rise (See Appendix 13. A more recent study collected geophysical, geological, and biological data from the Gorda Ridge, with particular emphasis on the northern part of the Ridge (Clague et al. 19843. Geological data suggest the presence of widespread low-temperature hydrothermal activity along the axf s of the northern two-thirds of the Corda 3idge. However, the relative age of these vents, their present activity and presence of sulfide deposits are currently unknown. The biological data, again with an emphasis on foraminiferans, indicate relatively high species diversity and high density , perhaps assoc iated with widespread hydrotheraal activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Otago Submarine Canyons: Mapping and Macrobenthos
    Otago Submarine Canyons: Mapping and Macrobenthos Bryce A. Peebles A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Otago December 2013 ii Abstract Submarine canyons are steep-sided “V’ or “U” shaped valleys that incise continental slopes worldwide. The geophysical and oceanographic features of submarine canyons can produce environmental conditions that cause benthic assemblages to be distinctive and productive compared to those of the adjacent slope; however the assemblages are potentially vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, including bottom fishing. In order to help inform policy and management, submarine canyons need to be objectively defined topographically and their benthic assemblages characterised. A canyon network occurs off the Otago Peninsula, south-eastern New Zealand, but lack of detailed bathymetric data and adequate benthic sampling has limited study of the canyons. This thesis outlines a method of defining submarine canyon areas and examines epifaunal and infaunal assemblages of the Otago canyons and adjacent slope. Objective definition of the Otago canyon network in the GIS software GRASS along with the steps to use this methodology worldwide are described. Archival count data from 1966-74 on the epifauna are analysed using the PRIMER suite of programs to characterise epifaunal assemblages. Anomurans, polychaetes, asteroids and ascidians make up 70% of the epifaunal canyon assemblage. The epifaunal assemblage is clearly defined by water depth and recognisable from 380 m. Quantitative sampling of infauna in Saunders canyon, Papanui canyon and adjacent slope was carried out to examine infaunal community structure of the canyons and adjacent slope. Infaunal canyon assemblages are dominated by polychaetes, amphipods, ophiuroids, decapods and isopods in canyons, accounting for 75% of collected individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Foregut Anatomy of the Cochlespirinae (Gastropoda, Conoidea, Turridae)
    Foregut anatomy of the Cochlespirinae (Gastropoda, Conoidea, Turridae) Alexandra I. MEDINSKAYA A. N. Severtzov Institute of Problems of Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 117071 (Russia) Medinskaya A. I. 1999. — Foregut anatomy of the Cochlespirinae (Gastropoda. Conoidea. Turridae). Zoosystema2\ (2): 171-198. ABSTRACT The foregut anatomy of 20 species, belonging to eight genera, of the sub­ family Cochlespirinae is described. A cladistic analysis based on several most important characters (morphology of proboscis, position of buccal sphinc­ ters, histology of venom gland, position of the venom gland opening, struc­ ture of muscular bulb, and morphology of radular teeth) revealed three more or less well-defined groups within the subfamily. The main feature characte­ rizing the subfamily as a whole and separating groups within it, appeared to be the structure of venom gland and its muscular bulb. The subgenus KEYWORDS Cochlespirinae, Sibogasyrinx of the genus Leucosyrinx was shown to deserve a genus status. Conoidea, Some genera appeared to be intermediate between Cochlespirinae and anatomy, foregut, Crassispirinae in some anatomical characters, and their taxonomic position histology. remains not completely clear. RESUME L'anatomie du système digestif des Cochlespirinae (Gastropoda, Conoidea, Turridae). L'anatomie du système digestif de 20 espèces, appartenant à huit genres de la sous-famille Cochlespirinae, est étudiée. Une analyse cladistique, fondée sur les plus importants caractères de ce groupe (la morphologie de la trompe, la disposition des sphincters, l'histologie de la glande à venin, la disposition de l'ouverture de la glande à venin, la structure de la poire musculaire et la mor­ phologie des dents de la radula) a permis de distinguet trois groupes plus ou moins homogènes.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the World's Oceans - How Far Have We Come?
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Faculty Publications 4-1-2012 Diversity of Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the World's Oceans - How Far Have We Come? Gary Anderson University of Southern Mississippi, [email protected] Magdalena Blazewicz-Paszkowycz University of Łódź, [email protected] Roger Bamber Artoo Marine Biology Consultants, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, G., Blazewicz-Paszkowycz, M., Bamber, R. (2012). Diversity of Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the World's Oceans - How Far Have We Come?. PLoS One, 7(4), 1-11. Available at: https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/160 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Diversity of Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) in the World’s Oceans – How Far Have We Come? Magdalena Blazewicz-Paszkowycz1*, Roger Bamber2, Gary Anderson3 1 Department of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology, University of Ło´dz´,Ło´dz´, Poland, 2 Artoo Marine Biology Consultants, Ocean Quay Marina, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America Abstract Tanaidaceans are small peracarid crustaceans which occur in all marine habitats, over the full range of depths, and rarely into fresh waters. Yet they have no obligate dispersive phase in their life-cycle. Populations are thus inevitably isolated, and allopatric speciation and high regional diversity are inevitable; cosmopolitan distributions are considered to be unlikely or non-existent.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LISTING of PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T
    August 2017 Guido T. Poppe A LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS - V1.00 THE LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T. Poppe INTRODUCTION The publication of Philippine Marine Mollusks, Volumes 1 to 4 has been a revelation to the conchological community. Apart from being the delight of collectors, the PMM started a new way of layout and publishing - followed today by many authors. Internet technology has allowed more than 50 experts worldwide to work on the collection that forms the base of the 4 PMM books. This expertise, together with modern means of identification has allowed a quality in determinations which is unique in books covering a geographical area. Our Volume 1 was published only 9 years ago: in 2008. Since that time “a lot” has changed. Finally, after almost two decades, the digital world has been embraced by the scientific community, and a new generation of young scientists appeared, well acquainted with text processors, internet communication and digital photographic skills. Museums all over the planet start putting the holotypes online – a still ongoing process – which saves taxonomists from huge confusion and “guessing” about how animals look like. Initiatives as Biodiversity Heritage Library made accessible huge libraries to many thousands of biologists who, without that, were not able to publish properly. The process of all these technological revolutions is ongoing and improves taxonomy and nomenclature in a way which is unprecedented. All this caused an acceleration in the nomenclatural field: both in quantity and in quality of expertise and fieldwork. The above changes are not without huge problematics. Many studies are carried out on the wide diversity of these problems and even books are written on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha and Beta Diversity Patterns of Polychaete Assemblages Across The
    Alpha and beta diversity patterns of polychaete assemblages across the nodule province of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (Equatorial Pacific) Paulo Bonifácio1, Pedro Martínez Arbizu2, Lénaïck Menot1 5 1Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, REM EEP, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F-29280 Plouzané, France 2 Senckenberg am Meer, DZMB, F-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Correspondence to: Lénaïck Menot ([email protected]), Paulo Bonifácio ([email protected]) Abstract. In the abyssal Equatorial Pacific Ocean, most of the seafloor of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ), a 6 10 million km2 polymetallic nodule province, has been preempted for future mining. In light of the large environmental footprint that mining would leave, and given the diversity and the vulnerability of the abyssal fauna, the International Seabed Authority has implemented a regional management plan that includes the creation of nine Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEIs) located at the periphery of the CCFZ. The scientific principles for the design of the APEIs were based on the best – albeit very limited – knowledge for the area. The fauna and habitats in the APEIs are unknown, as are species’ ranges and the 15 extent of biodiversity across the CCFZ. As part of the Joint Programming Initiative Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans (JPI Oceans) pilot action “Ecological aspects of deep-sea mining”, the SO239 cruise provided data to improve species inventories, determine species ranges, identify the drivers of beta diversity patterns and assess the representativeness of an APEI. Four exploration contract areas and an APEI (APEI#3) were sampled along a gradient of sea-surface primary productivity that spanned a distance of 1440 km in the eastern 20 CCFZ.
    [Show full text]
  • Polychaete Worms Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera
    THE POLYCHAETE WORMS DEFINITIONS AND KEYS TO THE ORDERS, FAMILIES AND GENERA THE POLYCHAETE WORMS Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families and Genera By Kristian Fauchald NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY In Conjunction With THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Science Series 28 February 3, 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHARACTERS USED TO DEFINE HIGHER TAXA 2 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYCHAETES 7 ORDERS OF POLYCHAETES 9 KEY TO FAMILIES 9 ORDER ORBINIIDA 14 ORDER CTENODRILIDA 19 ORDER PSAMMODRILIDA 20 ORDER COSSURIDA 21 ORDER SPIONIDA 21 ORDER CAPITELLIDA 31 ORDER OPHELIIDA 41 ORDER PHYLLODOCIDA 45 ORDER AMPHINOMIDA 100 ORDER SPINTHERIDA 103 ORDER EUNICIDA 104 ORDER STERNASPIDA 114 ORDER OWENIIDA 114 ORDER FLABELLIGERIDA 115 ORDER FAUVELIOPSIDA 117 ORDER TEREBELLIDA 118 ORDER SABELLIDA 135 FIVE "ARCHIANNELIDAN" FAMILIES 152 GLOSSARY 156 LITERATURE CITED 161 INDEX 180 Preface THE STUDY of polychaetes used to be a leisurely I apologize to my fellow polychaete workers for occupation, practised calmly and slowly, and introducing a complex superstructure in a group which the presence of these worms hardly ever pene- so far has been remarkably innocent of such frills. A trated the consciousness of any but the small group great number of very sound partial schemes have been of invertebrate zoologists and phylogenetlcists inter- suggested from time to time. These have been only ested in annulated creatures. This is hardly the case partially considered. The discussion is complex enough any longer. without the inclusion of speculations as to how each Studies of marine benthos have demonstrated that author would have completed his or her scheme, pro- these animals may be wholly dominant both in num- vided that he or she had had the evidence and inclina- bers of species and in numbers of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • An Invitation to Monitor Georgia's Coastal Wetlands
    An Invitation to Monitor Georgia’s Coastal Wetlands www.shellfish.uga.edu By Mary Sweeney-Reeves, Dr. Alan Power, & Ellie Covington First Printing 2003, Second Printing 2006, Copyright University of Georgia “This book was prepared by Mary Sweeney-Reeves, Dr. Alan Power, and Ellie Covington under an award from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of OCRM and NOAA.” 2 Acknowledgements Funding for the development of the Coastal Georgia Adopt-A-Wetland Program was provided by a NOAA Coastal Incentive Grant, awarded under the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Coastal Zone Management Program (UGA Grant # 27 31 RE 337130). The Coastal Georgia Adopt-A-Wetland Program owes much of its success to the support, experience, and contributions of the following individuals: Dr. Randal Walker, Marie Scoggins, Dodie Thompson, Edith Schmidt, John Crawford, Dr. Mare Timmons, Marcy Mitchell, Pete Schlein, Sue Finkle, Jenny Makosky, Natasha Wampler, Molly Russell, Rebecca Green, and Jeanette Henderson (University of Georgia Marine Extension Service); Courtney Power (Chatham County Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission); Dr. Joe Richardson (Savannah State University); Dr. Chandra Franklin (Savannah State University); Dr. Dionne Hoskins (NOAA); Dr. Charles Belin (Armstrong Atlantic University); Dr. Merryl Alber (University of Georgia); (Dr. Mac Rawson (Georgia Sea Grant College Program); Harold Harbert, Kim Morris-Zarneke, and Michele Droszcz (Georgia Adopt-A-Stream); Dorset Hurley and Aimee Gaddis (Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve); Dr. Charra Sweeney-Reeves (All About Pets); Captain Judy Helmey (Miss Judy Charters); Jan Mackinnon and Jill Huntington (Georgia Department of Natural Resources).
    [Show full text]