DOCSLIB.ORG

Als Parasit Der Mörtelbiene Megachile Sicula

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Als Parasit Der Mörtelbiene Megachile Sicula ©Bembix, Christian Schmid-Egger; download unter http://bembix.de oder www.zobodat.at ELFVING, R. (1968): Die Bienen Finnlands. chen Schleswig-Holstein und nordöstli- Leucospis gigas (Chalcidoidea: Leucospidae) als Parasit der Fauna fenn. 21: 169. chen Niedersachsen (Hymenoptera: Acu- Mörtelbiene Megachile sicula (Apoidea: Megachilidae). leata). Drosera '93: 125134. HEDICKE, H. (1930): Hautflügler, Hymenopte- Heinrich Bürgis, Worms ra. In: Brohmer, P., P. Ehrmann & G. Ul- STOECKHERT, F.K. (1954): Fauna Apoideorum mer (Hrsg.): Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Germaniae. Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss. 65: Literaturangaben zufolge soll Leucospis gigas eine einjährige Entwicklungszeit Band V, Insekten, 2. Teil, 246 S.; Leipzig 187. haben. Die Wespen sollen zum Verlassen des Wirtenestes auf benachbarte Gänge (Quelle & Meyer). ihrer zuvor ausgeschlüpften, nicht parasitierten Wirte angewiesen sein, da sie sich VOITH, J. (1995): Zur Wirtsfrage von Noma- wegen ihrer angeblich ungeeigneten Mundwerkzeuge nicht selbst aus dem Wirts- NEUMEYER, R. (1995): Verbreitung von Noma- da moeschleri ALFKEN. bembiX 4: 1618. nest befreien können. Die in dem folgenden Artikel wiedergegebenen Beobachtun- da moeschleri in der Schweiz. bembiX gen zeigen, daß diese Lehrbuchmeinung revidiert werden muß. 4: 1415. WARNCKE, K. (1981): Die Bienen des Kla- genfurter Beckens (Hymenoptera, Api- RASMONT, P., C. GASPAR, J. LECLERCQ, A. JACOB- dae). Carinthia 11 171/91: 275348. Beobachtungen 1991 ne). Diese verwendet als Unterlage für REMACLE & A. PAULY (1992): The faunistic ihre Nester neben Mauersteinen auch drift of Apoidea in Belgium. Proc. EC WESTRICH, P. (1984): Kritisches Verzeichnis ährend eines meeresbiologischen Geröll und Kiesel, was FABRE mit der Be- workshop Bees for Pollination: 6587. der Bienen der Bundesrepublik Deutsch- W Praktikums in Korsika, das von zeichnung le Chalicodome des Galets land (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Courier der Abteilung Hydrobiologie der Univer- zum Ausdruck bringt. Heute trägt diese SCHMIEDEKNECHT, 0. (1930): Die Hymenopte- Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 66: 186. sität Essen unter der Leitung von Herrn Art den Namen Megachile (Chalicodoma) ren Nord- und Mitteleuropas. 2. Aufl., Prof. Dr. H. Schuhmacher durchgeführt parietina (FOURCROY). 1062 S.; Jena (G. Fischer). WESTRICH, P. (1990): Die Wildbienen Baden- wurde, sammelte ich am 24. September • Chalicodoma sicula ROSSIUS (le Chali- Württembergs. 2. Aufl., 2 Bde., 972 S.; 1991 bei Stareso in der Umgebung von codome de Sicile, Sizilianische Mörtel- SMISSEN, J. v.d. (1991): Beitrag zur Bienen- Stuttgart (Ulmer). Calvi ein Mörtelbienennest von Chalico- biene). Bei ihr unterscheidet FABRE je und Wespenfauna des südöstlichen doma spec. (Apoidea: Megachilidae). Das nach Platzwahl für das Nest zwischen le Schleswig-Holstein und des Wendlandes WOLF, H. (1994): Wer hilft, den Wirt von No- Nest hatte eine kugelförmige Gestalt mit Chalicodome des Hangars, der Schup- (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Drosera '91: mada moeschleri zu finden? bembiX 3: einem Durchmesser von ca. 3 cm und pen-Mörtelbiene und le Chalicodome 9399. 6. war frei an dem Ast eines Zistrosen- des Arbustes, der Stauden-Mörtelbiene. strauchs angeheftet. FABRE (18231915), Auch diese Art wird heute zur Gattung SMISSEN, J. v.d. (1993): Zweiter Beitrag zur WOLF, H. (1995): Zum mutmaßlichen Wirt den Victor Hugo als den Homer der In- Megachile gestellt. Bienen- und Wespenfauna im südöstli- von Nomada moeschleri. bembiX 4: 16. sekten bezeichnet, und dessen Begeg- Im 2. Band der Souvenirs korrigiert nung und Beschäftigung mit den Mörtel- FABRE allerdings seine früheren Angaben bienen fast als Zündschnur für seine hinsichtlich Chalicodoma sicula dahin- an Besessenheit grenzende Leidenschaft gehend, daß es sich um zwei verschie- für Insekten angesehen werden kann dene Arten handelt, nämlich um die (FRANZ in FABRE 1989), beschreibt im 1. Schuppen-Mörtelbiene Chalicodoma py- Band seiner Souvenirs Entomologiques renaica LEP. bzw. die Stauden-Mörtel- für Frankreich zwei Chalicodoma-Arten biene Chalicodoma rufescens PER. Um no- (FABRE, 1985): menklatorischen Problemen auszuwei- • Chalicodoma muraria F. (le Chalico- chen, verwendet er in der Folge nur noch dome des murailles, Mauermörtelbie- die seiner Meinung nach eindeutigeren 26 bembiX Nr. 5 bembiX Nr. 5 27 ©Bembix, Christian Schmid-Egger; download unter http://bembix.de oder www.zobodat.at Bezeichnungen Chalicodome des Han- Imago überwintert in ihrer Zelle und ar- gars bzw. Chalicodome des Arbustes. beitet sich im April mit Hilfe ihrer Man- Mit der zweiten Bezeichnung, nämlich dibeln aus dem Mörtelnest heraus (JA- Stauden-Mörtelbiene, dürfte FABRE aus COBS & RENNER 1988 für Megachile parie- heutiger Sicht Megachile (Chalicodoma) tina). sicula gemeint haben. Die Nestanlage der Stauden-Mörtel- Beobachtungen 1992 biene schildert er folgendermaßen: In dem buschigen Dickicht wählt sie einen Auf obige Angaben bauend rechnete Zweig von Strohhalmsdicke und führt ich also für das Frühjahr 1992 mit dem auf dieser schmalen Grundlage ihren Erscheinen der Mörtelbienen. Zu meiner Bau aus Mörtel aus. Nach seiner Fertig- Enttäuschung schlüpfte jedoch 1992 stellung ist das Nest ein Erdball, durch nichts aus dem Nest, woraus ich den den der Zweig in seitlicher Richtung hin- Schluß zog, daß sein Inhalt infolge un- durchgeht. Es ist so dick wie eine Apri- sachgemäßer Aufbewahrung zugrunde kose, wenn es sich um die Arbeit eines gegangen sein müsse (Feuchtigkeit, einzelnen Insekts handelt, und wie eine Temperatur usw.). geballte Faust, wenn mehrere zusam- 01 23 4 5 mm mengearbeitet haben; der letztere Fall ist Beobachtungen 1993 jedoch selten. (FABRE 1914). Innerhalb der Mörtelummantelung befinden sich Um so überraschter war ich daher, als Abb. 1 Leucospis gigas F. f Habitus. Die in Ruhelage längsgefalteten Flügel sind mehrere nach oben orientierte Zellen, im Juli des darauf folgenden Jahres zwar zur Darstellung der Äderung ausgebreitet wiedergegeben worden. (Original) die mit Nektar und Pollen als Larven- keine Mörtelbienen, dafür aber drei gro- futter verproviantiert sind. Als Bauma- ße, schwarz-gelb gezeichnete Wespen terial dient ein Gemisch aus Erde und aus dem Mörtelbienennest schlüpften (2 in Ruhelage längs gefaltet und erinnern lich geleitet nach feinsten (bis zum In- Sandkörnern. Die Komponenten werden Exemplare am 4. Juli 1993, ein drittes somit an Faltenwespen (Vespidae). neren der Zellen durchgängigen?) Spal- durch ein Labialdrüsensekret aus lang- zwischen dem 11. und 13. Juli 1993). Spätestens seit Erscheinen der 2. Auf- ten, fahren, fündig geworden, den lan- kettigen Kohlenwasserstoffen miteinan- Jede hatte das Wirtsnest durch einen lage von JACOBS & RENNER (1988): Biologie gen Legestachel aus (der Legeapparat ist der verkittet, so daß nach dem Trocknen separaten, selbstgegrabenen Gang mit und Ökologie der Insekten, die als Titel- äußerst kompliziert gebaut) und führen eine steinharte Mörtelmasse entstanden kreisrunder Öffnung verlassen. Es han- bild Leucospis gigas bei der Eiablage ihn im Verlauf von 2060 Minuten bis ist (JACOBS & RENNER 1988). delte sich um Weibchen der Erzwespe zeigt, ist diese Wespe den meisten Ento- zu seiner Basis ein, sitzen dann zur Ei- Das von mir gefundene Nest stimmt Leucospis gigas FABRICIUS (Chalcidoidea: mologen ein Begriff. Dort wird zur Bio- ablage weitere 1020 Minuten auf dem von seiner Form her gut mit obiger Be- Leucospidae), die bei Mörtelbienen pa- logie von Leucospis gigas folgendes aus- Chalicodoma-Bau... Männchen in Europa schreibung überein. Um jedoch hinsicht- rasitiert (BOUCEK 1959 und 1974). geführt: Die Leucospis-Weibchen er- äußerst selten, bisher nur einige aus Süd- lich der Artzugehörigkeit ganz sicher zu Die Leucospidae sind leicht zu erken- scheinen im Juni, nachdem die Mörtel- frankreich und eines aus Istrien bekannt; gehen, nahm ich das Nest mit in der nen an ihren stark vergrößerten, bedorn- bienen ihre Bautätigkeit abgeschlossen Entwicklung somit (fast) ausschließlich Hoffnung, daß die daraus schlüpfenden ten Hinterschenkeln und vor allem im haben, landen nach Suchflügen auf den parthenogenetisch; die anfangs sehr be- Bienen die Diagnose bestätigen würden. weiblichen Geschlecht an dem über Bauten, betrillern deren Oberfläche Qua- wegliche Larve verspeist im Verlauf von Die Imaginalhäutung der Mörtel- den Rücken nach vorn gebogenen Lege- dratmillimeter für Quadratmillimeter 17 Tagen die Wirtslarve (gegebenenfalls bienen findet im frühen Herbst statt. Die bohrer (Abb. 1). Ihre Vorderflügel sind mit den Fühlern, suchen dabei geruch- auch Eier und Larven der eigenen Art). 28 bembiX Nr. 5 bembiX Nr. 5 29 ©Bembix, Christian Schmid-Egger; download unter http://bembix.de oder www.zobodat.at Abschließend heißt es: Die Imagines liegen, wie dies auch sonst bei vielen Hy- sicula (ROSSIUS), wodurch meine auf der können (im April und Mai des nächsten menopteren der Fall ist (siehe auch wei- Nestform basierende Vermutung hin- Jahres) erst nach den unparasitierten ter unten). sichtlich der Artzugehörigkeit bestätigt Mörtelbienen, die sich im selben Bau ent- · Leucospis ist sehr wohl in der Lage, wurde. wickelten, das Nest verlassen, da ihre sich selbst aus dem Wirtsnest herauszu- Mit diesem Befund hielt ich eigentlich Mundwerkzeuge zum Herausarbeiten arbeiten, ohne fremde Gänge benutzen die Untersuchungen endgültig für abge- aus der Tiefe des harten Mauerwerks un- zu müssen. Dies beweist der vorliegen- schlossen. Zu meiner Verblüffung fand geeignet sind. de Fall, bei dem keine Mörtelbienen aus ich jedoch bei einer Kontrollinspektion FRANZ zieht hieraus in seinem
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Visual Guide for the Identification of British Coelioxys Bees
    1 Introduction The Hymenoptera is an order of insects that includes bees, wasps, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, gall wasps and their relatives. The bees (family Apidae) can be recognised as such by the presence of feather-like hairs on their bodies, particularly near the wing bases. The genus Coelioxys Latreille belongs to the bee subfamily Megachilinae. There are six species of Coelioxys present in mainland Britain. Two other species are found in Guernsey but not mentioned in this pictorial key (C. afra Lepeletier and C. brevis Eversmann). Natural History Coelioxys (their various English names are: Sharp-tailed Bees, Sharp-abdomen Bees and Sharp-bellied Bees) are among those known as cuckoo bees because the larvae grow up on food stolen from Leaf-cutter Bees (Megachile Latreille) or Flower Bees (Anthophora Latreille). The genus Megachile probably includes the closest relatives of Coelioxys. Female Megachile construct nests of larval cells from leaves and provision each cell with a mixture of pollen and nectar for the young. A female Coelioxys will seek these out and apparently uses its sharp abdomen to pierce the cells. An egg is then laid in the Megachile cell. The egg of the Coelioxys hatches before that of the Megachile and the newly-hatched larva crushes the Megachile egg with its large jaws. The Coelioxys larva can then feed on the contents of the cell. Pupation occurs within a cocoon spun within the host cell where the larva overwinters as a prepupa. The genus Anthophora excavates nest burrows in sandy soil or rotting wood, where they may also become the hosts of Coelioxys larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • A Remarkable New Species of Polochridium Gussakovskij, 1932 (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) from China
    Zootaxa 4227 (1): 119–126 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4227.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7DBD20D3-31D5-4046-B86E-2A5FD973E920 A remarkable new species of Polochridium Gussakovskij, 1932 (Hymenoptera: Sapygidae) from China QI YUE1, YI-CHENG LI1 & ZAI-FU XU1,2 1Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China 2Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species, Polochridium spinosum Yue, Li & Xu, sp. nov. (China: Hunan, Shaanxi, Henan), is described and illus- trated. A key to the four Chinese species of Sapygidae is given. Key words: Sapyginae, new species, Palaearctic Region, Oriental Region Introduction Sapygidae is a small family of Vespoidea and includes 70 extant species in 12 genera (Aguiar et al. 2013; Achterberg 2014; Fernández & Sarmiento 2015), which are parasites of the bees Megachilidae, Apidae, Colletidae, rarely on wasps Eumeninae of Vespidae (Torchio 1979; Xu 1994; Kurzenko, 2012). Currently three species of the subfamily Sapyginae are known from China: Sapyga coma Yasumatsu & Sugihara, 1938, S. similis (Fabricius 1793), and Polochridium eoum Gussakovskij, 1932 (Kurzenko & Gusenleitner 1994; Xu 1994). Recently we collected in Hunan, Shaanxi and Henan fourteen females and one male of Polochridium, which described below as new species. Materials and methods Descriptions of the species have been made under a Leica MZ125 stereomicroscope, with lighting achieved through a 27W fluorescent lamp. Photographic images were produced with a digital camera Cool SNAP attached to the Zeiss Stemi 2000-cs stereomicroscope, and plates were finished with ACDSee 10.0 and Photoshop CS 8.0.1, mostly to adjust the size and background.
    [Show full text]
  • MORTALITY DYNAMICS and LIFE TABLES of MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA by Claire Katherine Donahoo a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
    MORTALITY DYNAMICS AND LIFE TABLES OF MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA by Claire Katherine Donahoo A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana January 2019 ©COPYRIGHT by Claire Katherine Donahoo 2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my major advisor, Bob Peterson, for your intelligence, encouragement, honesty, humbleness, and humor. You have been nothing short of the most significant source of knowledge and motivation for me throughout my graduate degree. To my parents, who have shown time and again that patience is the ultimate virtue. Everything that has led me to this point has been because of you. To my committee members, Kevin O’Neill and Casey Delphia, as well as Ruth O’Neill. You have each been a constant source of information and inspiration, as well as humbleness and pragmatism when most needed. To David, your love, support, encouragement, and straight-up bragging about my work to your friends has kept me going in the most trying of times. To Tom Helm and Alieda Stone, who not only provided a location for my research, but also help and guidance during every stage of the research process. To the past and present graduate students of the CoBRA lab, especially Dr. Chris Brown, Dr. Collin Preftakes, and Alyssa Piccolomini, whose guidance and wisdom about life as a graduate student and citizen of Montana was invaluable. To Laissa Cavallini dos Santos and Miles Maxcer, whose actions directly affected the progress of my own project. To Mark Greenwood, Sarah McKnight, and Caitlin Rowan and their contribution to the statistics and coding of the analyses of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Decline of Wild Bees: Optimizing Conservation Measures and Bringing Together the Actors
    insects Review Beyond the Decline of Wild Bees: Optimizing Conservation Measures and Bringing Together the Actors Maxime Drossart * and Maxence Gérard * Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (M.G.) Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 18 September 2020; Published: 22 September 2020 Simple Summary: Wild bees represent the main group of pollinators in Europe, being responsible for the reproduction of numerous flowering plants. However, like a non-negligible part of biodiversity, this group has been facing a global decline mostly induced by numerous human factors over the last decades. Overall, even if all the questions are not solved concerning the causes of their decline, we are beyond the precautionary principle because the decline factors are roughly known, identified and at least partially quantified. Experts are now calling for effective actions to promote wild bee diversity and the enhancement of environmental quality. In this review, we present a general and up-to-date assessment of the conservation methods, as well as their efficiency and the current projects that try to fill the gaps and optimize the conservation measures. This publication aims to be a needed catalyst to implement concrete and qualitative conservation actions for wild bees. Abstract: Wild bees are facing a global decline mostly induced by numerous human factors for the last decades. In parallel, public interest for their conservation increased considerably, namely through numerous scientific studies relayed in the media. In spite of this broad interest, a lack of knowledge and understanding of the subject is blatant and reveals a gap between awareness and understanding.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinators in Peril: a Systematic Status Review of North American
    POLLINATORS in Peril A systematic status review of North American and Hawaiian native bees Kelsey Kopec & Lori Ann Burd • Center for Biological Diversity • February 2017 Executive Summary hile the decline of European honeybees in the United States and beyond has been well publicized in recent years, the more than 4,000 species of native bees in North W America and Hawaii have been much less documented. Although these native bees are not as well known as honeybees, they play a vital role in functioning ecosystems and also provide more than $3 billion dollars in fruit-pollination services each year just in the United States. For this first-of-its-kind analysis, the Center for Biological Diversity conducted a systematic review of the status of all 4,337 North American and Hawaiian native bees. Our key findings: • Among native bee species with sufficient data to assess (1,437), more than half (749) are declining. • Nearly 1 in 4 (347 native bee species) is imperiled and at increasing risk of extinction. • For many of the bee species lacking sufficient population data, it’s likely they are also declining or at risk of extinction. Additional research is urgently needed to protect them. • A primary driver of these declines is agricultural intensification, which includes habitat destruction and pesticide use. Other major threats are climate change and urbanization. These troubling findings come as a growing body of research has revealed that more than 40 percent of insect pollinators globally are highly threatened, including many of the native bees critical to unprompted crop and wildflower pollination across the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Sovraccoperta Fauna Inglese Giusta, Page 1 @ Normalize
    Comitato Scientifico per la Fauna d’Italia CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA FAUNA THE ITALIAN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHECKLIST 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species and inland water 10,000 terrestrial CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species ISBNISBN 88-89230-09-688-89230- 09- 6 Ministero dell’Ambiente 9 778888988889 230091230091 e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare CH © Copyright 2006 - Comune di Verona ISSN 0392-0097 ISBN 88-89230-09-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers and of the Authors. Direttore Responsabile Alessandra Aspes CHECKLIST AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN FAUNA 10,000 terrestrial and inland water species Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona - 2. Serie Sezione Scienze della Vita 17 - 2006 PROMOTING AGENCIES Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea, Nature Protection Directorate Civic Museum of Natural History of Verona Scientifi c Committee for the Fauna of Italy Calabria University, Department of Ecology EDITORIAL BOARD Aldo Cosentino Alessandro La Posta Augusto Vigna Taglianti Alessandra Aspes Leonardo Latella SCIENTIFIC BOARD Marco Bologna Pietro Brandmayr Eugenio Dupré Alessandro La Posta Leonardo Latella Alessandro Minelli Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch Augusto Vigna Taglianti Marzio Zapparoli EDITORS Sandro Ruffo Fabio Stoch DESIGN Riccardo Ricci LAYOUT Riccardo Ricci Zeno Guarienti EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Elisa Giacometti TRANSLATORS Maria Cristina Bruno (1-72, 239-307) Daniel Whitmore (73-238) VOLUME CITATION: Ruffo S., Stoch F.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Nest and Pollen Resources by Leafcutter Bees, Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Central Michigan
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 52 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2019 Numbers Article 8 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2019 September 2019 Use of Nest and Pollen Resources by Leafcutter Bees, Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Central Michigan Michael F. Killewald Michigan State University, [email protected] Logan M. Rowe Michigan State University, [email protected] Kelsey K. Graham Michigan State University, [email protected] Thomas J. Wood Michigan State University, [email protected] Rufus Isaacs Michigan State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Killewald, Michael F.; Rowe, Logan M.; Graham, Kelsey K.; Wood, Thomas J.; and Isaacs, Rufus 2019. "Use of Nest and Pollen Resources by Leafcutter Bees, Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Central Michigan," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 52 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol52/iss1/8 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Use of Nest and Pollen Resources by Leafcutter Bees, Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Central Michigan Cover Page Footnote We thank Katie Boyd-Lee for her help in processing samples, Yajun Zhang for her help with landscape analysis, and Marisol Quintanilla for the use of her microscope to collect images of pollen. We thank Jordan Guy, Gabriela Quinlan, Meghan Milbrath, Steven Van Timmeren, Jacquelyn Albert, and Philip Fanning for their comments while preparing the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlling of Insect-Parasites of Alfalfa Leafcutting Beestock (Megachile Rotundata F., Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)
    CONTROLLING OF INSECT-PARASITES OF ALFALFA LEAFCUTTING BEESTOCK (MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA F., HYMENOPTERA, MEGACHILIDAE) Jenö FARKAS László SZALAY Zoltán TISZAI Research Centre for Animal Breeding and Nitti-itioit H-2100 GödöllÓ, P.O.B. 57, Hllngary SUMMARY Many millions of Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) prepupae were imported from the USA to Hungary between 1972 and 1978, but the general introduction of alfalfa leafcutting bee to Hungary planned for 1974 and 1975 could not be realized because of the heavy infestation by parasites. In 1981 we determined the Melittobia acastn Walker infestation of cocoons left behind by emerged alfalfa leafcutting bees. In 1982 we counted all the parasites emerged during the incubation period. In 1981 after the completion of incubation one male leafcutting bee and 4 913 Chalcidoidea emerged from the 1 200 leafcutting bee cocoons during 50 days ; they died without food within 10-14 days. Melittobia acasta Walker chosen randomly run towards day-light with a velocity of 9-14 m/h. In 1982 the number of emerged Megachile and Coelioxys increased by keeping the cocoons at lower temperatures and by treatment with Sevin, while the number of emerged Melittobia decreased. Besides the usual measurements new technological and management methods are needed in order to control the parasites. INTRODUCTION The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) has become one of the world’s most important pollinators of alfalfa. Most alfalfa seed growers who use this bee have substantially higher seed yields than those who rely on native pollination. Several bee species, including bumble bees and native leafcutting bees are efficient pollinators, but their populations fluctuate from year to year or even decrease as nesting habitats are reduced or destroyed by modern agricultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Report 2018-2020
    May 2021 BIODIVERSITY 2018-2020 Introduction National Museums Scotland is actively involved in research on biodiversity and its Natural Sciences collection represents an important library of biodiversity in Scotland. Under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act (2004), all public bodies in Scotland are required to further the conservation of biodiversity when carrying out their responsibilities. The Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act (2011) requires public bodies in Scotland to provide a publicly available report every three years. Here we highlight some of the activities the museum staff have been involved with both in research and public engagement between January 2018 and December 2020. Collections and research In the last three years, hundreds of external researchers and citizen scientists accessed specimens and samples from our collections to support their research, including for the purposes of understanding biodiversity and environmental changes. We also support Scotland’s biodiversity through a diverse programme of collaborative research with partners from throughout the UK and overseas. These include investigating the impact of different diets on the jaws of red squirrels, hybridisation between wildcats and domestic cats, infectious diseases in polecats, investigating historic declines of bumblebees and habitat requirements of mayflies. A selection of specific initiatives is below: - In 2019 we established Scotland’s first zoological biobank as part of the BBSRC-funded CryoArks project. - We are a key partner and chair of the Steering Group of the Scottish Wildcat Conservation Action Plan, which led a NLHF-funded multidisciplinary project, Scottish Wildcat Action, to determine that the wildcat is now critically endangered and functionally extinct in Scotland. - We participate on the Steering Group of the Scottish Marine Animal Strandings Scheme (SMASS), which monitors the marine environment through recording strandings and carrying out post-mortem examinations on whales, dolphins, porpoises, basking sharks and marine turtles.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Resin Bee Megachile Sculpturalis (Smith) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)1 Kristen C
    EENY-733 Giant Resin Bee Megachile sculpturalis (Smith) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)1 Kristen C. Stevens, Cameron J. Jack, and James D. Ellis2 Introduction Originally from eastern Asia, the giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis (Smith) (Figure 1), was accidentally introduced into the United States in the 1990s. It is considered an adventive species (i.e., non-native and usually not established), but is present in most states in the eastern US. Although these bees can be found on various plants, they typically prefer plants that have been introduced from their native area. Some have observed that when collecting pollen or nectar, Megachile sculpturalis will damage local flora, making them unusable to future bee visitors (Sumner 2003). Evidence has shown that Megachile sculpturalis pollinates a native and federally threatened plant, Apios Figure 1. A female giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis (Smith), pricenana (Campbell 2016). collecting pollen. Credits: Paula Sharp Distribution Megachile sculpturalis is native to China, Japan and a few other locations in eastern Asia. This bee was first inter- cepted in the US in North Carolina in 1994 at commercial ports; thus, it is believed to have arrived to the US ac- cidentally via international trade. Since coming to the US, it inhabits most states east of the Mississippi River. Based on its native range and preference for humid, subtropical, and temperate climates, it is predicted that this large invasive bee will continue to spread throughout the US (Parys et al. 2015) (Figure 2). Figure 2. This map shows the predicted distribution of Megachile sculpturalis (Smith). Credits: Ismael A. Hinojosa-Diaz, University of Kansas 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dottorato Di Ricerca
    Università degli Studi di Cagliari DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE E TECNOLOGIE DELLA TERRA E DELL'AMBIENTE Ciclo XXXI Patterns of reproductive isolation in Sardinian orchids of the subtribe Orchidinae Settore scientifico disciplinare di afferenza Botanica ambientale e applicata, BIO/03 Presentata da: Dott. Michele Lussu Coordinatore Dottorato Prof. Aldo Muntoni Tutor Dott.ssa Michela Marignani Co-tutor Prof.ssa Annalena Cogoni Dott. Pierluigi Cortis Esame finale anno accademico 2018 – 2019 Tesi discussa nella sessione d’esame Febbraio –Aprile 2019 2 Table of contents Chapter 1 Abstract Riassunto………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 Chapter 2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Aim of the study…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14 Chapter 3 What we didn‘t know, we know and why is important working on island's orchids. A synopsis of Sardinian studies……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 Chapter 4 Ophrys annae and Ophrys chestermanii: an impossible love between two orchid sister species…………. 111 Chapter 5 Does size really matter? A comparative study on floral traits in two different orchid's pollination strategies……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133 Chapter 6 General conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………... 156 3 Chapter 1 Abstract Orchids are globally well known for their highly specialized mechanisms of pollination as a result of their complex biology. Based on natural selection, mutation and genetic drift, speciation occurs simultaneously in organisms linking them in complexes webs called ecosystems. Clarify what a species is, it is the first step to understand the biology of orchids and start protection actions especially in a fast changing world due to human impact such as habitats fragmentation and climate changes. I use the biological species concept (BSC) to investigate the presence and eventually the strength of mechanisms that limit the gene flow between close related taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Systematics and the Evolution of Nesting
    PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF NESTING BEHAVIOR, HOST-PLANT PREFERENCE, AND CLEPTOPARASITISM IN THE BEE FAMILY MEGACHILIDAE (HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jessica Randi Litman January 2012 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! © 2012 Jessica Randi Litman ! PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF NESTING BEHAVIOR, HOST-PLANT PREFERENCE, AND CLEPTOPARASITISM IN THE BEE FAMILY MEGACHILIDAE (HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA) Jessica Randi Litman, Ph.D. Cornell University 2012 Members of the bee family Megachilidae exhibit fascinating behavior related to nesting, floral preference, and cleptoparasitic strategy. In order to explore the evolution of these behaviors, I assembled a large, multi-locus molecular data set for the bee family Megachilidae and used maximum likelihood-, Bayesian-, and maximum parsimony-based analytical methods to trace the evolutionary history of the family. I present the first molecular-based phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships within Megachilidae and use biogeographic analyses, ancestral state reconstructions, and divergence dating and diversification rate analyses to date the antiquity of Megachilidae and to explore patterns of diversification, nesting behavior and floral preferences in the family. I find that two ancient lineages of megachilid bees exhibit behavior and biology which reflect those of the earliest bees: they are solitary, restricted to deserts, build unlined
    [Show full text]