RUSSIAN FEDERATION NOMINATION THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK
FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST
2016
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
NOMINATION THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK
FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST
2016 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
NOMINATION FORM
e Convention State party Russian Federation State, province or region Republic of Tatarstan, Zelenodolsk municipal region, the settlement of Sviyazhsk
e name of the property e Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk
Geographic coordinates to the nearest second Latitude 45º06’05” Longitude 15º37’56” e text description of the nominated property boundaries e boundaries of the nominated property 12th points in the fold of the Gateway church go along the perimeter of the walls of the along the Uspenskaya Street, from 12th to 14th Assumption Cathedral within its boundaries points on the south –west along the façade of of the XIX century.: from point 1 to point 4 the Archimandrite building to its south-west in the north along the monastery wall, from corner, from 14th to 16th points on the south point 4 to point 5 on the north-east along the corner of the Monastery school, from point17 boundaries of the cadaster household land plot on the west – the north-west corner of the along the Monastery lane to the Uspenskaya Monastery school building, on the west – from Street, from point 5 to point 9 on the south-east point 18 to point 24 – the north west corner along the Uspenskaya Street till the Gateway of the Assumption monastery on the north church and the Ascension church, from 9th to directly to poin – 25 -1.
3 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
e map of the nominated territory with boundaries of the property and the bu er zone Annex. Section 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.4 A Criteria under which it is proposed to inscribe the property into the World Heritage List ii, iv
e map of the nominated territory and bu er zone
E E E E E E E E E E E E E
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4 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
DRAFT STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE
a) Brief synthesis
he Assumption Cathedral is located at ness and an example of a special trend of Tthe con uence of the Volga, the Sviyaga development of Christian art of Russian and and the Shchuka rivers, in the town-island Europe. of Sviyazhsk in 30 kilometers away from Ka- e frescos are unique as they are the zan – the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. graphic re ection of the Stoglav Council of It is a part of the Assumption Monastery 1551, of councils 1553-1555, which is histor- which consists of seven stone constructions ically important not only for Russia but for built in di erent time during the XVI-XIX the whole of the Eastern Orthodox Church centuries. It is surrounded by a wall which and history of icon painting. e unique gives it the appearance of a real white-stone choice of saint warriors and preference of Kremlin and has some loopholes and mer- certain iconographic versions are related lons. It was established by the metropolitan with the broad enlightening character of Makarius in 1555 by the decree of Ivan the the cathedral painting program and testi es Terrible and headed by the archimandrite the contacts with the Orthodox East, where German who had Tatar origins. these saints were especially worshipped. Construction of the cathedral was carried e Assumption Cathedral is an excep- from 1556 till 1560 out by Pskov builders tional evidence of historical succession and under the supervision of the architect Post- cultural diversity. e property not only nik Yakovlev. Novelties characteristic of the possesses brightly expressed esthetic pecu- state architecture of the Moscow tsardom liarities, but also illustrates the new stage of and local traditions formed in the boundar- development of Russian culture, the trend of ies of the Volga Bolgaria, the Golden Horde Russian art which embodied achievements and the Kazan Khanate were introduced of the Byzantine classical heritage, the Greek into the Pskov monumental architectural Orthodox art, Novgorod and Moscow tradition. In the XVIII century the cathedral schools of monumental painting and archi- appearance was supplemented by decora- tecture, the in uence of the West European tions in Baroque style, which harmonized Christian tradition and methods and princi- with its Old Russian style. ples of European art. e complete cycle of the frescos from the At the same time one should take into second half of the XVI – early XVII centu- consideration the location and geo-polit- ries with the total area of 1,080 sq. m. has ical conditions of the Assumption Cathe- survived in the cathedral interior as well as dral emergence in an alien Turki-Tatar and the iconostasis with the icons of the XVI- Finnish-Ugric environment. So the idea of XVII centuries and the only portrait of Ivan the cathedral is the unique evidence of in- the Terrible. e frescos and architectural teraction of the Christian-Orthodox and ensemble is the re ection of a new trend Muslim cultures. On the one hand, the idea in Russian art and a remarkable re ection of the cathedral is developed in architec- of the ambitious cultural and civilizational tural, picturesque and spiritual images of ideology initiated by the Russian state in the the topic of the Assumption of the Virgin, XVI-XVII centuries. e ideological pro- especially worshipped in Russia, and the gram, hierarchy, monumentality, superb ar- cycle of scenes in paintings of the Assump- tistic skills of performance and style of wall tion Cathedral for the rst time appeared in paintings are characteristic traits of unique- historical context as a link between the Old
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and New Testaments narration. Placing il- e Assumption Cathedral is real evi- lustrations of “ e Genesis” on the vaults of dence of cardinal historical and geo-political the cathedral interior as the main topic of changes in Eurasia which played a key role paintings was an absolutely new phenome- in the formation of the multinational Rus- non, which did not have visual traditions in sian state and radically in uenced the his- Russia. On the other hand, the Assumption torical destiny of peoples in the Volga-Ural cathedral, which has the image of the Vir- region, in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as gin as the main idea of its construction, is in spreading Russian Orthodoxy to the east an outstanding evidence of connection with and the disappearance of the post-Golden the Muslim tradition of worshipping Mari- Horde Islamic states – Kazan, Astrakhan, am ana (Mary). e location of the cathedral Siberian, Nogay, and Crimean khanates. is simultaneously the north-west point of Is- A unique synthesis of the cultures of the lam spreading and the south-east spreading West and East, di erent architectural and point of the architectural and artistic style of artistic styles as well as mutual in uence of Pskov, Novgorod and Moscow. values and enrichment of cultures have been e Assumption Cathedral is an out- brightly manifested in the Assumption Ca- standing evidence of the strategic develop- thedral. Its architectural history, wall and ment of Sviyazhsk as an outpost for suc- icon painting are unique attributes char- cessful conquering of the Kazan Khanate by acterizing historical, cultural, spiritual and Ivan the Terrible and for the following am- religious life, demonstration of feelings of bitious program of expanding lands, which believers in di erent epochs, the succession was initiated by Moscow ruling circles in the of religious life as well as the development middle of the XVI century for strengthening of architectural and artistic thought and its relations between the Christian Orthodoxy material embodiment. e evolution of the and the imperial expansion. e Assump- cathedral and the town island of Sviyazhsk tion Cathedral had an ocially approved from the object of confrontation and war mission of spreading Christianity in the re- into the island of peace, cultural diversity, gion. Ful lling it, both the cathedral and the poly-ethnicity and poly-culture and revival monastery together with Kazan became the of spirituality has become the most import- important centres of Christian culture in the ant symbolic characteristic. Islamic and pagan enclave in the middle of the XVI century.
B) Justification for Criteria
Criterion II he Assumption Cathedral is a remarkable period of time. Active synthesis of cultural Texample of spiritual and cultural space, Christian and Muslim traditions, substantial with the ultimate concentration of diversi- mutual in uence of human values and mutu- ty of original cultures and civilizations. It is al enrichment of cultures were taking place a unique evidence of common historical, during the process of erection and evolution ethnic, cultural, spiritual and confessional (development) of the Assumption Cathedral. evolution of peoples of Eurasia over a long
6 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Criterion IV he Assumption Cathedral in the town events of the second half of the XVI – begin- Tisland of Sviyazhsk is a unique sample ning of the XVII centuries and cultural life of historical, cultural and artistic complex. of the epoch and occupy one of the most im- It appeared as a result of architectural tradi- portant places in the history of Christian art tions synthesis of North and Central Russia of that time. Architectural and frescoes en- with local traditions of the Volga and Urals sembles of the cathedral were the new trend region, the latter going back to the culture of in Russian art, re ected ambitious cultural the Volga Bolgaria. e frescos of the cathe- and civilizational ideology of the Russian dral vividly demonstrate the phenomenon state in the XVI – XVII centuries and illus- of cultural evolution of Moscow stardom, trate an important period of the world his- showing the direct connection between the tory of humankind.
c) Statement of Integrity
he integrity of the property is provided succession of functional use for cultural and Twith the approved boundaries, includ- spiritual purposes. e unique integrity of ing all its attributes and the bu er zone, the Assumption Cathedral is also con rmed which make more than 11,000 hectares. by the fact that within its boundaries there It represents an integral architectural and is a set of elements, which make it possible artistic complex with history which nds to picture and course the results of its evo- its evidence in documents, archaeological lution. e fact that the cathedral is located study and scienti c research as well as with on the territory of the state museum-reserve historical, cultural and architectural struc- promotes preservation of its integrity. ture, natural landscape and century-long
d) Statement of Authenticity
he authenticity of the cathedral is been preserved since the end of the XIX con rmed by a number of historical century by using methods of conservation. Tdocuments, seizures, archaeological All kinds of work have always been preceded materials, maps, plans, and archives. Interiors by scienti c research which gave exhausting and the artistic complex of wall paintings of material for conservation of the monument the second half of the XVI – beginning of the by using substances identical to the original XVII centuries and all attributes of Pskov and ones. All this is the grounds for developing Baroque architecture have survived as well projects and choice of preservation methods as the monuments creating its historical and as well as monitoring by specialized cultural environment and being part of the organizations that guarantee preservation of monastery complex. e authentic cultural authenticity for the Assumption Cathedral. layer, which keeps artifacts of the XVI-XIX Taking into consideration the scienti cally centuries, has been preserved on the territory calculated level of anthropogenic load, the of the property and around it. e constituent public liturgy is planned to be resumed in attributes of the Assumption Cathedral have the cathedral.
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e) Requirements for protection and management
egislative and institutional framework servation and museumi cation of the Mu- Lfor ecient protection and management seum-Reserve till 2035. of the property have been set up by legal Within the management process the key аnd regulatory enactments of the Russian questions of management are directed on Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan, study, preservation and scienti c conserva- e status of the monument of the nation- tion of the Assumption Cathedral, organiza- al importance made it possible to preserve tion of the museum work and establishment the Assumption Cathedral and archaeolog- of new museums, combination of historical ical cultural layers in good condition. With religious function of the cathedral, tourism the aim of preservation of the cathedral at- development, e ective risk management, tributes and its historical-cultural environ- interaction with local communities aimed at ment, the town island of Sviyazhsk has been preservation of all attributes of the property, announced to be the remarkable place, and its integrity and authenticity a historical and architectural and ne arts e detailed analysis and assessment of museum reserve have been established here. possible in uence of any new projects in e property is managed on the basis of the bu er zone of the property on the Out- the system of interaction of the parties con- standing Universal Value of the property is cerned stated in the management plan in carried out in order to prevent any possible line with the concept of preservation, con- threats to its preservation and perception.
e name and contact information of local o cial organisation/institution
Organization: estate institution of culture of Republic of Tatarstan “ e State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”
Address: Moscovskaya, 6, 420250, settlement of Sviyazhsk, Zelenodolsk region, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia Federation Tel: (84371) 264-74-62 Fax: (84371) 264-75-03 Email: [email protected] Website: http://ostrovgrad.org/
8 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
SUMMARY
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY
1а. Country
Russian Federation
1b. State, province or region.
Republic of Tatarstan, settlement of Sviyazhsk (Zelenodolsk district)
1c. Name of Property
e Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk
1d. Geographical coordinates to the nearest second
N 45º06’05” W 15º37’56” or UTM: Zone 18 Eastern: 45 Northern: 86750
1e. Maps and plans illustrating boundaries of the nominated territory and its buffer zone.
(I) e Map of the nominated property Historical and cultural key plan of the Site and the bu er zone. “Town-Island of Sviyazhsk”, showing the (See Annex 1.1) nominated property (See Annex 1.16) e scheme of the boundaries of the nom- Map of the facilities of the Assumption inated property and it bu er zone with the Cathedral during 1560- XVI c., the XVII- table of coordinates. (See Annex 1.2) XVIII cc., XIX cc., early XX c., 1930-1990, e territory of the nominated property 2010-2015 (See Annex 1.17) with coordinates. (See Annex 1.3) Plans of the Ground oor and Basement e Map of the boundaries of the bu er of the Assumption Cathedral during the zone and the table of coordinates. (See An- XVI c., XVII-XVIII cc., XIX cc. (See Annex nex 1.4, 1.4.A) 1.1.18, 1.19) (II) e map showing location of the e Index map of the Assumption ca- property in the State-party. thedral facades by the following periods: e world map with indication of territory XVI c., the XVII-XVIII cc., XIX cc. (See An- of Russia – the State – party of the Conven- nex 1.20-1.22) tion, Kazan and Sviyazhsk (See Annex 1.5) Drawing in longitudinal section. Map of Location of Kazan and Sviyazhsk on the the Assumption Cathedral during the XVI territory of Russia (See Annex 1.6). c., XVII-XVIII cc., XIX cc. (See Annex 1.23) (III) Plans and specialized maps of the e Assumption Cathedral in the panora- territory of the property, illustrating its pe- ma of Sviyazhsk of the late XIX, early XXI culiarities can be also attached to this form. c.) (See Annex 1.1.24) e Assumption cathedral in the Assump- tion monastary complex on the territory of Sviyazhsk (See Annex 1.15)
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1f. The area of the nomination (ha) and the proposed buffer zone (ha):
e area of the nominated property: 3.2 ha e bu er zone: 11,563.9 ha e total area: 11,567.1 ha
e map of the nominated territory and bu er zone
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10 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY
2а. Description of the property
e Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk he Assumption Cathedral is located in outstanding Russian architect Postnik Ya- Tthe Assumption Monastery of the an- kovlev. cient town of Sviyazhsk (at present it is a e Assumption Cathedral is located in settlement). Sviyazhsk is located on an oval- the centre of the Assumption Monastery. Its shaped peninsula with steep slopes at the south facade overlooks the main entrance con uence of the Volga, the Sviyaga and the to the monastery (the Holy Gates). 10 me- Shchuka rivers 30 km away from Kazan, the ters to the west of the cathedral there is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. Its total Nikolsky Refectory Church of Assumption area is 64.37 ha. Monastery with a bell tower, a refectory and e location of the Assumption Cathedral other facilities. e territory on its east has in the upper part of the town-island of Svi- a monastery necropolis and is undeveloped. yazhsk and its architectural town-forming e building of the cathedral is the main ensemble elevating over the water surface by forming element in the architectural ensem- 82.54 m, makes it possible to see its di erent ble of the Assumption Monastery and the scale artistic image in the radius of 25 km south-west complex of Sviyazhsk develop- from water ways, highways and the railways. ment. e con uence of the Sviyaga, the Volga and Archival and eld observations and the the Shchuka rivers forms a vast water sur- historical, genetic and architectural analysis face that underlines the elegance of the en- show that the Assumption Cathedral pos- semble artistically re ecting its image. e sesses architectural and artistic attributes suburban part of the settlement is near the characterizing historical, cultural and spir- Volga alluvial valley on the east and north- itual life of the Russian state in the XVI- west parts of the island. e surface of the XVIII centuries. Currently the cathedral is territory lies on the mark of 58-66 m, at the a one-domical cross-building church with height of 5-9 m above the Volga surface. three apses and with four internal pillars, Foundation of Sviyazhsk in 1551, which the altar (XVI c.) and a refectory (XVII c.) was chosen by Ivan the Terrible as the ini- standing on the basement. e cathedral tial point of conquering the Kazan Khan- and the altar are made of white chipped ate, is connected with large-scale historical stone, while the refectory is made of bricks. events in the history of Russian statehood in e cathedral is a quadrangle in plan the middle of the XVI century. e unique (15x18 m with the height of 31 m) with four location of the island in the system of the square pillars. ree altar apses join it from Great Silk and the Great Volga ways as well the east: the central and the northern aps- as its location in the geographic centre of the es are semicircular and the southern apses Volga River testify the special role and im- is rectangular. e rectangular refectory portance of the Assumption Cathedral and (15x12 m), on the north wall of which there the monastery as a large cultural, economic, was an ancient inscription telling its con- missionary and administrative centre of the struction date - 1661, was attached to the conquered region. cathedral in the west. e main entrance e Assumption Cathedral was con- of the cathedral is located in the west and structed in 1556-1560 and consecrated in has a covered porch. Along its south walls 1560. e author of the cathedral was an the cathedral has open church porches. Be-
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low the cathedral there is the ground oor. Art historians and architects who studied e cathedral ceilings are vaulted. e cy- the monument (M.G. Karger, S.S. Aydarov, lindrical drum rests on the stepping-up V.V. Sedov, V.P. Ostroumov and V.V. Chu- arches. e lights comes into the cathedral makov) came to a unanimous conclusion through rectangular and round-headed that the Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk windows in its walls and on the drum (an- has elements typical of Pskov architecture. cient round-headed ones are in the center of is is proved by the volumetric-planned the north wall, on the west wall, in the north construction of the cathedral and its décor. apse (prosthesis) and in the drum; the rect- Facades of the quadrangle church are divid- angular windows, which were newly made ed into three parts by lesenes tightened on or pecked in the XVIII century, are in the the top by two and three-blade arches. Each central apse, on the south wall behind the facade has hovels for icons on the top of its iconostasis, in the centre and in the west centre. Typical Pskov patterns have survived part of the south wall and in the centre of on the apses and the drum: threefold lines the west wall). Asymmetric tridimensional of the curbstone (a brick is laid on its edge), composition of the cathedral is based on the triangular recesses and arcature made of balance of the proportional elements, apses, stone cylinders. the refectory and the tops. Ivan the Terrible, Pskov architects, cultural in uence of Moscow and local traditions onstruction of the fortresses and church- e establishment of the new archdiocese Ces in the conquered former Kazan Khan- caused the need in architects who would ate was directly controlled by the tsar. Aer be able to build the cathedral church and the Kazan Archdiocese was established in churches of the main monasteries in Kazan February of 1555, Archbishop Guriy was as- and Sviyazhsk alongside with the construc- signed to Kazan. e future Kazan Saint Ger- tion of the Kazan Kremlin forti cations. man and the Tver Bishop Barsanuphius who In December of 1555 the government of were newly assigned as archimandrites to two Ivan the Terrible sent a letter to Novgorod monasteries, which were not established yet, which obliged Novgorod authorities to help were also sent with him to Kazan (see Annex. Pskov architects sent to Kazan for construc- Historical Documents, No 4, 5). Tsar Ivan VI tion of a stone fortress and churches and de ned Barsanuphius, who was the hegumen to provide their team with iron and instru- of the Nikolo-Pesnoshskiy monastery, as an ments (see Annex. Historical Documents, expert of the Tatar language and his task was No 11). A team of 200 construction workers to establich the Trans guration (Trans gura- (brick-masons, wallers and stone crashers) tion of Christ) monastery in Kazan. German was sent from Pskov headed by “the church was chosen by Guriy, who supervised him for and town building master” Postnik Yakov- many years when he was a monk in the Jo- lev and brick-mason Ivan Shiryay. e let- sepf-Volotsk Monatery. ter said that the Moscow authorities were The new archdiocese had an allocated organizing a large-scale operation attracting area, nancial procurement, and icons given builders from Pskov for stone construction from Moscow. In addition, letters were in Kazan. sent to di erent monasteries and churches Architecture historian V.V. Sedov thinks all over the country (there are Novgorod that the proposal to call precisely Pskov acts preserved) and archbishop’s vestry (for builders came from the Kazan Waywode example, from Bryansk) were brought to Petr Shuyskiy – the participant of the cam- collect service books and icons for the newly paigns against Kazan in 1547-1548, chief established Kazan Archdiocese. waywode of Sviyazhsk, which was built
12 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
in 1551. Aer the conquest of Kazan, P. e construction of the stone temples Shuyskiy governed from Sviyazhsk the right of Sviyazhsk before building of the cathe- bank of the Volga within the former Kazan dral church in Kazan is explained by mili- Khanate boundaries. P. Shuyskiy remained tary-political and cultural-spiritual impor- the waywode of Sviyazhsk till the summer tance of Sviyazhsk in those years. e role of 1553. Later he was appointed the chief of archimandrite German, who enjoyed per- waywode of Kazan and remained in this sonal trust of Ivan the Terrible and was re- position till 1557. us, in 1555, he could sponsible for Christianization of the newly take part in choosing builders for the con- attached region, was also signi cant in im- struction of the Kazan fortress and temples plementation of these projects. entrusted to him. Prince Petr Shuyskiy was German originated from the noble family closely connected with Pskov as, simultane- of Sadyrevy-Polevye, descendants of Smo- ously with receiving the rank of a boyar in lensk princes, who lost their nobility rank. 1550, he was appointed a governor of Pskov. Professed in Joseph-Volokolamsk monas- Besides, the Shuyskiy princes were closely tery, he got aquainted there not only with connected with Pskov in the XVI century: the study of Josepf of Volotsk but also with Petr’s father, Prince Ivan Shuyskiy was the works of Maximus the Greek – a religious Pskov governor in 1518-1519 and Prince essay writer and an interpreter who le nu- Andrey Shuyskiy was the Pskov governor in merous works. Accused of heresy he was 1541. Occupying the position of the Pskov kept as a prisoner in the Joseph-Volokol- governor for a year, P. Shuyskiy had enough amsk monastery from 1525 to 1531 (he was time to get acquainted with Pskov architec- canonized by the Russian Church as a saint). ture and builders. In the beginning of 1551 German became e XVI-century construction was charac- a hegumen of the Assumption monastery in terized by division of labour shown also in the Staritsa. In 1553 he was present at a trial run job name of Postnik Yakovlev as “a church and by his father over a heretic Matvey Bashkin town building master”. us the team sent to and accompanied the sentenced Bashkin to Kazan comprised both builders specializing Joseph-Volotsk monastery and stayed there. in building forti cations and specialists re- In 1555, German was appointed the archi- sponsible for construction of churches. For- mandrite of Sviyazhsk and had the right ti cations of the Kazan Kremlin were built by to preside over all highest hierarchs of the Pskov builders from 1556 to 1564. e An- Kazan Archdiocese. German was allocated nunciation Cathedral of the Kazan Kremlin big allowance. His high spiritual and politi- was erected in 1561-1562. From 1555 till the cal position can be approved by the fact that 1560s a part of the Pskov builders worked in there was developed a special ceremony of Sviyazhsk building the Nikolsky Refectory meeting the Archimandrite in Sviyazhsk. Church of Assumption Monastery. Corre- In the same 1555 the Assumption Monas- spondence between the Sviazhsk archiman- tery founded by German got from Ivan the drite German and the Archbishop of Kazan Terrible a non-adjudication charter which Guriy shows their close interaction in these freed him from being tried by the secular matters. German gained much experience in court (see Annex. Historical Documents, supervising construction of two temples in No 6). In 1556, Archbishop of Kazan and Sviyazhsk, namely the church of St. Nicholas Sviyazhsk Guriy granted the monastery the Wonderworker with the refectory con- with other privileges. ese facts show that secrated on 6 December, 1556 and the As- German was a key gure in the policy of sumption Cathedral consecrated (according Christianization of the vast former Kazan to the antimension kept in the Assumption Khanate and other territories. In its turn in Monastery) on 12 September, 1560. the rst decades aer conquest of Kazan,
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Sviyazhsk had an exceptional importance as builders who were sent for the construc- a military, religious and spiritual centre both tion of the Assumption Cathedral and the in the region and in the whole Russia. Ger- Nikolsky Refectory Church of Assumption man not only enjoyed especial favour of the Monastery and the bell tower in Sviyazhsk tsar but also possessed outstanding personal in 1555-1560. qualities. Well-known was his zealous work Researchers note that during 1555 and in Christian enlightenment of the peoples 1562 stone construction practically stopped living around Sviyazhsk. Due to his multi- in Pskov possibly because of sending the big faceted work he was appointed the archbish- number of builders to the “Kazan Tsardom”. op of Kazan aer the death of Guriy in 1564. Resumption of construction in Pskov, and A special status of Sviyazhsk Archiman- rst of all that of forti cations, is registered drite German, trust of the tsar and the aer 1562 which is connected with the ag- archbishop Guriy let him use part of Pskov gravation of military and political situation builders for the construction of the cathe- around Livonia and Polotsk. ese political dral of the Assumption Monastery right af- factors could make the central Moscow au- ter the arrival of Pskov team. In about 1560, thorities nish the construction of stone for- upon the completion of Sviyazhsk monas- ti cations and temples carried out by Pskov tery buildings under the supervision of Ger- builders in Kazan and bring them back to man, Pskov builders went to Kazan. Pskov in late 1562. is explains the incom- us, in 1555, a numerous group of Pskov pleteness of the Kazan Kremlin by 1562, the builders came to Kazan and the same year rush to complete works on the Annuncia- they started the construction of part of the tion Cathedral and the complete absence stone walls of the Kazan Kremlin. Apparent- of stone construction in the Kazan Arch- ly only part of the builders was building the diocese aer 1562. Construction works in Kremlin, while the rest went to Sviyazhsk the Kazan Kremlin resumed only in about in 1555 or 1556 for the construction of the 1594-1595. Nikolsky Refectory Church of the Assump- All the buildings constructed by Pskov tion Monastery. ese builders continued builders in Kazan and Sviyazhsk are made of to build other temples in Sviyazhsk and by blocks of local Volga white limestone. ese 1560 they had completed the construction blocks are larger and more precise in shape of the cathedral of the Assumption Mon- than traditional Pskov white stone. e Vol- astery. is is proved by the fact that Pskov ga white stone is harder than the Pskov one. builders used similar architectural elements ese characteristics of the construction in the temples of Kazan and Sviyazhsk. material contributed to Sviyazhsk build- Postnik Yakovlev, who was named “the ings – both their separate parts and gener- church and town building master” in a al appearance – have more strict geometric letter of Ivan the Terrible, supervised the forms. construction of the Kazan Kremlin and Currently there are targeted studies aimed Sviyazhsk temples. Short distance between to de ne the places of bedding and mining Kazan and Sviyazhsk made it possible for out of the building stone and compare these him to supervise both construction sites. In data with the stones in the masonry of the 1561, the builders working in Sviyazhsk had Assumption Cathedral, the Kazan Kremlin to return to Kazan where the construction and other buildings of the XVI century in of the Annunciation Cathedral began. Ac- the region. cording to di erent sources, in 1561-1562, Researchers pay attention to the fact that about 80 masons worked on the cathedral the forms and décor, used during the con- construction. us it can be supposed that struction of the cathedral in the monastery that was the approximate number of the and made by Pskov builders under the su-
14 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
pervision of Postnik Yakovlev in Sviyazhsk, windows on the drum have di erent forms: are typical in their size for Moscow archi- the arch apertures are located along cardinal tecture of Ivan the Terrible time. Due to this directions while more typical Pskov slit-like combination the builders created monu- apertures with edges are located diagonally. mental buildings which are unique and not In the interior of the Assumption Cathe- characteristic for Pskov construction school dral the under dome quadrangle with four and express ambitions of the Moscow au- pillars with square cross-section is substan- thorities. tially shied to the east making the east- However, in outward appearance Pskov ern part of the cathedral very short and the elements undoubtedly dominate over the western one - enlarged. Corner compart- Moscow ones. Researchers (M.K. Karger, ments are covered with diminished vaults N.I. Brunov, V.P. Ostroumiv, V.V. Chuma- and are connected with the cross arms by kov, M.V. Fekhner and others) thought that high arched apertures. e cross arms are the Church of St. Nickolas the Wonderwork- also covered by diminished vaults and the er of Ustye on the Velikaya River (XV c.), the wide and high drum rests on wide elevated Church of Epiphany of Zapskovye (1496), arch walls, which are wider than the pillars Peter and Paul’s Cathedral of Buy in Pskov and only slightly narrower that the vaults of (1540) and the Dmitriyevskiy Cathedral of the cross arms. is forms clear and strict Gdov (1540) were the closest forerunners of rhythm of elevating the vaults to the ring the Assumption Cathedral in their architec- under the dome. e middle apse with the tural image, elements and structure. ose lowered triumphal arch is covered by conch were typical Pskov cubical one-domed vault- and the initial north side apse – by dimin- ed temples with four internal pillars, three ished vault turning into conch. apsides, and eightfold covering of the gable Speci c characteristics single out also the resting on a high basement (Peter and Paul’s special interior of the Assumption Cathedral Cathedral of Buy in Pskov (1540) and the among Pskov monuments. First, it does not Dmitriyevskiy Cathedral of Gdov (1540)). have a choir balcony, typical of ‘large’ sub- However, while the dimensions of the As- urban churches of Pskov (Peter and Paul’s sumption Cathedral (15х18 m, the under Cathedral of Buy in Pskov (1540) and the dome square 4.2х4.2 m), its composition Dmitriyevskiy Cathedral of Gdov (1540)). and decoration of its facades really comply Second, high square pillars were rarely seen with the Pskov tradition, its interior has sig- in Pskov architecture before the 1550s except ni cant di erences from Pskov monuments. for the St. Nickolas’s Church in the monas- As noted by V.V. Sedov, all these typical tery of Lyubyatovo, which are not dated, and Pskov facades of a monumental church with in which the western pair of the pillars has a wide lesenes, tightened by two-lobed arches, square cross-section. e pillars in Peter and with arched icon cases above middle parts Paul’s Cathedral of Buy (1540) are also square of the wall, with Pskov belts of decoration in shape but they are very short, and above masonry, and roll molding settings of the there are parts of the walls delimiting tents central apse hide the unusual interior which on the choir balcony. Interiors of the mon- is not typical for Pskov construction school. astery churches of the new school – of the us, the arch form of the entrance and Church of the Holy Wives and the cathedrals window apertures with framing quarter can of the Krypets and Malsk monasteries – are be seen only in the cathedral and the refec- de ned by high and round pillars with so tory of the Krypetsk Monastery and the re- forms. e use of square high pillars in the fectory of the Malsk Monastery in Pskov, i.e. Assumption Cathedral brought it close to the in monastery monuments of ‘Ivan the Ter- interiors of the monastery cathedrals of the rible’ style of late 1540 – early 1550s. Eight XVI century in Central Russia. e pillar fac-
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ets form rigidity of division which is support- for strengthening Christianity in the newly ed by clear and outlined geometrical form of annexed Kazan region. e work of Pskov ascension of vaults to the large drum. is builders in Sviyazhsk should be considered certain sternness in perception of the cathe- as an outstanding example of interaction of dral is similar to sternness felt in the refectory the architectural school of the late medieval of the same monastery. Such ‘Moscow’ form Russian town with the state cultural policy of of pillars and the common structure of the the Moscow tsardom. It is a unique example interior appeared under the in uence of the of spreading of the northern architectural customer – Archimandrite German. traditions of Russia to the east into an abso- As a result the builders created the interi- lutely new cultural and spiritual environ- or inside the ‘box’ reproducing dimensions ment where mostly Turkish-speaking Tatar and décor of Pskov temples where tradition- population of the region had a six-hundred al forms with minimum addition of bor- year-experience of the statehood and its rowed elements formed a single structure own cultural traditions that formed and possessing monumentality and didacticism. developed close to Islamic civilization and ere was no such architectural and esthetic following the teachings of Islam. Another experience in Pskov which made it possible peculiarity of the cultural layers of Kazan to convey the might and grandeur of ‘Ivan region was connected with the Finno-Ugric the Terrible’ style and to create an impres- ethnicities who were mostly pagans. sion of hierarchy and geometrical order. us from the middle of the XVI centu- us attracting Pskov builders to the con- ry Sviyazhsk together with Kazan became a struction of the cathedral was a remark- key, ocially recognized, centre of spread- able and new manifestation of policy of ing Christianity in the region and turned the Moscow government that resulted in into the heart of Orthodox culture in the using resources of the north-west of Russia east of the Russian state. Peter the First (Great), in uence of Baroque on the outside appearance of the cathedral ccording to the travelling journal of or “ e Statute of the Spiritual Collegium”, the Russian Emperor Peter the First, he which abolished the patriarchate in Russia Astopped in Sviyazhsk on 2 June 1722 and spent and established the Holy Governing Synod about three hours there. ere is no doubt that (“the Spiritual collegium”) instead. In fact, one of the aims of Peter’s visit was to attend the Synod became a state ministry responsi- the Assumption Cathedral and to worship ble for “spiritual a airs”. In 1720-1722 Peter its shrines and also to get aquainted with the issued several ordinances on Christianiza- town founded by the rst Russian tsar Ivan IV tion of peoples of the Volga region. It cannot (the Terrible). At that time the cathedral did be ruled out that interest of the emperor to not have its outside Baroque decorations and Sviyazhsk was caused by the missionery role the Emperor saw it in its original appearance. of the Assumption monastery. One of the Traditionally modemisation of economy results of this visit was the establishment of and culture in Russia following the example the Kommission of Newly Baptized A airs of West European countries is related to in Sviyazhsk during the reign of further em- activity of Peter I. Peter is considered to “have perors, which then was reorganized into the made a window into Europe” making a real Committee of the Newly Baptized, and the revolution. “Under the bellow of cannons forced baptizing of the Volga peoples which and the hammering of an ax” (A.S. Pushkin) stopped only during the reign the Cathrine Russia entered the number of great powers. the Second. In spiritual life the year of 1721 was marked Another manifestation of the new epoch by publishing of “ e Spiritual regulations” which replaced the culture of medieval Rus-
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sia of the XVI-XVII cc. was spreading of the development of the Orthodox doctrine in Baroque style in Russia including the Volga Russia. region. ree stone parish churches were built in e Baroque style, which re ected the de- Sviyazhsk in the rst half of the XVIII centu- velopment of philosophical and architectur- ry: St. Nicolas (1734), So a (Tikhvin, 1735) al thought of that time, appeared and became and Annunciation (1755), which embod- widespread rst of all in Catholic countries ied the development of the Baroque style in in the XVI-XVII cc. e Baroque style pene- their adrchitectural appearance. According trated to Russia in the end of the XVII c. It is to researchers, architectural forms of these thought that the so-called Moscow Baroque three churches made it possible to trace the (“Naryshkin”) appeared as a transitional pe- complex relations of di erent forms of the riod from the ancient Russia architecture to “Russian Baroque” of the XVIII century real Baroque. Baroque became widespread in its broad spreading by the trading route on the territories of the Moscow kingdom from Central Russia to the port in Arkhan- aer the Zaporozhian host became part of gelsk along rivers and moreover - Sviyazhsk Russia. e style which appeared on this churches gave an interesting south branch land got the name of “Ukrainian Baroque”. of it. Unfortunately thses churched were de- It was characterized by a combination of mounted in the end of 1920-es (there sur- methods of West European Baroque and vived there photos on the cusp of the XIX- traditions of Orthodox temple art of build- beginning of the XX cc.). e Assumption ing and ancient Russian architecture. Cathedral, which has preserved the initial Baroque penetrated the Middle Volga architecture and the in uence of the new ar- region rather late – in the beginning of the chitectural style of Baroque in its appearance, XVIII c. In Sviyazhsk the in uence of Ba- is considered as an importan monument of roque was mostly re ected on the outside the Russian and world cultural heritage. appearance of the Assumption Cathedral, Monuments of ancient Russian archi- which in the rst half of the XVIII centu- tecture in Ukraine underwent signi cant ry acquired a pear-shape cupola, typical changes in the Baroque epoch, the rich ar- for the Ukrainian Baroque, façade nials chitectural ornament of which rarely makes and decorative stone window architraves. it possible to see the initial idea of an archi- Researchers relate the appearabce of these tect (see paragraph 3.2 for deatils). ere elements (besides the general Russian fash- formed a unique situation in Sviyazhsk – ion for Baroque decorations) with activities taking the Assumption Cathedral as an ex- of representatives of Orthodox clergy, the ample one can clearly see the construction graduates of the Kiev religious academy, in and peculiarities of an ancient temple of the Sviyazhsk (see section 2b for details). Pen- XVI century with all traits characteristic of etration of the Baroque into architecture of Pskov and Moscow architects of that peri- ancient Russian temples re ects the grow- od, which has preserved its original interior ing in uence of West European tendencies (with the exception of the iconostasis and on Russian Orthodox art of building, which the refectory). At the saem time we can see happened under the in uence of work of the development of the architectural style of graduates of the Kiev academy, which de- the Orthodox art of building in the XVIII spite its Orthodox character, was oriented century. Changes which happened in the on the “Latin” system of education. In XVIII outside appearance of the temple did not century graduates of the Kiev-Mogilyansk hide the ancient Pskov architecture but in Academy stood at the origins of practically combination with it and contructions sur- all religious educational institutions of the rounding the temple and the landscape cre- Russian Empire and greatly in uenced the ated a unique synthetic ensemble.
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us, the architecture of the Assump- the XVI century and, on the other side, the tion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk on the one side further development of Russian statehood, re ects the arrival of Christianity and the religious-philosophical and architectural Russian Orthodox art of building to the thought of the XVII-XVIII centuries under Volga-Urals region under the in uence of the in uence of reforms of Peter I. large geopolitical events of the middle of e cathedral wall paintings
e wall paintings dating ight aer its erection, the Assumption dral was painted between 1567 and 1613. A RCathedral was painted inside and out- letter from Tsar Ivan IV to the Archbishop side. Even though the pictures on the fa- of Kazan and Guriy of Sviyazhsk of 5 April cades were lost, their fragments survived on 1559 says that the icon-painters were sent the western wall of the quadrangle, under to Kazan. According to this source the icon the roof of the refectory in the bottom part painters were sent to the archbishop to Ka- of the drum. e only of their kind in Russia zan and their work was paid with the money highly artistic monumental wall pictures of of the treasury of Tsarina Anastasiya Roma- the second half of the XVI century with the novna. area of 1,080 sq.m. have been preserved in ere are several dates of paintings of the the interior of the cathedral. e walls, the Assumption Cathedral in the scienti c liter- dome, vaults, reveals, and pillars are covered ature. e rst supposed date of the paint- with frescos. Bright compositions artfully ing is 1558 – the time of the cathedral con- match the architectural forms of the interior. secration. e date was rst named by D.V. Wall paintings of the Assumption Ca- Aynalov and later was acknowledged to be thedral are the most completely preserved erroneous. M.K. Karger and aer him B.V. fresco ensemble which makes it possible to Mikhaylovskiy and B.I. Purishev speci ed make a comprehensive study of their idea, the date as 1560, while N.E. Mneva as 1561. style and artistic peculiarities. e unique e main argument for dating the Sviyazhsk program of the cathedral decoration, which wall paintings by the middle of the XVI included both the topics of “ e Creation” century is the inscription on the antimen- - absolutely new for the Russian art, and sion and the so-called ‘Makariy’ Program of iconographic interpretations of traditional Paintings. cycles of Proto-evangelic and evangelic his- e subsequent study of the wall paintings tory, attracted attention of its nearest con- caused a number of objections concerning temporaries. Conservation works in the XX the named dates and in the long run, by the century gave further impetus for studies of proposal from the art historian and restorer the cathedral paintings. I.A. Kochetkov, who took part in conserva- e exact date of wall paintings is un- tion of wall paintings of the Assumption Ca- known. Written sources, such as “ e thedral in the 1970s, the dating was widened Scribes’ book of the town of Sviyazhsk and from 1567 to 1613. Sviyazhsk uezd. 1565-67”, which does not e researcher of the Sviyazhsk Wall mention the cathedral paintings (see An- Paintings Program N.V. Kvlividze expressed nex. Historical Documents, No 13), as well a minority report concerning the date of as “ e Register of the Sviyazhsk Virgin the Assumption Cathedral paintings. An- monastery of 1614”, containing the oldest alyzing the paintings program and having mentioning of the cathedral wall paintings, found that they do not contain the image of make it possible to conclude that the cathe- St. German, worshipping of whom started
18 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
aer his death (1567) and obtaining his rel- discussed as there is no scienti c under- ics (1591), as well as the image of the tsar standing both of the Makariy period and and metropolitan without halos in the al- Godunov’s time of Moscow art. tar, the researcher claims that the paintings For example it has been found out that could be made only during German being a during conservation of the wall paintings hegumen and the latest possible boundary by icon painter N.M. Sofonov in the end of of paintings is1566. the XIX century, the lower part of the north us, most researchers (D.V. Aynalov, wall was plastered by concrete and when the M.K. Karger, N.V. Kvlididze, V.N. Kupri- artist-restorer V.F. Kosushkin removed it in yanov, T.P.Kopsova, I.N. Aguisgeva, V.F. 1979, no original fragments of plaster were Kosushkin and others) date the paintings found. e remaining half-destroyed text, of the Assumption Cathedral from 1560s. which was made along the vertical lay-out ey think that the Assumption Cathedral cannot be interpreted strictly scienti cally. was painted outside and inside right aer Nevertheless, stylistics of wall inscriptions its erection. Another version was expressed represents certain diculty for its de nition by A.S. Preobrazhenskiy who named the as there are no its close analogues. In addi- date of the cathedral paintings as 1605, the tion the newly obtained information and period of ruling the patriarch Ignatius the that which will possibly appear as a result of Greek and metropolitan Hermogenes of the last conservation works, in the altar in Kazan and Sviyazhsk. Comparing peculiar- particular, can again correct the above pro- ities of the artistic form (stylistics) rather posed conclusions. In particular, V.F. Ko- than iconography he points to the similari- sushkin, the restorer of the cathedral, pro- ty of paintings in the Assumption Cathedral poses a working version of several stages of of Sviyazhsk and monuments of the time of paintings of the cathedral. Tsar Boris Godunov (1596-1605): e An- Art historians and restorers Z.A. Zakharo- nunciation Cathedral in Solvychegodsk, va, N.V. Kvilividze, V.F. Kosushkin, I.A. Ko- the ancestral lands of famous Stroganovs chetkov and V.D. Sarabyanov do not agree family (1601), the Smolensk Cathedral of with the reconstruction of the inscription the Novo-Devitchi Convent, the Transfor- proposed by A.S. Preobrazhenskiy due to mation church in the village of Bolshiye its extremely bad condition (the fragments, Vyazemy, the ancestral lands of Godunov which is the key element for de ning the (1602) and a number of icons in museums date of paintings of the cathedral, has seri- of the Moscow Kremlin, Tretyakov Gallery ous losses). and the Museum in Murom. To support his e current dispersed opinions about the view point he quotes the reconstruction of time of the ensemble creation starting from a dedication inscription (the annals going the middle till the end of the XVI century is round the interior of the cathedral partly not something unique for Russian medieval along the south and west walls). e dating painting. Many outstanding monuments, proposed by Preobrazhebsky is supported such as feat icons of the Annunciation Ca- by M.A. Makhanko, who compared wall thedral, are still dated in the wide chrono- painting images of Russian saints Nikon logical range from the end of the XIV till the and Sergius of Radonezh in the Assump- middle of the XV centuries. Even the Trin- tion Cathedral and on the church porch ity of Andrey Rublev is dated from 1411 till of the stone Sergius warm church of the 1427. Sviyazhsk Trinity-Sergius monastery (lat- It should be noted that the historical con- er John the Baptist Monastery) built in text characterizing both life of the country 1604. e problem of dating wall paintings in this period as a whole and life of the As- of the Assumption Cathedral is still being sumption monastery in particular is very
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important for de ning the date of creation to be more exact in dating the creation of a of such signi cant wall paintings complex. historical object. From the point of view of the common his- Dendrochronological and carbon analysis torical context, the paintings in Sviyazhsk, of timber used for construction of the Trin- which was remote from Moscow, were more ity church, the Assumption Cathedral and important in time of Ivan the Terrible than wall paintings. ese kinds of examination on the threshold of the coming Turmoil. are traditionally used for studies of wood ob- Despite rather wide range in de nition of jects to de ne their age. As it is known den- the monument paintings dating it does not drochronology is a method of crossed dating in uence the assertion of its uniqueness based on studies of year rings of timber and from the point of view of paintings stylistics. permitting to date wooden constructions Common unity of style of the main space and objects. It is based on comparison of of the cathedral, which is characterized by similar ring graphs of di erent trees and the brave and rather original manner, undoubt- choice of exact place where the correspon- edly represents unique value for history of dence between them is maximum. e cross the Ancient Russian art of painting. Practi- dating makes it possible to de ne the date of cally all researchers note integrity and mon- chopping down the tree and the place of the umentality of the wall paintings complex of construction material origin. e obtained the cathedral. data agree well with historical information In addition it is necessary to mention and carbon dating method. e collected their unique persistence. It is one of the information will be used for establishment most completely preserved ensembles of the of the regional dendro-scale, which will be second half of the XVI century: 1,080 square used for exact dating of archaeological tim- metres of paintings. It is important that the ber in Tatarstan. paintings were also preserved in the dome Results of examination of paint layers and of the cathedral and this is rare for modern gesso of frescoes make it possible to de ne a state of monuments as it was the domes to- number of directions in de ning the time the gether with paintings which were always lost frescoes were painted. Visual examination of rst. It is known that in most monuments of frescoes by artist-restorer V.F. Kosushkin has the ancient Russian art they have been re- shown that the survived paintings were made constructed. in di erent manners and belonged to three e time of the wall paintings creation will authors at least. In its turn this fact presup- be de ned by complex scienti c research. poses the di erence in dates of the master- Comparison of three independent kinds of pieces. Two independent methods were used dating analyses will make it possible to re- to compare chemical content of paint layer of veal objective information about the time of murals painted supposedly in di erent time creation of cultural historical objects. and by di erent artists: the optical meth- Accelerator mass-spectroscopy is a new od (with Axio Observer Z1, Axio Imager. method which makes it possible to date the Z2m equipment) and electronic microscopy age of the object by carbon components in (AURIGA CrossBeam with energy-disperse minimum amounts. As opposed to the tra- spectrometer Inca X-Max) and with non-de- ditional carbon dating this methods needs structive X-ray- uorescent portable analyser only 30-50 milligrams of a sample to exam- S1-TURBO produced by Bruker. ine the material. As artists used organic ma- e carried out examination let make a terials to produce gesso, the researchers ob- number of conclusions concerning paint tained the possibility to isolate and analyze components of wall paintings of di erent carbon contained in this component. e schools as well as the gesso used under rst accelerator mass-spectroscopy is considered wall paintings of the cathedral.
20 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
• Analytical examination of wall paint- veal all layers of painting including ings of the Assumption cathedral renovating ones. of Sviyazhsk Island showed that the For introducing clarity into the gesso murals were painted in no less than composition, it is necessary to carry out ad- three stages. is is proved by di er- ditional examination of mineral phase com- ent chemical composition of paints. position and the organic component. Paints of red, white, blue and dark- ere are further plans for examination grey colours, which were used by dif- of gesso of wall paintings di ering in artistic ferent artistic schools, have the most manner and created supposedly in the later di erent composition. periods of time. e examination of chem- • Cobalt, arsenic and potassium have ical and mineral composition of the stone been found in blue paint on early wall masonry has started with the aim of de n- paintings. is testi es to the use of ing the stone quarry, which was the source the “royal blue” - the paint invented of stone used for the cathedral construction. by Italian artists in the XVI century. Additionally organic components of gesso, is paint went out of use because of paints and lime grout will be de ned by the its bad covering power. chromatographic method. Complex studies • Twelve paints were used in painting of wall paintings of all schools and masters, the early wall painting of the cathedral including the foreign objects of that time, “Unknown saints” that corresponds to will make it possible to have the complete Russian fresco technology used up to picture of history of unique paintings of the the XVII century. Assumption cathedral. • Gesso of early wall paintings of the us, wall paintings of the Assumption Assumption cathedral contains com- cathedral are the most completely preserved pound of calcium with carbon and fresco ensemble of the epoch of develop- magnesium with oxygen spatially di- ment of the Moscow kingdom (an autocrat- vided from each other. is di ers ic state). is gives possibility of multilat- considerably from the fresco painting eral research of their idea, style and artistic technology of ancient Russian mas- peculiarities as manifestation of cultural ters. It is known that they used lime originality of this period. e unique pro- drowned for many years as the base gram of church decoration, which included for gesso. Compound of calcium with both absolutely new for Russian art themes carbon can testify to the use of lac- of “Creation” and iconographic interpreta- toserum as organic plasti cator. tions of traditional cycles of Protevangelic • Examination of the paint layer of wall and Evangelic history, attracted attention painting by portable X-ray spectrom- already of the closest contemporaries who eter proved eciency of de ning dif- noted this in “ e scribes’ book” of 1565- ferences in paint composition used 1567. Conservation works of the XX-begin- by di erent masters for painting the ning of the XXI century have new impetus murals. is method can be recom- to studies of the cathedral paintings. mended as the main non-destructive e general idea of wall paintings and method for initial analysis of all wall iconographic peculiarities of concrete paintings in the Assumption cathe- scenes in paintings of the Assumption Ca- dral. thedral show direct dependence on the • Study by using the method of optical processes happening in Russian art in the and electronic microscopy makes it 1540-60s. e system of the cathedral pain- possible to describe the ne structure ing interpreted in new spirit represents an of the paint layer and gesso and to re- example of nely organized and deeply un-
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derstood use of new plots. Here the classical the title of a tsar under strong in uence of system of painting appears in completely re- the head of the Russian cgurcg Metropoli- thought way. Moreover, it is revealed espe- tan Makariy. e political collaboration be- cially clear here, taking into consideration tween secular power and the ocial church, that the cathedral was dedicated to the As- which emerged already long ago, became sumption which was traditional for Moscow even strogner. Metropolitan Makariy stud- culture. However, comparison of paintings ied icon painting in his youth. During all his in Sviyazhsk with those in the Assumption life he painted icons and became one of the Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, except most outstanding stimulator and art patron some commonality, underlines and reveals of development of Russian painting among their di erence rather than similarity. other Russian bishops. Makariy one of the Wall paintings of the Assumption Cathe- main visionaries of Russian monarchical dral are a kind of a hymn of “the Makariy’s” system and it goes without saying that prin- iconographic reform. Metropolitan Makariy ciples of Russian statehood understood by was one of the outstanding writers and po- Metropolitan Makariy as acts and manifes- litical gures of Russia of the XVI century, tations of Devine system and volition, were the pupil and follower of Joseph of Volotsk. implemented in icon plots and images. us He occupied the Mepropolitan chair for Russian art of painting of that epoch be- more than 20 years (starting from 1542), comes of the main ways of con rmation of and enjoying large authority and universal the concept that the Russian state and Tsar respect, he not only was in the centre of his- ruling it are chosen by God and acquires in- torical events of his time but also exercised a creased theological-ideological sense. certain in uence on them. Ivan IV accepted Iconographic program of wall paintings all paintings of the Assumption include several independent compositions, Cathedral are divided into several standing out of which is the Synaxis of the Wzones. Frescos of the main space (the naos) Mother of God, which occupies the whole are dedicated to the following four topics: the western wall of the cathedral. Separate gures cycle of the Genesis (the Creation and history of saints are located on pillars, the gures of of Adam and Eve) on the vaults and arches, reverend saints and stylites – both traditional Proto-evangelic cycle and the cycle of the (Daniil, Simeon, Alypius) and Russian – Assumption (Life of Virgin) on the upper tiers Nicetas of Pereaslav are located on window of the north and south walls, the Evangelic piers. cycle in the lower register of the walls, and also e Genesis cycle (the Creation and history of Adam and Eve). cenes from the Book of Genesis unfold e inscription “And the God created its instead of the most important events of the spirits and servants and altars and all heavenly SNew Testament history on the upper zone of Powers” goes round the medallion. In the the cathedral decoration, where the evangelic drum piers there are pictures of angels, full stories were usually placed. In paintings of size. en compositions go to reinforcing Sviyazhsk the Genesis cycle consists of two ribs, on extradoses (wall surfaces between topics - “Seven days of Creation” and “History reinforcing ribs and attened vaults), are of Adam and Eve” represented by twenty two located on vaults of the cross arms, occupy compositions. e cycle starts with the dome small corner west vaults and extradoses of compositions, where it says in the medallion small arches. e compositions of the rst six “ e Paternity”(see the Annex to the dossier). days of Creation are made in the dome, on the
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north and south reinforcing ribs and on the nal scenes of the cycle are represented on extradoses of the north and south vaults. On two west compartments. “Lamentation of the eastern slope of the north arch wall there is Adam and Eve and their labouring on the the scene of “Creation of the vault of heaven” earth”, “ e Killing of Abel” and “Michael which is related to the Second day of Creation the Archangel overthrowing the Satan” are ( e Genesis, 1, 6-8). e composition of the located on the vault in the north-west com- ird day of Creation – “Division of the sea partment, while “Internment of Abel”, “In- and the rm land. Creation of plants” ( e ternment of Adam”, “ e God reproaching Genesis, 1, 9-13) is painted on the east slope of Cain” and “the Angel opening Sif the knowl- the south arch. “ e Creation of the planets” edge of the heaven and literacy” – in the made in the Fourth day ( e Genesis 1, 14- south-west. 19), is painted on the cheek of the south vault. Cycles of “ e Creation” and “ e Histo- “Deposition of the devil” which also refers to ry of Adam and Eve” in paintings of the As- the Fourth day is located in the north lunette sumption Cathedral are the rst example of of the west wall of the Assumption cathedral. turning to this subject in preserved monu- “Creation of birds and sh” related to the ments of Russian monumental painting and Fih day ( e Genesis 1, 20-23) is painted di er from the system of Byzantine church on the west slope of the south arch. “Creation decoration adopted in Rus by the order of of animals” illustrating the Sixth day of the location of the Old Testament plots in the Creation is located on the west slope of the cathedral space. north arch. e complex composition of the is unusual program essentially di ers Seventh day of the Creation is located on the from the system of Byzantium cathedral west arch wall and on the cheek of the west decoration adopted in Russia in the end slope. of the X century and existing with slight Next follow fourteen scenes from history variation during all history of Russian Me- of Adam and Eve. is cycles begins with dieval art. e topical content of paintings the composition of “ e Creation of Adam” and the order of plots location in the space ( e Genesis, 1, 26-31; 2, 7), located on the of the cathedral are also new. Jesus Christ, cheek of the north vault. On the east slope the Lord and the Savior of the world, was of the north vault there is following scene the centre and the highest level of the uni- of “Brining Adam into the Paradise”. “Giv- verse in the system of cathedral decoration ing names to animals” and “ e Creation created in Byzantium in aer-iconoclastic of Eve” are located accordingly on the east period, around which the evangelic history and west slopes of the south vault. “ e Fall” Old Testament pre-history were built. In the (the south slope) (Genesis, 3, 1-5) and “ e XI century this program acquired liturgical Expulsion from Paradise” (the north slope) meaning, which reached its peak during the (Genesis, 3, 23-24) are painted on the west epoch of Paleologue dynasty in the image of vault. e following compositions “Lam- the heavenly liturgy around Pantokrator on entations of Adam and Eve” and “Labour- the dome. ings of Adam and Eve” are located opposite e image on the dome of the New Tes- each other on the vaults of the north-west tament Trinity with God Sabaoth instead of corner compartment. Further the narration the Pantokrator did not change the concept moves to the west slope of the north vault, essentially. ey started including the image where “ e Sacri ce of Abel and Cain” (op- of the New Testament Trinity with Christ posite “Brining Adam into the Paradise”) is Ancient of Days symbolizing the First nature painted. “ e Killing of Abel” is painted in of God in the form of the Paternity (Periblep- the lunette above the small arch connect- tos Church in Mistra) or Synchronon (Bielo ing the north-west pillar with the wall. e Pole) into liturgy compositions in the Byz-
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antium art of the XIV century. However, in tament history, it was known due to Palaea Sviyazhsk the composition of e Paternity – historical books full of apocryphal details. appears in totally new context. e fact that Monumental cycles of Genesis, which illustrations of the initial history of the uni- were typical of painting and plastics of West verse are located around the dome on the medieval cathedral of the XI-XIII c.c., were vaults changed the whole order of the cathe- unknown for East Christianity. Byzantine dral paintings system. Instead of the circular iconography of the First book of the Bible constantly repeating liturgical principle of developed in book miniatures as well as in perception of the cathedral space, the new the applied art. ere survived several rich- system introduced the historical principle. ly illuminated manuscripts of Byzantine In Byzantine and ancient Russian church- Octatevchs of the XI-XII centuries with se- es the Old Testament events and characters quential illustrations of the Hexaemeron, were depicted as prototypes and messengers initial history of humankind and event of of evangelic events. In the new system of the biblical history, and numerous master- painting the Old Testament cycle occupied pieces of stone carving with the scenes of the the place of the beginning of history. Instead Creation. Meanwhile the Byzantine iconog- of the atemporal liturgical idea of the church raphy of the Creation found its re ection decoration there appeared understanding in west-European monumental ensembles. of a church as a symbolic image of the uni- Mosaics of the Palatine Chapel in Palermo verse, the whole created world both spiritual and of the cathedral in Montreal are the and material starting from its beginning till monuments, which combine the west pro- the Advent. Even though the Old Testament gram and Byzantine iconography. narration of the Creation was also rooted in Wall paintings of Saint Dimitries parec- liturgy due to Lenten readings, the historical clesion in the Church of Christ Pantokrator beginning became clearly dominating in the in Dechany (1345-1348) are the only ex- painting program. Liturgical subjects did ample of addressing the Book of Genesis in not lose their meaning in painting, on the paintings of the Byzantine church. On the contrary their number increased, their de- cross vaults and walls of the parecclesion tails and reference to liturgical texts became there are 46 scenes of the Genesis starting even more literal that it was in the art of the from the Creation to the construction of the XIV – early XVI centuries, but their charac- Tower of Babylon. Here the Genesis iconog- ter turned into the form of a narration and raphy represented by Octatevch miniatures their localization is connected with the altar and scenes of the Creation carved on ivory space. arks got its monumental representation for Placing illustrations of the Book of Gen- the rst time in Byzantine art. According to esis on the vaults of the interior of the As- V. Djurich, allocution to the Genesis cycle sumption Cathedral as the main subject of in this ensemble is explained by Christ-ori- painting was absolutely new phenomenon, ented program of “encyclopedic” paintings which did not have imitative tradition in in Dechany, which included 20 huge cy- Rus. e complete text of the Holy Scripture cles, representing also the initial history of the Old Testament, the so called Gen- of the universe with Christ-Creator as its nadiy’s Bible, appeared only in the end of the main character. Paintings on the subject of XV century. Even though the rst chapters the Book of Genesis in Dechany remained of the Book of Genesis were well familiar to the isolated case in the art of the Byzantine everyone as they were read during Lent ser- world. mons, these topics did not nd their re ec- e attitude to this subject changed in tion in Russian ne arts. As for the Old Tes- Post-Byzantine art. One can see cycles of the Genesis in paintings of Athos, Moldo-
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va and Bukovina. History of Abel is painted Cathedral in the Kremlin. Large images of on scenes on the walls of the Laura refecto- the Trinity from the Genesis became also ry, XVI c. Scenes of the Creation accompa- wide-spread at that period and are placed nied with quotes from the Book of Genesis in the local rows of cathedral iconostasis. are represented in outside paintings of the e marvelous cycle of miniatures of the exonarthex in Moldovitsa (1537), in Arbor Illuminated Compiled Chronicle, which be- (1541), in the narthex of Voronets monas- gins with the illustrated biblical story of the tery (1547), outside paintings in Suchevitsy Creation, was also painted at that time. e (1595-1596) and in the narthex of the Petch Chronograph and the Palaea, the content of patriarchy (1561-1565). As a rule these which is also based on the biblical narration, paintings show scenes from the Genesis in were decorated with miniatures nearly at the the context of spacious compositions on same time. the topic of the Doomsday, and researchers Sviyazhsk compositions have many liter- think this is related to the liturgical content al parallels to the marginal scenes of “ e of paintings oriented on the Triodion of the Four-part” icon of the Annunciation Cathe- Lent. Two last Sunday before the Lent have dral in the Moscow Kremlin named “And corresponding dedications: “On Dooms- God rested on the seventh day” as well as in day” and “Shrove Sunday”. In this case the the plots of the iconography of “the Trinity structure of compositions and their order in Acts” which was wide-spread at that time. correspond to the Triodion readings. “ e Four-part” icon of the Annuncia- In Russian art paintings on the topics of tion Cathedral (Museums of the Moscow the Book of Genesis has been know since Kremlin) is a hallmark image for its time. the XI c. ese are isolated compositions or Its makers tried to translate di erent litera- short cycles of selected plots, most oen re- ture sources, supporting each of the images, lated to the story of the Appearance of the into a system of visual images. “ e Four- Trinity to Abraham and acts of Archangel part” icon testi es about the qualitatively Michael. ere survived also as sequential new approach to understanding an image, cycle of illustrations of the initial history which is now understood not only as a re- of humankind in miniatures of the Palaea. ection of the divine archetype, but also as However, they do not contain pictures of an illustration of any sacred text no matter the Creation. Vast painted biblical cycles, whether it is the psalm of David or some li- starting with the picture of all seven days turgical prayer. e way of direct illustration of Creation appeared only in the middle of open by the “ e Four-part” icon, brought the XVI century. ese topics appeared si- about a huge number of new iconograph- multaneously in all type of ne art: in book ic schemes, where the icon became a pro- miniature, icons, wall paintings and pictori- treptic and didactic narration, sometimes al embroidery. beautiful and interesting for consideration Large-scale use of the Old Testament and even opening many dogmas of Chris- plots started in the middle of the XVI c., tianity in the form of illustrations, but oen when a number of Old Testament paintings deprived of integrity and spiritual emphasis were made aer the Great Moscow re in of the iconic image. the Kremlin in 1547. e complex paint- It is know that it was the Old Testament ings program based on the Old Testament plots which caused negative reaction of the plots decorated the Golden Chamber of the scribe I.M. Viskovatyy and got the detailed Kremlin. Plots from the Book of Genesis are justi ed response of Metropolitan Makariy depicted in the multicomponent composi- during the convocation in 1554. However, tions “And God rested on the seventh day” the meaning of this topic in Russian arts is on the “Four-part” icon of the Annunciation de ned not only by the importance of the
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Kremlin monuments and the authority of in the art of the second half of the XVI and the Metropolitan. e appearance of numer- the whole of the XVII centuries proves that ous Old Testament cycles was related to the reasons for their appearance were very deep special situation in Moscow in the middle and re ected general cultural tendencies of of the XVI century. Long life of these topics that epoch. Proto-evangelical cycle and the cycle of the Assumption (Life of Virgin) he main part of the Assumption Cathedral, of compositions and their dimensions di er in conformity with its dedication to the signi cantly. TVirgin, is given to the plots of the Mother Two scenes - “Nativity of the Blessed Vir- of God. ere is the proto-evangelical cycle gin” and “Presentation of the Virgin Mary” – the history of Virgin Mary’s parents, and – are detached from the general line. ey “ e Assumption” occupies the altar vault. are located opposite each other in the un- e images of saints, hierarchs of Alexandria, der-dome cross space in lunettes of the Hierapolis, Moscow and Rostov are located north and south walls and underline the on the bottom zone. liturgical meaning of these events as great In the XVI century e Life of Virgin Feasts in honour of the Virgin, breaking the became the typical cycle in the program narrative character of the illustrative cycle. of naos painting in churches dedicated to e rst composition of “Reprobation of the Virgin. For the rst time this cycle ap- gis” occupies the complete west part of the peared in painting of the Assumption Ca- north wall situated right under the scene of thedral of the Moscow Kremlin in 1516 “Labouring of Adam and Eve”. Comparisons (the painting was made anew in the middle of history of life of “Anne and Joachim”, as of the XVII century according to tracings they are called by liturgical texts and forefa- made from wall paintings of the beginning thers Adam and Eve, the Virgin and ances- of the XVI c.). tress Eve are symbolic. Located next to each e cycle of Life of the Virgin in the As- other and seen simultaneously, the scenes sumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk occupies emotionally and visually show how sorrow the upper layer of paintings on the north entered the world through the Fallal and and south walls following directly the Old how the world salvation is created by humil- Testament cycle of the Creation and History ity of the righteous. of Adam and Eve. e cycle consists of 14 e text on the background tells about scenes: “Reprobation of gis”, “ e Annu- gis brought by Joachim to the Temple of Je- li to Anne”, “ e Annuli to Joachim”, “ e rusalem and about the reprobation of these meeting by the Golden Gates”, “Reproaches gis. e space on the wall makes it possible of the maid”, “Nativity of the Blessed Virgin”, to place both episodes here in the same way “ e blessing of the Virgin by priests”, “ as it traditionally appears in Byzantine and Presentation of the Virgin Mary”, “ Interces- Russian monuments. e composition of sion for the rods”, “ e Annunciation”, “Re- bringing and reprobation of gis are marked proaches of Joseph”, “Joseph’s Dream” , “ the by their simplicity and clarity and mirror Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth”, ” e Nativ- each other. e number of characters in the ity of Christ”. e narration is full of didactic border pictures of the Moscow icons of the parallels, comparison of plots from the his- life of Virgin is limited to Joachim, Anna tory of rst men and their Fallal with history and the high priest. Usually Joachim and of righteous and sinless embodiment of the Anna had one or two lambs in their hands. second Adam –Christ. Moreover, apocry- e Sviyazhsk composition has a di erent phal Old and New Testaments motives have solution. Only the last moment – reproba- complicated conceptual relations. e order tion of gis is shown here. Pictures of doves
26 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
in hands of Joachim in this scene are typical procession to the Temple of Jerusalem. e of west-European iconography of this plot. composition of the Sviyazhsk wall painting e pose of Joachim looking back and the has di erent solution. In the centre there is gesture of the pushing person are also west- a huge staircase of the Temple of Jerusalem ern motives. e traditional iconography is going up vertically by steps-tiers. Mary’s full of emotionally meaningful motives- the parents and other participants are standing temple servant pushing Joachim, expressive on di erent sides of the staircase. Such for- gestures of the maid, the priest touching the mation is typical of west-European iconog- head of the Virgin. In addition all faces have raphy and is seen everywhere in pictures, emphatic face expressions. wall paintings and reliefs (Presentation of e composition of the “Nativity of the Virgin Mary. Florence, Santa Croce. e Ri- Blessed Virgin” is under the window and nuccini Chapel, wall paintings by Jovanni di occupies the complete lunette of the central Milano. XVI c.; Presentation of Virgin Mary. part of the north wall. e compositions are Barcelona, Museum of Art of Catalonia. St. depicted on the unfolded iconographic ver- Anna’s retable. Bernardo Puig ou de Mont- sion, which included three episodes – the orit (end of the XIV c.). At the same time Nativity, the Ablution given as a separate the wall painting in Sviyazhsk preserved the scene and the Caressing of Mary. e last episode of Mary being fed by the angel in composition on the north wall is “ e Bless- the sanctuary, which is characteristic of east ing of the Virgin by the elders”. Christian iconography. e combination of e cycle of Life of the Virgin continues Byzantine and west-European motives char- on the south wall, beginning from the east acteristic of Sviyazhsk wall painting is oen with the composition of “Presentation of met in late and post-Byzantine art. e com- Virgin Mary”, which as “ e Nativity” also position of the Presentation of Virgin Mary, occupies the whole lunette of the central which is analogous to that in Sviyazhsk, is part. Similar to the Nativity, the Presenta- located in paintings of the St. Cross Church tion of Virgin Mary is given as a separate in Cyprus (XV c.). feast’s scene. e wall painting, which has Below the composition of “Presentation a pyramid composition structure, has sur- of Virgin Mary”, there is a row of scenes vived with big losses. e layer of paint has continuing the narration of Mary’s life. On been nearly lost on the bottom of the com- the east part of the wall to the leaf from the position. In the centre of the composition window there is “Intersession for the rods”. there is a wide staircase – step of the Tem- e painting is badly preserved, the surface ple of Jerusalem, on the le of which there layers of paint are lost, but the composition is the outline of Joachim’s gure and nearly can be seen rather clearly. On the le of the lost image of Anna, on the right there is a picture there is the altar with rods, above group of girls. e centre of the composition which there is the ery angel, on the le of is lost and only in the uppermost part of lu- the altar there is Zachary on his knees. nette there survived a fragment of the im- e next scene “ e Annunciation” is lo- age of the Virgin, fed by an angel. However, cated to the right of the window. e Virgin despite huge losses the iconography shows is standing in front of the altar with a rap of clear di erence from the traditional Byzan- red yarn in her le hand and a spindle on a tine scheme with the motive of the proces- long thread in the right one. Archangel Ga- sion on its basis. In Byzantine and Russian briel is coming to her from the le with long iconographies of the plot gures of Joa- steps. chim, Anna, Mary, Zachary and girls with e scene of “Reproaches of Joseph”, candles form a line, according to the nar- which is adjacent to the Annunciation, re- ration of Protevangelium about the festive peats its composition. e next composi-
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tion “Joseph’s dream” is located on the small of the celestial segment with the blessing arch. Next there was “ e Meeting of Mary hand protruding out of it. e next com- and Elisabeth” – the composition which position “ e Virgin tells about her death usually concludes the proto-evangelic his- to St. John the Evangelist” pictures the Vir- tory. However, only the gure of standing gin half-lying on the bed with two women Mary and the hand of Elisabeth, embracing bending over the foot-board. On the le of her, survived. e big window made in the the bed there is John the Evangelist, who is south wall in the XVII century destroyed bending over the Virgin at the same time the gure of Elisabeth and most of the Na- turning back to the medallion with the dove tivity of Christ, which was on the west part of the Saint spirit which ends the broad ray of the wall. ere are only a fragment of sit- coming from the celestial segment. In his ting Joseph, the midwife with baby Christ le hand John the Evangelist is holding a on her knees, a herd boy blowing a trum- hand –censer, his right hand is raised to his pet and a wing of an angel. It is dicult to chest in a gesture of listening or accepting judge about iconography of this composi- the grace. e last composition of “Apostles tion by these fragments, but the location of coming to pay a last tribute to the Virgin” the scene is deeply symbolical. e Nativity was seriously damaged by another large of Christ is beneath the composition of “ e new window. ere survived a fragment of a Burial of Adam”, thus showing that the birth group of Apostles on the cloud to the le of of the New Adam, Christ, begins the atone- the window, and John the Evangelist, who is ment of Adam primeval and of the whole sitting in the centre of the group above the humankind. window. A ray of light is coming down to e next narrative cycle of painting occu- John’s head from the celestial segment with pying the lower part of the south wall is ded- the dove of St. spirit in the medallion and to icated to the Assumption. e large compo- the right of John there is a face of another sition of “ e Assumption” is located on the apostle and the architectural background. In east lunette and the east vault. It cannot be the upper corners of the composition there ruled out that the location of the Assump- are the sun and the moon in the form of me- tion is related to copying the painting of the dallions with faces. Moscow Assumption Cathedral where the Apocrypha which appeared aer the Assumption scene is also placed on the east ird Ecumenical Council were used as a wall above the altar. At the same time, the literary base for paintings of history of As- placement of main feast compositions in sumption of the Virgin. “ e Sermon on the wall lunettes is the program principle of the Assumption by John the Evangelist” and the painting system of the Sviyazhsk cathe- “ e Sermon on the Assumption by John dral. from Solun” were most widespread. e lat- e cycle consists of four scenes. It starts ter was especially popular in art of painting. on the east part to the le of the portal with e sermon of John the Evangelist was the composition of “ e Mortal Annuli” known in Russia since the XII century. Its which shows the Virgin praying in front of apocryphal motives are re ected in the old- the altar and an angel ying down from the est cycle of the Assumption – in the border heaven (from the celestial segment). Above pictures of the west gates of the Nativity Ca- the portal there is the composition of “Do thedral in Suzdal (1230-es). However, the not cry for me, mother”. e scenes of the Assumption cycle did not get further devel- Assumption act form a continuous frieze opment in the Russian art up to the end of to the right of the portal. “ e Prayer of the the XV century, when “ e Prayer on the Virgin” mirrors the rst scene. e Virgin Mount of Olivs”, “ e Death Annunciation”, with a gesture of prayer is standing in front “Visitation with women of Jerusalem” and
28 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
“ e Assumption” started being painted in is topic gained special importance in the border pictures on the icons of Life of the middle of the XVI century during Ivan the Virgin. ese compositions are based the Terrible, when these texts were included on the Sermon of John of Solun, which was into the Great Menaion Reader of Metropol- wide-spread in the art of the Balkans (the itan Makariy under the date of 15 August. church of Holy Mary Perybleptos in Ohrid ere are di erent Legendary and groups of (1295), the church of Holy Mary Afendiko legendary also in Torzhestvenniks (ancient in Mistra (1311–1322), the church of Christ Russian collections of lives, sermons and Pantokrator in Dechany (1345–1348). lessons) of the XVI century. us apocry- e Sermon of John of Solun in Russian pha about the Virgin were included into the hymnbooks is met since the XIV century. context of ocial literature and art in the e iconography of scenes formed in the middle of the XVI century, gained the high Balkans was re ected in corresponding plots status corresponding to ideas of Russian of border pictures of Russian icons of Life of statehood and the topic of the tsar’s piety. the Virgin in the end of the XV – beginning e topic of the Virgin patronage becomes of the XVI centuries and in compositions of one of the most meaningful in this ideolog- “ e Assumption”, but up to the middle of ical hierarchy. the XVI century there were no wall paint- ings of the Assumption cycles. e Evangelical cycle he Evangelic cycle is the direct east part of the wall. Aer that the narration continuation of the Proto-evangelic as again goes to the south wall and returns Tevents starting from the Birth of Christ are to Life of the Virgin. ere are no Major given both in apocryphal writing and in the Evangelic Feasts in paintings as there is also canonical gospel. Comparison of the Old no the passion cycle. However these subjects Testament apocryphal episode with the burial are expressed in compositions which show of Adam and symmetry of plots on the north their content symbolically. e picture of two and south walls of the cathedral prove the fact angels holding the corners of the Vernicle is that the Nativity of Christ was purposefully located above the portal of the north wall, included into the sequence of the cycle of interrupting the narrative evangelic cycle. Life of the Virgin. Other evangelical plots are e image of the vernicle symbolizes all situated on the lower register of the north the richness of evangelic history from the wall starting from the west and ending in the Incarnation to the Trans guration. Above east. is row of painting is also seriously the portal of the south wall there is the lost with its only upper part preserved. e composition of Christ in the Sepulcher or “Do original ground coat is lost to the height of not cry for me, mother”. is scene based on two metres from the oor. e survived part liturgical texts of the Good Friday and Good goes as uneven line leaving the part of wall Saturday symbolizes all Passion scenes missed painting di ering in its height all along. All out in painting. Evangelic history gains a they are related to the Savior’s childhood and special perspective in painting. It represents complete with the mid-Pentecost (Preaching only those events where the Virgin takes part of a 12-year old Christ in the temple) on the directly. e composition of “ e Synaxis of the Virgin” he whole west wall of the cathedral, the composition of “ e Synaxis of the Virgin” in traditional location of the Doomsday, the Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk. e Tis occupied by a complex multiple-part painting on this wall di ers from painting of
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the south and north walls of the cathedral rejoiceth”, ‘ e Eulogy of the Most Holy where wall paintings form three tiers by eotokos”, and cycles of the Virgin Aca- the absence of registers and free location of phistus. Large local icons painted on the separate episodes. “ e Synaxis of the Virgin” themes of hymns praising the Virgin stand occupies the total central part of the west out among others. wall, the side parts up to the ve small arches e inclusion of the “ e Synaxis of the between south and north pillars and surfaces Virgin” in painting of the Assumption Ca- of these arches. e top central part of the thedral in the Moscow Kremlin ( e Lau- painting su ered because of architectural dation chapel, painting of about 1480) and alterations. painting of the Cathedral of the Nativity of In Russian tradition “ e Synaxis of the the Blessed Virgin in the Ferapontov mon- Virgin” is the name used for the Nativity astery (1502-1503) had the character of the sticheron. Illustration of the Nativity stiche- program. In both cases the scene occupies ron became popular in Byzantine art in the important place in the program of the naos end of the XIII– beginning of the XIV cen- painting and its meaning is not exhausted turies along with other hymnographic com- by the content of the composition itself but positions. Artists not only illustrated the text is mostly de ned by the context. of hymns but also painted participants of In 1564 the complex version of “ e Syn- the Nativity liturgy and historical peculiar- axis of the Virgin”was painted on the outside ities of ceremonies related to it. In the XV– wall of the Annunciation Cathedral above beginning of the XVI centuries this compo- the entrance to the north church porch and sition became wide-spread and developed its location was in line with the Byzantine in Russian wall paintings and icons. In the principle of placing this scene above the Russian version of the Nativity sticheron church entrance. e “Liturgy of St. John iconography, the topic of doxology, praising Chrysostom on the Nativity of Christ” (I.Y. of the Virgin by authors of Nativity hymns Kachalova) formed the literary basis of this and by the church clergy became dominant. composition. e name of “ e Synaxis of the Virgin” e iconography of “ e Synaxis of the taken on in Russian art is related to the sec- Virgin” in painting of the Assumption Ca- ond festive day aer the Nativity of Christ, thedral in Sviyazhsk is also based on the Lit- when the Virgin is praised separately. Being urgy of St. John Chrysostom, included into the illustration of the liturgical hymn sung the December Menaion of Metropolitan during several festive days, the composi- Makariy, and is not an illustration of either tion embodies iconographic elements of the the Christmas sticheron or any other hymn. Nativity of Christ and e Adoration of the at was why the ne art expert N.V. Kvivid- Magi. e main text of the hymn tells about ze proposed to name this composition in di erent creatures bringing divine gis to painting of the Assumption Cathedral “ e the born Christ, about visible and invisible, Synaxis of the Virgin” , distinguishing it live and lifeless, among which the most pre- from other icons and paintings whose basis cious is the gi from the humankind which was really formed by Christmas hymns. have the Virgin Mother to the God. It is known that in the misled of the XVI e theme of incarnation of God and century the interest in hymnographic plots praising the Virgin got special meaning in again enjoys a boom in art related to the Russian art in the second half of the XV name of Metropolitan Makariy. Illustrat- century, mainly in hymnographic composi- ing di erent church hymns became wide- tions. Wall paintings and icons illustrating spread. Separate stichera or troparia (“It is liturgical texts became wide-spread. Besides Truly Meet”, “In the Tomb in esh”, “On- the Nativity sticheron those were “In ee ly-begotten son”, “Come hither unto me”,
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“Blessed army”, “Silent be any esh”) or the axis of the Virgin with the compositions of liturgy itself (“Cherubic hymn”) become the Nativity of Christ on the south wall and plots of icons. Quite oen these illustrations to the whole Christ cycle on the north wall – are two detailed and wordy. However chang- with the scene “Christ in the Sepulcher” on es in the iconography of the “ e Council of the south wall and the Old Testament deaths the Virgin” developed in di erent direction. and burials of Cain and Abel, the paradise in Along with using the church poetry as a the form of “ e Abraham’s bosom” which source of iconography, the illustration on opened to the whole humankind – with the narrative cycles also occupied a very im- doors of Paradise wide open for the Virgin portant place in pieces of art created in the in the Assumption scene on the east wall and circle of Metropolitan Makariy who rst of pictures of the “ pristine” heaven on vaults, all was marked for his book-learning. e the Eucharist text on the scroll of an angel Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testa- – with the composition of “ e rite about ments, hagiography, stories about icons and the Panagia” in the prosthesis and the litur- homiletics all become topic of painting cy- gical scene in the central apsis. It was not cles. It is to this type of painting, which was but chance that the authors of the descrip- formed in the Russian art in the middle of tion made in 1614 gave all paintings in the the XVI century and became wide-spread in Assumption Cathedral the name of “life and wall paintings and icons that the new ico- feasts of the Virgin”, having given the exact nography of the “ e Synaxis of the Virgin” de nition of the main axis of the program refers to. which had the Creation and the Salvation on Six texts signed by St. John Chrysostom, its poles. most of which are translated versions known is program representing the picture by their Greek originals, were included of the complete history of the universe, the among others into the Great Menaion Read- cosmic panorama of which is expressed er by Metropolitan Makariy under the date in precise and concise images, introduc- of 25 December. Two texts (one of which is es us into the recognizable world of topics not titled but is identical to the other) are not and plots, developed in Moscow art of the found in Greek monuments. is “Prayer” middle of the XVI century. e relationship not known in Greek literature formed the with Moscow art connected with the circle basis for the new composition of “ e Sy- of the Metropolitan Makariy is proved not naxis of the Virgin”. is iconographic ver- only by thematic and iconographic paral- sion of “ e Synaxis of the Virgin” existed lels with the painting of the Annunciation in parallel with the illustration of the Christ- Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin or the mas sticheron. Iconographic description of four-part icon in it, but also the very idea the Christmas sticheron was still placed in of painting. e historical narration of the original icons of the XVII–XVIII century Old and New Testaments as well as narrative for the feast of “ e Synaxis of the Virgin”. proto-evangelic and Assumption of the Vir- e Synaxis of the Virgin, the feast glo- gin cycles of Sviyazhsk painting converge to rifying of the Virgin Mary as the most im- the atemporal, liturgical point that is typical portant participant of the salvation history, of the Metropolitan Makariy program. And is the culmination of the whole program therefore the analysis of west wall composi- of painting of the Assumption Cathedral tion iconography and the painting program in Sviyazhsk. is scene is not only festive in the whole say for the total painting being and triumphant in its character but also is created in 1560-es. aligned with practically all other topics of emes of painting in the Assumption painting. us, pictures of the Magi and Cathedral and their iconography point to the Simeon the God-receiver connect the Syn- Moscow art of Metropolitan Makariy era. It
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is known that capital samples were reiterated. tion Cathedral in Sviyazhsk is considered to In this respect the picture of the feast of the be the earliest example of such iconography Synaxis of the Virgin stands alone in Russian in Russian art and was created before paint- art. Its peculiarities neither were repeated in ing of the Annunciation Cathedral. If the later icons and paintings of such iconogra- Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk monas- phy. Another variant of the iconography, the tery had been painted later, it is highly likely one that is represented in painting of the An- that the composition of “ e Synaxis of the nunciation Cathedral, became wide-spread. Virgin’ would have repeated the established Such compositions can be seen on icons of Kremlin sample. However, the Sviyazhsk the end of the XVI and XVII c.c. e Kremlin painting remained an isolated case alongside sample is also reproduced in painting of the with the tradition giver later by painting of Suzdal Nativity Cathedral. e wall painting the Moscow Kremlin Cathedral. « e Synaxis of the Virgin” of the Assump- Saint warriors in painting of the Assumption Cathedral conographic program of saint warriors in the west face of the north-west pillar of the painting of the Assumption Cathedral is Assumption Cathedral. His face of Keno- Imultifaceted in its idea, and has its peculiarities cephalus resembles a horse face than that of de ned both by choice and location of a dog. is impression is supported by locks pictures in the interior of the cathedral. ying behind his back and also resembling a Figures of saints are traditionally placed on horse’s mane. pillars. Window jambs are used with the aim In Byzantine and post-Byzantine art to place the bigger number of images in the there formed iconography representing the Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk similar saint with the head of a dog. At the same to the Archangelsk Cathedral in the Moscow time there still existed the traditional vari- Kremlin. Contrary to most cross-building ant of Byzantine iconography representing cathedrals, where individual images in the Christopher as a young martyr. Worship- naos are placed in the dome drum and on the ping of St. Christopher in Russia grew in arch walls, these zones of Sviyazhsk Cathedral the XVI century that is proved by the con- contain compositions with a plot. struction of temples in his honour and a big Alongside with the images of great mar- number of preserved icons. e saint was tyrs St. George the Victorious, St. Dimitriy especially worshipped as a protector from of Solun, Sts. eodore of Tyre and eo- infectious diseases and epidemics. Despite dore Stratelates – patrons of the army, there the richness of iconographic versions, the are images of little-known saint warriors image of Christopher with the head of a such as St. Eustacius Placidus and his sons dog became popular in Russia. is is how and Christopher, as well as the unique ones he is painted in Russian monuments of of Sts. eophilus the New and Nicholas the the middle of the XVI century (Archan- New (See the Attachment. e book “Wall gelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin paintings” p.p. 177, 178, 182, 184, + scheme (paintings of 1564-1565), the cathedral of of placement of saints on the pillars of the Trans guration of Christ of the Savior’s Assumption Cathedral). Moreover, it is they Monastery in Yaroslavl (1563-1564), where who are stressed out among other warriors pictures of St. Christopher with the head of – located on the bottom of the painting, they a dog survived. In Yaroslavl the head of St. can be easily seen by the congregation. Christopher was repainted, but the traces Saint warrior Christopher is painted in of the image of a dog still can be seen in the military clothes with a cross in his right outline drawing. e preserved images of hand and the downcast sword in the le on this saint in wall paintings in other temples
32 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
of Russia are related to the XVII-XVIII c.c., e cloak ying on the right side of the where he is painted with the head of a dog. warrior underlines the strength and energy e image of the saint in military armor of the gesture and that is one of signi cant and zoomorphic form was seen as an im- iconographic di erences of the image of St. age of reliable protector from evil forces. In eophilus from other warriors, the folds Sviyazhsk paintings the beast-like image of of whose cloaks are going down. e g- Christopher is personi cation of his being ure of martyr eophilus used to welcome rude and erce when he was a pagan, an people who were coming to the cathedral allegorical message to pagan people of the through the south entrance. Accentuation region, who gained the possibility to adopt of the gure of the saint by its location and Christianity. artistic means shows special attention of Even though the number of monuments the ordering customer and the author of of the XVI-XVII c.c. dedicated to this saint the paintings composition to the image is rather big, the Sviyazhsk image of Chris- of warrior eophilus, who according to topher remains one of the oldest and the his life description, was a successful mili- most authentically preserved images, and tary commander and being imprisoned by that once again underlines the unique value Arabs-Muslims did not repudiated from of the monument – wall paintings of the As- Christ. sumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk. is plot e gure of the martyr St. Nicholas the has become an original business card of the New is placed on the north face of the south- town-island, which is frequently used for il- west pillar of the Assumption Cathedral. He lustration when it comes to wall paintings of was highly respected in the West. His imag- the Assumption Cathedral, where this im- es became wide-spread in Post-Byzantine age is located. period. ere are pictures of St. Nicholas On the east face of the north-west pillar the New in the monastery of St. Nicholaos there is St. Eustacius Placidus and his sons. Anapafsas in Meteora (1527.), in the cathe- For the rst time in Russian art the image dral of the Varlaam Monastery in Meteora of this saint appeared in wall paintings of (1548), in the Monastery of Philantropinon Sviyazhsk. Moreover, his sons are shown in Yanina (1542), in the cathedral in Metsovo not as young warriors, that is frequently met (XVII в.), where he is painted as a beautiful in Byzantine art but as youths with crosses young man with dark-blond slightly wavy in their hands coming to each other, that hair and without a beard. He traditionally makes the composition dynamic and gives wears martyr’s clothes – a chiton and a cloak special emphasis on the topic of the saint and holds the cross in his hand. family where all its members shares the feat ere is no information about worship- of martyrdom. ping St. Nicholas the New in Rus. Even in Worshipping of St. eophilus the New modern tradition there is no sermon dedi- did not become wide-spread in Rus. His cated to him. For this reason there is no his life became known in Russian tradition af- image in art. e image of St. Nicholas the ter the XV century and was included into New in the iconographic program of the the Great Menaion Reader by Metropolitan Sviyazhsk monastery is unique. He is paint- Makariy. In Sviyazhsk the gure of the mar- ed as a young man with slightly tumble hair. tyr is placed on the south face of the south- His image is made following the post-Byz- west pillar. He is pictured with small beard antine samples. Above the shirt he is wear- and dark blond hair. He is wearing military ing chain armour and a sash with the brown armour above which there is a green cloak. cloak on the top of all. In his raised right With his right hand the saint is raising the hand he is holding the cross and a sword in cross above himself, crossing the believers. his le lowered hand.
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Sts. eophilus the New and Nicholas a monk. e inscriptions accompanying the the New painted in the Assumption Cathe- images of the saint warriors in Sviyazhsk dral of Sviyazhsk were especially respected paintings have one signi cant peculiarity: in the north of Greece. It cannot be ruled all saint martyrs are named Christ passion out that their appearance in paintings of the bearers. is is the name used as a rule for Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk was the those who su ered in the name of Jesus consequence of Greek-Russian contacts. Christ for following the God’s Law as op- So there are paintings of martyrs on pil- posed to martyrdom which is su ering for lars, all they su ered for Christ and the only believing in Jesus Christ. In this case special other kind of a heroic deed, which is equal to character of their heroic deed – kindliness the military one, is represented in the image is underlined, that is one of dispensations of of Fedor the Black, the prince who became Christ. e altar
e central apse. Composition of “ e Great Entrance” he liturgical composition of “ e Great in the form of winged rings. Participants of Entrance”, which occupies the, arches and the divine service – saints according to their Twalls of the altar is represented in the central sanctity and characters without halo closing apse of the Assumption Cathedral. On the the line from both sides are painted on the apse apse conch there is a picture of the procession wall below the conch. On the north part there of priests and deacons going to the right to are prophets, venerables and the Righteous the communion table with the Testament thief. A character in the crown but without covered with red cloth, with three saints halo in a pose of prayerful intercession before standing by it – St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory Christ and men in fur-coats behind him are the eologian and St. John Chrysostom. e painted on the respond of the altar arch on saints are painted in polystavrions, under the background of the grey-green icon-case the protection and on the background of the having the three- ange ogee top. On the single-dome white church. Deacons in white south part of the apse there are Apostles, male sticharion are going in front of the procession. and female martyrs and reverend wives e One of them has a burning candle in the sancti er without halo in saccos, round mitre candle-holder, the other – a censer and a and with the New Testament in his hands, high-raised chalice, crossed by the re cherub. who is standing on the round pedestal in the Behind the deacons there goes the priest form of the eagle, is painted on the responder with the chalice veil hanging down from his opposite the tsar and is singularized by yellow shoulder –by his both hands he is holding icon-case. Behind the sancti er there is a a huge discos with the Baby Jesus above his group of monks without halos. In the centre head; the second priest also with the veil on his of this tier there is badly-preserved text of the shoulder, is carrying the Intercession Discos; hymn “Silent shall be any human esh and the third one is holding the square dark-red shall stand with fear and awe” which is sung veil by his both hands in front of him. In the instead of the Cherubs hymn once a year on sot of the altar arch in the green medallion the Easter Saturday before the Great Entrance. there is a half- gure of the Lord of Sabaoth e Sviyazhsk composition of the Great sainting by his both hands. Sabaoth is painted Entrance is the rst in the row of Russian in white clothes with a halo in the form of icons and wall paintings of the XVI-XVII decussating red and green rhombi inserted centuries illustrating the liturgy. into a circle. On the arch slopes there are the Traditional elements of the Great En- hosts of heaven: cherubs, seraphs and thrones trance iconography are present in the li-
34 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
turgical composition in the altar of the As- has been known only since the XIV century. sumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk: the Lamb e earliest example of their “council” im- of God, the Lord of Sabaoth in celestial glo- age is on the icons of “ e Intersession of ry (the parallel to the image of Christ the the Holy Virgin” of the so-called Novgorod Ancient of days), the hosts of heaven com- version, in which the Saints are shown by monly found in wall paintings of Byzantine the communion table the same as in the Svi- monuments ( the church of George in Sta- azhsk wall painting. Even though St. Greg- ro Nagorichino (1315-1317), the church of ory the eologian was not an author of the Virgin Olimpiotissa in Elassona (about liturgy his worshipping in this context was 1296), in the Kralyeva church (1318-1319) underlined iconographically. e Commen- of the Sutjeska monastery, the Assump- tary on the Divine Liturgy was ascribed to tion church in Gracanica (1319-1321), the him. He is also shown as the creator of the church of the Blessed Virgin of Odigitria in liturgy even in “ e Stoglav” (the hundred Pech (in about 1330), churches in Hilandar chapters), the eight chapter of which “On (1318-1320), Lesnovo (1342-1346), cathe- divine services” begins with the words: “And drals of St.Nicholas Orphanos (1315), of St. priests and deacons shall serve the divine lit- Nikita near Skopje (1315), of the Savior in urgy according to their hieratical order by Dechany (1345-1348), of the Savior in Pris- the regulations and the Hole Tradition given ren (1348), of the Virgin in Mateicha (1356- to us by St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory the 1360); of St. George in Poloshko (in about eologian and St. John Chrysostom and 1370), the paintings of the Mark monastery the Pope Gregory”. us the Sviyazhsk wall (1376-1381)). painting shows the exemplary mass, per- At the same time the Sviyazhsk composi- formed by «the regulations and traditions” tion is essentially di erent from all known of the most authoritative saints – creators of pictures of the Great Entrance by the fact the liturgy. that it is not the angels, Christ or saints, who e third peculiarity is the picture of not are saying mass but churchmen painted only the priests saying the liturgy but also of without halos. It is not the symbolic simula- people standing in front of them. is part crum of the church mass but the mass itself of the scene is painted in traditional style simultaneously in its visible and invisible – the saints are shown according to their reality that is represented in the altar apse order as in “ e Doomsday” or “All saints’ conch that is in the highest or “celestial” Saturday”. Iconographic quotations, which zone of the altar. are easily recognized, give the pronounced e images of three Great Saints are also Eschatological character to the content of a characteristic feature of the Russian ico- liturgy. Images of secular characters – the nography of the Great Entrance. St. Basil the tsar with his escorts, and the hierarch with Great, St. Gregory the eologian and St. the group of monks without halos tailing the John Chrysostom are painted among saints row of standing in front, who can be personi- in the altar composition of the Mark mon- ed with Ivan IV and Metropolitan Makariy, astery (1376-1381), but there they are in the contemporaries of the painting, are typical end of the procession. In Sviyazhsk they are of hymnographic compositions. is makes represented in the culmination centre of the it possible to interpret the whole composi- composition – by the communion table, to tion as an illustration of the hymn “Silent which the procession is going. e image of shall be any human esh and shall stand with ree Saints related to common commemo- fear and awe as the Tsar of all reigning and rating dedicated to them in 1084, appeared the Lord of lords is coming” written on the quite late in Russia. In Russian liturgical apse wall in the centre of the whole “church books the feast of ree Saints (the Council) council”. In the end of the XVI-XVII centu-
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ries this hymnographic composition is also thedral of the Moscow Kremlin (1642-1643) met both in cathedral paintings and icons in and the church of the Lord’s Robe Deposi- the altar of the Annunciation Cathedral in tion (1644). Solvychegodsk (1601), the Assumption Ca- Prothesis. e order of Panagia. Worshipping the sacri ce he Virgin Mary of the Sign (the and widespread in paintings in the Balkans, Incarnation) is painted on the spiritual did not receive any development in Russia. Taltar conch of the Assumption Cathedral. e Contrary to picture of the liturgy, which Infant Christ is shown without a medallion as is close to the real church rite in Russian if in the hanging fold of the enveloping robe. paintings, and while Byzantine paintings Because of bad integrity it is impossible to show the celestial service, the procedure of de ne the position of his hands, but judging preparing gis and of the Fraction, which is from the gure outline they are in front of his shown very lively in some monuments in the chest. Shown in pro le there are two seraphs Balkans (Lyuboten (1337), Mateich (1356), to the right and to the le of the Virgin, the is very symbolic in Russian paintings. red one is on the le and the green – on the e composition of “ e Rite of Panagia right. Assumption”, which has the second name e composition of “Worship of sacri ce” of “Breaking of bread by the Apostle Pe- occupies the walls of the apse. e picture ter”, is represented on the top of the walls of the chalice with the Infant Christ shown above the apse in the chapel of oblation of with his hands raised is above the east win- the Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk. e dow. e casing of the window represents as Virgin is painted on the thrones on the east if the chapel of oblation with angels in white wall, while the Apostle Peter surrounded by clothes and holding two rhipidias each, who other Apostles is standing by the long table are standing on its sides in the slow slope of and breaking the bread in the picture on the the chalice. On the south wall of the apse north wall. e plot is based on the church next to the angel there is the frontal image rite performed in monasteries and some ca- of the winged John the Forerunner with thedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Sophia the unrolled scroll, which has the following in Novgorod, which is based on carrying the badly preserved text on it “ is is the Holy Virgin prosphora from the church to the re- Lamb…” On the north wall there is a pro- fectory aer liturgy. e aim of the order is cession of ve archdeacons (with remains of combination of church liturgy with the re- inscriptions above their halos) in white sti- fectory. e origin of the rite is related to the charion and red ribbons of oraria, with cen- apocryphal tradition of the Appearance of sers and vessels for incense paying homage the Virgin Mary to Apostles on the third day to the Infant Christ. aer the Assumption at the moment, when e program of painting chapels of obla- they were ritually raising bread le in honor tion de ned by liturgy use of this altar fa- of the Savior aer their meal. e essence of cility was in a certain way uni ed in Rus- the rite and the meaning it gains in icono- sian church of the XVI century. e picture graphic monuments is related to praising of the Eucharist, which di ers only by the the Virgin in connection with the theme of number and structure of participants of the the Incarnation. Contrary to “ e Vision of procession (angels and holy deacons), be- St. George the eologian” this scene is not came the main topic of paintings. e image known in other paintings, but can be seen in of the Preface itself, that is the church order the icons of the XVI-XIX centuries, where of preparation of the Eucharist bread and “Breaking of bread” is usually accompanied wine, made by priests on the credence table by “ e Laudation of the Holy Virgin” and
36 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
the image of Sophia – the Divine of Wis- with events of the Assumption of the Virgin dom. e appearance of this liturgical topic is the icon “ e Assumption” of the rst half in paintings of the Assumption Cathedral of the XVII century ( e Fine Arts Muse- in Sviyazhsk is explained by the dedication um of Yaroslavl), on the top of which there of the temple. e example of such ”histori- are two symmetrical scenes of breaking the cal” approach connecting the rite of Panagia bread by St. Peter and St. Paul. e vestry. e council of Twelve Apostles (“ e Apostle’s Vine”) he vestry of the Assumption cathedral in the apse conch, “The Council of 70 Apostles” Sviyazhsk does not have an apse. e com- on the west wall and by the illustration of the Tposition of “ e council of twelve Apostles” 44th Psalm (“The Adoration of the Virgin by (“ e Apostle’s Vine”) occupies the complete King David”) on the south slope of the vault west wall of the Assumption Cathedral in Svi- (see Annex. Section 2). yazhsk, which does not have the south apse. In e complex, well-thought, principally the top row there are the Savior, the Virgin and new and “bookish” by its content program St. John the Baptist in full-length, below there of painting was created with participation are three rows of half- gures of apostles in of highly educated theologian St. German. medallions, formed by tendrils of sprouts with Professed in the Joseph-Volokolamsk mon- leaves and owers, going from the stem which astery where he was copying books and surrounds the Deisis. On the south wall there “connected” with the teaching of Mak- is an illustration to the 44-th Psalm, which is sim Greek, German collected a big library, an iconographic version of the composition among which there was also a manuscript “Appeared the Tsarina” where Christ is of the Old Testament Book of Genesis, in shown without a beard and wearing tsarist the Sviyazhsk monastery. German also took clothes. The same these in the Annunciation care of decorating the monastery with icons Cathedral in Solvychegodsk are represented and this is mentioned in “ e Scribes’ Book” by compositions “the Apostles’ sufferings” in of 1565-1567. e style of painting and its artistic peculiarities ne of the most important characteristics the space of the cathedral taking into con- of the wall paintings in Sviazhsk is the sideration the logic of developments. e Oprinciple of placement of compositions and total top zone of painting is allocated to separately standing gures, the balance of the Old Testament cycle of Genesis singled architectural forms and images, the scale out in the form of a closed circle of scenes of paintings, compositional peculiarities of sequentially located on vaults, arches and scenes and ways of their decorative design. lunettes. Cherry red delimiters and white e Assumption Cathedral is a large backgrounds of compositions related to the four-pillar one-dome temple, the space of history of the Creation single out each ep- which is distinguished by remarkable clari- isode linking the events into a chain easily ty and integrity. e eastern pair of pillars is traced as a connected narrative. At the same hidden by the high iconostasis and the west- time, the discrete shaping of composition ern pair does not constrain the high and and of architectural zones occupied by them light space of the cathedral seen practically forms the clear and transparent architec- from any point. e structure of lowering tonics of the interior space, not masking vaults with wide arch walls, which are nearly but singling out and underlying architec- as wide as the vaults, forms a clear pyrami- tural forms. All artistic means are used to dal system, which was used by artists with stress the hierarchy of the universe, on the great mastery. Narrative cycles are placed in top of which there is the Trinity, painted in
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the dome, creating the world. e size of the “ e Synaxis of the Virgin”, which occupies composition, background colour, density of the whole central part of the wall and sur- lling it with gures and the character of the faces of small arches between the wall and landscape - all is subjected to the circular west pillars. is complex and harmonic movement, which corresponds to the cir- system of arrangement of scenes is marked cular movement of day and night, in nite out by high mastery and talent of the artists, repetition of seven days of the Creation in who organized the dynamic content struc- the gyre of time. e artist skillfully singled ture unfolding in multiple visual connec- out this zone of painting, in which the mo- tions with clearly single out sense and image tive of the arc and the circle are dominating. dominants. Special role in the circuit of compositions is Purposeful accentuation of e Nativity played by scenes painted in lunettes where of the Virgin” as the main composition of the position of the gures and poses of the the north wall is achieved by several devices characters repeat circular lines of delimiters which make it possible to suppose that the underlying the circular movement dynam- artist knew the art of book miniature very ics. At the same time the uni cation of four well. While the compositions of registers cardinal directions in one circular move- with their sequential arrangement are divid- ment in the tier of the dome, arches and ed only by architecture of gures, here sev- vaults is combined with the distinct division eral small scenes scattered on di erent levels of north and south walls into horizontal reg- are placed into separate frames, making an isters, on two of which there are narrative impression of covered interior rooms, a kind cycles of the Virgin and the New Testament. of “inside chambers” banking picturesquely However, even here the linear movement one above the other. is structure easily in- corresponding to historical sequence of in- cludes window apertures with objects and terchanging events is arranged in the circle gures freely arranged around them. is in a sense. Beginning in the west part of principle of organization of the scene space the north wall, the New Testament history including several episodes corresponds to moves to the east and then passes on the the miniatures of the Front vault, where south wall, where the movement goes from the background plays and active role intro- east to west, and then again passes to the ducing time characteristics of sequence of north wall and, having made a circle, ends in events or their simultaneity. the west part of the south wall. e registers Quite di erent means are used to bring are divided by lines of delimiters; however attention to the scene of “ e Presentation there are no delimiters between composi- of the Virgin” on the south wall located tions located on one tier. e ow of events opposite “ e Nativity of the Virgin”. Ev- is stressed out by poses of moving charac- erything here is subject to the symmetrical ters, the rhythmic arrangement of whom structure of the space, where the main axis gives a feeling of real movement of gures is the high staircase of the temple, turning from the le to the right. At the same time into the steps of the Holy of holies, on the this linear movement is broken by two mul- top which, we can even say in the heaven, ticomponent compositions of “ e Nativity there is a small gure of Mary with an angel of the Virgin” and “ e Presentation of the ying down to her. e special iconograph- Virgin”, which completely occupy the cen- ic version underlines the theme of the tem- tral parts of the north and the south walls ple, uni cation of the earth and the heav- thus breaking the distribution by the regis- en, extraordinary height to which Mary is ters. ese compositions are matched by the raised. It is not by chance that the author monumental composition on the west wall of the register of the Sviyazhsk monastery based on the texts of the festive service of called all paintings of the Assumption ca-
38 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
thedral “the feasts of the Virgin”. It is in this are only necessary participants and prac- way, as feasts and not as one of the events tically no supporting characters, no crowd in the course of others, that “ e Nativity except the scene of “Reprobation of Gis”, of the Virgin” is singled out on the north where the artist chose a scene with many g- wall, “ e Presentation of the Virgin” - on ures and many characters as a sample. is the south, “ e Assumption” on the east principle is put into action especially vividly lunette and vault and “ e Synaxis of the in the largest and multy- gure scene on the Virgin” on the west wall. west wall. e comparison of the Sviyazhsk e internal space of the cathedral visual- composition with the analogous scene of ly broadens due to paintings. Due to propor- the façade of the Annunciation Cathedral, tioned scale of gures and free arrangement which also shows the “Synaxis of the Virgin”, of compositions with no more than three makes it clear that their artists used di erent characters in each the height of the vaults principles. and arches is felt to be expressly increased. e composition in the Annunciation Ca- Smooth lines of delimiters give the impres- thedral in the Moscow Kremlin is made in sion of billowness, underlying rounding strict line with principles of wall paintings character of surfaces with frescoes. It seems developed by Dionysius. e central image that there is no any compositions space of the Virgin surrounded by light of glory depth. e action is taking place in the fore- is both the compositional and meaningful most and the gures are moved to the edge centre of the scene, around which other of the composition so that the illusory 3D characters related to it within the meaning space in moved back and the absence of the are grouped. e clarity and harmony of border of the prospective vanishing point the composition of “What shall we bring to gives the feeling of in nity and that also you, Christ” by Dionysius in the painting of makes methods of the wall painting artist the Nativity Cathedral has a songful char- akin with the principles of arrangement of acter. Each element of the composition is a miniature. subject to the other, characters standing by Classical clarity, free space as a princi- form groups, which in their turn are united ple of arrangement of the composition, by a single artistic concept. e number of minimum of characters in every scene are gure increase in the Nativity painting and the most characteristic peculiarities of Svi- with the aim of not making the composition yazhsk paintings and single it out both of too crowded, the artist makes them small- other ensembles built nearly at the same er. However the composition still becomes time such as the Annunciation and Archan- subdivided and overloaded and the melod- gelsk cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin and ics characteristic of Ferapont painting dis- the Savior’s Cathedral in Yaroslavl and in the appears without a trace. Nevertheless the line of preceding and following monuments principle of the centricity remains. Even – the Nativity Cathedral in Ferapontov though artistic merits of the Annunciation Monastery or the Annunciation Cathedral compositions give way to the painting of in Solvychegodsk. the Ferapontov monastery, both scenes are Compositions di er by their underlined arranged following the same rules. e Svi- simplicity and anity to miniatures or yazhsk wall painting has quite a di erent icons. Similarity with icons is increased not solution. e image of the Virgin surround- only by putting iconic iconography on the ed by the halo is moved to the le from the walls but also by the principle of domination central axis. First, it stops being the centre of a gure or gesture in a composition rather of the composition and, second, is given than the interaction or dramatic dynamics traits of another composition with the Vir- of the narrative. In each composition there gin – Mary is painted on the background of
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a town and is surrounded by angels like in tional short lined arranged in herringbone. the composition of “In ee rejoiceth”. In- e di er from the hills with rounding lines stead of the one centre with other characters widespread in the end of the century as in rushing to it, several plots are developed on the paintings of the Smolensk cathedral of the west wall of the Sviyazhsk Cathedral, the Annunciation church in Solvychegodsk, each of them having its own logic of move- but are extremely similar to some icons. ment. What is more the general direction to For example the Pskov icon of the Nativity the south part caused by the direction of a of Christ of the middle of the XVI centu- group of apostles and the righteous follow- ry from the Pskov museum also has dark- ing St. Peter on the way to the Paradise, the brown hills and small lines-ledges, similar arrangement of the Magi, turning motion of elements are on the picture of hills on the St. John the Baptist and Elizabeth, who are Four-part icon from the Annunciation Ca- also directed to the le, makes this move- thedral. ere is also similar interpretation ment central. of ground on the icon of “Blessed is the Host e paucity of characters and clear de - of the Lord”, even though the traditional nition of each composition, which can be outline of the ledges here is shown more seen in a glance, made the perception of structurally. the picturesque ensemble much easier. e e Paintings of the Assumption Cathe- expressiveness of each scene, monumen- dral of Sviyazhsk produce integral impres- tal stateliness of poses and gestures made it sion and are possibly created by a united possible to read and understand the mean- group of artists-wall-painters who had ing of separate episodes and the cycle in experience of such work. is integrity is the whole, meanings of the cosmic vast pag- achieved by strict regulation of all artistic es of the rst days of the world history and means in which the artist’s personality is personal meaning of a human being in this subject to the common task. e system of world. e scenes of Labouring of Adam team work, when every artist was responsi- and Eve located on the same north wall af- ble for creating a certain stage of the picture, ter the Fallal and the Repudiation of the gis can be traced quite clearly in this monument. by venerable Joachim and Anne vividly re- us the chief master as a rule made the minded history of humankind and connect- dra picture which was then repeated by the ed the causes and results together, but at the outline which means it was scratched on wet same time gave promise of hope. e Burial and still so plaster. en main planes were of Abel – the rst death on the Earth and painted aer which the specialist in clothes the death of the Righteous, and the Nativi- painted dossals with all elements of spacing ty of Christ located below symmetrically on and shades. e artists who painted faces the south wall showed clearly that the Fal- completed the work. is method probably lal, which caused death, is redeemed by the widespread in Rus since the beginning of birth of new Adam, Christ. the XVI century made it possible to create In these associative relations the leading stylistically absolutely one-piece ensembles. place is given to the methods of painting Such characteristic can be fully used for the and comparison of compositional forms in- paintings of the Assumption Cathedral of cluding the landscape. e hills used a back- Sviyazhsk where the team method for the ground in scenes of life of Adam and Eve rst time was used with absolute sequence and in the Nativity of Christ are painted in and this revealed itself on the appearance a peculiar way. Instead of traditional rocky of the monument. All elements of paint- thrusts with rock-mountain ledges there ing are made accurately and conspicuously are continuous evenly painted brown and sometimes even awlessly. From this point ochreish backgrounds covered by condi- of view, paintings of the Assumption Cathe-
40 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
dral show very high level of organization of ing the space occupied by them. e gures decoration system, which combines ideally from the Assumption Cathedral have lacon- principles of decoration system and clarity ic generalized outlines lacking accuracy of of its iconographic program. So the outside contours. ey have speci c “rotation” not beauty of the interior and clarity of narra- only because the gures are coming out tion became the main principle. It should be from the conventional space of the back- noted that in this respect Sviyazhsk paint- ground into the real scape of the viewer but ings were precursors of the new epoch of the also their arrangement of the surface is con- Russian wall painting art, the culmination of tradictory. which would be numerous ensembles creat- Ornamentation of the Assumption Ca- ed already in the next XVII century. thedral is the sign of active work of Kazan Peculiarities of the Sviyazhsk painting clergy, who, by decorating one of the larg- style are expressed mostly in well preserved est cloisters of the Archdiocese not only pictures of saint warriors and princes on declared their committal to the developed west pillars. All gures without any excep- traditions of the local spiritual life, but also tion are full-length in the man space of the opened for themselves the world of new elite cathedral. Large sizes de ne the importance art capable of arming the true faith both of the images in the general painting system. among Christians and the indigenous pop- Huge, wide gures of saints ll the complete ulation. surface of pillar faces. Everything here is so Names of the artists who painted the ca- lled with strength that is seems to impede thedral did not reach as did not reach its the freedom of movements, which look con- closest analogue known to researchers of strained, slow and having very limited am- the tsarist Russia – the cathedral of Archan- plitude as if because of extremely developed gel Michael of the Monastery of the Miracle muscles. Free arrangement of gures, eyes in the Moscow Kremlin (blown up in 1929). looking forward, concentrated faces give M.V. Fekhner and N.E. Mneva think that by special expressiveness to the images. De- the character of its gures, interpretation spite signi cantly short surfaces for the ar- of forms and colour the painting of the As- rangement of gures, the images are distinct sumption cathedral in Sviyazhsk resembles in brightly expressed monumentality. wall paintings of the Monastery of the Mira- At the same time, Sviyazhsk artists paid cle in the Moscow Kremlin with their slight- big attention to emphasis on movements ly wide gures, well rounded faces, sharp and gestures, giving them a certain accu- black outlines and strongly reduced ink cre- racy, speci city and grace. Some martyrs ated by artists of the Moscow metropolitan are preciously holding crosses with the tip own icon painting school. It cannot be ruled of their ngers. e noticeable contrast be- out that the Assumption cathedral was also tween general monumentality, statics of painted by masters of this capital school of the composition and the small rhythm of metropolitan Makariy, located in the Mon- movements on its periphery, created this astery of the Miracle, as archimandrite Ma- way, makes the gures vacillate as if increas- kariy (veretennikov) wrote in his article. Conclusions concerning wall paintings hus both the interior and facades of the plot compositions and unusual concentration cathedral (information about which of symbolic scenes dedicated to three main Tis found in the description of 1614 and topics – the Circumicession creating the fragments of which have been preserved on world by its wisdom, the Virgin as a tool of the west wall being opened nowadays in the the divine disposal (this also corresponds to refectory) are marked by abundance of diverse the dedication of the cathedral) and the saving
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mission of the Church, expressed, rst of all, samples and the subsequent Western ones in liturgical plots, which demonstrated the can be seen in paintings. unity of the Church Militant and the Church e image of the Lord of Sabaoth on the Triumphant. All this makes a one program, dome, where, according to the Orthodox which sequentially opens the course of tradition, there should have been the image world history, starting from the Creation and of Christ, is the consummate piece of wall through the New Testament epoch to life of painting of the XVI century. e west in u- the future century – the Saturday peace of the ence is also felt in the wall painting located Righteous. And the image of the Virgin, which above the south-west pillar, which shows plays more important role in the cathedral the Lord of Sabaoth in white clothes and space than images of Christ, is the meaning a crown on his head, sitting on the throne leitmotiv of the ensemble. and holding the cross with cruci ed naked Wall paintings of the cathedral represent Christ covered by cherub’s wings. Above the the new system of church painting, which south entrance of the cathedral there is the in the middle of the XVI century brought wall painting of the Virgin, embracing the changes into the canonical system devel- naked body of Christ (the plot widespread oped by Byzantine theology. Artists took in Italian, French and German paintings). plots of their picturesque compositions not Ancient paintings match well with the inter- only from canonical sources (books) but nal sculpturally rich space and they together also from the Apocalypse and apocryphal form the great image of the cathedral. legends. e in uence of Ancient Byzantine e Assumption Cathedral Iconostasis he carved gilded iconostasis of the be the church decoration as the Archpriest Assumption Cathedral made in the middle of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan Tof the XVIII century is of high artistic value. Kremlin A. Yablokov wrote in the beginning e carving of the Holy doors with the crown of the XX century: “ e ancient iconostasis with a cross in the middle of their high folds, with its ve tiers still serves a rare decoration at slashed boards on the sides, the twined of the Assumption Cathedral. Currently all columns with leaves and bunches of grapes, its columns, vines, pilasters and carving are attached frieze with thin winding branches gilded; icons are in silver-gilded settings and have ne and light forms not overloaded their ancientness makes deep impression on by outstanding “pu ed” dimensions as it the sole of those o ering prayers.” is with the carves iconostasis of the second e high carved iconostasis was made half of the XVIII century. e Holy doors by remarkable masters especially for this with their carving with openings, when you cathedral and it had original icons of the can see the coloured door curtain, looks XVI century. e transoms, which is much like lace. e same principle of the carved older, has survived inside the iconostasis doors existed in the XVI-XVII centuries. constructions. Created in di erent stylis- So gilding of the iconostasis matched the tics that the paintings in the cathedral inte- gild of the silver stamping and icon-settings rior, the preserved iconostasis is associated characteristic of ancient icons. It was in this with the architectural Baroque forms of the way that the iconostasis was considered to cathedral.
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Icons bout 60 icons from the iconostasis dated in which angels are carrying apostles to the by the middle of the XVI - rst half of place of the Virgin Assumption, reproduces Athe XIX centuries have been preserved till a rare version of the plot given in the unique our days. 54 of them are dated the XV – XVI edition of the iconographic version – the centuries. Currently they are stored in the image of the Virgin in the scene of her as- collection of the State Fine Arts Museum of cension is painted in white clothes: the g- Tatarstan (hereinaer SFAM) (see the Icon ure of the Virgin is painted standing in veils. Catalogue “Ancient iconostasis of Sviyazhsk”, e icon is the embodiment of belief in Res- referred to hereinaer). e Deesis tier is urrection. e picture of the Virgin’s soul in represented by 15 icons, the Festival tier – by the composition of the “Cloud Assumption” 12, the Prophet’s tier – by 7, the Forefathers is known since high antiquity, but the image tier – 13, local tier of the iconostasis – by 7 in the scene of her ascension in the veils has icons including the image of “Hodegetria” of survived in rare monuments of ancient Rus- the second half-the end of the XVII century. sian art. One of the early iconographic ver- (No 99 in cat.), two diaconal doors (“Archangel sions of such image showing the ascension Michael”, “Archangel Gabriel” – icons of the of the Virgin’s soul – the Child in the veils XIX century(?), No cat. 100 and 101), and in is the Novgorod icon of the beginning of addition four gures of the laying ahead to the the XIII century from the Dime monastery Cross located above the Forefathers tier (XIX which is currently kept in the State Tretya- (?), No cat. 121-124). kov Gallery. Another iconographic parallel e Festival and the Prophets’ tiers as well is the icon “ e Assumption” of the second as the Deesis have preserved their gilded half of the XVI century (from the collection wrought silver representing unique decora- of A. Gleser, Museum of Icons, Rekling- tive-applied masterpieces of masters of the shausen, Germany). XVI century. With the exception of the im- e image of “ e Life-Giving Trinity” age of Antipas of Pergamon, wrought silver (Can. 34) represents one of early versions was not preserved on local tier icons as well of the New Testament Trinity in history of as the massive solid late silver icon-cases of Russian art of painting. Its iconographic pe- the XIX century lost aer 1917. culiarity is in its composition structure with Wrought silver of icons of the Prophets singling out in the centre of the image of the tier of the Assumption cathedral and on the Cross and the Saint Spirit on it. e content central Deesis icon from the Trinity church of the central image of “ e Life-Giving of Sviyashzk is similar, produced on the Trinity” in the local tier corresponds to the same period of time: their artistic character- idea of the Assumption cathedral painting. istics and technical methods of masters are e iconography of the plot “To ee Re- the same. joiced” (Cat. 33) appears in Russian art in e bottom, ancient local tier of the ico- the end of the XV – beginning of the XVI nostasis survived nearly completely and is centuries. Special adornment and decora- represented by original iconographic ver- tion of the Sviyazhsk icon with the same sions of sacred history (“ e Assumption”, name mark it out of other known monu- “ e New Testament Trinity”) and of an- ments of the rst half of the XVI century. cient hymnography (“ To ee rejoiceth”), e icon of the St. Nickolas the Wonder- images of Saint Nikolaus the Wonderworker worker (Cat. 35) in the iconographic type of Myra and Antipas of Pergamon . e im- of “Zaraysk” was in the local tier of the age of John the Baptist was lost in the 1920s. iconostasis in the Assumption cathedral of e cathedral icon of the Assumption of Sviyazhsk to the le of the Sanctuary doors the Virgin (Cat. 32) with cloud medallions following the image of John the Baptist. One
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of the most important characteristics of the for creation of the integral narrative image. image of the Saint is the icon’s dimensions Twelve Prophets on six boards are represent- close to the well-known shrine which stood ed on the sides of the central icon of the tier. in the St. Nickolas cathedral in the town of e image of e Virgin of the Sign (Cat. Zaraysk. 57) conveys a rare iconographic version of e second tier in the composition of the the Virgin’s image “Wider than the Heaven”. iconostasis – “ e Deesis” initially had seven e name of the iconography of Our Lady half-length icons and was later replaced by of Incarnation was given by N.P. Likhachev. 15- gure monumental with full gures ac- e closest compositional analogues to the cording to the dimensions of the cathedral. Sviyazhsk image of Our Lady of Incarna- e tier is comprised to the right of “Christ tion originate from the Museum of Volog- in Majesty” (Cat. 37): the Virgin (Cat. 38), da (Our Lady of Incarnation, the end of the Archangel Michael (Cat. 40), Apostles Peter XV century) and from the collection of the (Cat. 42) and John the Evangelist (Cat. 102), ancient Russian icon painting of M.E. Yeli- St. Basil the Great (Cat. 44), Saint George zavetin (“Christ in Majesty. e Raising of (Cat. 45), Symeon the Stylite (Cat.46); to Lazarus. e Entrance into Jerusalem. Our the le: John the Baptist (Cat. 39), Archan- Lady of Incarnation with Prophets David gel Gabriel (Cat. 41), Apostles Paul (Cat. 43) and Solomon”. e rst third of the XVI and St. Andrew the Apostle (Cat. 103), St. century. Central Russia). John Chrysostom (Cat.104), St. Demetrius According to the Inventory of 1614, the of Solun (Cat. 105), Daniel the Stylite (Cat. h – the Forefathers tier of the iconostasis 106). had 17 icons with fancy ogee top, including e third Festival tier of the middle of the image of “ e Paternity” (Cat. 62) in its the XVI century from the iconostasis of the centre, which survive to our days incom- Assumption cathedral of Sviyazhsk initially pletely (12 icons of Forefathers and “ e Pa- consisted of 12 icons and was replenished by ternity”). seven icons with “the Maundy cycle” by the e iconostasis was crowned with the beginning of the XVII century. Eight icons Cross-cruci x with the following standing of the initial Twelve great feasts of the mid- in front of it: “ e Virgin” and “Mary Mag- dle of the XVI century have survived till our dalene” on the le and “John the Evangelist” days: “ e Nativity of the Virgin” (Cat. 47) and “Centurion Longin” on the right During and “ e Presentation of the Virgin” (Cat. the conservation of icons and wall paintings 48); “ e eophany” (Cat. 107) and “ e of the Assumption cathedral the cross was Presentation of Christ” (Cat. 108); “ e As- le in the construction of the iconostasis. cension” (Cat. 52) and “ e Entrance into All icons from the iconostasis of the As- Jerusalem” (Cat. 50), “ e Advent” (Cat. sumption cathedral except “Christ in Maj- 53) and “ e Transformation” (Cat. 49) and esty” underwent the complete cycle of con- four icons painted in the second half of the servation in the Interregional specialized XVI century: “ e Washing of the Feet of scienti c-conservation industrial workshop the Disciples” (Cat. 54), “ e Entombment” of the “Rosrestavratsiya” incorporation – (Cat. 55), “Resurrection” (Cat. 51) and currently the MNRHU in Moscow in 1974– the image of “ e Old Testament Trinity” 1995 and are stored in the exposition and (Cat.56). funds of the SFAM of Tatarstan. e fourth tier of the iconostasis – the Masters, who took part in painting icons Prophets’ – appeared in the cathedral during of the Assumption cathedral iconostasis, had the rst reconstruction of the iconostasis as an original and unique manner of painting. a necessary nishing link in the whole artis- Among these icons there are monuments tic system of monumental and easel painting oriented on ancient Vladimir-Suzdal mode
44 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
of execution: icons from Fedorov and Go- sis is the relict phenomenon in the history ritsk monasteries from the Pereyaslavl-Za- of ancient Russian art. e style developed lessk region. e unique style of icons of the by this team created prerequisites for fur- Assumption cathedral iconostasis formed ther development of Russian art of paint- due to fusion of artistic forces of the Best ing. e comparative-contrastive method Russian masters – natives of large artistic of studies of the icon and wall paintings of centres of the Russian state. Due to the es- the Assumption cathedral with icons of the tablishment of the Moscow state under the Makarit workshop showed that icons “ e rule of the tsar Ivan the IV and metropol- Doomsday” and “ e Assumption with the itan Makariy it became possible to unite Virgin Feasts in 18 border scenes” are the the artistic potential of Novgorod, Pskov closest analogues in their iconography, style and Moscow icon painters as well as of and theological author’s program. e style masters of the Volga region towns and art- and iconography of the icon “Descending to ists, working in Rostov and Suzdal regions. the Hell, in border scenes” (STG) related to Outstanding Russian masters, who worked the Makariy execution and originating from in the Assumption cathedral implementing the State Museum of the Moscow Kremlin the unique theological iconographic pro- gravitate to the Pskov mode of execution of gram, the only one of its kind in the whole the middle of the XVI century. Dense cov- history of the ancient Russian art, created a ering with thin layer of ochre above dark- masterpiece in the history of Russian and brown underpaint, typical dark hills – all world art of painting. e comparison of these are artistic elements of the execution Sviyazhsk icons with monuments of large which appeared in Moscow art of painting art centres of Russia of the end of the XV – with the work of Pskov team of icon painters XVI centuries, kept in Moscow museums – and the workshop of metropolitan Makariy. the State Museum of History (SMH) and the During the epoch of uni cation of Rus- State Tretyakov Gallery (STG), show certain sian lands around Moscow, artists from dif- iconographic and stylistic parallels with ferent artistic centres of icon painting could icons of Novgorod, Pskov, Pereslavl-Zaless- work in one team. at was what happened kiy, Vladimir, Suzdal and Moscow. ere are in Sviyazhsk. Joining of forces of talented 183 icons having the manner of execution artists, who worked together but in di erent close to that of Sviyazhsk in the collection traditions, created the phenomenon of Svi- of the SMH and 62 icons in STG. However, yazhsk rarities. no direct analogues to Sviyazhsk icons have Icons from the iconostasis of the Assump- been found: icons of the Assumption cathe- tion cathedral are the rare example of the dral iconostasis full of idea of renovation of ancient Russian art of painting of the XVI the universe and creation of the Kingdom of century. e Sviyazhsk iconostasis is also God on the earth, are painted in the unique unique as it is the pictorial complex, which artistic system of representing events and is the part of the whole artistic system of the characters of sacred history. Masters, who cathedral, survived in unity with the ensem- worked in the Sviyashzj team, found a new ble of wall paintings of the ancient Assump- form for the new content. e unique sound tion cathedral. of spiritual force of the theological thought e Assumption cathedral has always been in Sviyazhsk images, which strike by their in the centre of attention of outstanding his- emotional in uence, lled the artistic im- torical leaders. As a special shrine it was vis- ages with original pictorial system. Each of ited by emperors and members of their fam- the monuments of the iconostasis of the As- ilies: Peter the Greta, Empress Katherine the sumption cathedral represents phenomenal Great, Emperor Paul I and his sons Aleksan- ne art while as in the whole the iconosta- dr and Konstantin, and the canonized grand
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duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna. e Patriarch the Russian Prime-Minister D.A. Medeved of the whole of Russian Aleksiy II served I visited the cathedral in 2013 and Director the Assumption cathedral in 1997. e Pres- General of UNESCO Irina Bokova - in 2014. ident of Russian Federation V.V. Putin and Wall paintings of the Assumption cathedral refectory he refectory chamber was attached to the hammered into the east wall of the refec- west wall of the Assumption cathedral on tory, the Assumption of the XVIII century Tthe casp of the XVII - XVIII centuries. e was hidden behind a metal shield xed on survived oil painting is made in traditional four rings. e shield and the image on it church-academic style which started did not survive. God’s angels painted on spreading in the rst half – the middle of the the east wall were probably “supporting” XIX century. this shield. e image of the rst angel did e picture of “ e New Testament Trini- not survive. ty” is painted in the centre of the dome. For Kazan Saints Guriy and German are the rst time a similar picture was developed painted on the entrance arch connecting the by an academician of Arts Academy Markov refectory with the Assumption cathedral. for painting of the dome of the Cathedral of On the vault above them in the round frame the Redeemer in Moscow. Later this compo- surrounded by ornaments there is the Icon sition was widely used in Russian church art of the Kazan Virgin. Badly preserved image of painting. For example, similar picture is in of the St. Prince Vladimir is on the north the dome of the Cathedral of the Consolation wall of the south entrance arch. ere is no of All who Sorrow in Sviyazhsk. On the slopes decision made concerning conservation of of the refectory vaults there are pictures of sev- this picture. en archangels standing on clouds. Lower, be- It was initially though that the refectory tween the windows there are four main Proph- does not have any mysteries. e paintings ets with prophecy rolls in their hands painted conservation work started in summer of in the frames. In round frames of the west wall 2014. During the work it was found out that there are the apostles of Slavs Sts. Cyril and paintings which were preserved on walls Methodius. Piers of the refectory windows are and vaults was not the initial one. e art- decorated with bunches of owers in vases. ists-restorer Z.A. Zakharove and V.F. Ko- On the east wall of the refectory – which sushkin found fragments of three earlier earlier was an outside wall of the Assump- layers of paintings and the decision was to tion cathedral there survived fragments of preserve them: wall painting probably of the beginning of 1. Fragments made by distemper prob- the XVII century. One of the fragments, lo- ably in the time of Peter the Great, were cated between entrance arches, shows and found in the window piers under layers of angel who is welcoming those entering the ller. Paintings are preserved badly but it cathedral. Below the dome up to the right can be supposed that those were images of there preserved the image of John the Bap- Saint Apostles or separate saints. Works on tist in the round frame – a fragment of the their further opening will be carried out af- above entry Deesis. A fragment of the As- ter the new window frames are installed. sumption composition painted in between 2. Fragments of oil painting were the XVIII – XIX centuries is located in a found in the vaults of the central windows shallow niche above the central arch of the on the south and north walls of the refecto- east wall. To the le of the Assumption ry. A face of a ying Cherub with cherubin- there survived the image of an angel of the ic cheeks is well seen above the south win- XIX century. Judging from forged rings dow. A fragment above the north window
46 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
represents badly discernable remainder of 3. e fragment of ornamental paint- an inscription without the end and the be- ing of the beginning of the XIX century is in ginning. the vault of the north-east window.
The following cult and other kinds of objects comprise the OUV attributes of the Assumption cathedral, underline its uniqueness and phenomenon, characterize cultural and spiritual life and demonstrated feelings of believers in different epochs:
e Assumption monastery: its location, planning pattern, the architectural ensemble and objects he Assumption cathedral is located in meaning of missionary and cultural centres Tthe ensemble of the Assumption mon- and served as an architectural embodiment astery (the Assumption monastery) in Svi- of the beauty of a Christian town. yazhsk. e Assumption monastery is located in e Monastery was founded for a mis- the south-west part of the Krugklaya moun- sionary purpose simultaneously with the tain plateau on the mark of 76. It is 23 m establishment of the Kazan Archdiocese in above the level of the Kuybyshev reservoir. 1555. It was closed in 1923 and resumed it When approaching Sviyazhsk from Moscow activity in 1996. the monastery was considered as the main e foundation of a monastery and a ca- compositional emphasis of the whole town thedral dedicated to the Virgin in Sviyazhsk and its tower bell 43 meters high was the connected the new cloister of the new arch- main landmark. Anyone coming closer to diocese with a number of town-protecting Sviyazhsk will get an unforgettable impres- images traditional for the Russian Ortho- sion of the monastery ensemble. Depending doxy. e Assumption of the Virgin was on the time of the year and a day, the ratio of traditionally combined with worshipping light and shade, it looks like either as a fairy- of the Holy robe as a palladium saving the tale island “with monasteries and churches”, Orthodox town from invasions. is de- or a rigid white stone fortress with a graphi- termined the special spreading of the As- cal outline on the background of a changing sumption cathedrals in Rus. In addition this sky. image was quite close and understandable e area of the monastery is 3.25 hect- for baptized Muslims who worshipped the ares. Around its perimeter it has a stone Virgin as “Maryam-ana (Muslims called fence (XVII−XIX cc.), which is 650 м long. Jesus “the Prophet Isa ibn Maryam”). is e main entrance through the Holy gates promoted spreading of cathedrals, the altars is located in the south wall of the fence of which were dedicated to the Virgin, in in the lower tier of the Ascension church the Volga region. ere were the cathedral (the church over-the-gate) (the end of the of the Nativity of the Virgin in the fortress XVII – beginning of the XVIII century) of Sviyazhsk (did not survive), the Annun- and leads to the cathedral square. On the ciation cathedral in the Kazan Kremlin, the north part of the square there is the As- Assumption church of the Zilant Monastery sumption cathedral (1556-1560). e St. in Kazan, e Presentation church in Che- Nicholas refectory church with the tower boksary and the Assumption cathedral in bell (1555-1556) is in ten meters from the Astrakhan, in addition to the Assumption cathedral. To the south-west of it there is cathedral in the friary in Sviyazhsk. Stone a two-storey stoned Archimandrite build- churches in monasteries or towns near ing (the end of the XVII – beginning of the the residences of archbishops also had the XVIII centuries). Aligning to it in the north
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there is a stone building of the monastery joined by parts if the walls with the monas- school (the end of the XVII – beginning tery school – spreads along the steep shore of the XVIII c.). e three-storey brother- with the dam with the bridge leading to it hood building with a church named aer (in the past it was the Moscow tract, the of Saint German of Kazan and Mitrophan main entrance to Sviyazhsk from the side of Voronezh (XVII−XVIII cc.), rebuilt in of Moscow). e dominating dimensions of the end of the XVIII- beginning of the XIX the Assumption cathedral and the high St. centuries is located to the south-east of the Nicholas bell tower, which subdue silhou- Holy gates. e undeveloped territory of ettes and dimensions of churches, the refec- the monastery is to the east of the Assump- tory and monastery buildings, clearly stand tion cathedral – it is the memorial ceme- out of the panorama. tery with graves of monks of the Sviyazhsk e planning of the monastery ensemble Assumption monastery, farther come a is subdued to clearly tracked regularities, meadow and a garden. which are the concentricity and function- e complex of the Assumption monas- ality of the internal development compo- tery surrounded by the brick wall is similar sitional structure zones and the presence to the fortress-town or in a symbolic in- of a certain hierarchy of buildings. e terpretation – to the town in heaven. Such Assumption cathedral with the refectory comparison re ects medieval concepts of complex including the bell tower, occupies Russian town building in which the mon- the central place in the ensemble. Initially astery was perceived to be the Kingdom the buildings of the central complex were of Heaven given on the earth and monks joined with each other by a passage-gallery, were named “the angel’s order of the clergy” which gave it additional meaning: especially which considerably in uenced the compo- meaningful sacred integrity inside the mon- sition and planning of the complex. Closing astery walls. e closed, compact and com- the composition and being its boundary, the positionally completed architectural ensem- walls give the ensemble architectural integ- ble of the Assumption cathedral expressed rity and meaning. Separating the cloister the idea of a religious, cultural, military and from the world, the fence turns the monas- political centre, the spiritual stronghold of tery complex into a town inside a fortress. vast newly attached lands. In plan the Assumption monastery is an e Holy gates with the Ascension church- irregular polygon. e con guration of the above-the gates are located in the south wall monastery plan is de ned by its location with the main entrance oriented to the bell and natural environment. Going along the tower. It plays the role of the composition- edge of a steep drop from the west and the al stress of the main structural idea of the north, the monastery fence smoothly sur- complex – the square of the Assumption rounds the territory from the north-east cathedral which is the sense centre of the and the east. e south side of the fence di- monastery. Due to its dynamic outline the rectly joins the west and east corners along bell tower actively balances the large cubic Uspenskaya Street. e Architectural com- dimensions of the cathedral and the massive position of the Assumption monastery is St. Nicholas church with the refectory. Liv- notable for harmonious completeness: bal- ing and cult buildings grouped around them ancing each other, horizontals of the wall form complex picturesque compositions, parts, verticals of cathedrals and accentu- aimed at numerous points of view. Playing ation of roofs form self-sucient pictures the role of the ideological focus, the main from each separate point of view. e main monastery cathedral by its architectural panorama stressed by stretched monas- composition re ects its dominating position tery facilities – the archimandrite building in the general structure of the monastery
48 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
and the whole of the town. e erection of with Russia and is re ected in many pictures the monumental, pronouncedly representa- and etchings. It was the marker of the new tive grandiose cathedral put new emphasis annexed lands of the Middle Volga region in formation of the architectural image of and symbolized power of the Eastern Or- Sviyazhsk – “the great king’s fortress” in the thodox religion and the Tsar Ivan the Terri- former Kazan khanate. Monastery facilities ble in this conquered region. e monastery are united into a highly artistic architectur- was also the immediate part of the defense al ensemble with a unique silhouette which system of the fortress. By the beginning organically ts in the architectural ensem- of the construction of the Assumption ca- ble and panorama of Sviyazhsk de ning the thedral, the territory of the monastery was unique architectural image of the west end already surrounded by the wall. e great of the island. Alberty wrote in his “Ten books on architec- Panorama of the Assumption monastery ture”: “… as people badly needed not only is the business card not only of Sviyazhsk the walls but also the help of gods for their but also of Tatarstan. Its outline is associated defence”. St. Nicholas refectory church with the bell tower t was built in 1555-1556 during the the toll, which passes into the round drum archimandrite German by Pskov masters with the dome roof crowned by the onion. Iheaded by Postnik Yakovlev, the master of e church rooms are symmetrically locat- church and town matters, under supervision ed on both sides of the bell tower, which is of Ivan Shiryay – builders of the Kazan slightly moved to the south compared to the Kremlin. axis of the refectory. e main entrance, lo- St. Nicholas refectory church with the bell cated on the rst tier of the bell tower in the tower is located in the south-west part of the east, brings to the second oor to the refec- cathedral square of the monastery close to tory by the straight wooden staircase. the Assumption cathedral. It was the rst e refectory walls and two tiers of the white stone construction of the monastery. bell tower are laid of white hewn limestone. It used to have the cell of Saint German. e drum and octagon of the bell tower Currently St Nicholas church houses the and apses are laid of brick. e building warm church, the refectory and services of has asymmetric volumetric composition. the existing monastery. e east façade is rhythmical and has the e church has two oors. e rooms un- symmetry axis. e outside decoration of der the refectory, the church and the south- the church is de ned by modest plastics of east chamber on the rst oor are covered the façade. Wall of the north church wall with intersecting vaults. According to the are decorated with three-quarter small col- monastery inventories, there were six ser- umns with belts and dripstones in the form vice rooms there (kitchen, bread storage, of “cockscombs” which were typical meth- oblation storage, bakery and two our si- ods of the ancient Russian architectural style ing rooms). of the end of the XVII century. e altars’ On the second oor and consist of two cornices are singled out by three layers of church square rooms joined with three- curbs and the refectory walls are covered by apse altars and the square dining room with graded rectangular consoles. e corners of one pillar. e ve-tier bell tower (with the the church have powerful counterforce on height of 43 meters and dimensions of 34х22 the north-west and the south-west. Traces m) is attached to the building in the east. of wall paintings of the XVI–XVII centuries Square in its plan, it consists of the four tier survived in the interior and in the niches of quadrangle with towering octagonal tier of the outside walls.
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ree main construction periods are sin- limestone, which made the building outline gled out in the history of the erection and re- more geometric due to large sizes and also construction of the refectory by their brick- due to terse style of facades nearly deprived lay decorative forms. e rst period was in of decoration. e components of the com- 1555-1556 when the refectory, St. Nicholas position go back to Pskov refectories: St. church and the bell tower above the refec- Nicholas church is similar to the Annun- tory entrance were built. is is mentioned ciation church of 1540 in Pskov-Pechera in “ e description of Sviyazhsk” of 1565- monastery (the rectangular basement of the 1567 and is proved by the two-storey di- altar perch which probably was half-round mension from the south. Two upper tiers of on the level of the church and the dome the bell tower were made of bricks during supported by tromps) and the refectory re- the second period on the threshold of the sembles refectories of Snetogorsk and Kry- XVI−XVII centuries. petsk monasteries, much exceeding them in e church named aer St. John the its dimensions. Even though the bell tower eologian was built on the third tier of the with a side-chapel in the second tier has an bell tower in the XVII century. Forms of the unusual planning, it mostly resembles the upper tiers of the bell tower are also very refectory church of Assumption in Krypetsk similar to forms of bell towers of the An- monastery with its side-chapel of Ivan Lest- nunciation cathedral in Kazan and the Na- vichnik. tivity of the Virgin Cathedral in Sviyazhsk However all these part together the heavy (both were destroyed) which do not have pillar of the bell tower compared to the exact dating. e third period can be dat- asymmetrically located church and the wide ed back to the threshold of the XVII−XVIII dimension of the refectory form a composi- centuries. e altar perch of the St. Nicholas tionally unusual building in which one can church (the second oor) was reconstruct- feel the will and sternness of the archiman- ed at that period and the similar altar perch drite German who ordered it. Here Pskov was built by the south chamber which was masters, using forms of Pskov monastery turned to the side-chapel at that time. Parts architecture of the epoch of Ivan the Terri- built at that time have cornices with the ble, “put together” a building which is quite curbs characteristic of “Naryshkin baroque” di erent in its spirit without soness and and rectangular windows with ne archi- plasticity characteristic nearly of all Pskov traves with columns and broken pediments. monuments. At the same time windows on the second In addition, there were no separate refec- oor of the north façade of the refectory and tory forms in Pskov architecture and were the church were chipped and received simi- either “invented” in Sviyazhsk (as the bell lar architraves. tower with arched toll apertures) or bor- e building represents an extremely rowed from Moscow architecture (the cross- original example of the monastery archi- vault of the side-chapel). us the forms tecture. e refectory itself as a one-pillar which originated from Pskov dominate chamber has very large dimensions (18 х 18 in the refectory church of the Assumption m), which surpasses dimensions all known monastery. Evidently here, the customer refectories of Pskov region. did not demand to follow some special Mos- St. Nicholas refectory church with the cow samples and his demands could most bell tower of the Assumption cathedral of probably refer to the general composition Sviyazhsk is a very expressive structure as it and the structure of the building. combines Pskov forms with stressed mon- One of such compositional requirements umentality. It was possible to achieve this was to locate the bell tower to the west of the due to use of not the Pskov slabs but local Assumption cathedral. At the time of their
50 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
construction, the passage-gallery joined the period. By their character – colour, types of bell tower and the St. Nicholas refectory church faces, repeating motive of ogee arches of de- into a single complex with the cathedral. Shi lineators they are analogous to paintings of of the axes of the refectory and the cathedral the west part on the west wall of the Annun- forms the ceremonial square, the west bound- ciation cathedral, which also have two layers ary of which is formed by the façade of the re- of gesso with wall paintings(before the refec- fectory with the bell tower and the north one tory was attached to the cathedral, this side – by the Assumption cathedral. Erection of all used to be the façade). Especially similar are these buildings as a single complex caused the faces of John the Baptists in the circle from creation of the unique nowhere else repeating the Deesis in the bell tower of the St. Nicho- structure, in which the bell tower is placed las refectory church and the west wall of the on the east side of the St. Nicholas refectory Assumption cathedral. is again proves the church and the main entrance to the refectory inextricable connection of the Assumption in on the east facade. cathedral and St. Nicholas refectory church Fragments of paintings contemporary to with the bell tower and not only composi- the wall paintings of the Assumption cathe- tional and architectural but also meaningful dral survived in the interior of the second bond. e space which over ows from the tier of the bell tower. e survived paintings interior into the exterior is united by com- contain two layers. Gesso of the lower layer mon program and the time of creation and is put on the white stone wall and the paint- transformations. ings of the lower layer are covered by ges- e Tatar specialized scienti c-industrial so of the top layer which can be seen. e workshop has been doing small refurbish- earlier gesso can be related to the original ments since the middle of the XX century. one. Comparison of the frescoes we can see e following kind of works was carried with paintings of the Assumption cathedral out in 2010-2015 for preservation of the ob- makes it possible to date them back to the ject: scienti c studies and development of XVII century. Two fragments of the Deesis scienti c-design documents, works on pile have survived on the west wall above the en- strengthening and hydro isolation of foun- trance: encircled faces of John the Baptists dations, strengthening of walls and vaults, and the Virgin. To the le of the entrance conservation of facades, repair of wooden there is a fragment of the full size picture of roof elements, conservation of the copper St. Nicholas the Wonderworker of Mojay, cover of the roof and the bulb on the bell the le – the full size picture of Dimitrius of tower, conservation of the cross and the Solun (only fragments of both full size g- bulb with the drum in the north side-chapel ures survived). On the south wall there is a of the church. Parts of paintings which were fragment of the composition of “Cruci xion previously considered to be lost, were found with Bystanders”; only the dark grey paint when cleaning dirt and later whitewashing of the background and the demarcation are from vaults and walls in 2015. Currently the preserved on the north wall. On the east wall work is carried out on opening and conser- there is a fragment of the wall painting with vation of preserved fragments of the ancient the image of the Virgin, supposedly “ e Russian wall paintings and their complex sign”. All these fragments refer to the same scienti c studies is under way e Archimandrite building t was built in the second half of the XVII It is a two-storey brick house with high century and is located in the south-west wooden roof, with a ceremonial entrance Ipart of the monastery to the le of the gates below the hipped roof on short round stone by the monastery wall. pillars with wide wooden staircase. is
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gives the building grandeur and in combi- ing and consisting of simple crow stepped nation with smaller details of architectur- tringles. Rectangular windows of the rst al nishing of windows and walls makes it and second oors are framed by brick archi- monumental. e main façade is overlook- traves. e architraves of the rst oor win- ing the north-east to the ceremonial monas- dows are of simple rectangular pro le while tery yard. on the second oor the windows are deco- Inside the rooms are covered with brick rated by three-forth columns with belts and vaults. On the west side the vaults are tops in the form of “ fringes”. e prominent supported by ancient parts of the monas- inner porch is accentuated by decorative set tery curtain wall of the XVI century. e of railings coming out from the plane of the windows on the west side were broken in wall. e dimensional-planning structure of through the curtain wall thus constructive- the building, the baroque decoration of its ly making the building an integral part of facades puts it among characteristic exam- the monastery wall. rough the passage ples of the civil architecture of the end of on the second oor along the curtain wall, the XVII century. e main façade with its the Father Superior’s rooms are connected ceremonial porch and oriented to the square with the Ascension church-above-the gate. in front of the St. Nicholas refectory church e planning structure of the building is underline representativeness of the central characteristic of living houses of the XVII area of the monastery. century, the plan consisting of three parts. In 1829-1858 the building housed the Svi- e chambers surround the inner porch, yazhsk religious school with class-rooms, a which is in the centre. Below there are library and living rooms. In 1859 the school household facilities and the Father superi- was moved to Kazan. e building under- or’s rooms are upstairs. e upper cham- went capital refurbishment and was again bers located to the le of the inner porch occupied by the Father superior of the mon- used to be show rooms, which were square astery. In 1915-1916 during the years of the rooms covered by high trough vaults with- First World War it housed the hospital for out spandrels. e cushion is stressed out wounded soldiers, since 1919 – an initial so- by pro led cornice. ere used to be two viet school and later - living apartments. In stoves in the interior of the archimandrite 1926-1926 there was a regional history ex- building. One was decorated with relief position of the Sviyazhsk museum, in 1936- polychrome painted ceramic tiles, and the 1953 – a hospital of penitentiary № 5 and other one – by smooth painted ceramic tiles later – one of the departments of the psychi- probably of the XVIII century produced in atric hospital. the town of Balkhany of Nizhniy Novgorod e following complex of works for pres- gubernia. ey both were demolished in ervation of the object was carried out in 1930-es. Part of the ceramic tiles is cur- 2010-2011: injection of cracks in the walls rently stored in the museum of history of and vaults masonry, conservation of facades Sviyazhsk, the exposition of which has one and porches, of planked roof, of the hipped of the stoves of the archimandrite building roof and stove chimneys, of white stone and reconstructed using the historical photog- wooden oors. e discreet perimeter walk raphy and survived tiles. e wide cere- has been made around the building and monial outside staircase with four massive drainage of the territory of the monastery stone pillars on the entrance leads to the adjacent to the building was provided. rooms of the Father superior. e building has all engineering com- e facades are not plastered, divisions are munications such as heating systems, water made by lesenes and intermediate cornice supply, sewage, internal electricity supply similar to the cornice on the top of the build- and safety and re alarm.
52 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
e archimandrite building was com- monks and rooms of the Father superior of missioned aer completion of conserva- the monastery. tion in 2011 and is used today as cells of Te building of the monastery school t was built in the end of the XVII – beginning Windows of the second oor are larger with of the XVIII centuries in the south-west straight rails and rectangular architraves are Ipart of the Assumption monastery behind the accentuated with high” fringes”. St. Nicholas church and is adjacent to the wall, For long time the building was not heated and being a part of it forms the picturesque and was used only in summer – the so called outline of the monastery wall. “summer chambers of the Father superior”. e building is made of bricks and has In the second half of the XIX century the two oors and looks like a letter Г under building housed the Sviyazhsk spiritual the high planked hipped roof. By its plan- board. In 1899 the building was occupied by ning structure, the building consists of three a parochial school named aer Saint Ger- parts: the internal porch is in the centre with man. chambers on its both sides. e west wall is e following complex of works for pres- with a jog which is de ned by the direction ervation of the object was carried out in of the monastery wall. High wooden porch 2010-2011: strengthening and hydro sealing is located asymmetrically to the central axis of the foundations, walls and slabs; injection of the building. Rooms of the rst and sec- of cracks in the walls and vaults masonry, ond oors are covered with brick vaults. e conservation of facades decor, of planked geometrical stucco décor of the rst half roof, of window and door apertures, of the of the XVIII century which decorated the wooden porch; engineering communica- vaults, survived in the interior rooms of the tions were built as well as discreet perimeter upper oor. walk and nishing of the adjacent territory Facades are not plastered, the corners are was carried out. accentuated with lesenes and horizontal di- Aer completion of preservation works visions are stressed by intermediate belt and in 2011 the monastery school is used today the topping cornice. e windows on the as cells of monks of the Assumption mon- rst oor are small with three-centre rails astery. and framed with rectangular architraves. e brethren’s building t was built in the second half of the XVII− zan and Mitrofan of Voronezh was attached XVIII centuries and reconstructed in the end to the east side of the brethren’s building in Iof the XVIII – beginning of the XIX centuries. the end of the XVIII century aer demoli- It is located by the entry to the monastery to tion of the German side chapel of the As- the right along the monastery wall (to the east sumption cathedral. On the north side of from the Holy gates, the central gates of the the building there are ceremonial covered monastery). e building is about 80 meters porches leading to the second oor. long. e most ancient (three storey) part of e brethren’s building combines three the building preserved its historical plan- asynchronic buildings – the most ancient ning, and the rooms of the rst and the sec- three storey building of the Father superior ond oors are covered with at-arched and (ХVII c.), the three storey treasury (ХVII c.) cloistered vaults. e boundary of di erent and the two storey brethren’s building construction periods is well traced in the in- (ХVIII c.). e church of St. German of Ka- terior where fragments of the outside walls
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décor, which later found themselves inside in 2010-2011 with preservation of all histor- the building, are well preserved. ical elements of the monument. e foun- Facades are marked with rich decora- dations, walls and slabs were strengthened; tions. Vertical divisions are stressed out by cracks in the walls masonry were injected, lesenes while the horizontal ones – by de- the work on conservation and conserva- veloped intermediate belts. Windows of the tion of the face surface of walls, at inter- three storey part are framed by architraves mediate slabs, locker porches, roofs, the top with columns and baroque ogee tops. of the German’s church (the church dome In the end of the XIX – beginning of the with copper covering and gilded bulb with ХХ century the massive stone three storey the cross) and facades was carried out; the brethren’s building was the largest building building was adapted for its modern use ( in the town development and of the Assump- building of all engineering communications tion monastery ensemble. It comprised cells and mounting of equipment); the church of the Father superior and the monks, the of Saint German resumed its work. Huge church and the Archdiocese hospital, rooms amount of conservation work was connect- of the Tresury, separate services of regional ed with the necessity to preserve original public job oces by the monastery, etc. constructions as a part of the monastery en- In the 1930-es the German’s church by the semble and giving back the initial religious brethren’s building lost its top and the cere- function to the brethren’s building. e re- monial staircases were reconstructed. From placement of lost parts by conservation ma- 1936 till 1953 the building housed di erent terials rst of all was done for the sake of services of the penitentiary № 5, and later of conservation providing constructive integ- the psychiatric hospital. rity and longevity of the building. Aer removal of the psychiatric hospital Currently the brethren’s building houses by the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI living and administrative rooms of the mon- century, the brethren’s building was serious- astery: cells, oces, meeting rooms, techni- ly dilapidated and was in critical condition. cal rooms, a refectory with a kitchen and the Repair-conservation works were carried out working church of Saint German. e wall and the Ascension church above-the gate he brick wall of the Assumption monastery ries the Ascension church underwent sev- was built in the end of the XVII - beginning eral repairs and got attachments. Its up- Tof the XVIII century replacing the former per tiers were dissembled in the 1930-es wooden fence. e brick wall surrounds the during the period of struggle against re- monastery and gives it the appearance of a ligion. e original bottom tier with the real white-stone Kremlin, with loopholes and gates has preserved rich brick decor and spikes in some places. e total length of the fragments of wall paintings. e Ascen- monastery wall is 1037 meters. sion church above-the gate is an important Above the Holy gates there initially was conceptual and town-building accent in the wooden church of Boris and Gleb, the structure of the Assumption monastery which is mentioned in the monastery in- ensemble and the whole of Sviyazhsk. e ventory of 1614. Between the XVII and the high multi-tier church has a special sacred XVIII centuries a stone church dedicated meaning. Its dedication to the Ascension to the Christ Ascension was build above completes the conceptual program of the the Holy gates, replacing the wooden one monastery complex, being materially em- according to the tradition there were two bodied in the architectural dominant. e arches – a walking path and a driveway. Ascension church above-the gate simulta- In the XIX – beginning of the XX centu- neously forms two spaces – the square in
54 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
front of the monastery entrance and the served bottom part of the building with re- ceremonial yard of the Assumption cathe- moving wallings of the Soviet period and dral, joining and dividing them at the same opening authentic elements and details. time. e square outside the Assumption e church porch of the Ascension monastery has a trapezoid outline and is church above-the gate is connected with formed by the wall of the monastery with the battle passage of the monastery wall on the Holy gates, the boundary of the liv- the level of the second tier. e west and ing quarters and the stable-yard complex. south-west stack stands of the monastery e long side of the trapezoid reaches the wall were built in the XVII century. In this edge of the high drop and opens to the sur- part the brick walls have two tiers with wide rounding water surface with islands, high foundation. From the inside of the rst tier banks of the Sviyaga and the access road there are power magazines, above the bat- to the island, actively including the nat- tle passage connects the church above-the ural landscape into its composition. e gate, the archimandrite building and the vertical of the church above-the gate is the monastery school. e rampart wall with main compositional accent of the town loophole protects the battle passage from square connected with the main square of the outside and the south-west corner is Sviyazhsk – the Nativity (with the ruins of accentuated with the wooden watchtow- the cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin) er covered by a low hipped roof with four by Uspenskaya Street. Placing the verti- batters. Outside the wall is decorated with cal dominant with a shi from the central a broad belt with square decorative brick- axis of the street to one of the sides of the work dividing the tiers; narrow loopholes view corridor is a characteristic technique are surrounded with a narrow roll mold- of ancient Russian town building which ing; the corners are stressed by lesenes and underlines the successive development of the battle passage is protected by planked compositional-planning structure of Svi- roof. e monastery curtain walls from yazhsk from the XVI century at all stages of the north-east and the south along the Us- its formation. In the composition of the in- penskaya Street date back to the later peri- ternal space of the Assumption monastery od when on the threshold of the XVII−XIX the church above-the gate is one of the ver- centuries the territory of the monastery ticals in the corners of the scared triangle expanded and got the modern outline. On formed by the tower bell, the Assumption these parts the brick curtain walls are much cathedral and the Holy gates – the main thinner and consist only of one tier put on conceptual elements of the ensemble. the earth table and the thin nishing cor- e town building and conceptual role nice is stressed by “dentels”. In addition to of the Ascension church above-the gate, its the Holy gates there are four more passages place in the ensemble of the Assumption in the wall, which are modestly decorated monastery and the space structure of the with jack arches with icon-cases and the whole of Sviyazhsk served as a basis for the pillars of the gates are decorated by square program of the conservation work of the decorative brickwork. church above-the gate. e integral conser- e conservation of the monastery wall has vation with supplementing the lost top in been carried out since 2010. e west part of accordance with its historical appearance walls is cleaned from earth, the foundations became the method used for this object. have been strengthened, masonry has been e supplement of the lost fragments was treated against biological damages and eo- carried out on the bases of comprehensive rescence, separate parts have been repaired scienti c documentary substantiation. e with conservation bricks and painted, the conservation was carried out on the pre- protective coveres have been reconstructed.
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Religious sites on the territory of the buffer zone, which are the components of the historical and cultural context
e Trinity-Sergius (John the Baptist) monastery. History of establishment. e complex characteristics he monastery was established in the development periods in the nunnery were Tmiddle of the XVI − beginning of the in 1820-30-es and 1890. XVII century. ere are two churches on the territory It is located in the centre of the southern o the monastery (the Trinity and St. Ser- part of the island. It has the V-shaped po- gius) and the Cathedral in the name of the lygonal form stretched along the Troitskaya Virgin of Consolation of All Sorrows which Street. Its area is 2.487 ha. e monastery is compositionally form the square of three surrounded by stone fence which is 692 me- churches. e oldest of them is the Trini- ters long with the Holy gates in its north side ty church. It is located on the north side of an addition al gates in the east and south the square along the wall. e white stone sides. e north-east corner of the wall is refectory church of St. Sergius of Radonezh strengthened by a brick chapel. (the St. Sergius Church) forms the square Initially there was the Trinity-Sergi- from the south side. It is the oldest Pskov us monastery on this territory, which was architecture stone church of the monastery. founded in 1551 by the order of Ivan the e eastern boundary of the square is com- Terrible and which was a Metochion of the pleted by the brick Cathedral in the name Trinity-Sergius monastery near Moscow, of the Virgin of Consolation of All Sor- which is currently known as the Trinity rows. In addition of churches there are two Lavra of St. Sergius. buildings in the monastery – the wooden e Trinity-Sergius monastery had two Father superior house on the south, a stone wooden churches – the Trinity and the refectory on the south-east and two wood- St. Sergius built of stone in the end of the en cells for nuns and novitiates on the west. XVI − beginning of the XVII century. e ey create the architectural environment monastery was relinquished in 1764 and of the monastery, characterize succession the monks were moved to the Lavra. In of spiritual-religious life and play and im- 1795 buildings of the former Trinity-Sergi- portant functional role. us monastery were given to the Sviyazhsk Monastery structures for the expressive nunnery of John the Baptist. Having re- image of the Sviyazhsk ensemble and are the ceived support from the treasury, the nun- main elements of the majestic south-east nery started improvements. Most active panorama. e church named aer the Holy Trinity (the Trinity church)
History t was built in the middle of the XVI century north façade the church joins the brick nun- and its author is unknown. e clerk I.G. nery wall. IVyrodkov, who occupied the position of e Trinity church is the oldest preserved a military engineer according to modern wooden building of the Sviyazhsk ensemble terminology, managed the construction. – a monument of wooden art of building e wooden church is located in the of the XVI century. It is the most preserved north part of the nunnery on the square of wooden building of the middle of the XVI three churches close to the Holy gates. By its century of the Volga-Urals region.
56 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
e Trinity church as an important and 1567/68. e establishment of the monas- essential element, underlying the unique- tery was the expression of the position of ness and phenomenon of the Assumption church administration towards the eastern cathedral and in the best way show by doc- policy of Ivan the Terrible. Founding the ument notions of development, succession rst monastery in Sviyazhsk as a Meto- and changes of religious architecture and chion of the monastery near Moscow, they icon painting in the Volga-Urals region in name it the Trinity-St Sergius monastery the middle of the XVI century. thus bringing the protection of Sait Sergi- e rst written mentioning of the us of Radonezh here. e “monks from the Trinity church in Sviyazhsk is met in the Live-giving Trinity and St. Sergius monas- “ Cadastre and plat book of the town of tery” mentioned in “ e history of Kazan”, Sviyazhsk and Sviyazhsk uezd written by who blessed the Russian army by the mon- Nikita Vasilyevich Borisov and Dmitriy astery walls, were probably the rst monks Andreyev Kikin” compiled in 1564/65- in Sviyazhsk. Architecture he church is the building with dimensions e description of the “Trinity-St.Sergius of (25 м x 8,5 м), consisting of two rect- monastery of 1641” gives a short character- Tangular log-houses – a refectory and a church. istic of the church outside appearance: “in- e ve-cant altar joins the church from the side the town of Sviyazhsk there is the Trin- east and from the north, south and west it is ity-St.Sergius monastery, and the latter has surrounded by a gallery restores in 2012. the church of the Life-giving Trinity with the e church is made of pine logs. It was refectory standing on the basement and the brought to Sviyazhsk which is proved by the hipped roof”. e reconstruction made by presence of marks on logs made in the dec- S.S. Aydarov also gives understanding of the imal system. initial appearance of the church. M.V. Fekh- In its plan the church has the form of a ner also thinks that the Trinity church was cross. e refectory is connected with the related to the type of hipped roof churches church by an arch cut through a wooden wide-spread in the XVI century – the octa- bearing wall. e church part is higher than gon on the quadrangle and writes about sim- the refectory and the altar. It serves as a base ilarity between the Trinity church with that for the octagon which has the eight slope in the village of Kuritskiy near Novgorod roof and ends with the drum with an onion erected in 1596. Covered wooden galleries dome and a cross. In 1821 the walls of the on carved pillars were located along the three church were slated outside. sides of the refectory outside. Light comes to the altar part and the re- e on-site study of the church carried fectory through small windows with posts out in 1976-1977 under the supervision of which replaced the initial ancient “hauled” the architect-restorer B.P. Zaytsev made it windows. e apertures of the “hauled” possible to make a number of suppositions windows survived in the south wall of the about the initial forms of the church. church and the refectory. e church has e Trinity church brought to Sviyazhsk a central-symmetrical composition and a initially had an archaic structure. e two-tier outline. Small tiers have perfect church did not have apses the altar part was proportions. e dimensional-spatial struc- separated from the room for congregation ture of the church is traditional for church by the iconostasis consisting of icons placed building of Rus of the XVI century − the in horizontal transoms, traces of which are octagon on the quadrangle topped with the well seen in the interior. Poor match of log drum with the onion dome. markers in the church and the refectory tells
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about the fact that they were chopped not tury. us the Trinity church is the oldest at one scoop. A small church without aps- tiered church preserved in Russia and the ab- es resembling rather a chapel, was probably solutely new type of a church for its time. brought to Sviyazhsk in spring of 1551, and In 1742 the church was re oored, the the apse was added to it already here. Later communion table and the prothesis were it was supplemented by a refectory. replaced and the altar and the Solea were Already in the XVI century the Trinity raised by one step and separated by a wood- church became a tier church of the octagon on en lattice. In 1808 a new wooden roof was the quadrangle type, and ended with the small made on the church. In 1810 the small octa- octagon and an onion dome. ere is no in- gon and the onion dome were sheathed with formation about when the ve-sided apse was iron for the rst time. In 1819 the covered added to the church from it east side and the galleries on the north, south and west sides open arcade was built which existed till 1819. were replaced by porches with columns be- By its composition structure the Trinity tween which there were frames with glass- church in Sviyazhsk must be related to the es installed. In 1821 the walls were lagged rst tiered churches in Russia. e latest stud- on and painted by oil paint in 1853. In 1836 ies carried out in 2010-2011 including meth- the church was sheathed with iron sheets. ods of laser scanning and dendro-chronology In 1882-83 the stone basement was made prove that the altar and the quadrangle tier under the church: the glassed porches were were erected simultaneously in the middle of made in open church porches. In 1885 im- the XVI century. is refutes the established ages on Saints were oil painted on the iron opinion that they started building tiered sheathe of the small octagon. churches only in the middle of the XVII cen- e iconostasis and icons he interior of the church has been donezh”; “John the Evangelist in silence”. As preserved without any changes and is far as pictures are concerned, the picture by Tmodest and laconic. Clean surfaces of cut A. Chernogorov “ e interior of the church” walls, massive doors, wooden benches leaned (1875; canvas, oil; collection of Fine Arts against the refectory walls make the church Museum of Tatarstan) and photographs of specially reserved and cozy. e construction the end of the XIX − beginning of the XX of the four tier carved iconostasis of the century show the icon of “ e Kazan Virgin XVII–XVIII centuries is of special artistic with Festivals” in 12 border pictures instead value. of the “ e Virgin Odigitria” in the local tier. e seizure of the Trinity-St.Sergius mon- Only the Deesis and Forefathers tiers astery of 1641 gives characteristics of the have survived in full till our days. Current- numerical composition of the tiers of the ly 6 icons from the local tier, 10 icons from Trinity church iconostasis – the total of 65 the Deesis, 13 Festivals, 14 Prophets with icons. e Deesis consisted of 10 images, the the image of “the Virgin of the Sign” and 12 Festival tier – 21 icons, the same number of Forefathers with “ e Paternity” are stored Prophets and 13 icons of Forefathers. e in the funds of the State Fine Arts Museum description of eight icons of the expanded of Tatarstan. local tier is given in detail: “ e Old Testa- e Holy doors of the XVI century did ment Trinity”; “On the Right Hand Stands not survive. e Holy doors with re ned ba- the Queen”; “St. Nicholas the wonderwork- roque décor (XVIII c.), which have survived er” and “Macarius of Kolyazin”; ‘Saints Boris till today, are marked by ne handicra and and Gleb”; “ e Holy Mandylion of Edessa”; artistic maturity. e unique monument “ e Virgin Odigitria”; “St. Sergius of Ra- from the Trinity church has three layers of
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paintings of di erent epochs. e initial important monument of the beginning of original layer (XVII (?) c.) has inscriptions the XVI century from the local tier of the in Old Slavonic which was written later in church. e master who painted this image line with the original painting. In XVIII took guidance from the famous icons of the century the Holy doors were again reno- Virgin, originating from the artistic culture vated and the baroque epoch introduced its of the Greek Orient. e images of Sts. Ser- artistic elements into the style of the mon- gius and Nikon of Radonezh on the borders ument. Old Slavonic inscriptions were re- of the icon (the gures of saints have recog- placed by new Latin ones. is is what con- nizable iconographic features in addition to stitutes uniqueness of the Holy doors from readable fragments of inscriptions made by the Trinity church. cinnabar) are the artistic rare peculiarity of On the southern door of the iconostasis the icon stressing the connection with the there is the picture of the archdeacon Ste- Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. fan full size, on the northern - the righteous Several copies of the newly appeared im- thief Rakh. All in all there are 63 icons of age of the Virgin, currently know as the Ka- the XVI−XVIII centuries from the iconos- zan icon of the Virgin, appeared in Sviyazhsk tasis of the Trinity Church of Sviyazhsk. 61 on the threshold of the XVI–XVII centuries icons of them are dated back to the XVI- – ve of them in the Trinity church, one of XVII centuries them with the life of the Virgin. e Kazan e whole iconostasis is of unique artis- Virgin in the frame with the picture of 12 tic value. “ e Old Testament Trinity” and Festivals and the miracle of the appearance “ e Virgin Odigitria” stand out among of the icon in Kazan survived till our days other icons of the Trinity church iconostasis without its centerpiece. It is a hagiographi- by speci city of the theological content and cal icon with the image of the Kazan Virgin its vivid expression in the original style of in the centre was one of the rst copies of icons. e icons also have rare iconographic the newly appeared miraculous image of the details which put them among original rari- Virgin which was placed into an icon-frame ties of ancient Russian art of painting of the with Virgin festivals. XVI century. e original author’s picture of e survived picturesque icon-frame icon faces has a number of peculiarities con- made for celebration of the copy of the ap- cerning the light-and-dark modeling of di- pearing miraculously Kazan shrine, is a mensions, the dense and dark carnation and unique piece of ancient Russian art and pos- putting a thin layer of pain above layer-wise sesses a rare quality of a painted picture of – olive and brown dark underpaint. Similar being a document of the epoch. e scale use of green and brown shades of dark un- of the icon ambry satis ed the authentic derpaint for the thin payer of paint is met in dimensions of the ancient miraculously ap- icon painting traditions of Rostov and Su- peared icon of the Kazan Virgin (26,7х22,3 zdal in the end of the XV − beginning of the cm). In the bottom tier of the border scenes XVI centuries. e similar technique of put- there are compositions suing the texts of ting the thin layer of underpaint is used on hymns in honor of the Virgin: “In ee the icon of the Virgin (State Fine Arts Mu- Rejoiceth”, “ e Laudation of the Virgin”, seum). e image of the Virgin originates “ e robe of the Virgin”. e completing from Uglich and is dated by the XV century. narration of the bottom border scenes is e history of the iconostasis of the an- the scene of miraculous nding of the icon cient church of the Live-giving Trinity of of the Virgin in Kazan. e framed icon of Sviyazhsk is traced from the middle of the “ e Kazan Virgin” with Festivals replaced 1550-es till the end of the XVI century. e the ancient icon of “ e Virgin Odigitria” in icon of “ e Virgin Odigitria” is the most the local tier. e conservation of the ico-
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nostasis structure by a team of artists under the Queen” at its place behind the choir-gal- supervision of V.F. Kosushkin in 2012-2013 lery. In the end of the 1970-es together with and the study of documents makes it pos- the whole complex of icons from the Trinity sible to suppose that the Icon of the Kazan church iconostasis it was sent for conserva- Virgin in frame with festival was installed in tion to Moscow to Interregional Specialized the local tier during the rst reconstruction Scienti c-Conservation workshop of the of the iconostasis, when the initial iconosta- “Rosrestavtatsiya” amalgamation (the team sis consisting of icons placed on horizontal of I.P. Yaroslavtsev). transoms was replaced. e ancient Holy gates did not survive. e ancient version of “ e Old Testa- During the installation of high Holy gates of ment Trinity” – the temple icon from the the XVII−XVIII centuries into the new con- iconostasis of the Trinity church (the middle struction of the iconostasis with the carved of the XVI c.) – is characterized by stylis- canopy, showing the shroud of the Old Tes- tic peculiarities of the Pskov school of icon tament church, the ancient over the gates painting. It is more archaic than the previ- canopy of the XVI century with the picture ous attributions supposed. e study of the of Eucharist as a special altar image was hid- iconography of the “Old Testament Trinity” den by the new construction. Currently it is image is still going on. the only over the gates canopy from the an- e local tier of the iconostasis was being cient Holy gates in Kazan region. formed till the beginning of the XVII cen- Stylistic peculiarities of “ e Eucharist” tury and unfolded onto the south and north and iconography of the monument nd walls of the church. e original version their analogues in images originating from of the icon “John the eologian silent” as monasteries founded by disciples of Saint well as an unusual manner of the ancient Sergius of Radonezh in Pskov and Novgorod icon painter put this masterpiece of the end regions. Artistic rarity and the shrine of an- of the XVI century in line with unique ar- cient Sviyazhsk shows e Communion of tistic phenomena of Russian national cul- Apostles by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper. ture. Icons “Saint Princes Boris and Gleb” In the corners of the above the door canopy and “At the Right Hand Stands the Queen” there are archangels Michael and Gabriel, are stylistically close to the image of “John co-serving in liturgy. the eologian in Silence” – they all com- e Deesis tier – nine images out of thir- prise a single complex of icons of the local teen icons put to the consecration of the tier probably created by artists from the one church have survived nearly completely and workshop. in the form it was in the rst decades of the e image of faithful princes – saints Boris existence of the church. In the second half and Gleb is preserved better that the icons of the XVI century the Deesis tier was deco- “John the eologian in Silence” and “At the rated with precious wrought silver similar to Right Hand Stands the Queen” which have that on the icons of the Prophets tier in the vast parts with lost author’s painting. e Assumption cathedral. Icons of the “Deesis” icon of Boris and Gleb came to the State mu- are stylistically close to images of the epoch of seum of Tatarstan in the 1930-es, in the end Ivan III as the icons which conveyed the spir- of the 1960-es was conserved in the All-Rus- it of time when ancient shrines created in fa- sia artistic scienti c Restoration Centre af- mous icon painting centres were collected in ter I.E. Grabar and soon came to the funds Moscow. e central seven icons are similar of the State Fine Arts Museum of Tatarstan. by the structure and treating of timber to be e image of John the eologian registered used as a base for the icon board, the charac- in the XVIII century was kept in the Trinity ter of inset splines, the thickness of the icon’s church as well as “At the Right Hand Stands plate and are also characterized by close time
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of their painting. in layers of paint of in- It is for them that the whole icons ensemble dividual painters are put in thin glazing and was created remarkable by its originality the boundary with dark underpaint is blur- and simplicity of images. e compression ry. “ e scribe’s book” of 1565-1567 scantily and bright folklore style of artistic images mentions only the Deesis on thirteen boards in combination with deep providence spirit “on the blue pigment” out of all tiers of the of saints on the icons of this complex re- iconostasis. “ e seizure of the Trinity-St. veal the author who followed traditions of Sergius monastery of 1641” tells only about original icon painting in monasteries of the 10 icons on the green paint. e even num- Russian North. ber of the Deesis icons may indirectly tell In the end of the XVI century the h tier, about possible changes in the construction traditional for the iconostasis – the Forefa- of the iconostasis, aer which it was not pos- thers tier on 13 boards appeared in the in- sible to nd place for all icons of the initial terior of the Trinity church. e speci city iconostasis. Additional technical-technologi- of the composition of the Forefathers tier cal studies are needed to clarify the question – singling out the line of Abraham’s descent about colour of the Deesis tier icons. – is connected with the dedication of the e Festivals tier on the green background church to the Saint Trinity. of the second half of the XVI century from Icons coming from other churches of Svi- the iconostasis of the church of Live-giving yazhsk, which were saved from destroyed Trinity in Sviyazhsk, painted on 21 boards as temples or brought to the wooden church “ e seizure of the Trinity-St. Sergius mon- for conservation in1970-1980-es were kept astery of 1641” tells, has survived partially in the Trinity church for long time. Among and only the icons in the iconostasis itself on them there was the icon of Saint Makarius of the east wall remained. e icons located of Zheltovodsk and Unzhensk with the life on the south and north walls near the iconosta- 20 border pictures painted in the end of the sis were absent in the church interior during XVI – the rst quarter of the XVII century the conservation in the 1970- es. e icon of and originating from the Assumption cathe- “ e Old Testament Trinity” of this tier in dral of the Virgin monastery of Sviyazhsk. the ancient iconostasis, consisting of icons e icon represents the painted version of placed in horizontal transoms, was located the original literary source “Great Menaion in the centre of the tier above the over-the Reader” of metropolitan Makarius: evetns of door canopy with “ e Eucharist” and rep- life of the saint are represented in one-to-one resents spacious version of “Hospitality of correspondence to the text, especially im- Adam”. e compression of the artistic lan- portant of then are given in detail and occupy guage, simplicity of expressive means, archa- two border pictures of the icon. ic character of iconography are bright stylist e Cross-Cruci xion with ten border pic- peculiarities of the Festival tier of the Trinity tures connected with almond shape cross lines church, characterizing the professional skills with pictures of Seraphs and Cherubs has sur- of masters. vived from the rst half of the XVII century. Above the Festival tier there was the spread e nearest analogue of the Sviyazhsk cross out Prophets’ tier on 21 boards with the turn was the sanctuary Cross of the XVII century to the north and south walls. e peculiarity from Yaroslavl known by pre-revolutionary of this tier was the complete list of images of photos taken by S.M. Proskudin-Gorskiy. di erent prophets both great and small, who e sanctuary image on canvas “Cruci x- constituted the integral unity. ion of Jesus Christ”” which was located on Icons of the Festival and Prophets’ tiers the High place below the canopy appeared can be called artistic witnesses of times and in the interior of the altar in the XVIII centu- people from the rst residents of Sviyazhsk. ry. Behind the altar there stood a seven-light
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candelabrum made of crooked wood which was the of the guardianof Sviyazhsk churches remained from the ancient decoration of the in 1950-1980, it became possible to preserve altar (funds of the Tatarstan Fine Arts Muse- many Sviyazhsk antiquities like Proskynetari- um). on (the image of the Holy Land, 1842), which e monumental images of “ e Virgin in were locked in the refectory of the St. Sergius the Passion with Saint Sergius and Nikon of Church, the door of which was laid by bricks, Radonezh standing in front of the cross” (the till better days. V.V. Azbukin recollected that threshold of the XVII−XVIII centuries) and aer the war it was the only possible way in “ e Council of Saint Main Apostles” (1756) Sviyazhsk to save at least such separate relics were installed in icon-cases in the church re- of all spiritual wealth of monasteries and par- fectory near the central entrance pillars. ish churches as Proskynetarion brought from e reconstruction of the Trinity church a cell of the Greek monk of the Holy Ascen- and the whole ancient nunnery has preserved sion Makarius monastery and originating ac- for next generations the icons of the John-the cording to the description of the priest E.A. Baptist nunnery in the interior of the church Malov from the Kazan Virgin monastery. of the Live-giving Trinity. Several large icons e unique image of topography of the “ e Virgin of Tikhvin” and “ e Nativity of Holy Land signed as Proskynetarion (the fol- Christ” were placed on the north wall tightly lower) is also from the Sviyazhsk collection of to the ancient images of Prophets. e im- icons. e shabby warped canvas torn from age of “ e Virgin of All who Sorrow” (the the picture frame and rolled came to conser- threshold of the XVII–XVIII cc.) was trans- vation to the I.P. Yaroslavtsev team in 1978 ferred to thee new church with the same and happened to be an original new Greek name in the beginning of the XX century. icon of the middle of the XIX century. Two e Deacons doors with images of the icons of this iconography are in collections Prophet and the High Priest Zachary and the of the State museum of history of religion in wise thief Rakh occupied side entrances to the St.-Petersburg, there are many analogues in altar of the Trinity church in di erent epoch. museums of Greece, Bulgaria and in private All three doors from the time of construction collections. ey all di er in their composi- of the iconostasis in di erent periods – in the tion from Sviyazhsk Proskynetarion. In Svi- XVII и XVIII centuries have survived (funds yazhsk monument all events of the Old and of the Tatarstan Fine Arts Museum). New Testaments are put together around Among the survived icons saved from the images of the Virgin (the le part) and church of Sviyazhsk destroyed in the end of the Christ the Almighty (the right part). e the 1920-es there were: “ e Virgin in the meaningful stress is put on miracles in the Passion with Saint Sergius and Nikon of Ra- sacred places of the Holy Land and rst of donezh standing in front of the cross”, “ e all on the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. In Council of Saint Main Apostles”, “ e Holy total there are several Greek icons in the col- Mandylion of Edessa”, Proskynetarion, the lections of the Tatarstan Fine Arts Museum: sculpture of kneeled Apostles, “Apostles Pe- “Apostle Paul” of the end of the XIV century, ter and Paul”, “Saint German and Anastasia”, Proskynetarion of the middle of the XIX c. the picturesque from the miraculous icon of (1842), the Virgin of Iver “ e door keeper”, the Virgin and many other monuments of and “Resurrection of Christ”, the relic icon of spiritual history of Sviyazhsk. Due to e orts the beginning of the XX century. of Vsevolod Vladimirovich Azbukin, who History of the Study and Conservation of the Holy Trinity Church n 1957 and 1962 the specialized scienti c- of S.S. Aydarov carried out measurements, Iconservation workshop under supervision investigation and conservation work and the
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church was open for tourists. By the errand by special instruments with the use of au- of the Tatarstan Minister of Culture in 1976 thentic materials and technologies. Wood- the Amalgamation “Rosrestavratsia” under en parts of the Trinity church are regularly supervision of B.P. Zaytsev continued on-site chemically treated to protect it from re and study of the Trinity church in Sviyazhsk and in biological damage. 1977 developed the project of its conservation. Special program of scienti c studies and e results of the investigation revealed the monitoring of the condition of the ancient presence of decimal marking the logs by church has been developed (see Annex. Sec- incisions. e researchers came to a conclusion tion 5). that the church was reconstructed either from Examination of the Holy Trinity Church, a chapel or another church represented the conducted by LLC “Restoration Center - construction type without apses, e project Architecture, Production, Training” in Sep- proposed to remove the latest sheathing and tember 2015 by architect A. Popov showed reconstruct the open galleries. e project was that the monument has marks that make it approved by Ministry of Culture of TASSR in possible for architects to restore the build- 1978 but it was not implemented. ing and discover its history, beginning from Works on investigation of the monument the time of the construction works in Uglich of the ancient Russian wooden art of build- and up to the XIX century. During the con- ing continued since 2000. A complex of struction of the temple in Uglich two stands works on conservation of the Trinity church were made: the refectory and the church was carried out in 2010-11. ey included with an altar. It implies that the original al- replacement of the latest rotten refurbish- tar used to be a single unit with the temple ment roo ng (XX c); the reassembly of the but was separated by the interior partition, north wall of the refectory; replacement of moreover, probably the roof of the altar was rotten parts of constructive elements and below of that of the church. installation of prosthesis; conservation of After the Church was relocated and trans- sheathing, open galleries, the hipped roof ported to Sviyazhsk, the extension was built with the union dome with shingled roof, the to its northern wall. During the major ren- west porch; cleaning and daubing of the brick ovation works that were carried out in the foundation, re-and biological treatment, XVII century the temple was dismantled construction of the perimeter walk and the and re-assembled after the decayed parts wooden fence. e north wall of the church had been removed. Apart from this, the pen- and the refectory was in critical condition by tagonal altar was made and the former altar the beginning of the XXI century. e brick became a part of the temple under one roof. wall of the nunnery tightly joined the Trinity Apparently, at the same time a gallery and church and the dead narrow space between a new porch were built, additional window them lled with snow in winter which melt- in the church and the refectory were made. ed for long time in spring creating conditions The remains of scaffolding dating back to for soaking of the north wall and develop- the XVI and XVII centuries can give an idea ment of focus of biohazard. e conditions what kind of alterations were introduced. for soaking of the walls were also created by In the XVIII century there was a num- wood-framed south and north porches of ber of minor repairs that did not affect the the end of the XIX century. To remove con- appearance of the temple. The XIX centu- stant soaking of timber, the part of brick wall ry brought major changes: the gallery was of the nunnery along the Trinity church was dismantled, the temple was sheathed with dissembled. To protect it from atmospheric boards, from the western part the parvis in uence, the apse, octagon and open gallery was built and from the south and east some sheathing was conserved. All work was done porches were added.
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After the history of the construction was would enable to inspect the construction studied and analysis of the materials of the of the temple at different levels. A series of temple was carried out the following con- audio-visual is also essential and crucial as clusions could be made: the visitor would be given an opportunity to 1. Long-term preservation of wooden visualize the changes that took place over buildings without protection is impossible, the years. and therefore, the project aimed at main- 2. The uniqueness of this project must taining the optimal temperature and humid- and should be used for education and train- ity conditions is to be designed and devel- ing purposes within the country as well as oped. Comfortable environment will make at the international level (offering training it possible to restore the authenticity of the courses and seminars, making documenta- temple interior. The pavilion must have a ries that tell about the methods, techniques, system of stairways and passages, which stages of work, etc.). e church named in honor of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, the Wonderworker ( e St. Sergius Church) he foundation stone of the wooden church attached to the north-west corner. Initially named in honor of St. Sergius of Radonez there were di erent services, a kitchen, our Twas laid during the foundation of the town in bolter and monks’ cells. e church and May 1551. In the end of the XVI century till the cellarer room joined the refectory from 1604 it was rebuilt in stone which is proved the east side. e altar was concentrated in by an inscription on the wall near the church the name of St. Sergius of Radonezh. e entrance. Its author is unknown. brick quadrangle with three layers of shin- e church occupies the central part of gled roof and a round solid drum were built the nunnery surrounding the square of above it. In the wall dividing the St. Sergius three churchs in the south. It was initially Church and the cellarer’s room, there is a built as a refectory from white limestone staircase inside the wall going to the space and brick and has a typical planning of re- under the church roof. On the threshold fectory churches – one pillar chamber end of the XVII−XVIII centuries the refectory with an attachment in the east divided into a was turned into a church. e room with church without an apse and a cellarer room. one pillar on the second oor turned into a e church part is elevated above the main church with two side chapels: the main one dimension of the refectory and is covered in the south in the name of St. Sergius the with ogee gables and the white stone drum Wonderworker of Radonezh and the north topped by the later baroque onion dome one in the name of St. Nikon. e altar was (initially it had a helmet-shaped dome) Such later turned into a vestry. e second drum type of a refectory – a chamber with one pil- with the onion dome appeared above the lar with the square of quadrangle church St. Nikon side chapel. e third altar in the without an altar adjacent from the east - ap- name of the St. John the Baptist was made in peared in north monasteries of the North- the XVIII century. East Russia in the 1530s. e main entrance is from the west in e St. Sergius Church is a two storey the attachment-church porch. Initially the building made of white stone and bricks. church parvis was open with a high porch e refectory with one pillar and the church leading to it. Later in the XIX century with without an apse are put of a high under the aim of moving the staircase into the church basement. A rectangular bell-tow- space of the parvis, the ceiling was partially er covered with semi-circular dome and dissembled and the church connected with topped with onion dome with a cross was
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rooms of the Mother superior by a wooden In 2006 the TatSSRD started development passage. of a complex project of church conservation. e church has a well-balanced dimension- e Schematic Design of conservation and al composition of three parts with di erent working documentation were developed height strengthening the corners of the build- and approved. At the same time the emer- ing. e asymmetric composition is organized gency prevention activities on conservation by simple proportional forms - a cube, a cyl- of the roof cover and the refectory roof ties inder, a half-sphere – which create an inte- construction and conservation of the white gral monumental image of the church with a stone central pillar of the attic ceiling were memorable outline. Facades are most com- carried out. In 2007 the work on conserva- pletely deprived of décor. Flat lesenes follow tion of facades with construction of vertical the internal tectonics of the construction. e waterproo ng course was done. Conser- rooms of the refectory and the side chapel are vation of ooring made of hewn limestone framed with think ogee roll mouldings. Ini- slabs in the church basement started in 2008. tially the church was painted outside which is e following complex of work was done proved by small fragment which have survived for preservation of the monument in 2010- on the east facade. e main entrance on the 2011: conservation of facades, opening of west wall, which used to be the outside wall, the gables of the quadrangle, conservation is decorated the carved projected white stone of integrity of walls by injections, opening portal with nished columns dressed by pat- and conservation of authentic initial ceram- terned “melons”. e inscription of the time of ic oors in the St. Sergius side chapel, con- the building of the church and the ancient wall servation and conservation of the preserved painting “ e Trinity” have survived to the le authentic fragments of oak oors of the one of the portal. e church interior is organized pillar room of the refectory, vertical plan- by curvilinear surfaces of vaults which togeth- ning and nishing. e conservation of wall er with the window apertures with spandrels paintings in the narthex was carried out in in mighty walls make it monumnetal. 2013. Tatarstan specialized scienti c-conserva- At present time the church has been hand- tion department (TatSSRD hereinaer) car- ed over to the Russian Orthodox Church. ried out repairs here in 1964, 1967, 1983 and 1993-1997. e cathedral in the name of the Icon of “ e Virgin of All who Sorrow” ( e Cathedral of All who Sorrow) t was built in 1898-1906 and its author is an entrance there is an attachment – parvis architect F.N. Malinovskiy. with many windows on the sides of which I e cathedral is located in the north-east there are naves - cells. In the corners of part of the nunnery and built from bricks the semi-spherical space below the dome in pseudo-Byzantine style (45x30 m, the there are decorative towers covered with height 38 m). It has cross-domed four pillar domes with crosses. e cathedral is lit by dimensional-spatial structure and a cruci- a large number of arched-windows of dif- form plan form. e cathedral is topped by ferent sizes with architraves made of dif- a massive light drum below the spherical ferent pro led rings and placed in tiers. dome with the cross. On its east side the church has a triangular e west, north and south entrances apse. e architectural plastics of facades to the church are marked by portals with is created by numerous spaces which give arch openings. To the le and to the right the cathedral a complex multi-layer com- of the entrance portal of the main west position.
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e cathedral has rich outside and inside work on conservation of the cathedral roof- décor. e oil paintings on di erent religious ing and facades was carried out. plots have survived in the interior. Wooden e following types of work have been car- carved door panes and forged decorative ried out for preservation of the monument metallic details such as gates, lattices, balus- since 2010: the power and gas supply net- trade railings and crosses have high artistic works were constructed and the hydro-isola- values. e cathedral has powerful spatial tion was made; strengthening of the basement acoustics which along with the rich plastics vaults and reconstruction of the basement of architecture created the monumental im- entrance; reconstruction of a system of hot age of the monument. air heating, conservation of the iconostasis Up to 2004 there were no conservation and conservation of paintings. e work was works carried out on the monument. Scaf- completed in 2014, the cathedral was conse- folding was made inside the cathedral in crated and handed over to the congregation. 2004 with the aim of conservation of the Being the main dominant in the south- roof coating. e work on development of east part of the island, the cathedral gives the cathedral conservation plan began in monumentality and grandeur to the pan- 2007-2008 and at the same time emergency orama of Sviyazhsk ensemble in this part of the town. e walls, the chapel and the cells of the John-the Baptist monastery he monastery located in the south part cal constructions and the nunnery wall to a of the island of Sviyazhsk above the steep di erent one, the less pompous capital style Tslope the Kruglaya mountain is of rectangular and scale. Initially the chapel had a small form stretched from the west to the east and cell on the east side which was elongated lat- occupies more than 2 hectares. er and cells were also attached to it on the e construction of the stone wall started north side. e monastery walls, which were in the beginning of the XIХ century replacing used for their construction, became walls the previous wooden wall. e total length of of the cells. ese reconstructions resulted the stone monastery wall is 1037 m. in impossibility of drainage from the inner e Mother superior of the monastery side of the north-east corner of the nunnery Evpraksiya wrote in her letter to the Kazan and because of that walls and foundations Archbishop Amvrosiy in September 1825 of the chapel and cells soaked very much. that even though the wooden fence was During nishing of the nunnery territory in made quite recently it was not reliable and 2011-2012, the vertical planning of the area should be replaced by a stone one. While was carried out with constructing the water Evpraksiya was working and in the follow- drain through a pipe in the north part of the ing years a stone monastery wall with gates wall. and small towers in the corners was built. Masonry of the main walls is made of red By the project of F.N. Malinovskiy a chap- bricks on mortar. Crevasses of the walls di- el with cells was built instead of the corner rections were formed as multi-faceted tow- tower in the west corner in 1897. Oil paint- ers with arch niches imitating loopholes. ing has survived inside the chapel. By its While the north part of the wall preserved architectural appearance and location the practically without any changes, the frag- chapel harmonically connected the huge ca- ment of the south wall of the nunnery were thedral of “All Who Sorrow” into one com- re-laid in the Soviet time. plex of the John-the Baptist nunnery and It is known that the Holy gates of the became the key element in transition from nunnery also had a portress cell. On the one scale and architectural style of histori- east side of the nunnery wall there was one
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gate and on the south – two gates. ere is straightened, the dilapidated parts of walls a preserved historical photograph which in were laid anew, foundations of the wall and 2011 was used for conservation of the Holy cells were strengthened with conservation gates with the protruding large pediment of of the authentic brick masonry of walls and columns, with a wicket and wooden gates. towers. e monastery cells were conserved, e portress cell has also been conserved; the facades and roof timber were refur- the window apertures were laid, the sin- bished, the roo ng was replaced, wooden gle-pitched roof and carpentry additions window and door llings and forged lattices were made. and doors were xed, interior redecoration Because of the fact that the small plot of was carried out, the forged cross was made, land between the church and the wall was gilded and installed, engineering communi- accumulating water and lentic phenomena cations – heating, water supply and sewage and this damaged the wooden construction were constructed, the historical image of of the ancient church, part of the nunnery the Holy gates and the passage gates of the brick wall from the north side of the Trinity household yard were reconstructed and fa- church was dissembled in 2011. In addition, cades and interiors of the chapel underwent old big trees, leaves and roots of which also conservation with conservation of paintings exerted negative in uence on the condi- on the walls and vaults. tion of the monument, were pulled up. e e work on conservation of the fence and wooden through fence was put on ton the the south passage gates, on construction of place of the dissembled part of the brick the discreet perimeter walk around the walls wall. e other gates of the nunnery were taking into consideration construction of also conserved in 2012: two of them on the drainage system, on nishing the territory south wall and one on the north. of the nunnery with construction of the pe- During conservation of the monastery rimeter walk, paths and grounds was carried walls in 2010-2013 its leaning parts were out in 2014-2015. e Brethren’s building is an inseparable part of the John the Baptist monastery and located in its southern part. wo storey wooden and brick houses built vealed that the brethren’s buildings were in style of provincial classicism in 1818- constructed in three stages: T1819 are one of the largest living houses in I stage – 1550- es. e rst buildings of Sviyazhsk. Numerous nuns and lay sisters of the monastery from the middle of the XVI the John the Baptist nunnery lived in these century, including monks’ cells, were wood- buildings in the end of the XIX − beginning en. of the XX centuries. Facades of the buildings II stage – 1604-1764. Shabby wooden are marked for their strict proportions constructions of the monastery were grad- and simple decoration and represent an ually replaced by stone ones. interesting example of monastery living III stage – the end of the XVIII c. – 1917. houses of that time. In the Soviet period the e Trinity monastery was renamed into the houses were used as shared apartments which John the Baptist nunnery and its was the pe- were resettled during the implementation of riod of ourishing construction and activity the shabby housing program in Sviyazhsk. of the nunnery. Currently only four out of e rst to receive new accommodation were seven living building have survived. families consisting of 63 people (31 families) e work in conservation of the brethren’s moved from the brethren’s buildings. buildings started in 2010. First of all the sci- e results of the historical and archive enti c design documentation for two sto- research supported by on-site studies re- rey buildings 12 and 14 in Troitskaya Street
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was developed. At present the conservation air conditioning, heating, water and elec- and work on adjusting the brethren’s build- tricity supply, low power networks and the ing 12 in Troitskaya Street for the pilgrim’s gas boiler have been constructed; discreet hotel have been completed. e following perimeter walk with stone covering and n- kinds of work have been carried out on the ishing of the adjacent territory with green- cultural heritage property: foundations and ery and pavage have been made. walls were strengthened, the oor metallic e conservation of the building 14 in the and wooden slabs have been conserved and Troitskaya Street was nished in 2014. wooden oors laid, the wooden structures In the future it is planned to restore and of the roof and staircases as well as the fa- adjust for living cells of the nunnery breth- cades have been conserved, engineering ren’s buildings 8 and 10 in the Troitskaya communications- sewage, ventilation and Street. e church of Konstantin and Elena
Initially the church was made of wood by an order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible which is mentioned in “ e scribe’s book” of 1565-1567. In the XVII century it was built of bricks and is the only survived parish church in the town. he church is located in the north-east of corbel arches of the church quadrangle, cor- the island of Sviyazhsk on the top of the nices with stepped consoles and three-quar- Thill. It is located in the crossing of two streets – ter attached columns on the apse. e modest Moskovskaya and the Shchuka Embankment. interior is enriched by vaults, arched form of In its plan it has three-part structure with- windows and doors and metallic connection out columns (29x12 m) consisting of a church bars. e icon of “ e Virgin of Sviyazhsk” with an apse, the refectory and the bell tower. painted by the Farther superior of the church e entrance to the church is from the west Sergiy (Korobtsov) in the end of the XX cen- through the lower tier of the bell tower. e tury has a historical and artistic value. quadrangle of the church towers above the Initially the church and the bell town were refectory and the altar. It is covered with vault standing apart. In the end of the XVII − be- with a four-pitch roof and is topped with the ginning of the XVIII centuries they were blind cylindrical drum with the onion dome connected by a built-in refectory. On the and the cross. e three-tier bell tower has south side of the bell tower there is a chap- a traditional ancient Russian structure: oc- el destroyed in the 1930-es and restored in tagon on the quadrangle. e bell tower has 2010. a dome top above the bells and is completed In the1950-es the TatSSRD carried out with a drum with onion dome. e refectory day-to-day maintenance work. e following is covered with a vault. e light comes into complex of repairs and conservation work the church through rectangular windows. was done in 2010-2012: the bell tower and e church has a symmetrical proportion- the north side chapel were conserved, the al dimensional composition and compressed foundations were repaired and strengthened, forms and is an important town building waterproof nish was carried out, engineer- elements completing the Sviyazhsk ensem- ing network was laid and the refurbishment ble. It is a monument of cult architecture in of facades and the church interior was made. traditions of the ancient Russian stone art of In 1982-1983 a Sviyazhsk branch of the Ta- building with elements of baroque. e fol- tarstan Fine Arts Museum was established in lowing elements are used in decoration of the church. In 1990 –es the church was given facades: window architraves with columns back to the Russian Orthodox Church and and torn frontons above windows, decorative currently it is a working parish church.
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Monuments of civil and living architecture of Sviyazhsk underlying the Outstanding Universal Value of the Assumption Cathedral
Complex of buildings of the Assumption Monastery stable yard he complex was built in the end of the east part of the plot as there were no inter- TXVII −beginning of the XVIII centuries. nal perpendicular walls and preserved its It is located in the south-west part of the is- width. Slightly wider building of a horse- land opposite the south wall of the Assump- stall joined the stables on the west side and tion monastery. together with it formed slightly curved line e description of the rst stables’ yard of development of the Stable’s yard. is given in the scribes’ book of Sviyazhsk in e carriage building which occupies 1565-67. Partial description of the property about two thirds of the east part of the plot of the stables’ yard and its characteristics are starting from the north boundary was built given in monastery seizures of 1614, 1702 later that the stables and it is made of a dif- and 1739-41. ferent size brick, while the end wall, which Stone buildings and walls of the Stables’ divides them, belongs to stables judging by yard were erected on the place of the wood- the materials masonry technique and the lo- en ones in the end of the XVII − beginning cation of the joint. of the XVIII centuries. e regular plan of e living house in the north-east corner the end of the XVIII century considered the of the plot was built simultaneously with outline of the stables’ yard. carriage buildings as well as the stone wall e Stables’ yard is located aside from connecting them along the north side of the proper monastery territory on the ir- the plot. However, contrary to the carriage regular land plot between the Sergius Street house this building suciently su ered and the south slope of the Kruglaya moun- from reconstructions of the XVIII−XIX tain above which earlier there was a fortress centuries. e composition of the transport wall. e plot is surrounded by a fence with gates of the Stable’s yard was rather origi- gate on the short west side which led to a nal: the plane of the gate was very embed- small square in front of the monastery Holy ded compared to the main line of develop- gates. e obtuse north-west part of the plot ment by an inverted turn of the fence and is occupied by a building which is near- was anked by two massive semi-columns ly square and probably the facility for sta- of pedestals which supported a picturesque ble-men mentioned in the seizure and other crowning frontispiece with roundish rising. buildings are stretched into continuous lines e side fringes of the frontispiece ended along the east and south sides. with scrolls above simpli ed каптадями In its planning structure the Stable Yard of semi-columns above which there was represents several di erent type structures a roughly made cornice. In the tympan of connected with each other and forming a the frontispiece there was a large icon-case closed square. Archaeological and on-site framed with carved columns, the frontis- studies showed that the horse stable was piece ended with a small onion dome with built rst. Its rip measurement from the out- the cross and above the gates on the edges side south-eastern corner till the lesene on of the setback attic there also were crosses the preserved south facade hidden by later on brick pedestals. e initial archways were counterforce completely coincides with the turned into rectangular by the end of 1909. data given in the seizure of 1763. e build- All these buildings form a rare and valu- ing was set up in the form of a letter “Г” by able complex of household structures of the a slightly acute corner it turned along the end of the XVII – beginning of the XVIII
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centuries supplementing and balancing the the cultural heritage property and adjusting ensemble of the Assumption monastery. To- it for modern use as a topical folk-everyday gether with this ensemble and in insepara- life composition was carried out in 2011- ble integrity with is the complex of the Sta- 2012. ble’s yard is the core point of development of During conservation the Stable’s yard re- the whole south-west part of Sviyazhsk. gained its initial image which was distorted In the Soviet times the monastery com- in Soviet times. At present there are work- plex housed services of the Sviyazhsk re- shops and crasmen’s stalls, the café “ e gional psychiatric hospital. Tavern”, a small hotel, the stables and a rid- A complex of scienti c-research, design ing hall in the yard. and manufacturing work on preservation of e complex of public institutions (the treasury, public o ces, the prison, the prison’s household facilities, hospitals, baths) (Uspenskaya Street, 15) he complex of the public institutions with archways with the main entrance located buildings is one of the few monuments strictly in the centre of it, windows are empha- Tconnected with the epoch of ourishing sized by architraves and lintels are accentuated of Russian art of town building which has by castle rocks. Floors of the side parts are di- survived to our days. e brick complex vided by pro led belt surrounding the build- of public oces and the prison castle was ing along its total perimeter. In the end of the built if the rst third of the XIX century. XIX the public oces building also housed the Wide spreading of typical “model” projects treasury and the police department with lock- became the characteristic trait of Russian ups on the rst oor and the regional prison town building of that time. ey were used was located in other buildings. ree build- not only to propose rational and maximum ings in the yard were occupied by the prison budget sample, but also for promoting artistic complex. From 1941 till 1948 all four buildings principles of classicism which were in line with were occupied by the prison of the department tasks of regular planning and development of of the Internal A airs People’s Commissariat towns. e complex of the public institutions (IAPC hereinaer). Aer closing down the in Sviyazhsk was built by a model plan of the prison the building housed the regional pen- public oces with the prison castle for county itentiary boarding-school up till 2009. towns. General repair-conservation work was e plan of the complex represents a closed done in 2010-2011, the water supply, sewage, square formed by two- and one storied build- heat and electricity supply equipment was in- ings, the main facades of which are looking stalled. into their yards. e main façade of the whole At present three buildings of the com- complex form the building of public oces. plex house the permanent exposition of the Architecture of the building is based on princi- museum of history of Sviyazhsk of the state ples of symmetry and classical proportions of historical-architectural and artistic muse- plans, facades and separate elements. Decora- um “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk” (“ e tion is very scarce with minimum details. e town-island of Sviyazhsk” hereinaer) and prison and household buildings are decorated the fourth building is an exposition hall. only by cornices and niches which are rectan- e exposition is dedicated to the history of gular on the yard facades and semi-circular on development of Sviyazhsk from the moment the outside ones. e public oces building of appearance of Mount Kruglaya till the be- looks more representative. e central part of ginning of the XXI century. Special place in it its main façade is emphasized by pilaster side is given to history of appearance and develop-
70 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
ment of Sviyazhsk monasteries and Russian creative work but also to depicture people who Orthodoxy shrines of the town. Sviyazhsk is made their contribution into spiritual, cul- shown as a seat of spiritual hermitage, which tural and physical preservation of Sviyazhsk. was started by St. German – the second arch- Among them are historians, architects, restor- bishop of Kazan, the founder and Father supe- er, art historians, artists and others. rior of the Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery. It was for the rst time that the museum e exposition shows variety of church and of history of Sviyazhsk has been established monastery life of Sviyazhsk. e Assumption, on the island. It is the rst attempt to show Trinity-St. Sergius and John the Baptist mon- with the help of museum means the most asteries are considered as spiritual-religious important stages of evolution of this settle- and social-economic organizations. One of the ment and to represent its heritage through tasks of this part of the exposition is to repre- authentic exhibits and reconstructions. sent not only results of scienti c, museum and Barracks of the engineering corps (Uspenskaya Street, 22) arracks of the engineering corps are liards. Only the carcass of the building with- located opposite the complex of the public out windows and the roof remained aer the Boce building, forming the north side of re in 1981 and it remained like this till 2010. the administrative square of Sviyazhsk. e Aer 1917 the one-storey building housed complex includes two brick houses (one- the village club, which in 1929 passed into storey and two-storey) which are rectangular the administration of the boarding school in their form and their abutting end looks established on the island. From 1937 till onto the street. ey were built in the end of 1953 the club was used for holding festive the XIX century on the site of shabby wooden events of the military guards. Aer the barracks, which housed soldiers of the XIX rs in 1981 the one storey outhouse of the Sviyazhsk brigade of the Kazan military two-storey building again took the role of region. the village club, here village meetings, elec- ey are the element of the town-building tions and fests for the boarding-school chil- knot of Sviyazhsk. e walls of both build- dren were held. When the boarding-school ings are at and without any decoration, they was closed in 2009, the one-storey building are cut by rectangular high windows on their of the barracks of the engineering corps un- longitudinal facades. On the abutting end of derwent conservation. the two-storey building there are rectangular In 2010-2011 the building of the engineer- niches instead of the windows the abutting end ing corps underwent repair and conserva- of the one storey house is blind. e roofs are tion works and the territory. e building inclined and hipped, the cornices are simple, have been adjusted for modern use – the graded and with small projection. Between the one-storey one became a conference-centre oors there is a two-step string cornice. of the museum with two rooms for 60 and e barracks were in jurisdiction of the 12 seats, which are also used as the Sviyazhsk Chief Engineering Department till 1916, and settlement club. e two-storey building was aer the revolution both building were given turned into the fund storage of the state his- to the People’s Commissariat of Education. torical-architectural and artistic museum Aer 1925 the building were given to the lo- “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk”. cal administration. On the rst oor of the In December 2011 the rooms of the muse- two-storey building there were living ats for um fund storage were equipped with special some time and on the second – the movie devices. As of 1 January of 2015, the funds room with a lm booth, the library and bil- of “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk” comprise
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38 144 depository items, 26 801 of them applied art, ethnography and everyday life, comprising the main fund. 84 % of them 4,7 % − document, etc., 11 343 items are the are archaeological objects, 5 % − objects of scienti c- supportive fund. e living house (of Medvedev-Brovkin) with porch with columns (Moskovskaya Street 8/ Embankment of the Shchuka River) he house was built in the XIX century in On the eve of the 100th anniversary the eclectic style with the use of classical since the beginning of this war, it has been Telements. It is a bright architectural landmark planned to organize a Civil War museum in of the crossing of two streets. Sviyazhsk as the site of memory of this san- In 2014 the residents were resettled from the guinary and fratricidal war which became a house and the repair-conservation work start- disaster for Russia and the consequences of ed. Later the building will be turned into the which are still not overcome. Civil War museum, the establishment of which stipulated by the history of the settlement. e complex of the local territorial hospital buildings (Nikolskaya Street, 10, 18; Uspenskaya Street 13, 11) he complex was built in 1875 by the project of furniture and things made of wood and typical for medical facilities. It comprises conservation of things made of metal. Tthe following: two-storey buildings – the main e presence of the conservation work- hospital building, the house for medical sta shops in the structure of the Sviyazhsk mu- accommodation as well as the barn, stone seum as well as the eld laboratory of the one-storey laundry and household services Institute of Archaeology which has huge and a chapel. It is a monument of architecture conservation possibilities and work expe- of specialized functional purpose. e rience, cooperation with the Kazan (Volga) complex was built in the style of eclectics and Federal University make it possible to con- stylizing – stone one-storey houses are built sider Sviyazhsk as a new innovative centre with the use of classical elements. In 1907 it of conservation in Tatarstan and Russia in was reconstructed and in 2014 underwent whole and consider this direction in the conservation. museum work as one of the most promis- e main building of the complex hous- ing. es the centre of prints, conservation work- Other buildings of the complex will house shops of the museum – for conservation of “ e Museum of county medicine”, the paintings, ceramics, leather and paper. In housing perk for museum employees and the future the workshop will be working in the household unit. two other directions - namely conservation Almshouse (Moskovskaya Street, 6). he house was built in the end of the Till 1960-es there was the boarding-school XIX century by a Sviyazhsk second for blind children in it. Since 1968 the house Tguild merchant V.F. Kamenev for the county was run by Tatarstan specialize scienti c- poorhouse. ere is also information that conservation workshop and from 1987 the there was a county hospital in it. e merchant former Almshouse was a part of Tatarstan ran the almshouse till 1912 and aer his death Fine Arts Museum and was used as an oce the house became the town property. Till building for employees of the Sviyazhsk 1924 it was the monastery pilgrims’ house. branch of the museum.
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e building is symmetrical and has two e house is the monument of the civil ar- oors with a small attachment and the en- chitecture of the end of the XIX century with trance from the yard. e low bottom oor rich plastique of the main façade built in clas- is separated from the high second one by sical traditions with elements of modern. actively well-designed string cornice. e A complex of repair-conservation work main facade of the house has the most ex- was carried out in 2010-2011. At present it pressive decoration: vertically it is strength- houses the hotel and cafe of the state histor- ened by lesenes going round the corners of ical-architectural and artistic museum “ e the building and with small decorative col- town-island of Sviyazhsk”. umns above the cornice. e cornice is mul- tifaceted and with a small overhang. e Complex of buildings of the elementary vocational school and the re station (1, 1а Rozhdestvenskaya Square) he complex consists of four di erent size post oce and the neighbourhood primary two-storey buildings connected by a one- health centre. Tstorey passage in the south. It was built in e conservation has been carried out two stages: in the 1870s and in the beginning since 2014. of the XX century. It is a monument of civil One of the buildings of the complex will architecture in eclectic style and with the used house the information-tourist centre of the of classicism decorative elements. In the Soviet museum “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk” period the building housed classrooms of the and the two-storey building will comprise boarding school №1. Currently it houses the the ne arts gallery of the museum. administration of Sviyazhsk, the library, the e building of the Sviyazhsk municipal council archives (Embankment of the Shchuka River, 27) he building was constructed in 1890 – corner of the building. It is a monument of civil beginning of the XX century. e two- architecture with compressed dimensional- Tstorey building represents a massive cube spatial solution in the style of classicism. It is under the roof with four sloping surfaces with used as a living house. powerful counterforce supporting the north e building of the former water tower of Sviyazhsk (Rozhdestvenskiy lane). t was reconstructed in 2014 and t for a hoard of coins of the middle of the XVIII the exposition hall of the museum “ e century as well as nds of the XVI century. Itown-island of Sviyazhsk”. Conservation of e museum is currently responsible this building will make it possible to expand for four archaeological monuments in Svi- the tourist route and in addition to the yazhsk - the ruins of churches of the XVI- exhibition hall itself include the story about XVIII centuries destroyed in 1920-30-es. Rozhdestvenskiy lane − the part of pre-regular Archaeological excavations were carried out planning of Sviyazhsk, where many interesting on the ruins of two of them – the annuncia- nds were made during archaeological tion and St Nicholas and the revealed foun- excavations which accompanied engineering dation underwent conservation e Ruins works, namely the remains of the wine cellar of two other churches –the Nativity cathe- of the beginning of the XIX century and dral and the So a (Tikhvin) church are un- der the ground and look as small hills cov-
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ered with soil. Study of this monuments is is planned to open more than 10 museums included into the future plan of archaeolog- such as: 1. e Museum of Orthodoxy Cul- ical research till 2019 and will be continued ture, 2. e Museum of an artist Gennadiy inasmuch the condition of the opened mon- Arkhireyev who was born by a prisoner of ument will be investigated and the methods the penitentiary colony-5, 3. the Museum of working with these objects will be un- of the County Medicine, 4. the Museum of derstood. e possibility of archaeological river piracy, 5. the Museum of the Sviyazhsk work on opening of the monuments’ ruins, usezd, 6. e Museum of the River, 7. the their conservation with the following mu- Museum of the Civil War in the Volga re- seum cation and inclusion into the tourist gion, 8. the Archaeological Museum, 9. the routes is being considered. Museum of ceramic tiles - the Centre of Re- At present Sviyazhsk has the museum of vival of Sviyazhsk cras and art handicras, history of Sviyazhsk (in three buildings), 10. the Museum of Culture of Peoples of the two exhibition halls, an open exhibition Volga region, 11. the Museum of the county grounds in the museum garden and the chil- reform, etc. dren’s centre “Fairy tale of A.S. Pushkin”. It Archaeological cultural layer of Sviyazhsk viyazhsk is a unique object of archaeolog- and understanding of this place by ancient Sical heritage, the formation of historical and medieval population of this place. and cultural landscape of which went con- ese areas were actively populated in tinuously since ancient times. Intensive pop- medieval times. Development of regional ulation of the region was pre-conditioned by and international trade by river ways gave unique river systems which attracted man by impetus to appearance of the settlements their biological resources. Numerous archae- along river banks. e mouth of the River ological monuments are known in the bot- Sviyaga undoubtedly was an attractive trade tom land adjacent to the island, the earliest of route located on the Transcontinental Great which date back to the Stone Age. Silk and the Great Volga Ways. is is also e unique natural hill located here, the proved by Bolgar settlements of the X−XI place of the future town, also gave this site centuries located near Sviyazhsk. ose ar- special spiritual and sacred meaning and in- eas were actively developed by the Bolgars evitably attracted people. Assigning the di- which is also proved by nds dated by that vine meaning and holiness to unusual natu- period in the town of Sviyazhsk itself and its ral phenomena, to which the Sviyazhsk hill suburbs. By the moment of construction of (alluvium period remains) is undoubtedly a fortress in 1551, the hill and the adjacent related, in the past was a wide spread way territory were already populated by Bol- of explaining their origin. e remains of gar-Tatar and Volga-Finnish ethnicities. settlements prove that the top of the hill was e following development of the town populated for a short period of time. e was the next stage in the history of long and earliest nds are dated by the Late Bronze continuous reclamation of the moth of the Age and Early Iron age (the threshold of the Sviyaga. Starting from the second half of the II−I thousand BC). e later periods are also XVI−XVII centuries, the town was devel- represented by separate nds showing to the oping explosively, which was also re ected insuciently short time of the hill popula- on the intensity of formation of the archae- tion. e mane site of concentration of such ological heritage of the monument. Active artifacts is the territory close to the Assump- reclamation of the suburbs cause the forma- tion monastery that was most probably de- tion of a unique damp cultural layer, which ned by a special meaning in development made it possible to preserve organic things
74 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
– wooden houses, household structures, tute “Spetsprojectrestavratsiya” as there was welfare items, things made of leather, cloth, necessity to investigate the cultural layer and yarn, etc. Archaeological protective- rescue de ne its historical value within the frame- work carried out in the recent years along work of development of the town planning the bank, which is being decomposed, made project. Not any archaeological excavations it possible to reveal numerous constructions were carried out on the island before the of the XVI−XVIII centuries. e researchers studies in 1978-1980 except the archaeolog- manage to reconstruct also the planigraphy ical observation during the conservation of of the medieval town with remains of streets the wooden Trinity church of the ХVI cen- and mansions. e authentic historical arti- tury in the John the Baptist nunnery, which facts found during the excavations can be- were carried out by employees of the Ta- come important exhibits in the museum-re- tarstan SSRD in the middle of the 1970-es. serve which is being established. Especially e research in 1978-1980 was limited by valuable are cultural layers on the territory the method of pitting, making small explor- of monasteries which preserved evidence of atory trenches and cleaning of separate archi- monks’ lives and included necropolis, which tectural objects. Rather regular and wide net- existed since the establishment of those work of such pitting, trenches and cleanings monasteries. spread all over the island made it possible not e period of the XIX-XX centuries is also only to determine the common capacity of an important stage in archaeologization of the cultural layer, but also the sequence and cultural remains. e structure of the town the time of appearance of cultural layers in of Sviyazhak with its monasteries, church- di erent areas. For the rst time the infor- es, public buildings and pavements formed mation on stratigraphy of the archaeological in the XIX − beginning of the XX centuries. cultural layer was obtained. In addition im- e construction of the Kuybyshev reser- portant historical-architectural observations voir became a substantial factor in changing were made concerning the structure of con- the life of the town, turning in to an island struction ensembles of Sviyazhsk and rst of in 1957 and ooding the substantial part of all about the assumption monastery. St.Nich- its suburbs. All these events caused changes olas church of the Assumption monastery in life of the town and the following decay built by Pskov masters in 1555-1556 became of its town life. ey also became a stage of one of the objects of archaeological study appearance of new objects of archaeology, in the town of Sviyazhsk in 1979-1980. Five shortening the process of accumulation of trenche with the width of up to one meter new deposits of the cultural layer. were made on the south and north side of the e beginning of scienti c studies of the church to look for the parts of the church, the territory of the island dates back to 1978- open gallery, the refectory and attachments 1982. e work was organized by the insti- which did not survive.
Years Investigated area (sq. m.) e share of research from the total area of the island (%) 1978-2009 1,500 0.2% 2010 11,600 1.65% 2011 3,500 0.5% 2012 22,000 3.7% 2013 3,700 0.65% 2014 7,300 1.2% Total 49,600 7.9%
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e rst archaeological studies made it Four excavation pits with the total area of possible to conclude that the cultural layer 1,439 sq meters were dug in 2012. e to- on the whole of the elevated part of the town tal area of investigations made about 22,000 was no more that 50-80 cm thick and oen sq meters. In 2013 work was done on three even less. As a rule the upper third on the excavation pits with the total area of 1,578 accumulations was connected to the life of sq meters. e total area of investigations in the town in the XIX−XX centuries. Below 2013 made more than 3,700 sq meters. Five this layer there comes sandy loam grey or excavation pits with the total area of 2,704 brownish cultural layer, which is about 20- meters were dug in 2014. e total investi- 40 cm thick which accumulated in the XVI− gated area made about 7,300 sq meters. XIX centuries. us archaeological research by excava- e 3 meters thick cultural layer, which tions was carried out in Sviyazhsk on the preserved objects made of wood and leath- territory of 15,811 sq meters during 2010- er, was revealed in the lower suburban part 2014 and the total area of research taking of the town. e cultural layer represented into account archaeological observation and strongly humic sandy loam saturated with supervisory work comprised about 49,600 wood splits. As a result of the e ect of the sq meters. is comprises about 8 % fo the Kuybyshev reservoir the bank line of the is- area of the settlement. land was degraded from year to year which Several excavation pits with the total area caused the loss and death of the cultural lay- of 1,000 sq meters were made in the As- er of the XVI−XIX centuries. sumption monastery in resent years. e re- us the main achievement of the re- sults of archaeological studies showed that search in 1978-1980 became the collection there was a cultural layer of the second half of information about the character of accu- of the XVI-XX centuries in the monastery, mulation and the depth of the cultural layer which is up to 2 meters think and rich in all over the island of Sviyazhsk. e so called archaeological artifacts and constructions. “wet cultural layer” was found in the low- It should be noted that the thickness of the er part of the island and the threat of it de- cultural layer increases closer to the brick struction was documented. monastery wall while in the central part of e new stage of regular archaeological the monastery the depth of the cultural layer research of Sviyazhsk is connected with the is about 100 cm. present time. e research of the architectur- A buried treasure of 84 coins of the XVI- al monuments – the Nativity Cathedral, the XVII centuries was found during archaeo- St. Sergius Church, the Archbishop’s house logical observations by the foundation of and also on the territory of the washing out the Brethren’s building in 2010. In 2014 the of the bank in the suburban part of the mon- archaeological pit revealed ruined remains ument - was carried put in 2005-2009. of large stone structures of the second half of Annual planned archaeological excava- the XVII – beginning of the XVIII century. tions are carried out on the island from 2010, Researchers relate them to the lost hospital when 14 pits with the total area of 8,598 sq building of the monastery and the church of m were made. All in all about 11,600 sq me- Elijah the Prophet. Two large medieval con- teres have been investigated. A lot of engi- structions of the end of the XVI – beginning neering networks were laid on the island, of the XVII centuries were found in the same the sites of the infrastructure facilities con- pit, which had kilns in them. According to struction were examined. Six excavation pits the description of the monastery in “ e with the total area of 1,492 sq meters were Scribes’ Book of Sviyazhsk of 1565-1567”, in dug in Sviyazhsk in 2011. e total investi- addition to the stone churches and monks’ gated area comprised about 3,500 sq meters. cells, the monastery had a sucient number
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of household buildings: “the stone smithery, ods of study which raises the quality and re- wooden granaries, an apiary house, the trea- sults of archaeological research. Methods of sury, the treasury cell, the kitchen, the leav- archaeological studies in Sviyazhsk are in line en room, the cellar, the small cellar and the with international standards. e methods ice house with the dryer” which provided used here are historical-archaeological, geo- functioning of the monastery life. Some of physical, chemical-technological, soil-paly- them were found in the excavation pit. nological, anthropogenic, archaezoological, Cultural layers and materials of the set- geoinformational (GIS, 3D simulation). e tlement of the Bronze age were found as use of geophysical methods (geo-radioloca- the result of archaeological excavation in tion), which do not destruct the cultural lay- the Assumption monastery in 2014. ey er make it possible to localize architectural are supposedly related to the Maklasheyev and industrial constructions. Introduction of archaeological culture of the XIII – IX cen- technologies of computer cartography of an turies BC. Traces of the burial place related archaeological object made it possible to x to the Maklasheyev archaeological culture the mass material on the excavation with the were also revealed in 2015 on a land plot be- help of high-precision geodesic equipment. hind the modern territory of the John the e development of systems of managements Baptist monastery. of data bases and geo-information systems Modern archaeological investigations in archaeology opens broad possibilities not aimed at the study of important questions only for de ning the spatial location of ar- of the historical development of Sviyazhsk chaeological nds but also for forecasting of during the XVI−XIX centuries use the whole location of monuments of territories which complex of inter-disciplinary methods based have not been investigated yet. on wide application of non-destructive meth- Town-building-planning structure of Sviyazhsk he important constituent of the Out- middle of the XVI century. e Assumption Tstanding Universal Value of the Assump- monastery is the main element of dynamic tion cathedral is its town-building surround- south-west panoirama of Sviyazhsk the basis ings and its place in the dimensional-spatial of which is comprised by diversi ed location composition of Sviyazhsk. of architectural dominants. e monastery if Planning of Sviyazhsk is the radial-centric in the front row among them with the dom- system of streets of the XVI century which inant of the Assumption cathedral and the underwent several changes when it was reg- bell tower as well as with fan-pattern church- ulated in the rst half of the XIX century. En- es and monastery objects. sembles of two monasteries stand out in the e short perpendicular geometrical axis planning as they x the beginning and the is xed by the complex of the former John end of two geometric axes of the oval form of the Baptist monastery in the south-east. e the island. e X-axis starts from the central monastery is located on the cross-section square of Sviyazhsk in the north-east part of of this axis with the Troitskaya Street - the the island. Here it is compositionally xed by main ancient street of Sviyazhsk. Its direction the parish church of Konstantin and Elena. changed but slightly in the result of adjust- Main civil buildings are located on the square. ments in the beginning of the XIX century. In the south-west part of the island the John the Baptist monastery is the central X-axis is xed by the ensemble of the As- piece of the three-centre spatial composition sumption monastery. In this part of Sviyazhsk formed by a parish church and two monas- the monastery is the centre of the zone, the teries which forms the majestic south-east plan of which remained unchanged from the panorama of the island.
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Picturesquely rectilinear network of streets e archaeological cultural layer of the divides Sviyazhsk into blocks with di erent XVI−XX centuries preserved the town-build- con guration which are rather di erent in ing-planning structure of Sviyazhsk, starting size. e largest of them are located in the from the moment of its appearance till its his- former fortress part while those the smaller torical transformation into its modern state. – on the territory of the former suburbs. e Archaeological excavations reveal directions division into housing estates inside the blocks of pre-adjustment streets, living blocks, ar- is a relic element of the middle of the XVI eas of medieval necropolises by the ruins of century. Modern density of development of the cult objects, mansion development and Sviyazhsk is very low. Two monasteries stand orientation of yard structures. In the upper out as a contrast on the background of this part of the town such structures represent a sparse housing development. system of depressions in the cultural layer. In e complex of the town development of the lower part of the island, in the zone of the Sviyazhsk is a highly artistic integral architec- spreading of the wet cultural layer, the medi- tural-town building ensemble which has pre- eval town housing development of the XVI− served its historically formed outline, scale XVII centuries has survived in the form of and harmony with the natural environment. wooden log structures. ey form complexes e outstanding feature of Sviyazhsk image of yard and mansion housing development of is an astonishing gracefulness of it outline the XVI−XVIII centuries. Being a part of the which is stressed by the re ection of the en- complex of medieval material items, this cul- semble on the water surface. Its dimension- tural layer is an exceptionally important his- al-spatial composition is not distorted by torical source for studying the town culture modern constructions. It is dynamically ap- of the region. Revealed archaeological nds prehended both from land and water ways. illustrate achievements of material culture, As a town-building structure, the historical the well-being of town residents their every- settlement of Sviyazhsk today performs busi- day life and cras, wide trade connections. ness, trade, cultural and educational func- Elements of pre-adjustment planning and tions. It represent spatially organized and spatial connections between visual domi- interconnected areas, which include ensem- nants of the historical ensemble development bles of the Assumption and John the Baptist have been preserved in the planning struc- monasteries, the church in the name of Saints ture of the settlement. tsars Konstantin and Elena, separate histor- During its whole history Sviyazhsk has ical-cultural objects and living houses orga- been in the centre of attention of outstanding nized into a regional structure in the upper historical gures of Russia. As a special shrine part of the island. Living houses are located it was visited by Emperor Peter the Great, in the suburbs. Historical direction and par- Empress Katherine the Great, Emperor Paul tial road pavement of the Moscow road turn- I and his sons Aleksandr and Konstantin, the ing into the historical Siberian tract have sur- future heir of the Russian throne Nikolay II. vived in the zone adjacent to the isolated hill Such outstanding gures of culture and sci- and in the settlement. e ancient planning ence as A.S. Pushkin, A. Humboldt, D. Bed- structure of the town is supported by ruined nyy, L. Raysner and many others also came to archaeological cult objects of the Annuncia- Sviyazhsk. In 1997 the Patriarch of all Russia tion, So a and St. Nicholas churches and the Aleksiy II came to Sviyazhsk, the President cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin. Due to of Russian Federation V.V. Putin and Prime low density of housing development, a sub- Minister of Russia D.A. Medvedev visited the stantial archaeological cultural layer has been town in 2013, and in 2014 UNESCO Direc- preserved on the hill and the lower part of the tor General Irina Bokova came here. island.
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2b. History and development
Main landmarks in the history of Sviyazhsk he history of the Assumption mon- cal nds also prove that settlements existed Tastery is inseparably connected with here up to the middle of the XVI century. the history of the town of Sviyazhsk itself. e fact about how Kruglaya Mountain However, Sviyazhsk, on the contrary to became the sacred place also for Orthodoxy Sergiyev Posad, for example, was found- is told in a legend about numerous miracu- ed not as a monastery settlement but as a lous appearances of St. Sergius of Radonez military fortress, a combat outpost for con- to the Mari-pagans, who lived in the nearby quering the Kazan khanate. Initially it was forests, not long before the Russian troops considered to be a spiritual centre with a came here. is plot is documented in “ e mission to spread Christianity in the east History of Kazan” (“ e History of the Kazan of the Russian state and later became a cra- Khanate”) – a literary-historical work of the dle of Orthodoxy in the conquered region. epoch of metropolitan Ermogen (Hermo- Monks of the Trinity-St. Sergius monastery gen) of Kazan and Sviyazhsk (1589-1606). near Moscow, who came with the army of us, people started to consider Sviyazhsk Ivan the Terrible and founded the Trini- as a sacred place practically simultaneously ty-St. Sergius monastery, which existed till with the foundation of the fortress. 1764 in Sviyazhsk, gave start to this cultur- e rst mentioning of the island of al-civilization process. Currently, the As- Kruglaya Mountain in the chronicles date sumption cathedral, St. Nicholas refectory back to 1524, when the Kazaners defeated church with the bell tower, the St. Sergius the ships’ army of Prince D.F. Paletskiy who Church build of hewn limestone and also miraculously managed to have a narrow es- the only one preserved wooden cult build- cape. e battle spread to the territory of the ing – the Trinity church are bright remind- future town. ers of that time. Aer the 1550 unsuccessful march on Ka- e pre-town period preceded the foun- zan, Ivan the Terrible stopped with his army dation of Sviyazhsk. e unique natu- for rest in the mouth of the Sviyaga River. e ral-geographical location of this territo- tsar came to an opinion that he would not ry in the con uence of the Volga and the be able to conquer Kazan without a strong Sviyaga rivers was favourable for its active backbone close to the khan’s capital. He was development in di erent historical epochs. looking for a suitable place and former Ka- e earliest archaeological nds on the area zan Khan Shakh Ali pointed to Kruglaya adjacent to the Assumption monastery date Mountain, covered with forest, as a place for back to the threshold of the II−I BC. a future town-fortress. e khan’s idea was e rst historical evidence about Krug- supported by the Tsar’s advisors (see Annex. laya (Round) Mountain, which gave rise to Historical Documents, No 1). e wooded the town of Sviyazhsk, dates back to the pe- island strategically favourably rose above the riod of “the Bolgar union of tribes” in the Volga, making possible to control both river VIII−IX centuries. Kruglaya Mountain was and local ways and Kazan itself. oen mentioned as “kara urman” – the black By his order the town walls, two church- forest and “Kara irmen” – the black fortress in es and 380 civil buildings of the future for- Bolgar and Old Tatars legends of the XI−XII tress were chopped down in Uglich forests, centuries. e Bolars and the Suvars – pgans which were 800 kilometers away from the thought Kruglaya Mountain to be sacred and mouth of the Sviyaga River. Marked details performed pagan rituals there. Archaeologi- of the buildings were oated to Kruglaya
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Mountain in spring of 1551. e army of siege of Kazan by Russian troops started in 75,000 soldiers also came here (see Annex. autumn of 1552. Historical Documents, No 2). e con- e churches were being built along with struction of the town began on 24 May, construction of the town: the church of the 1551. Its rst name was Ivan-Town and it Nativity of the Virgin destroyed in 1930s, got the name of Sviyazhsk in late XVI − the wooden the St. Sergius Church recon- early XVII century. structed in stone on the threshold of the In 24 days Russian troops under the com- XVI-XVII centuries, and the Trinity church. mand of khan Shah-Ali, military command- Two last churches became the centre of the ers Y.M. Bulgakov, D.R. Yuryev and I.G. Vi- Trinity-St. Sergius monastery – the Meto- rodkov cleared the territory of 150 hectares chion of the Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra near from the forest, leveled the construction Moscow. site by cutting the top of the mountain and Aer the fall of the Kazan khanate in taking away 30,000 cubic meters of soil and 1552, the administrative management of the built walls with towers (see Annex. Histor- conquered region was territorially divided ical Documents, No 3). Only 16 months between Sviyazhsk and Kazan. e territory passed since the idea of construction of a of the right bank of the Volga was reserved new town to its complete implementation. for Sviyazhsk. e management of this terri- Walls of the town were built from “gorod- tory presupposed also spreading of Russian nyas” – log constructions lled with soil and Orthodoxy among ethnicities which popu- stones. In the walls with the total length of lated it. us the meaning of Sviyazhsk as a 2,250 meters there were 11 towers, 4 gate- very important spiritual centre of the huge houses and 5 gates. Kazan region came to the fore. Building of the Sviyazhsk fortress just for In the most turbulent years of 1550-1580 four weeks was a unique case in history of Sviyazhsk remained the stronghold for the construction of forti cations in Russia. By military contingency demanded for con- the size of protected area the fortress sur- trolling the social and political situation in passed similar constructions of Novgorod, the newly annexed region and for suppress- Pskov and even of the Moscow Kremlin of ing outbursts of discontent. Finally quite that time. soon it turned into a point of concentra- e construction of Sviyazhsk drastically tion of Orthodoxy ideology and culture, as solved the problem of the army dislocation it managed to do much more to introduce and nutrition and thus released it from many peoples of the region to this culture than diculties, which were connected with the Kazan and other town-fortresses, which ap- rst and second marches of Ivan the IV peared later. on Kazan. In addition, built far away from Buildings of administrative and spiritual central populated regions of Moscow Rus, management of the region appeared in the Sviyazhsk became a powerful stronghold in housing development of the town according Kazan Khanate. It strategically limited the to this special functional role. e second access to the Volga for ethnicities, who lived monastery – the Assumption, headed by along the Sviyaga River, and gave the possi- archimandrite German was established si- bility to carry out early development of this multaneously with the establishment of the territory thus ensuring the Russian army Archdiocese in 1555 (see Annex. Historical from any adventures. Documents, No 5). A team of Pskov mas- Gradually Sviyazhsk was exerting the ters - stonemasons was sent to Sviyazhsk by raising pressure on the total policy of Kazan the order of Ivan the Terrible. ey built two rulers, scattering their rows and disorganiz- churches in the Assumption monastery - St. ing their actions long before the deliberated Nicholas church in 1556 and the Assump-
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tion cathedral in 1560. ese remarkable Already in the rst years of its existence, white stone constructions stood out among the Assumption monastery was given a spe- other objects of the wooden town-fortress. cial status. In May 1555, Tsar Ivan the Terri- e town started to look like just a big sub- ble freed from civil court not only archiman- urb of this famous monastery even though drite and “the brethren” but also “monastery it was not and played its independent role. servants” and local peasants. is right of Establishment of the archdiocese was a not being responsible to the civil court was natural continuation of the policy of Mos- con rmed by Tsar Fedor Ivanovich and Tsar cow government. e preserved documents Boris Fedorovich. Moreover, in July 1556, the say that archbishop of Kazan and Sviyazhsk monks and the village deacons were freed Guriy headed the spiritual power in the re- from the court of archbishop’s fathers supe- gion. His main task was to create ideologi- rior and policemen elected from peasants. cal basics of spreading Christianity and new e archimandrite was granted the right to institutes of the Orthodox Church attractive try them by himself to delegate this right to for local Muslim and heathen population. those whom he considered to be t. For the Peculiarities of religious-providence world second time it was stated that the archiman- understanding of people independent of drite could be tried only by the archbishop their confession were also actively used with (see Annex. Historical Documents, No 6). this aim. e ceremonial beauty of church In addition to the monetary and natu- services and Orthodox rites worked for this ral procurement, the monastery was given ideology too. e right of archbishop’s trial substantial country estate which spread to on spiritual matters over temporal people the south and south east from Sviyazhsk and the right to control and counsel military and Kazan and were located on strategical- commanders, freeing non-Christians from ly important directions of the colonization responsibility for a committed crime in case of the region. is provided a quick growth of adoption of Christianity also promoted of population in those places and their eco- reaching this goal (see Annex. Historical nomic development. e number of settle- Documents, No 7, 8, 10). ments and towns on the banks of the Vol- During ten years of German being Fa- ga, the Kama, the Sviyaga, the Vyatka and ther superior, the spiritual traditions of the the Sura started growing gradually. By the monastery were formed, which made it the middle of the XVII century the Sviyazhsk largest missionary centre of the Volga re- Assumption monastery was the largest gions – its regulations were developed and among other monasteries of the regions in the monastery household formed. the number of households with dependent Established by the order of the tsar, con- people. It owned 1 247 households com- structed and maintained on the money from pared to 1 142 owned by all monasteries of the state treasury, the monastery enjoyed Kazan – the monastery of Trans guration of wide state support in its development aimed the Savior, the Zilant and Fedorov monas- at development of territories, missionary teries. On the eve of the reform of 1764 the and enlightening activity (see Annex. His- monastery already owned 7 247 men which torical Documents, No 9, 11, 12). made the half of all men owned by 46 mon- e Assumption monastery personi ed asteries of the archdiocese. By the number the might of the Moscow power. Rights and of the bonds, Sviyazhsk monastery ranked privileges, granted to the monastery, its Fa- XVIII in Russia and15th among monaster- ther superior, brethren, monastery servant ies. us, before the reform of 1764 on sec- and peasants re ected its meaning and high ularization of monastery lands, Sviyazhsk status in political, cultural-spiritual, eco- Assumption monastery was among the 20 nomic and social life of the region. richest monasteries in Russia.
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e production of salt, which was quite Christians it was a sacred place. Its holiness oen accompanied by shing, became of the was related to the very place the town was most pro table sources of revenues of the situated. Here were the relics of the rst Fa- monastery. In 1584 the Sviyazhsk monastery ther superior of the Assumption monastery was given the right to have a ship, which it Saint German, which, according to legends, could use for transporting up to 20 thousand healed many people, the miracle-working stones of salt or sh from Astrakhan and to icon of St. German with part of his relics, the sell it without any taxes in Nizhniy Novgorod. cell of German in the St. Nicholas church It was also permitted to use the earned mon- and his personal belongings. In addition it ey for purchasing food and clothes tax free. was also promoted by the fact that the es- is right was con rmed by all following pecially worshipped in the whole Christian Russian tsar. In 1616 the monastery already world copy of the wonder-working icon of transported from Astrakhan 60 000 stones the Kazan Virgin, which miraculously ap- of salt which it sold without paying any taxes peared in Kazan in 1579, was kept in the in Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Nizhniy Novgorod and Assumption cathedral already in the begin- Moscow. e growth of entrepreneurship ning of the XVII. e cult of worshipping activity of monasteries was also connected the Kazan icon became even stronger in with the fact that the central Moscow gov- Sviyazhsk as one the most important cen- ernment was experiencing serious nancial tres of missionary work in the XVII−XVIII diculties because of “ e Time of Trouble”. centuries. It is also known that the icon of It had to free itself from part of obligations the Kazan Virgin was also in other churches on maintenance of Volga region monasteries of Sviyazhsk: in local tiers of the iconostases thus giving them possibility to develop their of the St. Nicholas refectory church and the entrepreneurship initiatives. Such policy will delubrum from non-Christians by the Ily- nd its continuation already in the XVII cen- inskaya hospital church of the Assumption tury, when with the aim of prevention of the monastery, in the Nativity cathedral. In the revolt of the Sviyazhsk garrison, which was parish St. Nicholas church there was a side dissatis ed by the absence of their allowance, chapel in the name of the Kazan Virgin. e military commanders had to ask the mon- tradition to depict saints Guriy, German and astery administration for nancial help and Barsanuphius with the image of the Kazan they got it. Virgin formed in the XVII century. By the end of the XVI century there were Even aer the city lost its meaning as one ten parish churches and three monasteries in of the main administrative centres of the re- Sviyazhsk: male monasteries of Assumption gion and was falling into decay, the ow of and the Trinity-St. Sergius and the John the pilgrims to shrines of Sviyazhsk remained Baptist nunnery. ose were rst churches high. e veneration of the Sviyazhsk As- and monasteries not just in Sviyazhsk as a sumption monastery, which did not wane military fortress but in all over the former in people during centuries, is related nearly Kazan khanate. at was why when the Ka- exceptionally to the personality of the rst zan Archdiocese was established in 1555, its Father superior of the monastery - German. arch-priests received the name of “Kazan Changes connected to the administra- and Sviyazhsk” which was the expression tive reforms took place in Sviyazhsk in the not only of the new administrative structure XVIII−XIX centuries. In 1708, it became a of the former Kazan khanate but also under- district town of the Kazan guberniya, which lined the role of Sviyazhsk as a new Ortho- comprised former Kazan, Siberian and As- dox, missionary-monastery centre. trakhan khanates and the Nogay Horde. In Gradually Sviyazhsk was turning into the the end of the XIX century there were nine largest pilgrimage centre. For Orthodox guberniyas on this territoryв. In 1719 Svi-
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yazhsk became the centre of one of four houses bunt down then. e former plan- provinces of the Kazan guberniya – Kazan, ning of Sviyazhsk, which had its speci city Sviyazhsk, Penza and Ufa. In its turn Svi- as the planning of the military town, the yazhsk province was divided into districts: town-fortress, ful lled its tasks and was not Sviyazhsk, Cheboksary, Tsivilk, Kozmode- in line with requirements of time. myansk, Kokshay and Tsarevokokshaysk. e plan approved in 1829 proposed to Since 1775 the town of Sviyazhsk was the create a regular, geometrical and correct centre of the Sviyazhsl districts of Kazan enlarged network of blocks from three me- guberniya, which together with Penza and ridional streets and four lateral lanes encir- Saratov guberniyas became part of the Ka- cled by the embankment-boulevard along zan vicariate in 1775. In 1781 the town of the perimeter of the island. Ensembles of Sviyazhsk was the centre of the Sviyazhsk the main town square and monasteries were district of the Kazan vicariate which con- used as pivots of new planning. sisted of 13 districts: Kazan, Spassk, Chisto- During the XIX century the new regular pol, Mamadysh, Tsarevokokshaysk, Tetushi, plan was partially xed by civil buildings – Yadrin, Cheboksary, Sviyazhsk, Tsivilsk, public oces, the barracks of the intermedi- Kozmodemyansk, Laishevo and Arsk. At ate team, the transit prison and the appeared the same time the coat of arms of Sviyazhsk housing development. However, this plan was approved, which re ected peculiarities did not destroy the ancient planning form of the foundation of the city and jobs of its of the town. e main resilient and perma- residents: “On the blue eld there is a wood- nent element of it was the boundaries of the en town on the ships along the Volga and estate of the Assumption monastery. e with sh in that river”. In 1796 the town of whole south-west part of the town occurred Sviyazhsk became the centre of Sviyazhsk in the zone of its in uence: the ancient Sergi- district of the Kazan guberniya, which con- us Street, the Monastery Lane and the closet sisted of 12 districts. Even though the town to it Zhiletskaya Street were conserved in lost part of its economic fame by the end the plan. e transit direction of the ancient of the XIX century, it still was a prominent “Siberia tract” road rejected by the regular trading centre, located on the bustling Volga plan was also preserved. e new Troitskaya trade way. Street practically repeated the route of the Up to the middle of the XVIII century ancient Nativity Street. Only one of four lat- Sviyazhsk maintained its role of the spiritu- eral lanes of the regular plan was implement- al centre with monopolized missionary ac- ed completely. e part of the town suburbs tivity. During this period monasteries were absent on the regular plan continued to ex- building expensively and wooden parish ists within the former boundaries under the churches were replaced by stone ones. e south slope of Kruglaya Mountain. Bound- most ancient of all wooden churches has aries of inter-block estates rigidly xed the survived to out days – the Trinity church. form of ancient planning of Sviyazhsk and Trade and cras developed actively. e it was needed to bring stable elements of suburbs were densely populated and devel- the ancient planning structure in line with oped. e fortress walls which lost their de- forms of the new plan. is was re ected in fence function vanished. the new regular plan of 1896. e extensive A radical re-planning of Sviyazhsk start- town construction continued in Sviyazhsk ed in the end of the XVIII – beginning of in the XIX century. the XIX centuries. e main reason for that e favourable geographical location on was re of 11 May of 1795 which nearly de- the crossing of the Siberia trakt the water- stroyed all north-east part of the town to- ways of the Volga and the Sviyaga, presup- gether with the suburbs. About 140 living posed the diverse life of Sviyazhsk and its
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ourishing during four centuries. e town seventh out of 22 archimandrites to “sign” lived by pilgrimage, di erent cras, trade, the “arming document” of electing Boris fairs, horse-breeding and servicing trans- Godunov to be a tsar. In 1613 Archimandrite portation and inns, growing and processing of Sviyazhsk Korniliy took part in electing agricultural products and horticulture. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to be the tsar. Reforms of Peter the Great and later of In 1728, Archimandrite Gavriil took part in Catherine the Great substantially under- coronation of Emperor Peter II. mined economic activity of the monastery. In the period under consideration the titel It was ranked among the rst class of regular of an archimandrite was not an hounorary monasteries. In the XIX − early XX centuries award for representatives of the monks cler- the monastery retained the role of the region- gy and was closely connected with the status al economic centre which was more powerful of the cloister. Fathers Superior of the most that the economy of the town. Its yearly bud- old, respected and in uencial monasteries get reached up to 7,000 roubles which by 1.5 were archimandrites. And the exception times exceeded the town budget. made for the new monastery in Sviyazhsk, e monastery exercised privileges also which de-facto did not exist when its rst in the sphere of church legislation. It was Father Superior Saint German was elevated considered to be the seventh monastery to the rank of an archimandrite, illustrates by its importance. Archimandrites head- the ideological symbolism of the policy of ed the monastery during the whole of its the tsar and the church, which was actively history while in the number of the similar transmitted into the population and found size monasteries there were hegumen. In its re ection in the sacred space of Svi- the XVII century Sviyazhsk archimandrites yazhsk. were granted the right to serve with epigo- Starting from German, archimandrites of nation which at that time was exceptionally the Assumption monastery of Sviyazhsk be- part of the archdiocese garments. Liturgies longed to the most educated people of their in churches of Sviyazhsk were served with time. ey were marked for administrative sanctifying candles, ripidia and on the car- experience, knowledge of missionery af- pet-eagle which were also considered to be fairs and ability to reach signi cant results attributes of the archdiocese liturgy. in all this. e state power highly appreciat- From the middle of the XVI century the ed work of such archimandrites. ey were status of the Farther Superior of the Assump- soon elevated to the higest hierarchical rank tion monastery was higher than ancient Or- of the Episcopal order (the rank of Met- thodox religious-spiritual structure of the ropolitan) and ran eparchies which were former Russian apanage principalities. e sometimes very vast. bright evidence of that is giving the Farther One of the most eminent archimandrites Superior of the Assumption monastery in of the Sviyazhsk monastery was Dmitriy Sviyazhsk the high status of archimandrite. Sechenov.Having nished the Mosco Slav- Due to their elevated hierarchical position ic-Greek-Latin academy, he occupied the not once did Sviyazhsk archimandrites be- position of a teacher there. In 1732 he took come participants of the most important the vows and from 1738 he as the Sviyazhsk state, political and social events in the histo- monastery archimandrite headed the Com- ry of Russia. On the Council of 1566 called mittee of Newly Baptized1 being actively by Ivan the Terrible, the Archimandrite of involved in missionery activities under su- Sviyazhsk was the fourth to sign “the sen- pervision of the head of the Kazan eparchy tence document” about military march Luka (Konashevich). More than 17 thou- against Poland. On the Council in 1598 Ser- sand people were baptized during his be- gius, the archimandrite of Sviyazhsk was the 1 See about its activity below.
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ing in oce. In 1742 he was appointed the zan Benjamin, later he became the bishop of bishop of Nizhniy Novgorod, in 1752 – that Astrakhan; of Ryazan and from 1755 – the bishop of - Benjamin (Bagryanskiy, 1788-1789), Novgorod. In 1762 during coronation of the studied at the Moscow-Slavic-Greek-Latin Empress Kathrine II, he was elevated to the Academy and the university of Leiden, from rank of the metropolitan. As a representa- 1784 – the rector of the Novgorod divinity tive of the clergy he took part in sessions of school and later – the bishop of Irkutsk and the copmmission established in 1766 for de- Nerchinsk; velopment of the new Code of Laws. During - Silvestr (Lebedinskiy, 1794-1799), the his Novgorod period, he became famous as graduate of the Kiev Ecclesiastical Acade- a preacher-essay-writer. my, the teacher of the Kharkov collegium, Aer Dmitriy Sechenov the position of rector of the Astrakhan divinity school. In the Sviyazhsk monastery archimandrite 1797 Silvestr became the head of the Kazan was occupied by Silvestr (Stefan Glovats- Ecclesiastial Academy and later became the kiy, 1742–17492). Having profoundly stud- bishop of Poltava and Pereyaslavl, the bish- ied not only classical languages but also op of Astrakhan and the Caucasus. poetry, eloquence and theology in the Kiev In 1799 the su ragancy was established by Academy, he was sent to the Kazan divinity the Kazan archbishop’s chair. Fathers Superi- school where he taught eloquence. Being a or of the Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery talented teacher, he soon became the rector got the name of “bishops of Sviyazhsk, cu- of the school. In 1742 Silvest continued mis- rates of Kazan”. e rst curate was Kseno- sionary a airs with which he got aquainted font (Troyepolskiy, 1799-1800), the graduate earlier when he helped Dmitriy Sechenov. of the Orlov divinity school, since 1798 – Fa- For his achievements in the missionary af- ther Superior of the Trans guration of Christ fairs – more than 217 thousand people were monastery in the Kazan Kremlin, professor baptized during his being in oce – Silvestr and the rector of the Kazan Ecclesiastical was appointed the Metropolitan of Tobolsk. Academy and later – the bishop of Vladimir, His missionary activities became broader as the bishop of Kamenets-Podolskiy. many pagans (the Ostyaks, the Volguls) and e second curate Justinian (Vishnevskiy, Tatar Muslims lived in the Tobolsk region. 1800-1801) worked as a teache of the Ryazan e following people also were among divinity school aer nishing it. In 1783 af- Fathers Superior of the Assumption monas- ter taking the vows worked as a sta of the tery: embassy Russian churches in Venice and - Jerome (Farmakovskiy, 1767-1770), the Viena and in 1799 became the archiman- graduate of the Kazan divinity school, its drite of the Volokolamsk monastery and the teache and rector, later appointed the bishop Iversk monastery in Novgorod. In 1802 he of Vladimir and Murom; was appointed the eparch to the Perm ep- - Platon (Lyubarskiy, 1785-1788), the archy where he became famous as an edu- graduate of the Kazan divinity school, cated and active manager and promoted the teacher of the Vyatka divinity school, el- development of educational and upbringing evated to the rank of the archimandrite of processes in the local divinity school. Trans guration of Christ monastery in the Later the Sviyazhsk su ragancy was Kazan Kremlin and the rector of the Kazan abolished but this did not stop the tradi- divinity school by the Metropolitan of Ka- tion of eparchs being Farthers Superior of the monastery. In the XIX – beginning of 2 e years of being Farther Superior of the the XX centuries the monastery was run Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery are given by Metropolitans: the former eparch of Ka- hereinaer.
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zan Vladimir (Uzhinskiy, 1848-1856)3, the 1865 studied at the St Petersburg Ecclesi- former metropolitan of Tobolsk Yevlampiy astical Academy. en he moved to the Za- (Pyatnitskiy, 1856-1862), the former bishop baykalsk mission. In 1875 he took the mo- of Khersoness Innokentiy (Solotchin 1906- nastic vows. In 1880 he was moved to the 1909), the former bishop of Sarapul and Altay mission, sonce 1899 – the bishop of Yelabuga Ambrose (Gurko, 1917-1918, one Priamurye and then of Khersoness. of the rt new martyrs of the Kazan region, Among Fathers Superior of the Assump- canonized in 1999). tion monastery there were graduates of the us quite oen for the Father Superior of most famous educational institutions of the the Sviazhsk Assumption monastery the mis- country: the Kiev Ecclesiastical Academy, sionery service which started in Sviyazhsk, the Moscow-Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, continued in other regions where a substan- the Kazan divinity school and Ecclesiasti- tial number of heathens lived, for example in cal Academy and others. Before becoming the neighbouring Vyatka, Perm, Penza and Fahters Superior of the monastery, some of Astrakhan regions or remote such as Irkuts them were teachers and rectors of divinity and Tobolsk. ere also was a reverse process, schools and ecclesiastical academies, took when the Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery direct part in the process of training the cler- was headed by a Fahter Superio who was ex- gy including those for missionery activities. perienced in missionaery a airs.For exam- Kazan educational institutions – both secular ple, there is oinformation abouit a graduate and religious – had special merit in that. of the Kazan divinity school who became a ree large periods are clearly seen in novice of the Sviyazhsk monastery. Here he history of missionery poliry of the Russian started and ended his missionery-enlightment state and its implementation in the Volga way. In 1857 he took the monastic vows un- region: 1). the middle of the XVI – end of der the name of Benjamin and was appointed the XVII cc. 2) 1701 – the end of the XVIII the monastery provisor. Since 1863 he was in c.3) XIX – the beginning of the XXc. During the Zabaykalsk spiritual mission and ran the each of them the Assumption monastery Selenga Trinity monastery. In 1868 he became maintained its meaning of a large enlight- the head of the Zabaykalsk mission and the ment-missionery centre. Trans guration of Christ monastery by the embassy; in 1869 he headed the Ascension monastery in Irkutsk; in 1870 he was elevat- ed into the rank of the archimandrite; from 1883 to 1899 he was Farther Superior of the Svoyazhsk Assumption monastery. He died in 1902. Another Fahter Superior of the Assump- tion Monastery the Eminent Innocent (So- lotchin, 1906-1909) dedicated large part of his life to missionery a airs in Siberia. He was born in Tomsk eparchy. He studied in Tomsk divinity school and from 1863 till 3 Archbishop Vladimir (Uzhinskiy) left 4 vol- umes of handwritten letters of dogmatic-polemic content, which addressed the believers, and after his death were stored in the library of the Assumption monastery.
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e rst period. e middle of the XVI – the end of the XVII cc. his period was characterized by the German, a library was formed in the mon- appearance of new monasteries in the astery and this was mainly due to German TVolga-Urals region, the growth of their land himself. According to “ e scribes’ book” estates and establishment of schools in them. of 1565–1567 the library of the monastery One of such schools was established by the rst comprised up to 150 books of service and Father Superior of the Sviyazshak Assumption patristic literature. It was especially noted Cathedral German. Children of heathens and that among them there were books and let- Muslims were taught there under supervision ters of German himself and printed books of experienced monks. e importance of this as well. e monastery registry of 1613 list- school grew with the growth of number of ed 267 books. Such books as “ e service of newly baptized, who lived in the monastery, three Kazan saints and wonderworkers and according to the errand given by Tsar Ivan the life of St. German with miracles”, the col- Terrible to Sait Guriy: “ ose Tatar who will lections of preaching of Simeon of Polotsk want to be baptized by their own will should “Dinner of soul” (1682), “Emotional Ves- be baptized and the best of them kept in the per” (1683), the sermon to St. Dmitriy of eparch. And the other should be distributed Rostov (1759), “ e spiritual sword” printed among monasteries”. in Kiev (1673), e prison Bible (1673) and Contrary to the missionary practice of others came to the monastery library in the the following centuries, during Sait German XVIII century. By the beginning of the ХХ baptizing was not considered as a formal century the monastery library comprised up act. Befor being baptized, people stayed in to 2 200 books. Today part of books from monasteries with full supply, took part in this library is kept in the funds of the muse- services and passed catechesis. um-reserve “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk”. Sait German purchased books for the Possessing such means, the Assumption monastery library with the same educational monastery continued its missionery task objective. According to “ e scribes’ book” during the following Fathers Superior. In of 1565–1567 the library of the monastery 1659 the Metropolitan of Kazan Lavrentiy comprised up to 150 books of service and wrote to the tsar Aleksey Mikhaylovich that patristic literature collected by Saint Ger- coming to Sviyazhsk he collects and teaches man and given by the tsar. Since the time of the Holy Scriptures both to the Orthodoxy the rst Father superior of the cloister, St. and the heathens of his eparchy. e second period. 1701 – the end of the XVIII c. he XVIII century was a period of ree interrelated stages are signled out in transition from the policy of voluntarily the process of the forsmtion of missionery pol- TChristianization of heathens and Muslims, icy of the Russian state in the XVIII century founded already by Saint Guriy and Saint and its implementation in the Volga region. German, to radical, massive christianization. e I stage – 1701–1740. e religious poli- e Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery found cy of Peter I and Anna Ioannovna was charac- itself in the centre of this ambiguous policy, terized by sti ening the missionery Orthodox the main proxy of which was the bishop policy in relation to non-Christians in the Vol- Luka (Konashevich), the graduate of the ga region and rst of all the Christianization of Kiev Ecclesiastical Academy. Aggravation the Muslims. During the reign of Peter I there of relations between the Orthodoxy and the happened the gradual transition to the policy Muslims resulted in discharge from oce of of coercion and encouragement for adoption Luka and moving him to another eparchy. of Christianity and of maintaining the hea- thens in the new faith. Schools for newly bap-
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tized were opened which gave mainly religious later become archimandrites of the Sviyazhsk education. e government considered the Assumption monastery (1742-1749 and 1750- enlightment measures to be a tool of strength- 1767 accordingly). ening missionary activities and soliciting the In September 1740 by the decree of the Em- heathens to them. e missionery policy of the press Anna Ioanovna, the hieromonk Dimitriy rule of Anna Ioannovna was less radical and was not only elevated to the rank of an archi- more diverse. Its organisers formed prereq- mandrite of the Sviyazhsk monastery but was uisites for carrying out massive Christianiza- also appointed the head of the newly baptized tion of non-Christians. e government took a airs in Kazan, Nizhniiy Novgorod, Astra- question of displacement. And separate living khsn and Voronezh gubernias for his zealous of baptized and non-baptized, relaying the per work in “bringing the heathens into Christian capita tax on the non-baptized and training the faith and teaching them the heaven-sent way”. clergy from the heathens under its control. In us small Sviyazhsk became the centre of the total all these novelties increased the e- missionery activity for the most part of Russian ciency of the missionery activity. Empire and Eurasia. ere were heathens-Mari In 1731 the central department of the and Chuvashs living near Sviyazhsk and the Commission on Newly Baptized under the favourable location of the island-town served supervision of the archimandrite of the mon- active sp[reading of Christianity in the region. astery Aleksiy (of Raifa) was established by II stage – 1741–1761 гг. – was the peak of the Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery, from forced Christianization of non-Russian peo- 1738 г. – the Committee of Newly Baptized ples. e governmental missionery policy was A airs which existed till 1764. Its competen- complex in its character. All economic, nan- cy spread even outside the Kazan eparchy cial, social, organizational, admisitrative and during certain periods. In 1732 Farther Su- legislative levers of in uence and resources perior of the monastery Aleksiy submitted to were used for its implementation. Measures the Synod a project of establishment of the were taken on protection and displacement of missionery activities which included also newly baptized and non-Christians as well as organizing a school by the monastery fro 20 clergy were taught in the school for newly bap- newly baptized children to teach them Or- tized which played an important role in provi- thodox faith and Russian langugae. sion of achieved results in missionary activity Aer Luka (Konashevicj) was appointed the among non-Russian population in the Volga head of the eparchy, the work of the Commit- region. tee of Newly Baptized became more active. On Interests of the Russian government and 4 December 1738 the future metropolitan of the church coincided in questions of baptiz- the capital and the then hieromonk and rector ing non-Christians and they worked together. of the Kazan divinity school Dimitry (Seche- e state undertook the complete provision of nov) was ordered to “have the department of material and administrative acpects of the mis- the newly baptized a airs in the Kazan epar- sionary activity, living the preaching of Chris- chy and to sit in the Sviyazhsk Assumption tianity, the process of adoption of Russian faith Monastery where he will be its head”. In ddi- by non-Russians and also supervision of how tion to Luka there were several graduates of the the newly baptized kept the rituals and were not Kiev Ecclesiastical Academy in Kazan: Silvestr oppressed by non-baptized and local admisni- (Glovatskiy), Benjamin (Putsek-Grigorovich), tration under the authority of the Committee Yevmeniy (Skalonskiy) who worked in the Ka- of Newly Baptized. During missionary activity zan divinity school. ey became members of opf the Committee mosques were destroyed, the Committee of Newly Baptized as aids to Muslim schools were closed, the non-chris- its head – Father Superior of the monastery. tians who refused to be baptized were forced to Two of them – Silvestr and Yevmeniy would move away from their native land.
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is stage of the massive Christianization on keeping the newly converts in the Orthodox de ned the characteristic traits of the mission- face, on the one side, and on the other start- ary policy of the state in the Volga region. Its ed taking steps on recognition of Islam. Aer main constituents were adoption and follow- having been a hounded religion for a long pe- ing the laws concerning the spiritual-religious riod of time, Islam got ocial; recognition and sphere, measures on displacement of the newly the status of a tolerant confession. e follow- baptized, the system of coercion and encour- ing important events took place in the period agement to adopting the Orthodoxy and the under consideration: the closure of the Com- religious education of newly baptized. mittee of Newly Baptized in Sviyazhsk (1764.), e establishment of a big number of participation of Muslim representatives in the schools for newly baptized for prepresentatives Comission on the Code (1767-1768), passing of non-Russians, including the one in the Svi- of the decree of the religious tolerance (1773), yazhsk Assumption monastery, can be consid- establishment of the Orenburg spiritual assem- ered a special merit in work of the Committee bly (1788-1889) and termination of work of of Newly Baptized. In 1745 two schools fro 50 Orthodox clergy among Muslims (1788.). e students each were established “for teaching establoshment of the Spiritual Board on Mus- Slavic-Russian literacy” and “the stone build- lim of Internal Russia had special importance ings were given to those schools”. On the re- as it was objectively necessary both for the quirement of archimandrite Yevmeniy the Muslims who acknowledged only the religious graduates of the Kazan divinity school who power and for the autocracy which unsusc- knew other languages were invited as teachers cessfully tried to control the Muslim commu- to the school for newly baptized by the monas- nity of Russia and manage it for centuries. e tery for improvement the quality of teaching. establishment of the Spiritual Board meant ac- Every year the Committee of Newly Bap- knoqledgement of Islam and transition of the tized was allocated a handsone sum of money secular power to the policy of cooperation and on missionery activities – 10 thousand roubles interaction with the world of Islam in its own which were spent on salaries of the memebrs country. and employees of the Copmmittee as well as In the whole the evolution and transfor- those people who adopted Orthodoxy. About mation of the religious polity in relation to 192, 606 people were baptized during the pe- non-Christianity and non-Christians in the riod of missionary activity of the Committee Volga-Urals region were de ned by the de- of Newly Baptized from 1748 till 1760. For the amnds of the new time, by Russian social-cul- whole time of the existence of the Committee tural realia and perculiarities of ethnic-cultural by the Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery 406, and confessional interaction. 792 people from di erent heathen nationalities Among children who were taught in the and Muslims. Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery was father e reverse of these numbers is hundreds of Ioakinf (Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin, 1777- destroyed mosques, dozens of displaced Mus- 1853) – Orientalist, sinologist, the founder of lim settlements (“Kryashens” (newly baptized the dometic China studies, Demidov’s award Tatars) were displaced to separate villages). winner (1834, 1837, 1842, 1849), correspond- is caused the growth of inter-national and ing memner of the Russian Academy of Sci- inter-cofessional tension. In 1755 the bishop ences (1828), acting member of the Asian Soci- Luka was moved to Belgorod eparchy. e ety in Paris (1831), honorary librarian of the St missionary activity started declining. Petersburg Public Library (1829). He originat- III stage – 1762 – the end of the XVIII centu- ed from a family of a priest. In 1786 he joined ry. When the process of massive Christianiza- the school of church singing in the Sviyazhsk tion of the non-Christians logically came to its Assumption monastery. From 1787 to 1799 he end, the administration started putting a focus studied in the Kazan divinity school. In 1800
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he took vows and in 1802 was elevated to the and Astrakhan – Tatar languages; in Irkutsk - rank of archimandrite. From 1807 to 1821 he Mongolian, in Saratov - Kalmyk, in Ti is – Ta- was the head of the Nonth spiritual mission in tar and Ossetic and so on. Beijing. From 1826 he served in the depart- In addition by the decree of Kathrine the ment of Asia in the Foreigh Ministry. During Great a class of Tatar language was organized his lifetime he published 16 books in 20 vol- since 1769 in the Kazan rsl provincial gym- umes on history, geography, economics, eth- nasiumwhcih was established in 1758. Later nography, culture and language of peoples of they also taught other Oriental language here: China, Tibet, Mongolia and Central Asia. He Arabic and Persian, Mongolian, Turkish-Tatar, was the rst to nd and translate into Russian Chinese, Armenian, Manchuko. is was the a number of the very important Chinese clas- advantage and the main di erence of the Ka- sical works (“Ssu shu” and others.) the rst of zan gymnasium from the othbers. It was the Russian sinologist moved from studying Qin base for preparing students-Orientalists fro the Empire (1644-1911) on the basis of Manchu- university. Both educational institutions mutu- kuo sources to the research of China and its ally supplemented each other and were closely neighbouring countries in all diversity of their interrelated. In the rst half of the XIX centu- interaction in the past and present. e contri- ry, the Kazan gymnasium becamed the main bution of N.Y. Bichurin into the domestic and secondary educational institution in Orien- world science is signi cant and multi-faceted. tal studies in Russia. Among its graduates are Sviyazhsk and Kazan became the rst mile- teachers of oriental languages for comprehen- stones in life of this famous Orientalist and sive schools of the empire, interpreters for oc- missionary. es of the department of management of eastern One of the important components of train- parts of Russian Empire, great scientists. Stu- ing missionaries was study and teaching of dents who got education there brought fame Oriental languages – Arabic, Tatar, Kalmyk, to our Motherland serving it in civil, military Mongolian and Finn-Ugric. and public spheres. e gymnasium became Study of Oriental languages of peoples of the cradle of the Kazan university which was Russia followed practical interests and served established on its basis. Both this educational the needs of internal political and social-cul- institutions trained public ocers for the Vol- tural activity of the autocracy. Because to con- ga-Urals region taking into consideration local quer the eastern outskirts of Russian Empire” peculiarities. conquer them ideologically” by attracting peo- It cannot be ruled out that the epoch when ple living there to fold of the Orthodox church. the Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery became Orthodox missionaries, who had special train- the centre of missionary activity in Kazan, As- ing in specialized educational institutions for trakhan, Nizhniy Novgorod and Voronezh mastering language and getting acquainted eparchies due to the activity of the Commit- with life and traditions of their future supervis- tee of Newly Baptized became the time which ees, undertook the solution of this task. witnessed reconstruction of the Assumption Ocial teaching of Oriental languages and cathedral which decorated it with Baroque ele- subjects in divinity schools of Russia began in ments. ey could have been made during the the middle of the XVIII – rst half of the XIX time when Yevmeniy (Skalonskiy) was Father cc. In 1770–1830-es Oriental languages were Superior in 1750-1767. It was also the time of included into curricula of divinity schools: in reconstruction of the main cathedral of the Ka- Nozhniiy Novgorod – Tatar, Mordva, Chuvash zan eparchy – the Annunciation. and Cheremiss languages; in Kazan, Tobolsk
90 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
e third period. e XIX – the beginning of the XX c. t is characterized by the domination of which developed in Oriental centres of Rus- enlightment direction in the development sia in the second half of the XIX century. Iof the Orthodox missiponary activity. Study of history and culture of peoples of In the XIX – beginning of the XX centu- the Muslim world was focused on the follow- ries Kazan became the ocial centre of the ing main directions: writing and publishing Empire in implementation of practice and educational programs, manuals, texbooks, ideology of the Orthodox missionary activi- anthologies and dictionaries; packaging ty and Russi cation of peoples of the Volga, arrangement of the fund of Oriental man- Urals and Siberia regions. e establishment uscripts and books; collection, studies and of the university in 1804 as an administra- publication of written and material Oriental tivr, scienti c-methodical and educational monumnets and sources; translation of Ori- centre of the vast Kazan region gave rise to ental writers; scienti c trips to the Muslim the Kazan Oriental studies. East; original linguistic, historical, cultural, e development of the Oriental studies natural-geographical, archaeological and in the Kazan University in the XIX – begin- ethnographical publications and etc. ese ning of the ХХ centuries was based on fore- scienti c directions were represented in ing political, trade-economic and scientif- educational and research work of chairs of ic-cultural relations of Russia with Oriental the department of Oriental philology – Ar- countries, the large-scale tasks of social and abic-Persian, Turkic-Tatar and Armenian cultural reclamation of the east of Russia, languages. Scienti c-research and scien- European Oriental education and science ti c-teaching activity of represntatives of and especially on original national scienti c the Kazan school of Oriental Studies was schools and cultures of peoples of the east of remarkable for its diversity, close relations the Russian Empire. with a number of similar subjects and Ori- In the rst half of the XIX century the de- entalists from other centres of scienti c partment of the Oriental language studies Oriental studies. Till the middle of the XIX of the Kazan University became the educa- century most of teachers and scientists-Ori- tional and scienti c centre of studying his- entalists of the university were graduades tory and culture of peoples on the Muslim of the department of Oriental philology. By east. is period is connected with the rise their works the rst generation of domestic and development of such scienti c subjects Orientalists of Kazan formed a solid scien- as Turkology, Iranian studies, Arabic stud- ti c base of Oriental studies in Russia. ies and Islam studies. Countries of the for- University Oriental studies in Kazan oc- eigh Muslim world – the Ottoman Empire, cupy an important place in the history of Persia, Arabic East and region of tradition- domestic and work Oriental studies of the al spreading of Islam of the Russia Empire XIX-XX centuries. Teaching the Oriental (Volga and Ural regions, the Caucasus and languages and scienti c research in the uni- Central Asia and the Crimea) became the versity and other educational amnd scien- subject of studies in works and articls of the ti c centres of Kazan are the phenomenon Kazan Orientalists – H.D. Fren, I. Khal n, of domestic culture and science. Scientif- F.I.Erdman, A.K. Kazem-Bek, S.I. Nazary- ic, teaching and enlightmnet role of Kazan ants, I.N. Berezin, V.F. Dittel, I.F. Gotvald Orientalists promoted further developemtn and others. Teaching and study of Muslim of the Oriental studies as an important do- languages was inseparable from scienti c mestic humanitarian education and science. reaseach of life, history and culture of peo- eir works still are a very important source ples of the Muslim and Christian East. eir of scienti c research and history of Russia works formed certain scienti c traditions and world Oriental studies. e department
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of Oriental philology of the university in sian. ere you will meet some man who Kazan gve rise to systematic and complex will be able to give you necessary explana- Oeiental studies education in Russia. e tions in Russian. e head of the Sviyazhsk university Oriental studies educarion and school the custode Platon Maksimovish is science about the East in Russia in the XIX- my acquaintance. He will orer some of his beginning of the ХХ centuries became the sudents ot teachers to talk to you and teach basis and form of development of science you…” In the schools founded on the N.I. about Orient and the whole social-political Ilminskiy system, the education was in the and cultural activity in all spheres on society native language of students, they gradual- and the state. ly studied Russian and already in the third By the beginning of the XX century the year theu could continue their education Kazan divinity school became the largest ni Russian. ey passed an exam either to centre of missionary Oriental studies in get the title of a teacher of before ordain- Russia. ere was practically no such broad ment into the clergy rank. us, in the Svi- teaching of Oriental languages and Oriental yazhsk school some of Ilminskiy’s students subjects in other Russian Orthodox educa- had language practice and prepared to pass tional spiritiaul institutions of the Empire in their exams. the second half of the XIX – beginning of the e appearance of a number of Orien- XX centuries. Kazan Orientalists – mission- talists and educators, who were Germans, aries closely interacted with Orthodox com- Poles, azeri, Arabs, Tatars, Russians, Arme- munities and missions – the Altay spiritual nians, Buryats and other nationalities, in mission (established in 1828.), e Society Russia in the end of the XVIII – XIX centu- of Restoration of Orthodox Christianity in ries happened to be the long-felt need of the the Caucasus (1829), the Emperor’s Ortho- humanitarian science itself and formation dox Palestinian Society (1882) and others. of social-cultural community in Russia. is e missionary activity continued in Svi- mostly explains the phenomenon of Russian yazhsk in the XIX century. is is proved Oriental studies centres of the XIX – XX by the correspondence of N.I. Ilmins- centuries. In Russia, which is closely inter- kiy (1822–1891) – one of the initiators of woven with West Asian, SouthAsian and opening the missionary department of the East Asian cultural and geographic range Kazan Ecclesiastical academy, an outstand- and comprises complex conglomerates of ing Orientalist, enterpretor and teacher. He religions, di erent traditions and customs, managed to achieve the support of eminent the scientists and practices in Oriental stud- state leaders and ebenefactors and estab- ies synthesized historical-cultural interac- lished and network of missionary schools tion of Russia-East-and West. for children of nationalistied of the Ka- Kazan missionary Orintal studies played zan region. In his letter on 19 March 187 a signi cant role in implementation of the to his student, who originated from the imperial ideology and practice among peo- Kryashens, and the future priest Jacob Ye- ples of the Volgam Urals regions, Siberia melyanov he wrote in Tatar language: “… and Central Asia. Main trends of Orien- come to Kazan in May. From here I will tal missionary activities and its religious send you to Sviyazhsk; the archimandrite and enlightment tasks were clearly seen and protopope there will help you. You will in Kazan in the XVIII – beginning of the stay there and continuously speak Russian XX centuries. Chritiznization and spiritu- and not speak Tatar. us in three months al assimipaltion of eastern nationalities of you will learn to speak Russian very well. the Russian empire were the main tasks of Your tongue will start moving well. At the the Orthodox missionaries and in Kazan a same time you will learn to write in Rus- prominent place was given to training mis-
92 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
sionaries who knew languages, everyday (1630s) who claimed to me metropolitan life and beliefs of Turkic, Finnish-Ugric of Metamorfosis, was kept here. e metro- and other ethnoses. In the whole, the Ka- politan of Kolomna Ignatiy Smola, who fell zan missionary Oriental studies vecame a in disgrace and was deprived of his rank for kind of scienti c base of the colonial policy sympathy for former tsarina Evdokiya and of the Russian empire. Missionary Oriental tsarevich Aleksey during the Biron rule, studies in Kazan formed a social institute lived here as a simple monk. closely connected with the Orhodox church e educational and missionary role of of Russia, and at the same time collected a the Assumption monastery is also great. signi cant scienti c knowledge about east- In the XIX century the monastery pre- ern nationalities of Russia. By the begin- served ints ancient spiritual heritage both in ning of the XX century Kazan had a sub- the form of architecture, wall paintings and stantial experience in missionary activity iconc, and in the form of traditions of her- and in training missionaries-Orientalists, mitage. and the Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery On the threshold of the XIX−XX centuries played its important role in its formation. Sviyazhsk gradually lost its importance as Sviyazhsk remained one of eparchy ce- the administrative-trade centre of Sviyazhsk mters of the Orthodox education. e Svi- uezd. It became especially noticeable aer yazhsk divinity school founded by Saint opening railway trac on the railway laid Filaret (Am teatrov) and moved to Kazan in in 10-12 kilometres from Sviyazjsk in 1893. 1854 worked in the Father Superior’s build- e most part of town functions as a trans- ing of the Assumption monastery in 1829- port, cargo and passengers centre passed to 1854. Since 1899 there was a school for 30 the railway station Sviyazhsk and that im- children, mainly Chuvash, in the monastery. mediately resulted in decrease of cras re- us for centuries Sviyazhsk continued to lated to the service of roads and passengers. remain the important missionary centre of e last big construction in Sviyazhsk was the Kazan region. the cathedral in the name of the Icon of All e Assumption monastery as many who Sorrow (1906). e formation of the ar- other Russian monasteries ful lled also so- chitectural image of Sviyazhsk was complet- cial-charity functions. It used its money for ed with its erection. care of war veterans, retired soldiers, men- By the beginning of the XX century the tally-challenged and supported orphans population of Sviyazhsk was 3 000 people. and the poor. In the Time of Trouble the In 1917 the town had its coat of arms, reg- monastery gave away all reserve of its bread ulations and the treasury. Town self-gov- (66,430 stones) and salt to soldiers, to no- ernment bodies – the town duma and a blemen from the suburbs and newly bap- municipal council headed by the mayor. tized. e monastery also responded to the ere were 70 big and small shops in Svi- state needs. During Peter the Great it gave yazhsk, more than 30 inns and home can- silver to the coin minting yard, contributed teens, paved street were lit by 80 kerosene money on the navy equipment, for example lights. e monasteries located in Sviyazhsk on the construction of a 26-cannon bark on remained large pilgrimage, missionary and the dockyards in Voronezh. During the Pa- education centre: the Assumption monas- triotic War of 1812 the monastery donated 9 tery (more than 90 monks) and John the stones of silver on military purposes. Baptist nunnery (about 400 nuns), ere e monastery was also the place of ex- were 12 churches in the town. ile. In the Time of Trouble a famous gure In the years of the Civil war Sviyazhsk Avraamiy Palitsyn was exiled here (died again played an important role in the “strug- 1626). e disgraced Greek Neophytus gle” for the Volga and rst of all for the con-
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trol over the railway station Sviyazhsk. In cal department in Kazan opened the cas- August and September 1918 Sviyazhsk was ket with relics of St. German. In 1923-1924 the most important operational centre in monasteries and churches were closed. e suppression of the White Czechs revolt and decay of the town began. internal counter-revolution in the Middle e Sviyazhsk museum by the canton di- Volga region. Trains and ships with units vision of public education was opened in the of the Red Army came here, the 5th army building of the Sviyazhsk Assumption Ca- was formed and the Volga eet headed by thedral in May 1924. e museum has two the commander F.F. Raskolnikov was pulled departments – the natural-scienti c and in here. Furious ghting took place on Svi- church-arts. e latter exhibited 33 pieces of yazhsk fringes in the beginning of Septem- church plates. ber. Units of People’s Army of the Committee In 1932 Sviyazhsk was excluded from the of the Constituent Assembly representative number of towns and became a settlement. and white Czechs were inged back and Since the end of the 1920-es Sviyazhsk defeated. On 10 September joined forces of was the place of isolation of prisoners. e the 5th army and the Volga eet freed Ka- corrective labour colony for troubled teen- zan. e People’s Commissar in military and agers (the commune since 1929) was locat- navy matters of the Soviet Russia L.D. Trots- ed in the former Assumption monastery in kiy carried out the rst decimation in the 1928-1933. e carpentry, plumbing, black- Red Army – every tenth prisoner was shot. smith and footwear workshops and the ini- Blocking detachments were also organized tial school for three forms were organized here. e physical destruction of clergy be- for them. By 1930 there were 107 teenagers gan in this period: Father superior of the from 10 to 16 years old. Some teenagers Assumption monastery Amvrosiy and the have already been to prison. About 28 em- priest of the So a church father Konstan- ployees, teachers and housemasters worked tin (Dalmatov) were killed. e opening of in the commune. In 1936 it was used for the monument to Judas Iscariot - “the rst organizing of corrective-labour colony in revolutionary protestant” - by L.D. Trots- its premises (colony № 11, then № 8, № 5). kiy in Sviyazhsk became the manifestation Main part of prisoners was sentenced by the of policy of aggressive atheism. One of the article 58-10 of the Criminal Code of the rst prisons for political convicts was also USSR. e rst consignments to jail were opened here. brought here from Belarus. Since 1937 con- In summer and autumn of 1919 the First victs started planned production of stools, and the Second archaeological expeditions tables, vegetables baskets, etc. e limit of studied monuments of art of building in convicts for a colony was xed (350 people) Kazan as well as monuments of the an- and two zones organized - 0 for men and cient town of Bolgar and Sviyazhsk. eir for women. Conditions here were horrible condition demanded immediate interfer- and according to unveri ed information ence and that was why the administration several thousands of prisoners died here of the department on museum matter and during the years of existence of the zone. protection of monuments of the People’s Aer the decree on mass amnesty in March Commissariat of Education of Kazanskya 1953 Sviyazhsk Corrective Labour Colony gubermia organized detailed inspection, №5 stopped to exists. measurements of the cult buildings, which e names of several famous political caused most worries. prisoners who served their sentence and In 1920 Sviyazhsk became the centre of died in Sviyazhsk, have been found out: a canton, which comprised 12disctricts. In - Vladimi Illarionovich Golitsyn (1901– 1922 authorized agents of the state politi- 1943), an artist, book illustrator, author of
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posters and children’s table games, took part an island. Its territory and population were in the rst Soviet Polar expedition (1922); registered with the Vvedenskiy rural coun- - So a Vladimirovna Olsufyeva (1884– cil and the number of residents decreased to 1943), a retorer; 500 people. - Andrey Guryevich Loshadkin (1881– From 1963 till 1965 Sviyazhsk together 1942), Kazan artist, teacher, agriculturer, with the territory of Verkhneuslonskiy re- writer; gion became a part of Zelenodolsky region. - Khazan Tufan (born 9 December 1900 In 1965 Verkhneuslonskiy region was re-es- in the village of Old Kirmen in Aksubayevsk tablished and its west boundary stretched region of Tatarstan, died on 10 June 1981in directly from north to south, including Svi- Kazan), a famous Tatar poet. yazsk. New boundaries of Verkhneuslonskiy e cathedral of the Nativity of the Vir- region were established in 1970. gin (XVI c.), the church of the St. Nicholas e conservation workshop of TASSR be- Wonderworker (1734), the So a church gan studies, description and measurement (1735) and the Annunciation church (1755) of monuments of the town from 1953. were destroyed and dissembled for bricks in In 1960 by a decree of the Council of the beginning of the 1930s. Minister of RSFSR, Sviyazhsk was declared Till 1941 the complex of former public of- to be a regional historical monument. e ces housed the foster home, then the prison church of Konstantin and Elena as well as № 9 (2) (later№ 8) of the People’s Commis- constructions of the Assumption monas- sariat of Internal Matters of TASSR, which tery and John-the-Baptist nunnery got the was moved to the railway station of Svi- protection from the state. Zones for protec- yazhsk with preservation of the agricultural tion of separate objects of cultural heritage land plot under management of the People’s of Sviyazhsk were approved in 1969. e Commissariat of Internal Matters. e pris- main conservation object was wall paint- on capacity since 30 November 1941 was ings of the Assumption cathedral. e sup- 620 convicts, from 1947. – 215 people (in porting conservation of wall paintings was fact up to 185 people). carried out in the 1960-es. In 1970-1980 A psychiatric hospital opened in the fa- artists-restorers from the Interregional sci- cilities of the Assumption monastery in Svi- enti c-conservation artistic department of yahsk in 1953. Because of prison facilities the “Rosrestavratsiya” incorporation (Mos- and then the psychiatric clinic, Sviyazhsk cow) studies wall and oil paintings of the became “a closed” settlement, the site with cathedral and carried out conservation of tragic glamour for many decades. fragments of wall paintings. It was not pos- In 1953 during the preparation of the sible to carry out the complete conserva- Kuybyshev reservoir zone, Sviyazhsk was tion of the cathedral and wall paintings in included into the list of territories to be 1990 –es because of the psychiatric hospi- ooded. Residents and 18 organization tal, which existed in the Assumption mon- were moved from the town, many houses astery, and because of impossibility to use were demolished which cause the loss of it for museum expositions and religious 70% of civil and industrial buildings and aims. Anti-wreck work was done from time structures. At the same time the rst his- to time. torical-architectural studies of buildings In 1977-1980 the design institute on con- and structures and conservation of wall servation of monuments of history and cul- painitngs and building began, which are ture “Spetsprojectretavratsiya” carried out a still going on today. complex of historical-archive, archaeolog- Aer being ooded by waters of Kuyby- ical investigation and eld observations in shev reservoir in 1957 Sviyazhsk turned into Sviyazhsk. is resulted in development of
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a project of using the territory and architec- tion Council on questions of revival of “ e tural monuments of Sviyazshk with conser- town-island of Sviyazhsk” was organized by vation of the monuments, with establish- the Tatarstan Cabinet of Ministers in 1995 and ment of the museum, organizing rest zones the development of the Concept of revival of and beauti cation of the territory. the town-island Sviyazhsk began. e name e main principle of the project pro- “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk” itself re ected posals on Sviyazhsk was the necessity to the complex approach to the spiritual-mor- preserve the town as formed architectur- al revival, social-economic development and al-town-building ensemble. e monu- reconstruction of the settlement as a small ments were to be actively involved into historical town on the basis of succession and modern life but without any damage to their new functional content. All-Russia scientif- artistic and town-forming value. ic-practical conference on revival of the town e studies of cultural layer of Sviyazhsk of Sviyazhsk was held in 1996. In 1998 Svi- began in 1978. Sixteen pits were evenly dug yazhsk claimed to be inscribed into the UN- on the island. e control archaeological ESCO World Heritage List under the nomina- study of the island was carried out in 1985. tion of “Cultural landscape” (Waiting list). Rich raised archaeological material was ac- Sviyazhsk local self-government was orga- cumulated along the bank line of the former nized by the decision of the Presidium of the suburbs: fragments of the terraces of sub- Council of People’s Deputies of Verkhneuslon- urban walls made of cured oak, household skiy region of Tatarstan in 1996. e decree utensils, details of cra industry from met- of the Tatarstan President №УП-434 from al, ceramics, leather and birch bark of the 23.08.1997 and the decree of the Satarstan XVI−XVIII centuries. State Council № 1396 from 20.10.1997 hand- e development of Sviyazhsk as the ed Sviyazhsk with the part of the reservoir monument of culture and the tourist centre de ned water zone and islands over to Zele- resumed in the 1980-es. e Sviyazhsk ar- nodolsky region.Its administrative status has chitectural- ne arts museum – the branch been de ned as “the settlement of Sviyazhsk” of the Tatarstan State Fine Arts Museum was with the local self-government body. established 1987. e decree of the Tatarstan Cabinet of Min- In 1990 Sviyazhsk was included into the isters established the state natural complex List of historical populated places of the reserve “Sviyazhskiy” in 1998, two thirds of RSFSR, which had architectural monuments, which are located in the proposed bu er zone town-building ensembles and complexes, of Sviyazhsk. which were monuments of national culture, as e Board of guardians on Sviyazhsk was well as preserved natural landscapes and an- established in the 2000-es. “Main directions cient cultural soil layer, which had archaeolog- of social-economic, ecological and architec- ical and historical value. In 1991 four civil and tural-artistic revival of Sviyazhsk as a histori- living houses got under the state protection cal small city” were approved by the decree of and ve more did in 2000. the Tatarstan Cabinet of Minister in 2007. In e active search of the image of future Svi- 2007-08 the dam with the highway were built, yazhsk was carried out and di erent projects which connected the island with the mainland. were developed in 1990-es - the beginning of By its decree№ 497 from 16.07.2009 Tatarstan the 2000-es. However, the dicult social-eco- Cabinet of Ministers put the town-island of nomic situation in the country at that time Sviyazhsk (the rural settlement of Sviyazhsk) did not create favourable conditions for their as a sightseeing attraction to objects of region- implementation. e conference “Revival and al cultural heritage, which has about 40 regis- conservation of the town-island of Sviyazhsk” tered objects of federal and regional cultural was held in August 1994. e Coordina- heritage.
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In 2009 Sviyazhsk branch of the Tatarstan tist nunnery were signed over to the Assump- Fine Arts museum was reorganized into the tion monastery. State historical-architectural and arts museum In connection with the revival of the “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk”. In 2010 build- monastery, the Patriarch of Moscow and ings of the former complex of public oces, All Russia Aleksiy II visited Sviyazhsk in the barracks of the engineering corps were 1997. In July 2000 the relics of St. German signed over to it to be used as a museum of – the founder of the Assumption monastery history of Sviyazhsk and a museum deposito- and the second archbishop of Kazan and ry. e exposition of the Museum of history of Sviyazhsk were brought to Sviyazhsk. e Sviyazhsk opened in 2014. canonization of bishop Amvrosiy and his e large-scale conservation and recon- cell-attendant Job, who were killed in 1918, struction of Sviyazhsk started in 2010 within as new Russian martyrs took place in 1999 – the scope of work of the Regional Fund of Re- 2000. In 2001 the church of St. Sergius of Ra- vival of Tatarstan monuments of History and donezh was consecrated. Even though there Culture. were e orts to revive traditions of nuns’ life Renewal of life of the town-island of Svi- in John the Baptist nunnery, they failed. In yazhsk as a religious and spiritual centre is 2014 the Trinity church and the Cathedral related to the historical period of Perestroy- of Consolation of All who Sorrow were giv- ka. In the end of the 1980-es – beginning of en back to church. the 1990-es services took part in the Trinity During its whole history Sviyazhsk has church from time to time. e year of 1988 been the place not only of religious but also became a symbolic beginning of full reli- of cultural pilgrimage. In the XX century the gious-spiritual life, when jubilations of the image of the ancient town-island of Sviyazhsk 1000th anniversary of baptizing Rus were held attracted attention of numerous lovers of an- in Kazan and Sviyazhsk. Hundreds of priests tiquities, artists, art historians, movie makers, and laymen came to the island and a festive photographers and writers and was a stim- liturgy was held in the Assumption cathedral. ulant source of inspiration and an object of It was the rst church action during the whole artistic-philosophic interpretation. Summer Soviet period. practical training of students of the Kazan In 1995 a monument was erected opposite ne arts school were important elements of the Holy gates of the Assumption cathedral acquisition of Sviyazhsk in Soviet time; the on the site of a mass grave of 95 anonymous long-term practice of conservation of the As- victims of political repressions, the remains sumption cathedral wall paintings by the team of whom were found during the prospecting of Moscow artists- restorers under supervi- expedition organized by the Tatarstan Public sion of I.P. Yaroslavtsev; annual visits to Svi- Fund “Motherland” in Sviyazhsk and its vi- yazhsk of the then Kazan and now the world cinity. known journalist and documentaries director In 1995 the church of Saints Konstantin Marina Razbezhkina, who attracted creative and Elena was given back to church and be- people to the town; organization and open- came the parish church again. e complex ing of the Sviyazhsk branch of the Tatarstan of Assumption Monastery was given back Fine Arts Museum in 1987. e formation of for uncompensated use to Russian Ortho- Sviyazhsk community of artists (“Sviyazhsk dox Church in 1997 and the monastery was artists’ colony”) as a union of creative people established there again with hegumen Kirill has been going on since the end of the 1980- (Korovin) as his rst Father superior. By that es. Its members are gied artists and enthu- time the branch of the regional psychologi- siasts I.A. Artamonov, N.S. Artamonov. E.G. cal hospital had already been removed from Golubtsov, T.V. Golubtsova, N.E. Golubtsova, there. Later parts of the former John the Bap- A.N. Yegorov, father Sergiy (Korobtsov), R.T.
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Sa ullin, M.A. Sheshukov and others who has Bruin and others, as well as in autobiograph- been living and working in Sviyazhsk already ical and ction books of such authors of the for 30 years. XX century as H. Keller, L. Trotskiy, V. Aksen- e Sviyazhsk artists’ colony has its own ov and others. peculiarity. Artists who worked there initial- Sviyazhsk was also mentioned in movies. ly were not easel painters. us, S. Korobtsov It became the shooting location of the dra- used to be a jeweler; A. Yegorov created tapes- ma lm “Sphinx” (director A. Dobrovolskiy, try, father and son Artamonovs and N. Gol- 1990) and the lm “A dove” (director S. Old- ubtsov were design artists and R. Sa ullin enburg-Svintsov, 2008). e latter is based on worked as a theatre and cinema scenery artists. a real story of love between an original Kazan I.A. and N.S. Artamonovs and R.T. Sa ullin artist G. Arkhireyev, who was born by a pris- are connected with the creative experimental oner in Sviyazhsk, and a journalist and poetess art studio “Senezh”, which quite truly can be S. Kolina. named the Soviet “Bauhaus”. Participating ev- Since 2008 Sviyazhsk has become the ery year in workshops of the Senezh studio for place of holding di erent theatrical events in many years, they improved their artistic plas- summer. is tradition started with perfor- tic thinking, but it was due to Sviyazhsk that mance of the Izhevsk theatre-studio “A bird”. they have become known as masters of easel e director and the head of the theatre S.G. painting now. Shanskaya wrote and staged a play “Run, Sviyazhsk exerted huge in uence on ev- child, don’t complain!” about childhood of her eryone. It can be seen especially brightly on mother, who was in the Sviyazhsk foster home the example of an artists and religious gure during the World War II. e play was based Sergey Korobtsov. Having bought a house on documentary records of foster-children of in Sviyazhsk, he withdrew from jewelry and the Sviyazhsk home and interview with them. started painting icons and soon became a Since that time Izhevsk theatre shows its per- priest in the church of Sts. Konstantin and formances in Sviyazhsk every year. e play Elena. e life of father Sergiy cannot be “From far o and lingering” about residents of given any other name but self-sacri ce as he Sviyazhsk and Zelenodolsk in the years aer maintained the church in its proper state and the war became the continuation of this story nearly alone conserved the iconostasis. Icons in 2015. In addition, in 2013 S.G. Shanskaya of Father Sergiy are not only cult objects, but staged a play themed on events and stories of also works of art, re ecting one of the stag- Sviyazhsk and based on “Sviyazhsk fairy tales” es of development of modern icon paintings by A.N. Silkin. and not only in the regions, but in the whole eatre laboratories are held in Sviyazhsk of Russia. At present the standard iconosta- with the support of the federal eatre of sis has been installed in the church, but the Nations (Moscow) since 2012. Some of them icons and life of Father Sergiy itself comprise were held by the federal program “ eatres of a meaningful fact of history of modern Svi- small towns of Russia”, bringing together the- yazhsk, and this gives those museum icons a atrical companies of small towns of Tatarstan. museum importance. In recent years the theatrical laboratories in Art of enamel – the oldest art of making Sviyazhsk got the name of “ e Sviyazhsk pieces on metal with vitri ed powder was re- crew” and increasingly turn to “Sviyazhsk” vived in Sviyazhsk in 2011 due to fantasy and topics. Within “ e Sviyazhsk crew” local skills of father and son Sa ullins. actors directed by playwrights and directors Sviyazhsk was also re ected in pieces of from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Elets stage writing and rst of all in di erent geograph- performances related to this sacred place. ical books of the XVII-XIX centuries by Jen- us, legends and myths of Sviyazhsk kinson, John Bell, Adam Oleariy, Cornelius de were the topic of the work of creative labo-
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ratory in 2014. is project became a bright 1,000 spectators came to watch performanc- example of a “site-speci c theatre” – a the- es in Sviyazhsk in 2015. It is important that atrical genre based on idea of interpretation through the theatrical labs in “site-speci c” and showing how the location in uences genre, spectators get acquainted with cultural events and its population. Contrary to the and spiritual heritage of Sviyazhsk of di erent traditional theatre, literary-drama action epochs, and performances-promenade make here is created and unfolds in a unique con- them acquainted with concrete monuments of crete space and exists only in it. e per- architecture and landscape. formance goes beyond buildings in search Sviyazhsk has an administrative status of of new ideas, forms, actors and spectators. the rural settlement in Zelenodosk region of ree dras of performances were created Tatarstan with local self-government. Its per- during the work of the lab. e rst was “the manent population as of January 2014 is 252 performance – verbatim|” – the play based people (before the creation of the Great Volga on interviews with residents of the island, in 1953 it was 2,700). records in the internet, etc. Another play – Sviyazhsk has the following working or- promenade “Myths of Sviyazhsk” combined ganizations and facilities: the state budget- myths from Sviyazhsk history with places ary cultural institution of Tatarstan “the of events in Sviyazhsk. It became a kind of State historical-architectural and artistic original theatrical excursion, “walk-around” museum “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk”, Sviyazhsk. During the performance, specta- the male Assumption of the Virgin monas- tors together with actors moved around the tery, the parish church of St. tsars Konstan- island. e third play is dedicated to the love tin and Elena, a school, a kindergarten, a story of the beginning of the XX century post oce, seven cafes, a shop, two souve- based on a real family correspondence kept nir shops, a rst aid station, two hotels and in the museum of Sviyazhsk. the river station. In 2015, which was announced “A year of e state protects 37 cultural heritage sites literature” in Russia, the theatrical laboratory on the sightseeing area of “the town-island of chose fairy tales by the outstanding Russian Sviyazhsk” as monuments of history and cul- poet A.S. Pushkin and staged three plays based ture, including three complexes with 15 fed- on them: ” e Fairy Tale about Tsar Saltan”, eral cultural heritage objects and 22 regional which was shown on the bank of the Shchuka objects. Also found are 11 monuments includ- River in Sviyazhsk, the performance-prome- ing 5 architectural monuments. Historically nade “ e fairy tale about the presbyter and valuable and town-forming objects of the ar- his worker Balda” and the musical “ e fairy chitectural environment of the sightseeing at- tale about the Gold Cock”. e notion of an traction have been found and included under “island” as a symbolic and philosophical object the protection list. will be the theme of the theatre lab in 2016. A In the whole the surroundings of Svi- performance of religious-philosophic quest of yazhsk and other attributes underlying and the XVI century, which will also be shown in comprising the Outstanding Universal Val- Sviyazhsk in 2016, is under way. In addition, ue of the Assumption Cathedral represent a performance-promenade dedicated to res- a complex cultural-natural phenomenon idents of the island in the XVI-XX centuries that possesses outstanding architectural will be presented within the exhibition project historical and natural-ecological merits. “From Nativity to Assumption”. Its unique peculiarity is the harmoni- eatrical labs in Sviyazhsk are gaining pop- ous unity of the dominating architectur- ularity. If only several dozens of people came al-town-building ensemble and the natural to see rst performances, in 2015 more than environment.
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Stage of construction and reconstruction of the Assumption Cathedral:
1. e construction of the cathedral. 1556 3. e “Baroque period” of the Assump- – early XVII c. tion cathedral. XVIII c. 2. e construction of the German’s side 4. Changes of the XIX – beginning of the chapel and the refectory. XVII c. XX c. 1. e construction of the cathedral. 1556 – early XVII c. nitially the Assumption cathedral was llets joined by semi-circular small arches Ibuilt as a one-dome nearly square on the top. e ornamental belt of the drum crossed-domes church with four pillars repeats on the top parts of all three apses. and erected from white hewn limestone. Below the church and church porches Walls of the main building of the cathe- there was the church basement with light dral are elaborated by four lesenes tied up coming to it through windows. Floors in by arches on top. On all sides they ended the church and church porches were laid up with frontispieces covered with eight- with limestone slabs in the form of a square. fold planked roo ng. Housings and end of e cathedral was painted right aer it eightfold roo ng beams have survived on was constructed. the base of the drum of the Assumption ca- e three tier iconostasis consisting of thedral. icons placed on horizontal transoms was in- e north and south walls had one win- stalled by the time of the cathedral consecra- dow each in their centre, while the west wall tion. According to the seizure of 1565–1567 – three windows. e entrance to the church its local and Deesis tiers had seven icons was through the north, south and west each and the Festival one – 12. All of them doors. e ceiling in the form of semi-circu- were on gold except the patronal icon. e lar double-tier vaults covers the main rooms initial height of the iconostasis was up to the of the cathedral and the ceiling in the form painting level. It did not cover the main wall of the camber vault – the side rooms. Four painting of the cathedral – the Assumption square pillars carry arches which hold a of the Virgin. large round drum with eight windows hav- e high iconostasis occupied two regis- ing decorations “super-brows” above them. ters of paintings in the cathedral. e ico- Above the windows the drum is surrounded nostasis width was de ned by the dimen- by a belt consisting of triangular dents – n- sions and number of Festival icons (nine gers framed from the top and on the bottom to both sides from the centre). In the ca- by two rows of small bricks put on their thedral interior the pockets of iconostasis edge. Above these belts there are two rows transoms was correlated to the important of semi-circular small arches – a typical architectural elements and with construc- Pskov method of elaborating the drum. e tion of forms of the interior: the bottom top was in the form of an onion and covered transom of the local tier was correlated to by iron and gilded together with the cross the church chronicles; the top boundary of (“ e seizure of the Sviyazhsk Assumption this tier by its top transom was correlated monastery” 1614). to the delimiter of the side door: the top e apses joined the cathedral on the transom of the Deesis in its lower point was west side, and on the other sides there were correlated to the window delimiter. e church porches covered with planks. e iconostasis consisting of icons placed on area and the height of the middle apse are horizontal transoms ended on the level of larger than those of the other two. It has the arched tops of the windows in the south semi-round walls and have vertical molding and north walls.
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Painting of icons of Forefathers and in- Cherubs stamped on “German iron” were creasing the iconostasis up to ve tiers in installed above the icons of the h tier. the beginning of the XVII c. was done to e new “Baroque” iconostasis was in- streamline the artistic image of the Assump- stalled in the middle of the XVIII century. It tion cathedral, the integral perception of was renovated on the donations of Sviyazhsk which presupposed unity of wall paintings philanthropist No I. Savrasova in 1843 and and images of the iconostasis. Seraphs and silver rizas were made on the Holy doors and on the whole local tier of icons. 2. e construction of the German’s side chapel and the refectory. XVII c. he warm German’s side chapel was at- ry, specialists-researchers of the Assump- Ttached to the south wall on the north tion cathedral suppose that the refectory church porch in the end of the XVI centu- was attached to the cathedral later that the ry. It was here that the relics of St. German date given by A. Yablokov, probably on the - the rst Father superior of the monastery threshold of the XVII−XVIII centuries. At -, were kept, which were moved here from the same time the semi-circular south stone the altar on the threshold of the XVI–XVII apse was dissembled and laid anew from centuries. e side chapel had planked roof bricks, rectangular in form, without the and was topped with a small dome covered top ornamental belt and much bigger than by green roof tiles and with the iron gilded the previous one. It is divided from the ca- cross. It darkened the interior of the church thedral interior by internal brick wall with and the north wall of the cathedral became a small door. e wall has paintings that damp because of water going down from the were made later than the wall paintings of chapel’s roof. at was why the side chap- the whole cathedral. e treasury books and el was dissembled in the end of the XVIII monastery treasures were kept here. century. On the north wall there remained Aer attachment of the refectory the main traces of the construction in the form of a west entrance into the cathedral was pecked hewn western lesene and several slabs of the and other two were made on its sides. e cast iron oor on the north church porch. last windows in the south wall and the cen- e relics were put into the shrine located tral window in the west wall were made between the west wall and the north-west wider that grossly upset the boundaries of pillar. e shrine canopy covered the wall paintings because the previous windows paintings with the picture of St. Christo- were framed and inscribed into ancient wall pher, which saved it from being painted over paintings. in the XVIII century. e iconostasis of the Assumption cathe- e archpriests A. Yablokov thought that dral was increased in the end of the XVI – the refectory was built in 1661. Analyzing beginning of the XVII centuries. It became constructive peculiarities of the refecto- a ve tier one. 3. e Baroque period of the Assumption cathedral. XVIII century. he passion for the Baroque architecture to do this, corners of the rectangle were built Tall over Russia on the threshold of the over with bricks. Figured attics with volutes XVII−XVIII centuries also had its impact appeared on the walls of the rectangle. In on the appearance of the Assumption cathe- the center of them were recesses for icons dral. In the XVIII century its facades par- framed by small columns on both sides. e tially acquired forms of Russian Baroque. cylindrical drum was built over the low oc- e eightfold wooden roof of the cathedral tagon, which supported the faceted Baroque was replaced by a semi-spherical roof, and two tier multi-faceted pear-shaped dome.
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Window apertures were hewn and framed what believers felt in di erent epochs, sup- by Baroque cases with listels and “cocks- porting succession of religious life in the combs”. e only things which remained church and demonstrating certain esthetic untouched were windows in the north and principles and aspirations. south-west corners of the cathedral and one From this point of view, the monument has window on the west wall. certain similarity with a number of Russian e etching with the panorama of Svi- churches whose appearance was changed in yazhsk made by the picture of lieutenant-col- the Baroque style, including the Annuncia- onel A.I. Svechin of 1764, kept in the deposi- tion cathedral in the Kazan Kremlin, the As- tory of the Tatarstan National Museum, helps sumption cathedral of the Kiev-Pecherskaya to date reconstructions of the Assumption Laura, the Assumption cathedral in the As- cathedral (see Annex, Section I). On the trakhan Kremlin, the Nativity of Kazatskiy etching the cathedral is depicted without cathedral in the town of Starodub in Bryansk eightfold roof, without built over corners of region and the Trinity cathedral of the Trinity the rectangle, without the pear-shaped dome monastery in Tyumen. e nery of facades covering the drum and without slotted ped- of the Assumption cathedral was similar to iments, which look so usual nowadays. is parish churches built in Sviyazhsk - St. Nich- proves that the Assumption cathedral got its olas (1734), So a (1735) and the Annunci- Baroque nishing in the 1760-es. ation (1755) which have been lost, and the Windows of the cathedral refectory were church of Saint tsars Konstantin and Elena decorated with Baroque cases, the roof – creating one whole architectural ensemble. became threefold with complex Baroque Changes in the roof construction had un- shape. At the same very time the tent above favourable consequences for the condition the entrance to the church basement was of walls and this then demanded taking a dissembled, the church porches became complex of measures providing protection wider and longer and have been uncovered of walls from soaking. ever since. e south church porch was ex- In the middle of the XVIII century the tended along the refectory and decorated transom construction of the iconostasis with Baroque elements in the form of dec- was replaced by Baroque gilded carved one. orative brick balustrade on the outside of New icons were painted for this iconostasis, the breastwork. e north St. German’s side which by the order of archbishop Amvro- chapel, which was last mentioned in the sei- siy were sold to the Cathedral of the Sacred zure of 1763, was dissembled in the end of Robes in Tikhiy Ples. e earned money was the XVIII century. used to renovate the cathedral and icons in us, the architectural attributes of the the iconostasis (A. Yablokov). In the middle rst half of the XVIII century a ected of the XVIII century the ancient image of mainly decorative peculiarities of the mon- the Virgin Odigitria, mentioned in the sei- ument’s facades, giving it Baroque appear- zure of 1565-67, was replaced by the icon ance. However, the white stone temple of of the Virgin Odigitria “in Greek tradition” the XVI century was preserved completely from icons painted for the new iconostasis and continued to bear traces of Pskov archi- (A. Yablokov) and which is kept in the col- tecture. ese architectural changes in the lection of the Tatarstan Fine Arts Museum Assumption cathedral are the evidence of nowadays. changes in cultural and spiritual-religious life in Russia. ey make it possible to see
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4. Changes of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. n 1857 a new ceremonial steep porch was on iron sheets appeared on frontispieces. Iattached to the west wall of the refecto- In 1894 stove heating was installed in the ry and oil paintings on religious plots were cathedral, which was cold before: “a huge, made on the refectory walls. brick stove chimney was between the north In 1893 refurbishment was carried out and middle apses, dis guring the outside in the cathedral, its walls were partially appearance of the cathedral”, later this heat- plastered by concrete and images of saints ing system was dismounted.
Stages of the cathedral and wall paintings studies and conservation:
1. e middle of the XIX – beginning of enti c-conservation artistic department (IS- the XX centuries. e beginning of studies RAD) (Moscow) investigated the wall and of the cathedral history and wall paintings. oil paintings of the cathedral and carried out e rst conservation of the cathedral wall fragmentary conservation of wall paintings. paintings 1899-1900: wall cleansing, tinted In 1990-es it was not possible to carry out of fragments, whole compositions and the complete scope of conservation of the inscription by graphs. cathedral and wall paintings because on the 2. e 1920-es – the middle of the 1950- lack of nancing, the presence of the psychi- es. Conservation works were not done aer atric hospital in the Assumption monastery the monastery closure. ere were just minor and impossibility of using it for museum ex- refurbishment works done such as replace- hibitions and religious purposes. Random ments of glass panes in windows, replace- anti-damage work was carried out. ment of water pipes and fragments of roof- 4. e beginning of the XXI century – up ing, etc. Some building on the territory of the to now. e beginning of the regular, com- former monastery complex were dissambled. plex and architectural conservation of the 3. e second half of the 1950-es – begin- cathedral building and wall paintings. e ning of the XXI century. S.S. Aydarov de- scienti c conservation of the beginning of veloped a project of the preservation of the the XXI century makes it possible to specify building by its state in the XVIII century, the iconographic content of paintings and – which was used for conservation works. e for the rst time – to carry our stylistic anal- supporting preservation of wall paintings ysis of wall paintings partially freed from was made in 1960-es. In 1970-es and 1980- complete repainting. es artists-restorer from the Interregional sci- e rst period. Middle of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. nterest to the ancient paintings decorations before conservation started. In 1863 “ e de- Iof the cathedral increased in the middle of scription of wall paintings of ancient summer the XIX century. In 1859 the former arch- cathedral in the Sviyazhsk Assumption mon- bishop of Tobolk Evlampiy, who was living in astery of Kazan gubernia, which was built by the Assumption monastery and worked as its Sanit German, who also was archimandrite” steward, asked the Synod to replace wall paint- was published. It was written by a monk-dea- ings of the cathedral by oil paintings. Howev- con Benjamin, who later became Father supe- er, it was prohibited to carry out independent rior of the Sviyazhsk monastery. artistic work. e decree about the necessity e question of preservation of the of preservation of ancient wall paintings was unique wall paintings ensemble of the As- issued in 1860. e examination of paintings sumption cathedral in Sviyazhsk was raised
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again by Academician I.I. Sreznevskiy at the by conservation carried out in the 60-es and IV All-Russia archaeological congress held earlier”. us the Conservation carried out in Kazan in 1877. by N.M. Sofonov was the fourth one. e re- In 1899-1900 wall paintings of the As- port of D.V. Aynalod says further about bad sumption cathedral were preserved by a condition of paintings of the XVI century: team of the icon painter N.M. Sofonof, a “On the north wall in the bottom belt there Palekh contractor, who was well known all were scenes from life of the Virgin, painted over Russia, under supervision of the pro- over by blue oil paint […] the whole mid- fessor of Kazan university D.V. Aynalov. At dle of the west wall was painted over by blue rst it was supposed that it was the rst con- oil paint (it follows from the description servation of wall paintings. But in the pro- that “painted over” were pictures of three cess of preservatiion-conservation works wise men, John the Baptist, St. Elizabeth, artists-conservators from ISRAD revealed the sea and land giving back the dead, Peter three more repaints in the cathedral refec- and Paul with tsars, going to the bosom of tory and two unknown repaints in the As- Abraham). New compositions and parts of sumption cathedral. the – earlier hidden and half-disappeared – e rst repaint of the cathedral paintings were revealed aer careful cleansing of walls was connected with the attachment of the re- painted over by paints in di erent periods fectory on the threshold of the XVII−XVIII of time. ese vanished parts of paintings centuries. At that period the rst tempera were conserved by their outline, the so- paintings, the traces of which were found called “graphs”. e whole huge composi- by artist-conservator F.B. Kosuchkin during tion of Representation of the Virgin, which conservation in 2014, appeared in the refec- is marked out by its monumental character tory. Artists, who did the paintings in the of a complex picture, was also conservation refectory, painted two gures in scuncheons by its outline or “graphs”. Earlier this com- of a new window made in the west wall of position was not visible at all. Missing parts the cathedral above the refectory roof. of a number of scenes from life of the Virgin e second repaint of the middle of the were also conserved by outlines that opened XVIII century is related to the Baroque pe- aer cleansing of north and south walls”. A riod of the cathedral and hewing of ancient decision about paintings colour modi ca- windows. Baroque ornaments were painted tion by weak distemper like the domestic by bright distemper in the Ukrainian folk gouache, which was new on the threshold of style in arches and scuncheons of ancient centuries, was also the credit to the restor- windows. e same artists repainted part of er of the N.M. Sofonov team. is is what gures on the south-west pillar and gures Aynalov wrote about it: «conservation of of archangels in the cathedral drum. e paintings by water colours is also very im- third repaint was done in the XIX centu- portant because as the experience showed it ry in the cathedral drum, where gures of is very easy and quick to cleanse these co- archangels on partitions between windows lours for the conservation of the initial look were partially “conserved” by oil paints. of paintings”. D.V. Aynalov, who carried out scrupulous In 1906 V.D. Aynalov analyzed and gave examination of wall paintings already in description of wall paintings in the Assump- 1899, revealed even more repaints. is is tion cathedral. e work of the Archpriest what he wrote about it in his report:” e of the Annunciation cathedral of the Kazan close examination of the wall paintings of Kremlin A. Yablokov, who described histori- the Assumption cathedral showed that in cal-archaeological peculiarities of the town of some places it was repainted in oil paints. Sviyazhsk in Kazan gubernia, was published in Appearance of these paints can be explained the following 1907. ese two studies as well
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as works of N.F. Kalinin made substantial con- of Sviyazhsk by an artist and art historian P.M. tribution into investigation of history and ar- Dulskiy made in 1914-1950 are also undoubt- chitecture of the settlement. Graphic pictures ful documents of the history of the settlement. e second period. e 1920-es. – the middle of the 1950-es he study of the Assumption cathedral cathedral. From 1924 till 1928 the Assump- Tcontinued. Works by art historians P.M. tion cathedral was the place of exposition Dulskiy, B.P. Denike, M.K. Karger and D.E. of the regional history museum and later it Bryagin made it possible to state that wall served as a storage of the corrective labour paintings of the Assumption cathedral were colony till 1954. Only fragmentary refur- one of the most completely preserved cycles bishment was carried out there, connected of monumental paintings of the XVI centu- with the necessity of maintaining the build- ry in Russia, and the three-tier iconostasis of ings to use them during the period when the the ancient Greek mode of execution repre- monastery was used as the Sviyazhsk muse- sented an exceptional artistic value. um, shared apartments (1920-es), the chil- Aer the closure of the monastery in 1923 dren’s commune (1928-33) and corrective the Soviet power secured all monuments labour colony (1936-53). It was during that on its territory with the state protection. period that the upper tiers of the gateway e study of the art historian M.K. Karger Resurrection church, the church named af- “ e Assumption cathedral of the Sviyazhsk ter St. German and St. Mitrofan of Voronezh monastery as an architectural monument” and the ceremonial porches of the brethren’s (1928) substantially added to understanding building were dissembled. of the architecture and wall paintings of the e third period. e second half of the 1950-es –beginning of the XXI c. er the Tatar specialized scienti c-conser- the necessity of preservation of monuments of Avation industrial workshop was organized culture and paintings of the Assumption cathe- in 1950, it became responsible for further in- dral. More regular work on conservation of the vestigation of the Assumption cathedral. In cathedral and its wall paintings started since 1956-58 employees of the scienti c-design de- that time. partment under supervision of Doctor in sci- In 1960-70 conservation work was carried ence in architecture, correspondent member out alongside with active on-site investiga- of the Russian Academy of Civil Engineering tion of the cathedral under supervision of the S.S. Aydarov carried out on-site investigations, architect S.S. Aydarov. Plaster on facades was made the graphical reconstruction of the ap- removed, the window cases, corbel arches dec- pearance of the cathedral in the XVI century, oration and cornices were conserved, the base- developed the project of conservation of the ment was repaired. Huge conservation works appearance in the XVIII century which was were carried out on the north church porch used for the implemented conservation work. and traces of attachment of the German’s tent Graphical reconstructions (of the Trinity-St. were revealed and xed on the north façade of Sergius and Assumption monasteries) made the cathedral. by this scientists on the basis of the on-site in- In summer 1964 D.E. Bryagin started con- vestigations, make it possible to use them for servation of wall paintings in the Assumption conservation and conservation of the initial cathedral. is is how he describes the condi- appearance of the architectural monuments of tion of the wall paintings in May 1964:” e the XVI–XVII centuries. surface of walls is covered with thick layer of In 1960 the Chairman of Union of Artists dust and soot. As there are no grilles in the win- of the USSR Academician I.E. Grabar stated dow apertures, pigeons are frequent visitors of
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paintings and have thickly covered the initial mold spots, cement and lime plaster and the paintings with their droppings. For that reason paint layers were removed. e conservation many compositions lost part of their images. stopped because of absence of nancing. Cement plaster outside the walls considerably e team from Specialized scienti c-con- aggravated the condition of paintings. e pic- servation industrial workshop of the Ros- tures do not have normal moisture exchange restavratsia amalgamation (nowadays ISRAD) and constant draughts strongly weather not supervised by I.P. Yaroslavtsev was involved in only couch but also the paint layer. Big eores- Conservation of wall paintings of the Assump- cence can be seen on the west wall. ey start tion cathedral from 1973 to 1984. Only the ca- from the level of the refectory roof. In this part thedral calotte conserved by D.E. Bryagin was of the wall water during rains ows down the well preserved by that time and it was chosen wall. is is the main cause of destruction of as a starting point. e team started conser- the paintings. e top part of the west wall is vation from the drum. ey removed repaint in good condition. Initial painting with couch made by Sofonov, under which the original is mostly lost in the lunette of the south wall, was preserved, making tinting by water colours and those small fragments of ancient paintings and made complete disinfection of paintings. which survived together with couch, have de- e fragments of gesso detached from the wall tached from the ground by 10-15 centimeters were consolidated by lime-white – casein mor- and are threatening to fall down. e conch of tar. Nail-heads of numerous gesso nails, which the central apse and the arch adjacent to it are “came out” of the decomposable gesso, were in very bad condition. e conch and walls of cleaned from rust, painted with red lead and the prosthesis are in slightly better condition. primed again. Simultaneously the cement plas- Paintings all over the surface of the cathedral ter of the end of the XVIII century was removed walls are overcast with a layer of mold and from the interior surface of all over the cathe- slight layer of saltpeter. Small fragments of dral walls. is made it possible to decrease the initial painting towels have survived. e dampness of the cathedral walls and to de- ancient ground of the towels was replaced by crease eorescence considerably. At the same cement plaster in the end of the XIX century, time the seasonal airing of the cathedral interi- and this also a ected adversely the paint layer ors was organized which hampered growth of of neighbouring areas of the initial paintings”. the mold, and aer that works on disinfection As a result he conserved the composition “ e of paintings and walls surface started. Paternity” on the cathedral calotte and the in- Since 1975, simultaneously with the con- scription on the dome “And created the God servation of wall paintings, the conservation his spirits and his and all hosts of heaven”. D.E. of the unique carved cathedral iconostasis was Bryagin consolidated paintings, made grout- carried out under supervision of the chartered ing, which consolidated the original gesso, artist-restorer E.M. Kristi. carried out cleansing of paintings from repaint In the 1980-es the roof of the cathedral made by N.M. Safonov and then tinted the above the rectangle and apses as well as the opened paintings by ”pigments on the yolk” roo ng of the dome made of sheets of tin plat- that is tempera. ed iron (which were joined by riveting) were in G.S. Bakhtel, a pupil of D.E. Bryagin, was critical condition and by the project developed doing conservation of the cathedral paintings by the Central scienti c-conservation indus- from 1965 to 1967. He uncovered paintings on trial workshop (Moscow) they were replaced walls and vaults of arch walls, rinsed paintings by copper roof with preservation of original in the central apse of the cathedral, but did forged slings-cranes. Later the refectory roof not carry out any consolidation of the plas- was replaced by sheets on tin plated iron. ter ground. e paint layer was partially con- From 1984 till 1993 the Assumption cathe- solidated with yolk emulsion. Eorescence, dral, which was located on the territory of the
106 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
psychiatric hospital, was closed and conserva- thedral drum in August of 1993 and July of tion works were not carried out. In 1988 the 1994, window frames were xed, wide cracks cathedral was consecrated again. were sealed and lled. Flu y eorescence was In spring 1993 the Assumption cathedral removed on the south and west walls of the ca- was handed over to the Sviyazhsk branch of thedral. the Tatarstan Fine Arts Museum and use of From 9 to 25 August of 1999 artists-restorers the monument for tourist purposes started. from ISRAD V.F. Kosushkin and Z.A. Zakharo- Museum employees paid attention to the unfa- va removed mold from pillars and walls of the vourable temperature-humidity regime in the cathedral. e conservation plaster, which cathedral, cha ng of plaster I the bottom part perspired and was destructed by salts, was re- of walls, mold which started spreading along moved from the pediment part of the cathedral the pillars and u y eorescence on the south and refectory walls in 1977-1979. and west walls of the cathedral. e destruc- During this period the Tatar specialized sci- tion of the conservation gesso began in the ca- enti c-conservation department carried out thedral drum below badly insulated windows. considerable amount of repair and conserva- Anti-damage work was carried out in the ca- tion work. e fourth period. e beginning of the XXI century – up till now rom 2001 the work in repair and conser- analyzed; employees of the Tatarstan Ministry Fvation on the property was nanced from of Culture and of the Main department of state the federal budget within the federal targeted control over protection and use of monuments program “Culture of Russia (2001-2005)”. of history and culture by the Ministry carried In 2001 the entrance doors, forged aprons out historical and bibliographical studies. On- and forged grilles in window and door ap- site working meetings were organized with ertures were made and installed. e dome participation of specialists- conservatores of above the octagonal drum was conserved. Soil head organization of Moscow – architects, was stripped out in basements. designers, technologists, heat engineers and In 2002-2003 the open porch of the As- artists. sumption cathedral made water-proof and the e development of the conservation proj- sanitizing plastering was done in basement ect was completed in 2010. e topical plan rooms. of carrying out scienti c-design and priority In 2004 the conservation of the south gal- conservation works was developed under su- lery continued. pervision of T.E. Kameneva – the chartered In 2005-2006 the north gallery was con- architect-conservator, honorary worker of arts served. of Russia and candidate of science in art his- e new stage of complex scienti c conser- tory. vation of the Assumption cathedral began in e following kinds of work on preserva- 2006. Financed from the federal budget, e tion of the cultural heritage property have Tatarstan specialized scienti c-conservation been done in the Assumption cathedral since department (TSSRD) started developing a 2007: complex scienti c project of conservation of 1. e sheathing copper roof replaced the the Assumption cathedral under supervision tin covering. Water collection into the copper of the chartered architect-restorer T.E. Kame- ducts and spouts has been made; neva (Moscow) and the chartered technolo- 2. Floors in the refectory and the cathedral gist-conservator I.A. Kuleshova (“Centre of have been opened, the damp ground lling modern technologies”, Moscow). with construction garbage has been removed, From 2006 to 2009 materials of the scien- alter brick ducts from the air stove system of ti c archives of the TSSRD were studied and the XIX, which accumulated condensed wa-
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ter, were dissembled as this was the cause of waste, were accumulators of cold, moisture the walls dampness. Aer drying, the vault and biodestructors. hollows were lled with calcined sand, the re- Specialists-conservators decided to restore inforcing net of “Geospan” type was laid and the north gallery within the perimeter of the white stone slabs were again place on the sand. XVI century and to demonstrate outlines of 3. Aerating devices have been installed in the “St. Geman’s” side chapel as ruined re- the drum windows. mains. 4. Copper roof has been xed above the e remains of later construction and gal- rectangle and apses. lery covers were dissembled, the vault hollows 5. e front staircase has been conserved. were cleaned out and repaired, masonry have 6. All facades of the cathedral have been been dried, separate white stone slabs were re- cleansed from later layers of nishing, cement placed and critical parts were relaid, the brick llings and destructive joints. e brick and repair and build-up have been made. Due to white stone masonry have been carefully in- the works done the temperature-moisture re- spected and the split destructed stones have gime of the ancient building has improved, been replaced. During the work it was found which in its turn had favourable e ect on the out that the walls of the cathedral were made integrity of the unique wall paintings of the of aky white stone capable of keeping water. XVI century and helped to continue their con- e masonry on separate parts of the walls lost servation. its physical properties and turned into liquid. 8. e forged cross of the central cathedral Conservator carried out huge repairs of ma- dome have been replaced. e original cross sonry on the west façade, where the refecto- was given for conservation and keeping to ry roof joined the wall and on the east façade, the Sviyazhsk museum. e replica to be in- where the apses joined the cathedral. Building stalled on the dome was made of similar ma- up was done in addition to replacement of terial and using similar technology. Valances separate bricks. Special conservation mortar on the drum and small crosses on the corbel was hand-made for this purpose, with which arches have been gilded. Canopies above the geometry and pro le of each brick were con- entrances have been conserved by historical served. e later brick additions on the apses photographs. were dissembled. 9. e discreet perimeter walk has been 7. Conservation work was carried out on the made around the building using ragged white north and south galleries. e north church stone slabs with clay key stone. Ducts have porch, which was conserved in the 1970-es been laid from spouts. repeating the outline of the St. German side 10. In 2009 the team from the State scien- chapel, was the main problem of the Assump- ti c-research institute of conservation super- tion cathedral. vised by B.T. Sizov carried out studies of the According to historical information “St. temperature-moisture regime of the monu- German’s” side chapel was attached on the ment. threshold of the XVII−XVIII centuries and it In 2010-15 works in the cathedral con- was dissembled in the end of the XVIII centu- servation consisted of continuing long-term ry as “it darkened the interior of the cathedral work in conservation and preservation of wall and the north wall was damp because of it” as paintings. Work in anti-damage protection is seen from the clerical record of the monas- and conservation of wall paintings of the As- tery. Large horizontal surface of the gallery, sumption cathedral is carried out by the team high brick parapets, which caused water and of artists-restorers under supervision of V.F. snow retention, large spaces between di erent Kosushkin from ISRAD ( For details see para- time masonry lled with soil and construction graph 4).
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3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION
3.1.a Brief synthesis
e summary of factual information. he Assumption Cathedral is located in construction of Sviyazhsk and monasteries Tthe complex of the Assumption monas- became the turning point in the history of tery in Sviyazhsk town-island which is situ- Russia and Eurasia since with its construc- ated on a peninsula at the con uence of the tion the movement of Russia to the East Volga, the Sviyaga and the Shchuka rivers 30 started as well as the conversion of Moscow kilometers away from Kazan, the capital of tsardom into Russian Empire. at drastical- the Republic of Tatarstan. ly changed the historical destinies of many e Assumption monastery was founded European and Asian peoples, completed the by a decree of the Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) transition from the medieval times and gave in 1555. It was headed by an outstanding re- birth to the epoch of the new history. ligious gure - archimandrite German who e Assumption Monastery is a bright ev- was later canonized. Currently the monas- idence of historical evolution of the Russian tery comprises seven stone constructions monasteries “phenomenon” in the north- of the XVI−XIX centuries surrounded by west of Europe and in the Asian part of the a stone wall of the XVII−XVIII centuries world. One of the meaningful results of this which gives the monastery the appearance centuries-long civilization process was pro- of a real white-stone Kremlin with loop- ceeding of the territory urbanization on a holes and merlons. di erent civilizational level with dozens of Built in 1556-1560, the Assumption Ca- towns appearing in the Volga region and the thedral is unique in its beauty, authenticity Asian part of Russia to a certain degree on and integrity and coordination of architec- sites of the previously existed ones (Samara, tural details of di erent centuries. e idea Simbirsk, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Orenburg and of the cathedral and monastery is revealed others). at promoted formation of Chris- in architectural, artistic and spiritual images tian town culture in the region with tradi- of the Assumption theme. tionally nomadic and Muslim culture of the e Assumption Cathedral is insepara- steppe Eurasia. ble from the history of Sviyazhsk which was Russia grew into an Eurasian empire that founded in 1551 as a military fortress. It was in many respects accepted the traditions of the most important outpost of Ivan IV (the a powerful medieval empire – the Golden Terrible) troops for the siege and conquest Horde. e level of the multi-ethnic and of Kazan in 1552 which laid the end to the multi-confessional state - which Russia be- existence of the Kazan Khanate as an inde- came in the new world history, is connect- pendent state. e town was founded not ed with the Assumption Cathedral of Svi- only for military purposes but also as a spir- yazhsk. itual and missionary centre. e foundation of the Assumption Mon- e construction of Sviyazhsk and its astery in Sviyazhsk in the summer of 1555 monasteries in the XVI century had great and dedication of its main temple to the geopolitical importance for the history of Festival of Assumption of the Virgin em- the Volga-Urals region, Altay, Siberia. at phasized the ideological meaning and territory substantially exceeds most Eu- contained the idea of the Holy Virgin pa- ropean states in size and population. e tronage and protection. e cathedral was
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considered to be similar to the cathedral of it has maintained its integrity and authen- the same name in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and ticity and it is a bright physical evidence the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow of important geopolitical changes which Kremlin where for the rst time in history happened in the XVI−XVIII centuries as of Russia Ivan the Terrible was crowned in a result of conquest of Kazan, Astrakhan 1547. e construction of the St. Nicholas and Siberia and turned the Grand Prince of Refectory Church with the bell tower was Moscow into a milti-national, multi-con- completed in 1556 and the Assumption fessional and poly-cultural state. e As- Cathedral was consecrated in 1560. ey sumption Cathedral also has huge value were erected by a team of Pskov builders from the point of view of history and archi- who Ivan the Terrible especially invited tecture and the unique frescos of the sec- to build a fortress and religious buildings ond half of the XVI century. It is around the in the main centers of the former Kazan cathedral, as a symbol of the Holy axis, that Khanate in Kazan and Sviyazhsk. At pres- the history of the monastery and the town ent in addition to the Assumption Cathe- of Sviyazhsk has rotated. us ourishing dral and St. Nicholas Church with the bell of the town promoted ourishing of the tower the other religious monuments of the Assumption Cathedral and the monastery, Assumption Monastery have survived: the and the relics of St. German in it brought it Archimandrite’s building (second half of fame all over Russia. the XVII c.), the monastery school (the end In this respect the role of the Assump- of the XVII – beginning of the XVIII cc.), tion Cathedral frescos is especially unique. the brethren’s building with the Church of e less faith there was in the XIX centu- St. German (the second half of the XVII ry society and the less meaning the relics – rst half of the XVIII cc.). ey play an of St. German had for the ourishing of important role in the formation of a highly the shrine, the stronger was architectural picturesque ensemble of the Assumption and art interest to monuments “of Ortho- Monastery and underline the Outstanding dox culture” to programs of paintings and Universal Value of the Assumption Cathe- their aesthetic importance. In 1861, the dral and its frescos. Holy Synod acknowledged their meaning Since the moment of its foundation the and laid a prohibition on their distortion Assumption Monastery has been the colo- and repaint. Frescos replaced relics by their nization and Christianization centre of the meaning. If earlier pilgrims arrived for region with its local non-Russian popula- the relics, then later they came to see the tion. Due to the special status and position frescos. From this point of view the cathe- of Sviyazhsk the persons heading the Kazan dral attracted attention of a huge number Archdiocese had a title of Kazan and Svi- of people. Here we can make direct paral- yazhsk archbishops. Beginning from 1555 lels with Ferapont Monastery – the World Ivan the Terrible and Metropolitan of Mos- Heritage monument - where pilgrims came cow and All Russia Makary became its pa- to admire the frescos made by Dionosiy trons and investors. eir portraits are pre- (1502) even though the relics of Ferapont, served in the altar part of the Assumption the pupil of St. Sergius of Radonezh, earli- Cathedral. German, the rst archimandrite er were not kept there but somewhere near of the monastery (who later became Met- Mojaisk. e Assumption Cathedral fres- ropolitan of Moscow and All Russia) was cos became the main factor of the monu- canonized aer his death and his relics were ment preservation and in the Soviet time – acknowledged to be wonderworking. the main reason that it was not destructed. e place and role of the Assumption In 1551, the Stoglav Council had a big im- Cathedral is mostly de ned by the fact that portance not only for Russia but also for the
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Eastern Orthodox Church and the history en much later in the XVII century. Even the of icon painting. Frescos of that epoch prac- Farther superior of the Trinity-St.Sergius tically did not survive in Russia and all over Lavra was given the title of an archiman- the world. at is why Sviyazhsk frescos – drite six years later than the Father superi- and not only in the Assumption Cathedral or of the Assumption Cathedral, and hier- but also in St. Nicholas and the St. Sergius archs of the Solovetsk and Kirill-Belozersk Churches, play a key role in the understand- monasteries, who were much older than ing of cult art of painting in the epoch of the Assumption Monastery, were given this Stoglav and in studying their evolution. holy order only in the middle of the XVII e role of the Assumption Cathedral, century. is high status of the supreme hi- the monastery and Sviyahsk is also unique erarchs of the Sviyazhsk Monastery and its from the point of view of its interaction as cultural-spiritual importance is also traced a military fortress and at the same time as both in the XVII−XVIII centuries and in the spiritual and missionary centre of the later years. vast region. Founded by St. German simul- Reverence of St. German’ relics is also an taneously with the establishment of the attribute of the Outstanding Universal Val- Kazan Archdiocese in 1555, the Assump- ue of the Assumption Cathedral. German tion Cathedral and St. Nicholas Church, had teachers – Joseph Volotskiy who was their remarkable white-stone construc- the follower of the spiritual direction of “Jo- tion immediately stood out of the wood- sephism” and Maksimus the Greek, a rep- en town-fortress. Contrary to the fortress, resentative of the “Non-Possessor’s” move- they have survived. Since the very begin- ment. German became a personi cation of ning Sviyazhsk has remained the town of the deep practice combination of these two monasteries. Just like the Assumption Ca- traditions which are oen opposed in the thedral, the branch of the Trinity-St.Sergi- literature but these movements are similar us Lavra and John the Baptist monasteries in their religious and philosophical under- became the rst monasteries not only in the standing of austerity. e record to these fortress but in the Kazan region too. e two traditions is the marvelous architecture Assumption Cathedral was entrusted with and remarkable frescos of the Assumption missionary tasks which demanded huge Cathedral as well as a tiny St. German’s cell donations from the tsar and Orthodox peo- (3x2 m) next to it. ple. at was why it became the paramount e preserved cultural layer on the ter- centre of Orthodox enlightenment of the ritory of the Assumption Monastery in huge new archdiocese. is rst mainly Sviyazhsk also underlines the Outstanding was re ected in book-printing which start- Universal Value of it. It keeps things which ed here several years before the publishing date back to the late Bronze, early Iron ages of the famous “Apostle” by Ivan Fedorov (I thousand years BC), to the Golden Horde in 1564. e printer brought from St. Ger- (XIII−XV cc.) and to the Kazan Khanate man in Moscow worked in Sviyazhsk and it (XV−XVI cc.). It testi es the fact that this published a number of books of liturgical place was populated in the ancient times. and Christian educational character. e is territory was sacred for non-Muslim printer was also closely connected with pagan Finnish-Ugric population in the Bol- the school. ere are also many other at- gar-Tatar time in the XI−XVI centuries. tributes proving the Outstanding Universal However the uniqueness of this place is Value of the Assumption Cathedral. One of related to the integrity of the cultural layer them is the title of the Father superior of of Sviyazhsk period in the XVI−XX centu- the monastery as an archimandrite which ries. It has preserved remains of wooden in the other monasteries of Russia was giv- and stone structures used for defense, pub-
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lic, religious and household purposes and is problem is exceptionally important strengthening the suburbs, the water supply from the civilizational point of view. Svi- and sewage systems, ancient roads, religious yazhsk is named “the place of clash of two monuments and artifacts as well as monu- civilizations which gave birth to new Rus- ments of material and spiritual culture of sia”. is statement is in line with the con- peoples of the Volga-Urals region and Rus- cept of clash of civilizations conveyed in the sia in “in situ” accumulation. historical-philosophical treatise by Harvard e cultural layer of the monastery terri- Professor Samuel Huntington “Clash of civ- tory and Sviyazhsk is an exceptional storage ilizations and transformation of the world of historical, archaeological and cultural order”, published in e Foreign A airs in evolution. It has accumulated characteris- 1993. e author writes: “I think that in the tics of di erent times: the Bronze Age, the emerging world the main source of con icts Early Iron Age, the Bolgar-Tatar statehood will not be ideology and economy. e most of the IX – the rst half of the XVI century, important boundaries dividing the human- the pagan shrine, the Russian cult monu- kind and predominant sources of con icts ment and its architectural and artistic com- will be de ned by culture. e nation-state plex and the town of the XVI-XIX centuries, will remain the main acting character in in- decay and stagnation in the ХХ century and ternational a airs, but the most important the revival in the end of the ХХ – ХХI cen- con icts of the global politics will unfold turies. e existence of mighty parts of the between nations and groups belonging to cultural layer, which is up to 8 meters deep di erent civilizations. Clash of civilizations and named in archaeology as “the wet cul- will become the dominating factor of the tural layer” made it possible to preserve here world politics. Lines of fractures between unique organic things made of wood, leath- civilizations are the lines of future fronts”. er, wool, etc. In the context of science there are no any e large scale public movement for re- prospects in considering historical events. vival of cultural and religious life in Svi- Nevertheless, understanding of di erences yazhsk started in early XX century – early and peculiarities played an important role in XXI century. It is perceived by population of the development of the scienti c and politi- the Russian Federation as a symbol of reviv- cal thought of the XX century, in formation al of Russian Orthodox traditions, destroyed of new approaches to solution of humani- in the years of the totalitarian regime. e tarian problems. at is why the analysis of work of the Regional Foundation of Reviv- factors of uniting people and cultures in the al of Historical and Cultural Monuments historical retrospective, of those fundamen- of the Republic of Tatarstan (established in tal human values which were gained through 2010) in close collaboration with state bod- su ering of faith and knowledge during ies, local community, non-governmental thousands of years of our common history, organizations and scienti c organizations is is more promising and scienti c. History of directed not only at the preservation of the humankind vividly shows that interaction material cultural heritage, but also spiritual- with representatives of other cultures and ity and intangible cultural heritage. civilizations helps a person see the surround- One of the main attributes of the Sviyazhsk ing world more graphically, extensively and Outstanding Universal Value which the Con- brightly. It is this way that leads to mutual un- vention on World cultural and natural her- derstanding between people and ethnicities. itage aims at - is inter-ethnical peace and Sviyazhsk was the rst Orthodox town in concord. It predominates in the Republic of the Middle Volga region which played one Tatarstan and is revealed in its cultural diver- of the key roles in the historical process- sity, multi-confessions and multi-ethnicity. es of the Russian statehood formation. Of
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course, people have di erent perception of tionality above the other. Taking this into the events that were taking place in that far consideration, already in 1998 the Republic away and controversial epoch. For a part of of Tatarstan submitted three world heritage the modern Tatarstan population Sviyazhsk properties (the Kazan Kremlin, Bolgar and is a fortress built for conquering Kazan by Sviyazhsk) into the Preliminary World Her- the Grand Prince of Moscow. ere are cer- itage List of UNESCO. ose are the main tain e orts in the society to make this ques- monuments of Tatarstan peoples which tion a political one. Nevertheless, there is serve as the evidence of the unique cultural common understanding that Sviyazhsk is diversity of this outstanding historical-cul- an outstanding monument of historical and tural territory and they will become the as- cultural heritage of Tatarstan, Russia and set of the whole humankind. the world which should be preserved by all Unprecedented in its scale and impor- means and passed to future generations. tance conservation work of Bolgar and Every nationality has its own complicat- Sviyazhsk is being carried out in Tatarstan. ed history. Sinusoid of the historical devel- is creative work is rst of all directed at opment of the state and nationalities pre- preservation of the remarkable heritage supposes their ourishing and decay. is le by talented ancestors. However, there is is the logic of history itself. While e orts one more no less important aspect, namely to re-write it, desire to remove “unwanted scienti c studies which are carried out for historical scenes” to please the momentary complex investigation of these monuments. political and ideological conditions deform ey make it possible to bring science in the cause-and-e ect relations of histori- the republic to the higher fundamental and cal development, deprive people of their technological-innovative level. e research objective history and give rise to false and carried out in Sviyazhsk is a wonderful ex- dangerous feeling of supremacy of one na- ample of it. (ii) Summary of qualities (values and attributes) he Assumption Cathedral architectural pearance of the Sviyazhsk temple. Chamges Tand artistic complex is a unique property of facades and roo ng during the Borique of the XVI−XIX centuries cultural heritage. period made it possible to intencify the e role of the Assumption Cathedral, uniqueness of the architectural appearance monastery and Sviyazhsk is singular in the of the temple. Combination of unique ar- territorial structure of the total military-de- chitecture, the outstanding complex of wall fence system of the Grand Prince of Moscow paintings and the landscape closely con- under formation and transition in the phase nected with the spiritual life and missionary of struggle for the heritage of the Golden designation in the poly-confessional envi- Horde – the largest empire in Eurasia in the ronment make the Assumption Cathedral a XIII-XV centuries, supported by formation monument which does not have analogues of state and Christian-Orthodox ideology in the world. on the new level and establishment of the e Assumption Cathedral frescos are cathedral and the monastery in the new en- rarity for the art of medieval Russian paint- vironment. ings on the threshold of transition to the Having combined in itself traditions of new time history and have special meaning Pskov art of building and the majestic ar- for Russian and world culture and art. eir chitecture of Moscow masters, creatively uniqueness is connected with their artistic digested local traditions of stone building execution, completeness and quality of im- the architecture of the Assumption Cathe- aging, complexity of cycles and uncommon- dral creates the unique and inimitable ap- ness of scenes as well as their originality. e
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frescos are the only nearly completely pre- in the best way documents notions of emerg- served cycle of paintings of the second half ing, development, succession and changes of of the XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries religious architecture and icon painting in the e Assumption Cathedral frescos charac- middle of the XVI century and re ects interre- terize both common traits of “the golden age” lation of the iconostasis with the East-Ortho- of the Moscow school of art, succession in de- dox and western church art. velopment of creative work of Andrey Rublev e Assumption Cathedral which has (XIV c.), eophanes the Greek (1378) and saved the highest level of its integrity and Dionisius (1502) and peculiarities related to authenticity is a tangible evidence of histor- the theological interpretation of the imperial ical evolution of the architecture of a monu- expansion and conquering Kazan. ese were mental wall and icon painting. Scienti cal- the events of exceptional importance in the ly grounded technologies of conservation world history and introduction of the ruling which accumulated layers of di erent ep- monarch, his dynasty, religious leaders and the ochs are a bright manifestation of the out- clergy into the context of the holy history. standing cultural succession. e Assumption Cathedral iconostasis is Modern Sviyazhsk is a rare example of an outstanding sample of icon painting of the key elements safety of the ancient town the XVI−XVII centuries marked by an ex- planning. e later classical planning of it ceptional quality, integrity and rarity for the clearly shows innovative thinking of the an- territory of the North-East Eurasia. ey cient Russian towns builders of the XVI cen- are a remarkable phenomenon in the Rus- tury. A medieval settlement which has pre- sian art and re ect not only new principles served its form, dimensions and planning of Orthodox icon painting but also the in- of the XVI−XIX centuries, which combine uence of the West topics demonstrating by radial-circular and regular structures with this cultural and artistic mutual in uence complexes of two monasteries, underline and diversity which is unique for that epoch. the Outstanding Universal Value of the As- e survived paintings of the heads only sumption Cathedral. Deesis of “St Nicholas the Wonderworker e distinctive value is its ‘living heritage’, of Mozhay”, “Dimitrius of Solun” and “Cru- the spiritual life connected with the As- ci xion” (1555-1556) in the St. Nicholas sumption Cathedral and the monastery and Church of the Assumption Monastery and a number of its speci c intangible attributes. the composition of the Holy Trinity with Preservation of the Outstanding Universal St.Sergius and St. Nikon of Radonezh in the Value of local community traditions and their St. Sergius Church (1604) of the Trinity-St. revival at a new level with the Assumption Ca- Sergus monastery (John the Baptist) testify thedral is possible due to further use of diverse that rich artistic heritage includes not only forms of obtaining and spreading knowledge a group of monuments of Ivan the Terrible such as raising awareness about work on pres- epoch, but also bright singular masterpiec- ervation and conservation of cultural heritage es of painters of the Boris Godunov epoch sites, exercising religious practices, organiza- (1598-1605) – the most important factor for tion of a museum of Orthodox religion and understanding processes of development of other museum and exhibition platforms (See Russian art of paintings in the XVI-XVII Section 5), underlining the Outstanding Uni- centuries generally. versal Value of the Property. e XVI century wooden Trinity Church is Preservation and invocation of cre- inseparably connected with the Assumption ative activity and artistic expressiveness Cathedral. It is its important and essential el- is achieved also thanks to other events of ement underlining the uniqueness and phe- educational character which tell about the nomenon of the Assumption Cathedral which Assumption Cathedral and its conservation
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as well as artistic, aesthetic, theological and and in the Russian Federation during many other traditions. Many of those intellectu- centuries; al intangible values which the Assumption - exible combination of liturgical practice Cathedral possesses are direct constituents primarily expressed in Orthodox religious of the Outstanding Universal Value and in- and philosophical doctrine of equality of all clude such valuable aspects as spirituality, nations to the God, with preaching the neces- pilgrimage and shrines, practicing the cult sity of preservation of masterpieces of human- and the righteousness, opposition and set- kind – wall and icon paintings. e use of the tlement of con icts and also important his- Assumption Cathedral for Christian liturgy is torical events. Each of the listed intangibles also the part of cultural and religious traditions also possesses a practical aspect and their connected with the relics of St. German which preservation and development is shown in promotes con rmation of the Outstanding Section 5. e following attributes are re- Universal Value of the Property. lated to the most basic valuables: Big annual festivals “Music of faith”, tra- - the importance of the unique place ditional for Sviyazhsk, are held also in Ka- where the Assumption Cathedral is located; zan and Bolgar with participation of Rus- the cathedral is also a desired retreat from sian and foreign performers. ey help the buzzy world, it is the reserved spiritual deeply understand the historical, cultural territory no matter what the purpose of the and artistic heritage of the Assumption visit to the Property is; Cathedral and add to its promotion. Dra- - active support of continuous and reg- matized performances are also held on the ulated pilgrimage of Christians to the island every year in summer. e ply plots town-island of Sviyazhsk; taking into con- are based on real stories of residents of Svi- sideration the anthropogenic in uence on yazhsk conserved by archive documents the Assumption Cathedral (See Section 4) as and obtained during personal conversa- well as of representatives of other religious tions with residents of the island. e the- confessions from all over the world аnd for- atre performance unfolds and is created in mation of a real picture of unique cultural the unique space of the island and makes it diversity and high principle of tolerance on possible to show how the location in uenc- this basis, which were formed in Tatarstan es events and population.
3.1.b Criteria under which inscription is proposed (and Justification for inscription under these criteria)
Criterion II he Assumption Cathedral in the complex that had dominating in uence on spreading Tof the Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery of Christian spiritual and material culture. is an outstanding example of the medieval e cathedral frescos program ascends Orthodox culture from the epoch of the to traditions typical for Muslim and Chris- Russian multi-national state and multi-con- tian perception of divinity which was the fessional society formation. It is a bright ev- re ection of mutual in uence and under- idence of appearance and development of standing of cultural codes as well as a factor the rst Orthodox town on the territory of of cultural identity change for a substantial the Kazan Khanate, in the outermost north- part of Finnish-Ugric and Turkic-Muslim west point of spreading of Muslim culture population in the region and its incorpo-
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ration into state and religious structures of unique universal centre of religious life, the Russia. place of preservation of century-old Ortho- e Assumption Cathedral frescos are a dox culture, religious tradition and special remarkable monument dating back to the spirit of the site, as an outstanding monu- rst decades of the former Kazan Khanate ment of architecture and the most singular as a part of the Russian state with the fur- storage of wall and icon paintings, as the ther time and space expansion of preaching place of inter-religious and inter-ethnic Christianity among peoples of the Volga communication. region, the Urals, Siberia, Central and East Active synthesis of cultural Christian and Asia as well as the process of di erent cul- Muslim traditions in the process of creation tures interaction. and development of the Assumption Cathe- e Assumption Cathedral is a record of dral has promoted considerable mutual in- state ideology announcing common human uence of human values and mutual enrich- meaning of Christianity and enlightenment ment of cultures. policy with the light of Christianity. is site possesses a special spiritual aura e outstanding value of the Assumption which is intangible heritage of the highest Cathedral is con rmed by its meaning as a level. Justi cation of Criterion II he Assumption Cathedral place and role the World Heritage Property, inscribed in are unique in the Volga-Urals region, in 2014, brightly personi es those times as tes- TRussian and the world historical, cultural and ti es about 1500-year long continuous his- spiritual heritage and occupy special place. tory of this place. is is seen most clearly from the analysis of e second event is connected with Geng- precondition of the Assumption Cathedral his Khan’s conquests and the Mongolian construction on the background of processes Empire formation. e history of the Gold- of the historical development of the region en Horde (XIII-XV cc.) is the re ection of and people, populating it over the last two that time in the Volga-Urals region. In fact, thousand years. the formation of the huge Mongolian em- ere are three globally important events pire was a movement of super civilization, which played a key role in the world and which incorporated enormous amounts of Eurasian history. First of them is related to peoples and cultures, from the East, which the Huns and the Hun Empire. e empire was quickly progressing, to the West. is is was founded in the Volga and Ural regions how Genghis Khan formulated the underly- in the II−IV centuries by a medley of Tur- ing idea of formation of the Mongolian em- kic language Huns, Ugrs, and Sarmats. eir pire: “Do you know what I want? I want a march across the Volga and the Don and a beautiful girl in wonderful clothes to carry a mass movement to the west that gave impe- golden plate from the Yellow to the Red See tus to the outstanding event in the history not being afraid for her plate, for clothes and of humankind – the Great Migration Period for her reputation”. In fact it was an e ort of in the IV−IX centuries. When it was most creating a huge state formation, in which – powerful during the rule of Atilla (in the by the idea of its creator - there would be middle of the V c.), this state formation be- all conditions provided for comfortable and sides the Huns included many other ethnici- safe living of hundreds of ethnicities of this ties (the Germans, the Alans, the Slavs, etc.). empire. As UNESCO World Heritage Prop- Together with the Goths they promoted the erties, both the Kazan Kremlin (2000) and fall of Rome and provided transition from Bolgar (2014) represent bright physical per- the antiquity to the Middle Ages. Bolgar as soni cation of that controversial epoch.
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e third event is related to the reverse created and the norm-legal and cultur- civilization movement from the west to the al-spiritual basis was formed. With broad- east when in the middle of the XVI century ening of the state boundaries the experience the strengthened Grand Prince of Moscow accumulated here found broad use on oth- sent its troop to conquer one of the key suc- er territories which were included into the cessors of Ulus Djuchi – the Kazan Khanate Russian Empire. in the struggle for the Golden Horde heri- e Tatars attracted the attention of the tage. Russian government more than any other Military conquest of its long-term rival people of the Middle Volga and the Urals. – the Kazan khanate in 1552 and the mili- At the time when the Kazan Khanate be- tary-political suppression of the Vola-Urals came part of Russia, they historically played region by the Moscow state in the whole be- the dominating role here. ey possessed came a signi cant landmark in formarion their own statehood based on century-ling and development of the new political, mil- political, economic and cultural traditions, itary, civilization, communication, demo- their legitimate ruling dynasty and public graphic and infroamtion space bwteeb the elite. Islam which the ancestors of Tatars East-Russia and Europe which possessed confessed since 922 - before Russia adopted unique characteristics. ose important Christianity - was an ocial religion of the events of the middle of the XVI century in Kazan Khanate. ese factors as well as spe- history and culture of Turkic, Finnish-Ugric, cial relations between the central power and Slavic, Mongolian and other nationalities of survived representatives of the Tatar feudal Eurasia had an exceptional importance in nobility formed aer the military confronta- the development of the world civilization. tion ended and in this or other form main- At that time a new boundary of a clash and tained in the XVII−XVIII centuries directly search of intercultural interaction of Chris- a ected the composition and character of tian (Orthodox) and Islamic civilizations legal documents which have survived. Most appeared in historical and cultural centers of of them were addressed to Tatars popula- the Volga and Urals regions. e territorial tion. claims were gradually complemented by the In the XVI – beginning of the XXI cen- formation of new religious and other spiri- turies a modern geopolitical and civilization tual values and reference points altogether. space, which had an exceptional importance It was the rst territorial acquisition of the in history of inter-state relations of Rus- Russian crown outside the East Slavic world sia with the countries of Asia and Europe, and became the main landmark event in was formed and developed in the region. history of Russia and Eurasia. According to e Volga and the Urals regions became a the Swiss historian A. Kappeler, it was since boundary zone (frontier) on the joint of dif- this moment that “the north European Mos- ferent social-cultural platforms and unusu- cow state with the so far dominating East ally high degree of transfusion of elements Slavonic population completely turns into of di erent cultures. e communities pos- a multi-religious and multi-ethnic empire”. sessing common and special historical-cul- Combination of a number of factors such tural characteristics and symbols, which as early joining Russia, religious and ethnic have huge meaning for peoples of mod- diversity of population, favorable geopolit- ern Russian Federation, were formed here. ical location presupposed the outstanding Monuments of Bolgar, Kazan, Sviyazhsk historical role of this territory as a kind of and others are unique evidence of inter-state a testing ground where main principles of and social-cultural interaction. national policy of tsarism were developed, Characteristics of inter-civilizational cul- methods and means for its pursuance were tural contact and identities change, which
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gave rise to the whole epoch of diversity sian state, its elite and culture was brightly of behavioral dominants, have become im- revealed in the Assumption Cathedral and portant attributes of the Outstanding Uni- attributes comprising its Outstanding Uni- versal Value of the Assumption Cathedral. versal Value. ey testify the long period of interaction Such anthropic-mental symbiosis has and mutual enrichment of cultural values manifested itself in an especially bright way and human history. One of the brightest within the work of German, the archbishop con rmations to it is the historically deter- of Kazan and Sviyazhsk (the secular name mined mutual in uence and merger of elites Grigoriy Fedorovish Sadyrev-Polev) whose of the Russian state, the Golden Horde, the family name (Sadyrev) is of Turkic origin. Kazan Khanate of other post-Golden Horde As the rst Father superior of the Assump- Tatar state formations in political and cul- tion monastery he made a substantial con- tural-spiritual aspects. is was re ected in tribution into its development and the de- the long and diverse history of the cathedral velopment of Sviyazhsk and its churches. – the territory of its appearance, construc- Being one of the ideologists of the program tion and staged of its development, topics of Christianization of the Volga region and and scenes of frescos, directly in spiritu- development of Orthodox history of this al-religious life, the place of pilgrimage of region, he promoted strengthening the role Christians and aspects of intangible cultural of earlier canonized Orthodox “saint Turks heritage. -Tatars”, including St. Martyr Avraamiy of e bright example of such nobles alliance Bolgar, Feodor the Philosopher of Bolgar is Ivan the Terrible’s lineage whose mother (Kama), the reverend Peter Ordynskiy, Pe- Elena Glinskaya was the descendant of Ma- ter of Kazan, Stefan of Kazan and Ioannes may. According to the pedigree of the Glins- of Kazan in the religious spiritual practice. kiy Princes, descendants of beklyaribek (ap- e history of Tatar khans – Utyamysh- panage prince) and a general of the Golden Girey (baptized Aleksandr Safagireyevich) Horde Mamay, who ruled the west part of and Sain-Bulat khan (baptized Simeon Ulus Djuchi in 1361-1380, were landown- Bekbulatovich) is also in line with the gen- ing service princes in the Great Princedom eral concept of broad civilizational mutual of Lithuania. e Glinskiye, family, whose in uence in Sviyazhsk. Biography Simeon property ownership was in the lands of Pol- Bekbulatovich is especially interesting and tava and Cherkassk regions of Ukraine were in many respects unique as bright evidence descendants of the son of Mamay – Mansur of underlying inter-civilizational processes, Kiyatovich. Mikhail Glinskiy organized a re- which were going on in the Moscow king- volt in Lithuania and aer it failed moved to dom in that epoch and which undoubtedly serve to Moscow. His niece, Elena Glinska- in uence historical and cultural develop- ya was the mother of Ivan IV the Terrible. ment of Russia in the following epochs and Ivan IV, who was the one who ordered the up to our days. Simeon Bekbulatovich, who construction of the Assumption Cathedral, was the khan of Kasimov in 1567-1573, was carried two civilizational beginnings in his a son of Bek-Bulat sultan, grand-grandson of mentality, which were totally re ected in re- Akhmat Khan, who ruled the Large Horde, ligious-ideological life of the Russian state and together with his father switched over and not only according to the formula “Mos- to serve to Ivan IV. He took part in march- cow is the third Rome”, but also as a succes- es agains Livonia in 1570-es. During the sor of the Golden Horde. Even though Ivan years of oprichnina (life-guards), Ivan the the Terrible publicly denied the heritage of Terrible insisted on naming Simeon “the the Ulus Djuchi, in practice the immense great Prince of all Russia” (1575-76), even in uence of the Golden Horde on the Rus- though in fact Simeon did not have any po-
118 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
litical weight and remained just a nominee. Peter the Great’s interest in the heritage V.O. Klyuchevskiy, S.F. Platonov and other of multi-cultural country revealed certain- historians characterized this unique fact in ly also in the fact that one of his rst tsarist history of Russia as “a political masked ball” decrees aimed at preservation of historical which was cause by “serious internal crisis” and cultural heritage of Russia was connect- of Ivan IV. However, the fact, that Ivan the ed with monuments of Great Bolgar in 1722. Terrible chose Simeon – the former Mus- ese examples of cultures deep inter- lim and representative of the Chingizids penetration, the direct bearers of which family as the Great Prince of Moscow even were Orthodox hierarchs of Kazan region though just as a nominee, is one of the most as well as the crated Pantheon of saint Ta- important and underlying characteristics tar martyrs and other representatives of of political and religious-spiritual essence non-Slavic ethnos, undoubtedly in uences of the Russian stet itself, its historically the whole life of the Assumption Cathedral formed tight civilizational interaction with and the Orthodox Sviyazhsk, in the reli- outstanding cultures of Eurasia. e further gious and cultural life of which many mo- political history of the Russian state ruled tives and plots of other cultures and civili- by descendants of representatives of Mus- zations are revealed. lim and Christian cultures is also con rma- Interaction and interpenetration of Chris- tion to that. e tsar and Great Prince of all tian and Muslim religions have long and Russia Boris Godunov was the descendant continuous history in the Volga-Kazan re- of the Tatar prince Chet. Peter the great’s gion which is con rmed by written evidence mother, Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina was and numerous archaeological nds. It is the descendant of the Tatar family Mordka known that the Bolgars knew about Chris- Kurbat (Naryshko). tianity at least since the VII century. e e wide involvement process of Ta- important fact is that the eparchy subordi- tars-Muslims in the Russian statehood for- nated to the Constantinople Patriarchy was mation also found its re ection in a famous established in the Khasar Kaganate (which statement attributed to Napoleon: “Grattez also ruled the lands populated by the Bolgar le russe et vous verrez le tartare” (“Scratch tribes aer collapse of “ e Great Bolgaria”) a Russian and you will see a Tatar”) which in 860-870. later became more famous in Russian cul- Multi-ethnic composition of its popula- ture as a saying “Scratch any Russian and tion signi cantly helped the Christianity you will nd a Tatar”. Ideas of cultural penetration into the Volga Bolgaria. Even commonness of Russian and Tatar worlds Arabic travellers, who were there much were fully represented in a work “Az and later that Ibn-Fadlan, noted: internal Bol- Ya” dedicated to Turkic-Slavonic symbiosis gars-Christians”. It can be supposed that Or- and written by the UNESCO Ambassador thodox cult structures also existed in Bolgar, of peace Oljas Suleymenov. is theory Bilyar and other large towns of the “Bolgar found its re ection in works of largest phi- Ulus”. Despite the fact that the Bolgar trib- losophers and ideologists of the Eurasian al elite adopted Islam as the state religion, concept (N.S. Trubetskoy, P.N. Savitskiy, Christianity remained to be a well “known” G.V. Vernadskiy, L.P. Karsavin and others). religion for it and this was quite explainable In the works of outstanding scientist L.N. and understandable from the point of view Gumilev the Eurasian unity was represent- of the previous history of Bolgar tribes. ed in the notion of “Eurasian superethnos”. e Volga Bolgaria conquest and its e Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk is lands inclusion into the Golden Horde at an exceptional expression of this multifac- rst – until its Uzbek Khan ruled in 1313 eted historical process. – 1341 adopted Islam and started actively
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implanting this religion – brought about, One more quite important fact which as everywhere else in the state, weakening points to Sviyazhsk as a place of cultures and of “monopoly” positions of Islam here. In civilizations cross-section is the word “Svi- most cases Mongolian rulers were not only yazhsk” etymology. Rather logical semantic religiously tolerant, but also actively patron- chain is visible here: Sviyazhsk (Russian) – ized and supported di erent confessions, Ziya (Turkic) − Chuya (is literally translated including Christian ones. e Majority of as “water” from Tibet-Chinese). In Turkic the Golden Horde nobility did not adhere languages the word “zay-ziya” means “a riv- to Christian faith in the XIII−XIV centu- er”, and there is a Turkic verb “zeya” – to ow, ries, but in uence of Christianity on polit- owing. e Bolgars gave similar names to ical and cultural life of the Golden Horde rivers of Sviyaga, Chuya, Shuya etc. is was rather substantial. According to “ e points to the town-island of Sviyazhsk as one Yasa” of Genghis Khan, the Mongols-Ta- of important medieval logistics elements in tars took the Christian Church under their the system of the Great Silk and Great Vol- protection. In this respect the evidence that ga ways. Such statement of a question gives Christian sermon and liturgy were served Sviyazhsk and its historical-cultural heritage in Turki languages, which were native and even wider Eurasian importance as a unique understandable for representatives of the place, located on the historical-cultural tec- main population of Djuchi Ulus is very tonic rapture of two continents and being an important. Christianity was also support- evidence of the Outstanding Universal Val- ed among the Turks by spreading books of ue of the Assumption Cathedral. prayers in their native language. Sviyazhsk used to be a sacred non-Mus- When Ulus Djuchi collapsed, the politi- lim cult place of pagan worship for the local cal centre of the former “Bolgar Ulus” was Finnish-Ugric population during the Bol- moved in the 1430s from Bolgar to Kazan gar-Tatar period in the XI−XV centuries. which became the capital of the new state Historically there was a tendency to replace formation – the Kazan khanate. Since then earlier existing places of Pagan worship by “the growth” of Christian population oc- Christian cult objects, which also revealed curred mainly due to the Russians most of both in Sviyazhsk and in the whole cultur- whom had adopted Islam just nominally al region. e Assumption Cathedral and in the Kazan Khanate to get rid of slavery. the monastery are the bright evidence of eir following “falling away” (return) to emerging and development of the rst of the Orthodoxy, which was taking place al- the rst Orthodox town in this region which ready in the conditions of domination of the had dominating in uence on spreading of Russian church and that in its turn presup- Christian spiritual and material culture. posed the presence of one or several Ortho- ey are vivid physical evidence of the only dox churches or chapels here. in the world and active since the middle of e role of the Assumption Cathedral, the XVI century, cathedral and monastery the monastery and Sviyahsk is also unique in the outermost north-west part of spread- in the territorial structure of the common ing of the Muslim culture. military-defence system being formed in e Assumption Cathedral has its ter- the Moscow state as well as in transition to ritorial and geographical location on the the stage of struggle for the Golden Horde crossroads of the Great Silk and Great Volga heritage, the largest empire of Eurasia in the ways which also underlines its Outstanding XIII−XV centuries, supported by develop- Universal and Civilizational Value. e As- ment of the state and Orthodox ideology on sumption Cathedral is a remarkable sym- a new level and creation of the cathedral and bol, a unique historical-cultural lighthouse, the monastery in a new environment. which threw bright light to the ways of polit-
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ical, economic, cultural and religious-spiri- Martin Luther expressing his idea “power tual development and interaction of people, and sword – are the Gods service” became cultures and civilizations of Eurasia during a religious-ideological basis for pursuing many centuries. the unprecedented in history of humankind e Assumption Cathedral is also an out- policy of imperialism in the future. In fact, standing symbol of Orthodox religion pre- Protestantism transformed Christian reli- served and unchanged through the ages as gion and its philosophy into an element of well as its philosophical doctrinal theology the cultural science and politics. which does not have analogue in the rest of e East Orthodoxy underwent quite dif- Christian world. e epoch of rule of Ivan ferent evolution in Russia. Its religious-phil- IV and the time of the erection of the As- osophical basics have never been reformed. sumption Cathedral took place in the peri- Any split was severely punished. But it was od of radical changes in the Christian world. this measure which helped the Orthodoxy is key period in history of the world cul- to maintain its originality. ere were some ture and politics is related to Christian re- changes but they were minor and incapable forms in Europe where century-old basics of distorting the basics of Apostolic faith. of Catholicism were undermined and new Researchers explain the absence of large ideas were asserting themselves – those of scale reformatory movements in the Mos- cult of entrepreneurship and rational un- cow kingdom by di erent reasons: relative derstanding of reality and transformation of independence of the church from the state public and civil activity into the moral duty in the XV-XVI centuries when it still was of a Christian. not a part of the state machine; economic is is how Martin Luther, the found- and social backwardness of the country and er of German Protestantism (the Lutheran absence of the bourgeoisie as a class. Some Church), formulated these statements: “ if scientists (N.M. Nikolskiy, N.M. Pokrovskiy you see that there is not enough guards, ex- and others) consider as e orts of Reforma- ecutioners, judges, lords or rulers, and you tion the heresy of the Strigolniks, the Juda- think you can do it, then o er your services isers (Novgorod-Moscow “heresy”) and ac- and do it..”. Luther thought that “guards and tivities of Vassian the Squint-eyed and other executioners” could combine their religious ideologists of the Non-Possessor’s movement views and their job and could be Christians. which became the Russian manifestation of Aer pulling an individual out of Catholi- Protestantism in the XV-XVI centuries. In cism, Protestantism prepared an ideological a certain sense Nil Sorskiy and the Trans- soil for a powerful outburst of the Europe- volga hermits, who entered into controver- ans’ social and political activity. In several sy with Joseph of Volotsk on the casp of the hundreds of years Europe implemented its XV-XVI centuries, can also be considered famous Reformation. During a short pe- participants of a peculiar “Russian reforma- riod of time, Europe overtook leadership tion”. e discussion ended with the victory in science and military technique from the of Joseph and spreading on in uence of his Arabic Khalifat, opened the epoch of great supporters on ideology and economy of the geographic discoveries and prepared the Church in the XVI century. In particular, it ground for the genesis of capitalist relations. found its re ection in architecture and art However, there also was the reverse side of painting of Orthodox monuments of that of the new European Christian religion period. However the struggle between dif- which was widely adopted by European ferent movements in iconography did not elites –the possibility to obtain secular ben- subdue also in the second half of the XVI e ts and amenities by the forced conquest century. e Assumption Cathedral of Svi- of non-Christian people. e formula of yazhsk can be considered on of the brightest
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examples of that. On the one side its archi- life of the Russian state and its peoples during tecture embodied the synthesis of tradition- its whole history, is a unique manifestation of al ancient Pskov architecture, monumental religious tolerance, commonness of cultural Moscow art of building and construction traditions and their interpenetration. traditions of the Volga region. On the oth- e Assumption Cathedral is a symbol of er side, in the monumental wall paintings changes taken place in spiritual and material of the cathedral there are plots which be- culture during the formation of Moscow auto- came the subject of dispute on the church cratic state and later of the Russian Empire on council against heresies of Matvey Bashkon the vast Eurasian space. In uence of traditions and Ivan Viskovatyy, which in their essence of di erent periods of history was re ected in re ected the struggle between reformatory architectural elements, which complemented and traditional thoughts in the Orthodoxy, its appearance for many centuries. Each new which Metropolitan Makarius personi ed element in its architectural image appeared in at that moment. a certain epoch and was related with the turn- e word “Orthodoxy” is the translation of ing points of national and world history. It was the Greek “оrthо-dоkео” meaning “to think not just following the architectural fashion but correctly”. Another name of the Church is the every time it was the re ection of new philo- Catholic which means “universal” in Greek. sophic ideas, which le their imprint of archi- e underlying meaning of this name is in tectural forms. the fact that the Church calls all people to re- e Outstanding Universal Value of the As- demption no matter what their nationality or sumption Cathedral is proved by its meaning social status is. During the translation of the as an exceptional unique centre of religious Symbol of faith from Greek into Slavonic, the life, the place of preservation of century-long word”catholic” became “conciliar”. Christian traditions, special spirit of the terri- e Orthodox Church has been nev- tory, the remarkable monument of architec- er modernized in the sense that it has never ture the one-of-the-kind storage of wall and changed its philosophy to compare with the icon painting, the place of inter-religious and rest of the churches. at was why in the foun- inter-ethnic communication. dation of its point of view lies understanding e prove of the universal value of the Svi- that the truth is the freedom of spirit and not yazhsk cathedral complex is also in the fact the freedom of the secular mind that is under- that it was built not only by Pskov construc- stood in the Orthodoxy as insanity in front of tion workers but also by the local masters who God. used construction traditions of khans’ Kazan is religious and philosophic theolo- and medieval Bolgar. e Assumption Cathe- gy became the basis for the foreign policy of dral is the only evidence of meaningful typo- the Russian state which revealed itself very logical characteristics of Orthodox cult objects brightly during the rule of Ivan IV and east- of unique modi cation, which was formed ern boundaries expansion of the state which under the in uence of local conditions. was not accompanied by serious religious con- e Assumption Cathedral that has sur- icts. People who joined the Grand Prince of vived with the highest level of its integrity and Moscow – representatives of di erent cultures authenticity is a physical evidence of historical and religions – became inseparable part of it evolution of architecture, monumental wall and if not having equal rights with the Or- and icon painting, scienti cally justi ed meth- thodox population, but their faith and culture ods of conservation which accumulated layers became important constituents, incorporated of di erent epochs, so it is a bright manifesta- into religious, social, cultural and political life tion of the outstanding cultural succession. of the Russian state. e Assumption Cathe- Sviyazhsk frescos are a unique example for dral, which in its essence is the re ection of comparing two art systems in interpretation of
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a common plot as well as a rare example for soni cation of the fairy tale “island of Buyan” the Russian middle-aged art that the artists (A.S. Pushkin. “ e fairy tale about Tsar Sal- who worked there had knowledge and skills of tan, his good son Prince Gvidon Saltanovich how to use in practice methods and technique and the Swan princess”). e fabulous-fantas- of European art. tic romatic appearance of the town on the is- e image of the Virgin – Mariam ana land was actively and widely used in works of (Mary) has become an exceptional evidence of literature of di erent styles. interaction of Orthodox and Muslim cultures In the XX century Russian literature this of the second half of the XVI c. – beginning image inspired not only authors who wrote of the XVII c. e construction of Muslim historical novels but also creators of adventure mosques dedicated to Jesus and Mary (the and romantic-fantasy literature. e Assump- mosque of Gaysa and Mariam-ana in Istan- tion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk is mentioned in bul) is also an example of such unity of Abra- such works as novels by Y. Saganov “New town hamic religions in modern Muslim culture. of Sviyazhsk”, by Z. Fakhrutdinov “ e secret e Assumption Cathedral is an exception- is worth life”, the novel of A. Kiryukhin” e al example of hosting some outstanding g- scribe of the rank department”, V. Aksenov ures in Russian and world history. In Soviet “Sviyazhsk” and others. It is depicted in pic- times it housed one of the rst camps for po- tures and etchings of A. Svechin, M. Makha- litical prisoners (1918). Here the Chairman of yev (XVIII c.), G. Lukomskiy, E. Lancere and the Revolutionary Military Council of the So- P Speranskiy (beginning of the XX c.), in pic- viet Republic L.D. Trotskiy organized the rst tures of gied masters of the “Sviyazhsk art- in the history of the Red Army decimation – ists’ colony” of the end of the XX century – E. shooting of every tenth of military personnel. Golubtsov, I. Artamonov, A. Yegorov. R. Sa - Barrier squads were also organized here for ullin and others. Its image was brightly used in the rst time. In 1920-1950, Sviyazhsk was the movies “Sespel”, “ e dovelet”, “Sphinx” and in place of isolation of political prisoners. More numerous documentaries including those by than 3,000 people perished here during the famous Russian documentary lm-maker M. years of repressions. e territory of the As- Razbezhkina. sumption Monastery is the memorial place for e Assumption Cathedral is a vivid evi- descendants of victims of political repressions. dence of preservation, study and museumi - e monument to victims of political repres- cation of cultural and natural heritage objects sions has been erected outside the monastery in the XIX – beginning of the XXI cc. wall in 1995, and commemoration of the dead e archaeological monuments and the cul- is held here every year. tural layer on the territory of the Assumption e Assumption Cathedral in combination monastery and the town-island of Sviyazhsk with the unique natural, artistic and architec- are the evidence of outstanding cultural suc- tural appearance of the town-island of Svi- cession and diversity from the Bronze Age till yazhsk which was being formed from the XVI the late middle ages. till the beginning of the XX centuries, consid- e Assumption Cathedral, its architecture erably in uenced literature and arts. Due to and inside decoration are unique evidences the combination of landscape and architectur- of Orthodox civilization which has an excep- al peculiarities, the town-island of Sviyazhsk tional international importance in the frames found itself very close to the brightest legend- of culture and spiritual life. at has shaped ary-fantastic and epic images of Russian po- understanding the basics of faith, ideas, tra- etry. Sviyazhsk in ction is an image of saving ditions, social and moral norms of life of the spiritual fortress surrounded by natural and Eurasia Orthodox community for many cen- spiritual elements – Orthodox, foreign and be- turies starting from the XVI century till now- longing to di erent faith. It arises as a real per- adays.
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e Assumption Cathedral is an outstand- e Assumption Cathedral is the place of ing example of medieval Orthodox culture of pilgrimage of Christian and Muslims, a vivid the epoch of formation of Russian multi-na- example of the real picture formation of cul- tional state and multi-confessional society. tural and spiritual diversity and principles of is place possesses special spiritual aura tolerance both in Tatarstan and in the Russian which is intangible heritage of the highest Federation. level. Criterion IV he Assumption Cathedral of the from the time of Ivan the Terrible with his Ttown-island of Sviyazhsk is a remark- life time picture, unique by its integrity and able example of historical, cultural and completeness. e frescos open a new ep- artistic complex which does not have any och in Russian monumental art of painting, analogues in the world, a sample of new where principles of ornamentality of frescos architectural tradition formation which harmonize with clarity of their iconograph- appeared in the environment mainly pop- ic program. ey are the expression of am- ulated by Turkic-Tatar and Finnish-Ugric bitious military and cultural-civilizational tribes. It was created under supervision of program, initiated by ruling circles in the Russian builder of genius of the middle of XVI century. Wall paintings of the cathedral the XVI century Postnik Yakovlev. The ca- considerably in uenced the evolution of thedral is the only outstanding example of iconography of the East Orthodox Church, interaction and symbiosis of architecture, re ected renewed relations with the east and nature, wall paintings and icons complete- the wet through development of conserva- ly preserved in Russian from the second tive doctrine of the Greek Orthodox Church half of the XVI – beginning of the XVII and at the same time through perception of centuries, which was created by outstand- certain west-Christian topics and plots. ing masters of their epoch. His monumen- e Assumption Cathedral is a material tal and majestic appearance and internal evidence of the historical evolution of archi- decorations reflected ideas of grandeur tecture, monumental wall and icon painting and might of the tsarist power and of which illustrate meaningful period of the Christian dogmas. world human history. e cathedral is a cul- e frescos in the cathedral vividly illus- mination of historical-cultural and spiritu- trate the phenomenon of cultural evolution al development of the Russian state in the of the Grand Prince of Moscow showing XVI−XVII centuries and its transition into the direct connection between events of the the imperial phase in the XVIII century, middle-second half of the XVI century and as well as a unique re ection of successive the beginning of the XVII century and oc- development of Russian empire, the Soviet cupy one of the most important places in Union and Russian Federation within the history of Christian art of that time. territorial space of Eurasia. e Assumption Cathedral frescos are the only ensemble which survived to nowadays Justi cation for criterion IV he shapes of the Assumption Cathedral architectural tradition. It was complemented are universal but at the same time they are by novelties characteristic for traditions of Texceptional. Dimension-planning solution of Central Russia which has typical di erent the Assumption Cathedral, its composition forms of door and window apertures, and decoration of facades show the Pskov square columns in the interior and special
124 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
proportional arrangement. All this created with square pylons, shapes of window ap- monumental and meaningful image which ertures and recesses, regular masonry and embodied the grandeur, complexity and Moscow interpretation of Pskov décor – massiveness of the new “state” architecture of all these pioneering approaches are pres- Moscow. ent in the architecture of the Assumption e Assumption Cathedral is an expres- Cathedral. Despite clear Pskov traditions, sion of Pskov architects’ high cra which is this architecture in the whole has common proved by their active and large scale par- Russian character and marked “style of the ticipation in construction of cult complex- Terrible”. es and in creation of paintings far beyond Generally, this also corresponds to the Pskov region. At the end of the XV centu- main principles of Russian architecture ry they erected unique cathedral including development where the art of monastery those in the Moscow Kremlin. Pskov mas- building usually plays the role of the most ters were invited to the construction of the traditional and at the same time the most Assumption Cathedral – the main cathedral advanced trend which uses all Russian of the Moscow Kremlin. us, representa- achievements. In Sviyazhsk Pskov masters tives of the Pskov school of architecture were gained unique experience which would later considered to be equal to the best European be used in Pskov region and other regions of architects of that time. the country. In their turn the unique works Participation of Pskov architects in the in Sviyazhsk promoted formation of new construction of the Assumption Cathedral Russian architectural tradition. e bright was explained by their huge experience in example of this is the fact that Pskov masters ful lling large state orders of this kind and used their experience they got in Sviyazhsk by acknowledgement of their highest cra. when building an original gateway St. Nich- In fact they were given a special honou- olas church –semi-tower of the Pskov- rary Orthodox-state mission of promoting Pechera monastery with a г-shape gateway the ideology of Russian Orthodoxy, as Svi- in the rst tier (1565). yazhsk, especially on its early stage, played Another bright peculiarity of the cathe- the role of the rst and main spiritual centre dral complex construction in Sviyazhsk is in of the Kazan land. e new stage of devel- the fact that local masters took active part in opment of statehood in Russia demanded it. us, the Assumption Cathedral and the new approaches in creation of unique cathe- refectory of the Assumption monastery are dral complexes. It was Pskov masters who built of large slabs of local limestone used completely corresponded to new require- both in the time of Volga Bolgaria and the ments in creation of temples and used a lot Kazan khanate. In Pskov architects used of innovations in their work. Genius of the atter slabs for construction. In its turn, the architect Postnik Yakovlev, who personi- stone masonry used for erection of churches ed succession of the best achievements of in Sviyazhsk is well-known in Kazan itself Pskov and Russian church architecture, and and in the medieval structures of Bolgar. of the local traditions was implemented in is is the evidence of participation in con- the construction of the Assumption Cathe- struction works in Sviyazhsk of local ma- dral. sons and “breakers” who drew stone from All this revealed in full measure in archi- a quarry on the bank opposite Sviyazhsk, tectural peculiarities of buildings in which which speeded up the construction. Preced- Pskov masters permanently demonstrated ing traditions of stone architecture of the their creative approach. us the regular Volga Bolgaria, the Golden Horde and the composition of church basements and the Kazan khanate, which developed in this re- interior of the main space of the cathedral gion for more than 600 years, in uenced the
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construction technique and separate origi- national idea of succession in the Orthodox nals elements of architecture. world. At the same time Byzantine architecture Architecture and frescos of the cathedral traits got their own interpretation both in contain a program connected with the new Pskov and in Sviyazhsk as well as in the world order assertion. It is based on theo- whole Kazan and the Volga-Urals region/ logical idea of Metropolitan Makarius and It was developing with its own peculiarities Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In addition, the idea which in uenced the development of Or- of laying the cathedral dedicated to the Vir- thodox architecture in the East Europe and gin had connections with the Muslim tradi- Asian part of Russia. tion of worshipping Mariam and was to ease Taking into consideration ability of Pskov the perception of new religion for Muslims. masters to correspond to the most up-to- By contrast with many other churches date requirements in architecture and to in the Central Russia, the Assumption Ca- follow the rulers’ orders, it can be supposed thedral was painted rather quickly aer its that they consciously preserved the image construction. is was dictated by necessity of national architecture under conditions of visual propaganda of Orthodox religion of the new state development – the spiritual among population which confessed Islam heir of Byzantium. is image demonstrat- and Paganism. e Moscow government ed the original national style, ability to inde- had the aim of catching the imagination of pendent spiritual and artistic development. neophytes and giving them a visual lesson of e Assumption Cathedral is a kind of a re- the Holy Scripture. It was especially import- serve of traditional Russian art of building, ant for Muslims as anthropomorphic images of Russian national culture, which as the su- were prohibited in Islam and of course were preme example was consciously preserved to stun by their courage and monumental- in the Volga region. Also as in Pskov, such ity. us icon painting of the Assumption tendency was characteristic of boundary Cathedral updated Christian ideas in the regions which had to interact and develop context of spiritual demands of contempo- under the in uence of both west and east raries, for many of whom it was liturgy that traditions. became their rst experience of encounter Remarkable historical gures – Tsar Ivan with the Orthodox world. the Terrible, Metropolitan Makarius, ar- e topical composition of the Assump- chimandrite of the Assumption monastery tion Cathedral frescos and the scenes ar- St. German and the rst Archbishop of the rangement in its space used to be new also. Kazan archdiocese Guriy - were those who Placing illustrations of the Genesis on vaults ordered the stone monastery ensemble. is as the main topic of painting was absolute- is undoubtedly the fact of uniqueness of this ly new phenomenon, which did not have monument and its paramount importance graphic traditions in Rus, and di ered from for the Russian sate. the system of Byzantine cathedral decora- e Assumption Cathedral is the only sur- tions adopted in Rus by the subject of paint- vived cathedral complex with the supreme ing, arrangement of Old Testament plots in artistic level frescos of the second half of the space of the cathedral. the XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries e Assumption Cathedral frescos sin- as well as with unique architectural, artistic, gularity is determined not only by iconog- esthetic, religious and ideological meaning, raphy but also by certain qualities of their created in the epoch of changes during the style. First, it is usually large size of gures active stage of the Russian state formation. in the scenes of the Genesis in the top part It is a symbol of philosophic doctrine and of the building. Second, it is cra of correla- tion of painted compositions with the form
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of architectural surface, and rst of all cur- Alongside with images of saints broadly vilinear surface – an arch, a vault, extrados, worshipped in Russia, there are also por- and lunette. is combination of qualities of trayals of a few less known saints such as artistic language in Sviyazhsk paintings not eophilus the New and Nicholas the New known in any other ancient Russian mon- on the bottom tier of the pylons. It was in umental ensemble of the second half of the the Assumption Cathedral that the image of XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries can Saint Eustathius Placidas with his children stem from acquaintance with European ar- for the rst time appears in the ancient Rus- tistic tradition, from the fact of existence sian ancient paintings. Images of this saint in the west Christianity, in its centre – the warriors help to expose all side of their mar- Pope’s Rome of similar paintings among tyrdom feat and show neophytes the way to which is the cycle of Genesis by Michelange- Christ. lo of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Such e image of St. Christopher which should knowledge could appear in the Moscow cir- immediately draw attention is an exception- cle of Greek intellectuals of the threshold of al attribute of the Assumption Cathedral the XVI-XVII centuries. Outstanding Universal Value. is version e Assumption Cathedral frescos dis- of iconography can be perceived as a cer- tinction is in the fact that the cycle of tain generalized image of people, which for scenes from the life of the Virgin appears long time was opposed and struggles against for the rst time in the historical context Christianity, but the same as a pagan Reprev as a link between the Old Testament and was not deprived of possibility to become New Testament narration. e Old Testa- Christopher. Saints eophilus the New and ment and New Testament apocryphal plots Nicholas the New were soldiers who died enter complex artistic and sense relations struggling against the Arabs and the Avars underlying parallels and oppositions, rea- and should have caused associations with the sons and results, predestinations and im- feat of the Kazan martyrs. e image of Saint plementation of the holy history, strength- Eustathius, who brought his whole family ening emotional density of events and to faith, on the composition level correlates bringing in dynamic element in their de- with the image of Prince Feodor of Yaroslavl velopment. e arrangement of the Virgin and Smolensk with his sons. e Prince mar- cycle in the space of the cathedral is also ried to a daughter of the Horde khan, who original. Compositions are in the upper was baptized, the same as the St. Eustathius register of paintings, following directly the brought his family to redemption. His chil- Old Testament cycle of Creation and Histo- dren David and Konstantin, who were sons ry of Adam and Eve. of a Tatar princess, became Russian saints. e composition “ e Council of the Vir- Unusual choice of saints and preference of gin” on the frescos of the Assumption Cathe- certain iconographic versions originates in dral that is based on “ e Word” of St. John the broad educational character of the fres- Chrysostom from the Great Menaion of cos program and also testi es contacts with Metropolitan Makarius is the earliest exam- the Orthodox East where these saints were ple of such iconography created even earlier especially worshipped. than the similar composition of the Annun- “ e Great Entrance” fresco appears on ciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. the altar of the Assumption Cathedral for Its peculiarities were never repeated later the rst time in Russian monumental art of in icons and paintings of such iconography. painting. is composition was also named It remained the solitary instance alongside “Be all human esh silent” by the words of with tradition formed later by paintings of the liturgical hymn read once a year during the Moscow Kremlin Cathedral. the Great entrance on Holy Saturday. is
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plot will occupy a stable place in the system orativeness and clarity of its iconographic of Russian church paintings only at the end program. Numerous ensembles created al- of the XVI and XVII centuries – in the altar ready in the XVII century will the climax of the Annunciation Cathedral in Solvyche- of this style. Classical clarity, free space as godsk (1601), the Assumption Cathedral of a principle of composition building, mini- the Moscow Kremlin (1642-1643) and in the mum characters in every scene are the most church of Deposition of the Robe (1644). characteristic peculiarity of wall paintings e composition occupies the conch of of the Assumption Cathedral and single out the apse with adjacent gures on the altar from ensembles of the Nativity Cathedral of arch. It shows the procession of clergymen the Ferapontov monastery, Annunciation performing the Great entry according to and Arkhangelsk cathedrals of the Moscow the text of the prayer and the ordinance Kremlin and the Savior’s Cathedral of Yaro- of this special service. ey are surround- slavl which were created nearly at the same ed by the images of Cherubs, Seraphs, the time. rones and Angels. It is important that on e Assumption Cathedral iconographic the adjacent arch of the altar there is a pic- program accurately re ects a new theologi- ture of Tsar Ivan, Metropolitan Makarius cal approach of Russian church expressed by and the hegumen of the Assumption Ca- its spiritual leader – Metropolitan Makari- thedral with the monks standing in front us and simultaneously by the Russian state of the cross. We see the picture of partic- political head - Ivan IV. It is done through ular historic personalities who were alive showing iconographic topics which were or already died at the time and who had discussed at church councils in 1551 and not been canonized yet. e permission 1553-1555. In connection with that, wall to paint them was discussed at the Stoglav paintings of the Assumption Cathedral Council in 1551. As an example the dis- should be considered very interesting in the cussion mentioned the border pictures of structure of the general ideological context, “ e four-part” icon “Come to me, people,” as re ecting the Christian doctrine, which where, as it was already said, the young tsar greatly in uenced the Russian theological and the metropolitan with their nearest thought. circle are painted praying. However, this e uniqueness of the Assumption cycle question contained even deeper context – of the Genesis is in its originality in the an- the concept of worshipping the grand-du- cient Russia art and the whole post-Byzan- cal family, which was one of constituent tine world. Even though iconographically parts of ideological program of Ivan IV and it belongs to Byzantine monuments, there Metropolitan Makarius directed at asser- cannot be found any direct compositional tion of the Russian monarchy. e place of and stylistic analogues. Painting of the As- the tsar’s image in the altar stresses the idea sumption Cathedral testi es the huge po- of the teaching about power of the Russian tential of the post-Byzantine culture of art, autocrat given and blessed by God, which which actively developed on the territory formed by the middle of the XVI century. of the Orthodox world in the most com- is was how the orientation of Metropoli- plicated political and spiritual context and tan Makarius on spreading the new icono- gave vivid large scale results not only in graphic topic was implemented in life. the sphere of iconography but also in the e Assumption Cathedral frescos in Svi- sphere of style having managed to formulate yazhsk open a new epoch in Russian monu- new, reach in content and original image of mental art of painting by showing very high east-Christian spirituality. e Assumption organization level of decorations system ensemble is a unique e ort of Russian mas- which ideally combines principles of dec- ters to reach the Byzantine classical heritage
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not only through stylistic experiments of the Orthodox education in the eastern part of time of Ivan the Terrible, but also through Russia from the Volga to the Far East which the way which presupposed the search for greatly in uenced also many countries of spatial values and individualization of imag- Central Asia. es, which enter into a close contact with the e formation of modern Russian so- viewers. cial-political and social-cultural history of From the viewpoint of town-building the the state and people is closely connected Assumption Cathedral and the bell tower with the phenomena of missionary activity of St. Nicholas Refectory Church are the and Oriental studies in Sviyazhsk and Ka- monastery landmarks which is served as zan – the large political and cultural centre the main stable element of Sviyazhsk for- of the Volga and Urals region. Kazan was tress and which has survived to our days. the centre of the military-political and cul- In the same way as Troitskaya Street, which tural expansion and the scienti c study of formed the main street of Sviyazhsk – Us- the heritage of the East. Starting from the penskaya Street which has come to us from second half of the XVI century, Christian- the time of the pre-regular planning of ization of non-Russian nationalities of the the town. In its turn, the Trinity Church region was the priority taskof the Russian formed the second important street of Svi- state and the Orthodox Church. Conversion yazhsk since the time of the Trinity-St. Ser- into the Orthodoxy and maintaining the gius Monastery. non-Christians of this region in this faith e Outstanding Universal Value of formed the basis of this policy up to 1917. the Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk is Appearance and maintenance of such prior- stressed by continuity of its development ities in the domestic policy was de ned by during the long historical period. e St. the role of the Orthodoxy as a state religion Nicholas church with the refectory and the – an active domestic missionary activity of Trinity and the St. Sergius Churches of the the Russian Orthodox Church. ese tradi- John-the-Baptist Monastery are important tions of the religious-spiritual sohere of life attributes of its value. were the most stable determiners foreshad- e Assumption Cathedral has been a owing it succession. e governemtn took witness of the large scale historical events into consideration the forign political sit- during its construction and the whole peri- uation as well which dictated the necessity od of its history. It has been involved into of supporting the image of Russian rulers as processes which in uenced the whole course patrons and protectors of their subjects and of world history. Among such vivid events taking the Russian Muslim from under the was, rst of all, development of the Ortho- spiritual in uence of the Turkish sultan who dox missionary idea and its spreading to the was considered to be the patron of all Mus- east, which was expressed in establishment lims. of monasteries, which, rst of all, were edu- e Orthodox missionary activity in the cational centers. Second, it was organization Volga-Urals region was characterized by the of the second important in Russia and rst practice of converting heathen and Muslim in the east of the state book printing centre. peoples of the region into Christian faith by ese circumstances contributed to making arms, persuasion and propaganda which the region a powerful missionary centre in became stronger aer the Establishment of the east of Russia with large educational and the Committee of Newly Baptized with its enlightening institutions such as a semi- centre in the Sviyazhsk Assumption mon- nary, the printing house, and a library. Later astery in the XVIII century. e Orthodox they were reorganized into the Kazan reli- missionary activity represented a regular gious academy which became the centre of common historic and cultural-historic phe-
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nomenon, which later became one of the non-christiand in the schools for newly bap- tools of political, social and cultural reforms tized. is broadened objectively the foun- in Russian Empire. Like in the west, the Or- dations of forming the Russian civilization thodox missionary activity was an insepara- rst of all due to ethnic-cultural diversity. ble element of political and cultural expan- ese processes were especially brightly vis- sion of the Slavonic people. In the whole the ible and achieved a signi cant development missionary activity led to the main objective in the Volga-Urals region. Giving assess- of the colonial policy – the internal coloni- ment ot the religious policy of the Russian zation of peoples and cultures. state in the whole it should be said that it Such policy caused serious resistence not underwent big changes from the policy of only of the main mas of Muslims bur also of forced baptizing to certain tolerance of faith the estates top of the Muslims – the service in the limited scale though. Such policy of class Tatars. All over the place they showed state paternalism of one confession and lim- their dissatisfaction with the policy of reli- itations of rights of the others was an anach- gious-national oppression and the banish- ronism for the age of modernization. ment of estates priviledged of the Tatar aric- us, the transformation of public-polit- tocracy. Open dissatisfaction and upisings, ical and economic life of peoples, massive which happened from time to time, put the religious awakening of ethnoses, tradition- problem of acknowledgement of Islam as a al condition of the spiritual environment, tolerant religion and the Muslims as loyal domination of Christian Orthodox confes- subjects in front of the Empire. sion and cultural traditions and other fac- From the point of view of social culture, tors became a signi cant result of the histor- the change of religious identity caused ical development of the region. the new cultural identity which in general Special role in implementation of this caused the situation of the deep splitting in policy was played by the Assumption Cathe- the Tatar society, it manifested itself rather dral and the Assumption monastery found- harshly and seemed to be unrecoverable. ed by German. He started implementing his e Tatar ethnos was split into two unequal idea of recruiting helpers for work among parts which found themselves in di erent non-Russian population in the non-Chris- religious environment which gave rise to tian environment by training Orthodox formation of their di erent cultures on priests from Non-Christians in the school the basis of Christian and Islamic spiritual for newly baptized. values. Contrare to the XVI-XVII centu- e Assumption monastery was one of ries, for some part of Tatars it ws not just the key centers of the governmental mis- the outside replacement of religion, but sionary policy in Russia. Its Fathers Supe- their spiritual arrangement and everyday rio had high education level, experience of life also started changing gradually. At the work as teachers and heads of spiritual ed- same time the persistent e orts of massive ucational insitutions (divinity schools and Christianization initiated strengthening academies, of publicistic and polemic activ- of their own faith of the majority of Tatars ity which helped them to solve successfully and caused the consolidation processes task related to missionary activities not only based on religion. in the Volga-Urals region but also In other Alongside with all this all over Russia a eparchies, the heads of which they became vast inter-ethnic and inte-cultural interac- later (see п. 2b for details). tion was beginning in the XVI-XX centuries. Sviyazhsk used to play an exceptional role ese processes objectively opened possibil- in the public and political life of the country ities for broader cultural contacts including during the period known in the history as those through spiritual education of former the Time of Trouble. ose events involved
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Poland, Turkey, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithua- XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries is nia, Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Sweden. more than 80%. Sviyazhsk was an important political cen- e epoch of forces atheization began af- tre at the time of crisis as it was in this way ter 1917, which was mostly successful due or another connected with all parties of the to symphysis of the Orthodoxy with the con ict. Religious-philosophic ideas, which Imperial state system. e fall of tsarism appeared at that time, were re ected in ar- caused the collapse of the moral authori- chitecture and decorations of the objects of ty of the church a massive coming of bap- the historical complex. tized Tatars back to Islam. Simultaneous- On the whole, the XVI−XVII centuries ly with massive atheization in this period occupy a special place in the life of the Rus- there were also acts of oblivion of faith and sian statehood and world history. It was its ethics and destruction of temples and the time of sharp contrasts in political, mosques. It was a bitter lesson of didence diplomatic, economic and spiritual life of and refusal from the past. But it was under the Eurasian community. In this vivid and these conditions that the formation of the controversial epoch Russia made a decisive Soviet people and their culture took place. step towards emerging as a great power. Despite the destruction of a signi cant is time, which is full of events and out- number of religious monuments, the As- standing historical gures, is the beginning sumption Cathedral and monastery were of formation of the new Russian Empire on under the protection of the Soviet state the political, economic and cultural-spir- and preserved due to work of outstanding itual map of the world. It is in this epoch workers of culture, art historians and re- that the sources of the administrative-state storers. In 1920-es a museum was located structure, religious-spiritual ideology and here and there were e orts of establish- economic functioning of the multi-ethnic ment of a “museum-town”. During the So- and multi-confessional Russian state can be viet years, the Assumption Cathedral was found. not used for religious purposes. Neverhte- On the threshold of the XVII−XVIII cen- less it was considered to be a unique mon- turies Russian culture found itself actively umenr of the important stage in history of involved in common European processes. It the country and its cultural heritage which re ected in a new ideology formation which found visible re ection in its architecture, incorporated traditions of the European late construction and the interior. Renaissance and Protestantism. is caused Under the new conditions of the revival changes in the material culture and found its of the country and religious fait and conser- expression in everyday life, art, architecture, vation of monumnets of historical-cultural etc. At that period the Assumption Cathe- heritage, the positive experience of respect dral was enlarged by the attached refectory of ights of all confessions, study and pres- with a curvilinear ogee shape roof and new ervation of their rich cultural heritage of elegant windows appeared. e Baroque peoples of our country is very important for “small tympani” appeared on the top of the Tatarstan and the whole of Russia. e past quadrangle forming a kind of a ”crown”, as insults and mistrust should be forgotten for well form as the dome of complex as imita- the saek of the revival of the country, and tion of So a of Kiev. At the same time, the the favourable environment should be de- cathedral in its original version, maintained veloped for inter-national and inter-cofes- the initial dimensions, its constructions and sional dialogue for strengthening the coun- interior remained unchanged. e integrity try, preservation of peace and ourishment of wall paintings of the second half of the of tolerance.
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3.1.с Justification of integrity
he Assumption Cathedral is an integral nearest period – the St. Nicholas refectory Tmonument with documented history xed church with the bell tower in the Assump- in Scribes’ books of 1565-1567, letters of grant tion monastery, the Trinity and St. Sergius from the Moscow tsar, numerous archaeolog- refectory churches in the John the Baptist ical, ethnographic, numismatic, topographic nunnery – and also by later constructions and iconographic materials, ancient maps and which are real evidence of that time. Oth- plans, literature and archive documents. e er building illustrate those periods which integrity of the monument is also proved by found their re ection in the appearance town-building structure and development and of the Assumption Cathedral. At the same natural landscape. e existing architectur- time, the Assumption Cathedral retained al constructions have reached us unchanged its compositional place and role in the since the middle of the XVI century. At the town-building idea, which is inseparably same time the current details bear traces of the connected with the scared place. later architectural styles which enrich the im- All repairs and reconstructions carried age of the ancient temple. out at the Assumption Cathedral during e authentic archaeological layer which centuries has been aimed at preservation keeps artifacts of the XVI−XVII centuries of the main idea laid by its creators and ex- has been preserved on the territory of the pressed in architectural forms, frescos and monument and around it. decorations. It was the characteristic trait of Integrity of characteristic traits and values renovations of all periods and not only the conveying the Outstanding Universal Value period from the middle of the XIX centu- of the nominated property consists in the ry, when already conservation methods ap- following. e Assumption Cathedral is the peared as kinds of work directed at preser- integral evidence of the epoch of Ivan the vations of “antiquities” and revealing their Terrible, it re ected most fully and brightly value. political and religious-philosophic ideas of e complex conservation of the mon- the Moscow state during the period of for- ument is being carried out at present. e mation of the Russian Empire expressed in new stage of research with the use of mod- the formula: “Moscow is the third Rome and ern methods of study of conditions of con- there will never be the fourth one”. ose structions and materials makes it possible to changes, which were happening with these obtain new remarkable information about monuments during centuries, also carry in- the objects. formation about geopolitical and public – e used methods of conservation in- worldview changes, which make it possible clude all the international requirements on to imagine the course and results of evolu- provision of the monument integrity. tion of architectural forms, which are direct A long term strategy of research has been re ection of all those processes. developed which aims both at getting new It is also important that this monument information and the maintenance of con- bears the traces of all epochs of its existence. structions and material in their integral and At the same time the integral material base stable condition. of the XVI century, which carries the initial e legal de nition of the area boundaries architecture and the artistic idea of this con- with giving them the status of territories of struction, remained unchanged. the cultural heritage properties and approv- e Assumption Cathedral has been al of the expanded bu er zone have also be- preserved in its historically formed envi- came an important con rmation of the state ronment. e context supported both by strive to preserve the property integrity. On buildings created at the same time or in the the basis of the visual connections analy-
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sis, the surrounding historical-cultural and are still preserved, they did not get any se- natural context was also included into these rious damage, are not lost and what is most boundaries to protect views from and on important they have not lost their value. the property in the panorama of Sviyazhsk Due to protective measures taken in the along the Volga and the Sviyaga rivers with XX–ХХI centuries, establishment of the the total area of 11,563.9 ha. museum-reserve as a protective, scienti c All mentioned will enable encompassing and educational centre, measures of its de- of the whole territory, all elements and val- velopment aiming at recording and preser- ues, unique observation points and perspec- vation of Sviyazhsk most valuable objects, tives as well as preventing of large multi-sto- provision of highly professional and func- rey construction and destruction of historical tional organization of the territory and the visual perception of the monuments. revival of the spiritual life of monasteries, us, the attributes expressing the Out- monuments are in satisfactory condition standing Universal Value are at the site and and nothing threatens their value.
3.1.d Justification of Authenticity
he Assumption Cathedral is an authen- unique evidence of interaction of architec- Ttic cultural heritage property. It has not tural schools of that period and an example got any serious damage or lost its attributes of spreading of the north Russian architec- and characteristic traits which testi es that tural tradition to the east of Eurasia. they express the OUV and the inseparable e external architectural character of quality of this monument. the Assumption Cathedral got Baroque ele- e Assumption Cathedral is a unique ments in the XVIII century so later architec- example of Pskov architecture and all at- tural attributes re ect the spiritual quest and tributes and elements of this architecture - demonstrate not only the feelings of believ- cubic, one-dome, four-pillar, vaulted three- ers, esthetic principles and viewpoints but apse churches with eightfold barged roo ng, also the succession of religious life. with carved niches and roll moldings on the e frescos are a unique complex of wall wall have been preserved completely. At paintings of the XVI century and the only the same time new elements, which di er in the world preserved ensemble of frescos considerably from Pskov monuments and dated back to the period of Ivan the Terrible. which were introduced during the construc- From the point of view of their completeness tion of the Assumption Cathedral in the and execution, the frescos in the interior of XVI century, characterize the uniqueness of the cathedral represent a unique phenome- this property and have also preserved com- non in history of medieval Russia painting. pletely. ey are characterized by exceptional qual- e architectural interior of the Assump- ity of images, complex cycles and unusual tion Cathedral where Pskov forms are unit- scenes and plots. In the whole the integrity ed into one structure has monumentality of wall paintings, which are bearing traces of and didacticism. ere were no similar time, testify about their authenticity. Frescos artistic solutions of the church interior in bear common traits of “the golden age” of Pskov previously. It is within the frames of the Moscow school of painting in the Kazan the strict “style of Ivan the Terrible” and khanate and have been preserved till nowa- makes it possible to convey might and gran- days. deur of the cathedral and makes an impres- Some separate survived authentic frescos sion of hierarchy and geometrical order. e in St. Nicholas and the St. Sergius Churches interior of the Assumption Cathedral is a in Sviyazhsk testify rich artistic heritage and
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re ect development of Russian painting art - materials and substances in the XVI−XVII centuries. e Assumption Cathedral has been pre- Intervention into the architectural and served with the authentic construction ma- town-building environment as well as into terials: limestone, bricks, timber. Only these the architectural monuments has been mi- materials are used during repair-conser- nor. Conservation of the Assumption Ca- vation and conservation work. Inter-disci- thedral was carried out on the basis of scien- plinary complex research carried out con- ti cally grounded and comprehensive data. cerning the gesso composition and the paint Repair-conservation work was carried out components of frescos gave the following with the use of authentic construction ma- results. A portable X-ray spectrometer has terials and technologies. been used for initial analysis of frescos of Sviyazhsk has quite a developed cultural the Assumption Cathedral, which showed layer formed aer foundation of the for- eciency of nding di erences in the com- tress and the settlement. It represents huge position of paints used in di erent periods. interest as a source of objective information e research with the method of optical and about the level of spiritual, social, artistic electronic microscopy helped to reveal the and scienti c achievements from the middle ne structure of the paint layer and the ges- of the XVI century. so. Red, white and dark-grey paints are the e Assumption Cathedral authenticity is most di ering in their composition. Cobalt, proved by the complex of the following at- Arsenic and Potassium have been found in tributes: the blue paint in the early frescos, which testi es about using the “royal blue” – the - form and design paint invented by Italian artists in the XVI In its preserved form the Assumption Ca- century. However, later this paint fell out thedral is an example of a new architectural of use because of its bad covering quality. tradition formation which appeared as a re- Compounds of calcium with magnesium sult of the synthesis of Pskov, Moscow and carbon and oxygen have been found in the local traditions of monumental architecture. composition of the gesso in early frescos of e interiors and complex of frescos of the the Assumption Cathedral, which substan- XVI-the beginning of the XVII have been tially di ers from wall paintings technology well-preserved in the cathedral. of ancient Russian masters. Additional stud- According to some researchers, slight ar- ies of the mineral phase composition will be chitectural changes in the outside appear- carried out for more accurate de nition of ance of the cathedral made in the Baroque the gesso composition. Regular conserva- style during the XVIII century even added tion and interdisciplinary scienti c research richness to its appearance. Today it is a re- continues. markable example of the architecture, which - use and functions combined in its appearance skills of the un- Since ancient times the hill “Kruglaya beaten north Pskov masters of the XVI cen- Mountain” on which Sviyazhsk is located, tury and Baroque tastes of customers of the has been attracting peoples and served as a XVIII century. Either the outside appear- sacred place for them. Aer construction of ance of the cathedral or its interior deco- the fortress and the Assumption Cathedral, ration did not practically change aer the Sviyazhsk became one of the main centers XVIII century. e historical monuments, of Russian Orthodoxy in the Volga region. which are part of the Assumption monas- Its historical predestination is still preserved tery and create the historical environment – the cult buildings have been handed over of the Assumption Cathedral have also been to the congregation and the revival of mon- preserved. asteries is going on. Currently services are
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held in the warm St. German side chapel in development of agricultural, cras and in- the Assumption monastery. In summer cult dustrial culture. For visitors there is an events will be held in the Ascension church interactive exposition, which “submerges” and aer the conservation is completed- in them into the world of the historical subject the heated St. Nicholas church. culture and classes. e large Cathedral of Consolation of All Sorrows is open for liturgy on the territory - management traditions, of the former John-the-Baptist monastery methods and systems complex. It is supposed that services during Interest to the ancient picturesque deco- special church festival will be held also in ration of the Assumption Cathedral has in- the Assumption and Trinity shrines with creased since the middle of the XIX century. following all requirement of provision of in- e cathedral historical and cultural tegrity of these objects. meaning was recognized by the Soviet state. History of Sviyazhsk religious life, the As- It was secured by legislation and promot- sumption Cathedral and the objects com- ed carrying out conservation and research prising the historical-cultural context, has works and development of excursion activi- got its real embodiment in the permanent ty. is work was done during the whole ХХ exposition of the history museum. It was century even in the period of repression in- established for the rst time in for near- stitutions working on the island. ly 500-year long history of the town-island e Assumption Cathedral is a monument and represent evolution of Sviyazhsk in all of federal importance. Other cult and civil its diversity. e aims of the expositions are buildings and construction of Sviyazhsk are to reveal and up-to-date the cultural-histor- under state federal (all Russia) and regional ical phenomenon of the town of Sviyazhsk protection. by artistic-museum means; to develop the feeling of patriotism, religious and cultural - location and environment tolerance, to get acquainted with cultural As a result of the Kuybyshev reservoir values; to represent the heritage connected creation on the Volga, Sviyazhsk turned with history and culture of Sviyazhsk; to into an island and then became a penin- develop a communicational model of the sula again. A developed water-island sys- exposition as educational, cultural-leisure tem appeared here, which together with and information space. e exposition rep- the Assumption Cathedral and architec- resents stages and processes of historical tural-town-building ensemble formed a development of Sviyazhsk, its role in the unique cultural landscape, possessing es- history of the region and Russia. It gives pecial expressiveness and being in harmo- the complex understanding of life of a Rus- ny with the picturesque natural surround- sian town of the XVI – beginning of the XX ings. e circular scan of the island from centuries in many aspects of administra- water reveals diversity of architectural-ar- tive, social and economic history, everyday tistic appearances of churches. e As- life and household culture; it represents sumption Cathedral is located on the ter- the architectural-town-building develop- ritory of the Assumption monastery being ment of Sviyazhsk and its meaning in this its architectural dominating structure. e sphere and also shows the role of Sviyazhsk building of the cathedral is well seen from as a spiritual centre. e exposition contains many places on the island, from the access problems of natural and cultural-historical road and the Volga water area of Sviyazhsk. heritage, shows the regional environment e Assumption square formed in front of of Sviyazhsk and the uezd, re ects natural the gates of the Assumption monastery and and ethnic-cultural diversity of this region,
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the main street of Sviyazhsk, namely Us- graphics, cinema, scienti c works and liter- penskaya Street, starts from this square. ary publications. e Assumption and Troitskaya Streets e Sviyazhsk community of artists which are two main chords of Sviyazhsk planning was formed under the in uence of monu- to which the whole town system is stringed. mental frescos and icons from the middle It is also important that these two streets of the XVI−XVII centuries, interprets plots has been preserved from the middle of the which are traditional for icon paintings, XVI century and form the stable plan of Svi- such as “ e Assumption”, “ e Annunci- yazhsk. At present the Assumption Cathe- ation”, “ e Trinity”, “ e Deposition”. e dral together with the Trinity church and modern works are created in the technique the museum complex is the main place at- traditional for icon painting. In their artis- tracting tourists and pilgrims to Sviyazhsk. tic works, modern artists proposed unique interpretations of history of the cathedral as - language and other forms well as of historical-architectural and nat- of intangible heritage ural-landscape heritage of Sviyazhsk. ey e Assumption Cathedral is the place are based on perception of everyday life of where a believer goes through the experi- the island dwellers and understanding of the ence of the sacred, joins the tradition of the special role of the Assumption Cathedral Church and consequently brings his faith up and Sviyazhsk in history of Russia. to date. As a centre of monkhood connect- Due to fantasy and cra of Rashit and ing Kazan lands with the cloister of St. Ser- Chinguis Sa ullins, the art of enamel was gius of Radonezh, the Assumption Cathe- revived. It is the ancient art of making pieces dral is perceived as a place of the supreme of art on metal with the help of vitreous pow- monastic mission – the Eucharistic unity. der. In 2015 the museum “ e town-island Consecrated by prayers of many generations of Sviyazhsk” for the rst time organized the of brethren, the cathedral stands today as a exhibitions of enamels by the Sa ullin’s “Fire keeper of their way of thinking and world- scriptures. Enamels of Sviyazhsk”, where view, which is also traced through the theo- about 50 works were represented. logical system of paintings and the cathedral e Assumption Cathedral and Sviyazhsk structure. have found their re ection in works of liter- Speaking about re ection of the Assump- ature and rst of all in di erent geographical tion Cathedral in living traditions, ideas or books published in the XVII−XIX centuries believes, works of art or literature which (Jenkinson, John Bell, Adam Oleariy, Cor- have an outstanding value, it must be not- nelius de Bruin and others) as well as in au- ed that Sviyazhsk surrounding represents a tobiographical and ction novels of authors complex cultural and natural phenomenon. of the XX century (H. Keller, L. Trotskiy, V. It possesses outstanding architectural-his- Aksenov and others). torical and natural-ecological merits, which - spirit and feelings include static (monuments of history and e Assumption Cathedral together with culture) and dynamic manifestations of cul- the other cult monuments of Sviyazhsk are tural life (living culture), which are in close valuable for the religious community as the interaction. place from which the Christianization of the In the second half of the XX century the region started. On the other hand, as a special Assumption Cathedral and Sviyazhsk be- hierotopic monument, the Assumption Ca- came an object and source of inspiration thedral, the St. Nicholas refectory church with for artists, cinematographers and writ- the bell tower, St. Sergius and Trinity churches ers. Forms of this “second” life are diverse: are the places of the rst “scared experience” photographs, works of art of paintings and for local resident, who acquired faith.
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According to the well-known viewpoint ings, clarity and greatness of their ideo- of the Pope Benedict XVI, quite oen a place logical-spiritual content. e small Trinity where a person experiences strong religious church underlines ideas of Orthodox auster- feeling starts being associated with the reli- ity, simplicity characteristic of the rst zeal- gious feeling itself and the notion of a scared ots of Christianity, guratively send to the place arises. In this respect, one of the rst rst Russian saint hermits, who started their Christian churches in the Volga-Urals re- spiritual eats most oen in small wooden gion gets colossal religious meaning not only churches. Visiting these both churches, one for residents of the region but for the whole can see how the Orthodox culture opens in Orthodox Church. In addition, the Trinity full and in symbolic meaning – from the church was a place for prayers of warriors, modest wooden Trinity church to the fes- who conquered new lands, and of monks, tive and great Assumption Cathedral, which who came later for a prayer and catechiza- symbolizes the arrival of eternal life, from tion. Also unique is the fact that one and austerity and self-destructive feat of Christ the same place can unit so di erent social to the eternal kingdom of God. estates. e matters of war and peace, power Since the middle of the XVI century the and humiliation all were under the roof of Assumption Cathedral has been a witness of one church, one religion. Another import- the most important events in history of Rus- ant factor of religious value of the church is sia as the place of Orthodox culture spread- the diversity of possible religious-spiritual ing. In Stalin time there were prison-type experience and a try to come closer to it. institutions here, including those for polit- e sacral space organization of the As- ical prisoners. Since the middle of 1980-es sumption Cathedral is spiritually meaning- it is the memorial place to victim of Stalin ful for Christians. Combining in itself the repressions. high artistic value and originality of cre- e Assumption Cathedral and Sviyazhsk ation, the fresco ensemble of the cathedral in whole are a unique area which is naturally involves a Christian into a special sacral-ar- separated from the surrounding territories tistic world, in which there exist other crite- by water. is landscape originality was pre- ria of beauty and moral ideals di erent from served in its initial form for many centuries reality. e icon painting opens for a man and formed special “island” mentality of the possibility to understand those symbols, local residents. Close interrelation between which in full update reality and by this bring people in close systems, which the islands him nearer to eschatology of Christianity it- are, there special attitude to the surround- self. Picture of the Saint warrior Christopher ing world - to animals, birds, plants, their in a zoomorphic image is not just a meta- houses, to natural objects, which combines phor but also an e ort to convey in several in itself a kind of worship and at the same symbols the meaning of the appearance for time pragmatism, provide sustainable exis- Christianity and for the kingdom of God, at tence and reproduction of the whole system the same time conveying the importance of for long periods of history. Such under- personal feat for achieving this kingdom. standing of things raises such very import- At present the Assumption Cathedral is ant for the modern society problem as ecol- perceived by population of Russia as a man- ogy of culture, which presupposes the study ifestation of primordial Orthodoxy spirit. of the whole complex of interrelations of e Assumption Cathedral with its monu- man in the whole diversity of forms of his mental frescos conveys ideas of succession life, material and spiritual values created by and the Greek-Byzantine Christianity which him with the surrounding natural and his- cane and rooted in Rus. Frescos of the ca- torical environment. It becomes more and thedral surprise by the integrity of paint- more fundamental in our age of technical
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progress, computer and information tech- tion of the correctional labour colony in the nologies, which oen destroy integrity of Assumption monastery, where several hun- the system Person-Nature-Spirit. e town dreds of peoples su ered martyrdom – all this –island of Sviyazhsk is a unique example of made Sviyazhsk the place of memory, sorrow century-long natural and harmonious coex- and repentance. is place is a material ev- istence of man and nature, which is bless- idence of such events which are exceptional ed by a remarkable aura of high spirituali- by the concentration of tragedy. Sviyazhsk ty, beauty and loiness of its temples, by its will remain such forever due to the memory wonderfully rich and diverse history. kept by descendants, who immortalized it by An “ukha” ( sh soup) has become an origi- erecting the monument to victims of politi- nal brand of the town-island of Sviyazhsk. It is cal repressions by the wall of the Assumption impossible to imagine life of any settlement of monastery, in the exposition of the museum the river bank without this dish, to say nothing of Sviyazhsk history and in the created “Book about Sviyazhsk. For centuries shing was one of memory of Sviyazhsk”. of the main jobs of monks and residents of Svi- Sviyazhsk is a special place which com- yazhsk providing them both with food, with bines pacifying beauty of nature, great histo- income, with entertainment and at the same ry and, on the other hand it is a visual image time stimulating them to the meditative state of demolition of the whole civilization, the of spirit. Fish remained the main product in example of fathomless evil and cruelty that nutrition of Sviyazhsk residents for many cen- a person can show. Purposeful transfor- turies. And it also has its deep religious un- mation of the Assumption monastery – of derlying message as sh is one of the symbols this sacred place into the prison camp and of Christianity and the main food during the then into a psychological hospital, initial- Orthodox. As any Volga town that respects it- ly could have had a blasphemous intention self, Sviyazhsk also has its secrets of cooking but then became just a trivial adjustment ukha ( sh soup). People ate it themselves, they of ready-made building, which were losing treated their neighbours with ukha. Today their sacral meaning, to practical needs. De- they hold special “ sh” fests in Sviyazhsk every grading local residents surrounded by mis- autumn which gather amateurs and profes- erable everyday life – all this formed irre- sionals. ese are just a few of them: “ e day ality of Soviet Sviyazhsk of the 1920-1980s. of Sviyazhsk ukha”, Fishing for perch pike in On the other hand, due to its arti cial island the Shchuka River” and others, Without sub- position, “the death” of Sviyazhsk was slow, merging in this traditional activities and plea- having its own organic esthetic even though sures of the island dwellers it is impossible to painful. From the opposite bank Sviyazhsk understand their essence, peculiarities and se- continued to stand out of the Volga water crets of organic coexistences of the island and surface as an illusory and nearly fairy tale its inhabitants. wonder-town. Inside, traces of intensive - other internal/external factors spiritual quest and intellectual life showed e exceptional tragic events of the XX in the preserved church architecture and century which changed the usual way of Svi- ancient Russian paintings through sleepy yazhsk life are of an important memorial val- and retarded homeliness of the miserable ue stressing the Outstanding Universal Value village life. Traits of established regular life of the Assumption Cathedral. Shootings of of the provincial town revealed in the re- local residents in the days of the Civil war, mains of the town development. Tangles of dynamic military actions and the following high weeds, which conquered the island, closures of monasteries and slaughters of the cows, horses and stray dogs wandering clergy and monks, destruction of cathedrals through the streets were perceived not as and demolition of age-old shrines, organiza- signs of desolation, but as vital forces of the
138 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
nature itself struggling through the frozen originality. ey were accumulated as a re- time. And as many centuries ago, the River sult of its historical transformation as well remained the most important life-forming as the highest concentration of historical source of Sviyazhsk. and cultural events here. Preservation of On the threshold of the millennia the As- the “spirit” of the place makes it possible to sumption Cathedral and Sviyazhsk in whole speak about special status of Sviyazhsk and has connected mutually exclusive contrasts the Assumption Cathedral, possessing indi- of the eternal and vanity, high and low, spir- cators of the Outstanding Universal Value. itual and physical, natural and man-made, ere is a special research program ap- creating and destructing, harmonious and proved by the Ministry of Culture of the Re- defective into indissoluble unity. All this public of Tatarstan and the Regional Foun- widest spectrum of phenomena was ex- dation of Revival of Monuments of History tremely condensed on a small plot of land and Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan in which involuntarily makes you think about 2014. It helps to study and preserve intan- the meaning of human life. gible values and the importance of the As- Modern Sviyazhsk combines history and sumption Cathedral (See the Annex). It is modernity, ancient architectural monu- aimed not only at revealing and document- ments and the desire for modernization, ing new intangible values and importance museumi cation and realia of everyday life, of the Property, but also at the solution of a solitary prayer of Orthodox monkhood the task of understanding the importance of and tourists hustle, great deeds and horrible this intangible heritage for modern society. perturbations, contradictions and tragedies Due to this research program, the consecu- of Russian history. tive strategy of preservation the unity of tan- Sviyazhsk possesses sites of high artistic gible and intangible heritage of the Property and architectural qualities which de ne its is developed.
3.1.е Requirements to the property protection and management
s the cultural heritage property (the tion. Not only monuments of history and Amonument of history and culture) of culture are preserved in remarkable sites, federal importance, the Assumption Ca- but also the natural and cultural landscapes, thedral of Sviyazhsk is protected by Russian historical development and planning, his- legislation according to the Federal law “On torical visual dominating centers and visual the Cultural Heritage sites (monuments of connections and other di erent traditional history and culture) of the peoples of the traits and characteristics. It is this landscape Russian Federation” (adopted on 25.07.2002 approach to the preservation of the Out- № 73-FL). As the cultural heritage property standing Universal Value of the nominat- on the territory of the entity of the Russian ed property of the world heritage has been Federation – the Republic of Tatarstan – it adopted as main program measures related also must be protected on the basis of re- to the complex protection of this property. gional legislation, in particular according e decision about the establishment of the to the Tatarstan Law “On cultural heritage remarkable site “ e Town-island of Svi- sites in Republic of Tatarstan” (adopted on 1 yazhsk” was taken by the decree of the Ta- April, 2005 No 60-З TR). tarstan Cabinet of Ministers on 16 July 2009, e whole territory of Sviyazhsk is an- № 497. e remarkable site “ e Town-is- nounced to be a remarkable site – special land of Sviyazhsk” is under protection of the type of cultural heritage properties envis- federal and regional legislations. aged by legislation of the Russian Federa-
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e protection zones have been devel- possibly to retain the town-building pres- oped and approved for the remarkable site sure and preserve the unique view from “ e Town-island of Sviyazhsk” (the decree Sviyazhsk on the surrounding territory and of the Tatarstan Cabinet of Ministers “About open spaces of elds and forests, where the con rmation of the boundaries of the pro- complex of the Makarius monastery is situ- tection zones of the cultural heritage prop- ated, as well as the views from xed points erty of regional importance the remarkable of the panoramic eld of view on the island. site “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk” from 2 Boundaries of the zones with di erent July 2015, № 418) that is in line with the or- protection regimes inside the bu er zone der and terminology of Russian legislation. are given in the Annex. Boundaries of the protection zones com- Part of the bu er zone of the nominated pletely coincide with the proposed bound- World Heritage property “ e Assumption aries of the bu er zone of the World heritage Cathedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk: nominated property. us the requirements historical-cultural and artistic complex” has of the Russian legislation and the require- an exceptional natural meaning for percep- ments to the UNESCO World Heritage sites tion of this monument and includes water completely coincide. and underwater landscapes. It is part of the e bu er zone of Sviyazhsk island pro- natural reserve “Sviyazhskiy” and is under vides necessary conditions for protection protection of the nature legislation of the of the historical environment and adjacent Russian Federation, in particular of the Fed- landscape. It has the area of 11,563.9 ha, in- eral Law “On specially protected natural ter- cludes land (29%) and water surface (71%) ritories” (adopted on 14 March 1995, № 33- around the island of Sviayzshk and is de- FL). e decree on establishment of the state signed taking into consideration visual con- complex pro le natural reserve of regional nection onto and from the property. e importance “Sviyazhskiy” was issued by the bank line is de ned by the water edge on the Tatarstan Cabinet of Minister on 4 February, mark of 53 m of the Kuybyshaev reservoir. 1998 No 49. e bu er zone provides conditions for Federal and regional legislative and regu- perception as onto the nominated proper- lating acts related to the question of land reg- ty of cultural heritage and the other mon- ulation, household regulation of protected uments of Sviyazhsk as well as from them. territories to rights of local self-government So the integrity with the surrounding cul- bodies and so on also have substantial im- tural and natural landscape is in the attri- portance for management of the nominated bute of value of the World Heritage prop- property. e Cabinet of Ministers and the erty. Visual attractiveness of the island and Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- also its unique location are associated with tarstan take administrative decisions for solv- the meaning of Sviyazhsk in its geopolitical ing current concrete questions concerning respect as with the unique natural-archi- preservation of the Sviyazhsk of the Assump- tectural complex located practically in the tion Cathedral and its surroundings. middle of the Volga – the largest river in the “ e concept of the development of the state Russian Federation and Europe. budgetary institution of culture of Republic e visibility basin of the dominating of Tatarstan “ e state historical-architectur- structures - churches of Sviyazhsk – com- al and artistic museum “ e town-island of prises about 25 km. Necessary protective Sviyazhsk” has been developed and approved measure are envisaged in the boundaries by the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture № 453 of the bu er zone, which are de ned by the from 14.06.2011 till 2020. One more docu- regimes of zones of regulating development ment “ e complex plan of interdisciplinary and household activity. All this makes it scienti c studies of the Assumption Cathe-
140 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
dral and the Trinity church for 2014-2020” is related to the necessity of their adjustment was approved by the Tatarstan Ministry of for sermons – installation of cult objects, ad- Culture in 2014. e speci ed “Strategy of ditional equipment, etc., as well as the in u- preservation and use of historical, cultural ence of the candle soot – the factor that can and natural heritage of Sviyazhsk and devel- cause the death of wall paintings in several opment of the state historical-architectural decades. Preliminary investigations show and artistic museum “ e town-island of possibility of having 1-2 services a year. is Sviyazhsk” was developed in the end of 2014. limitation will not be an obstacle for the lo- And the management plan for the nominat- cal congregation and the visitors for satisfy- ed World heritage property was developed ing their religious needs, as regular services in 2015 (under supervision of specialists of are held in the monastery church of St. Ger- the National research university “ e highest man, in the cathedral of Consolation of All school of economics”). Sorrows and the parish church name aer Preparation of these documents was car- St, tsars Konstantin and Elena and also in a ried out with vast consultations by govern- number of other churches. mental and non-governmental bodies and Another challenge for protection of the was discussed with the local community property Outstanding Universal Value is and specialists. It was carried out under su- changing of the building system which sur- pervision of the Regional foundation of Re- rounds the Assumption monastery. e vival of monuments of history and culture management plan outlines the scrupulous of the Republic of Tatarstan and passed the work on returning Sviyazshk its historical expertise of the International scienti c-ex- cultural-landscape appearance. It has pre- pert Council of this foundation. served several dozens of objects of cultural For coordination of all activities on pres- heritage, the archaeological layer, cultural ervation of the Assumption Cathedral, the landscapes, which are closely interrelated foundation organized the Coordination with the Assumption Cathedral and com- Committee. e Regional foundation of Re- prise a unique island historical-natural com- vival of monuments of history and culture plex. e further conservation of historical of e Republic of Tatarstan established in objects is already under way, the losses in 2010 and supervised by the First President the traditional development of the former of Tatarstan M.S. Shaymiyev performs the uezd town are being reconstructed and the function of methodic management uniting valorization of the historical-cultural land- key questions of the property management scape of the territory is carried out. and also controlling the correspondence of Current and future substantial risks are works to the management plan. connected with the possible deteriorations e Outstanding Universal Value of the of the landscape surrounding of Sviyazhsk Assumption Cathedral is facing several with new construction which can break the substantial risks which are shown in sub- visual ties of the island and river banks, de- sections 4 b and 5 e. Main natural factors teriorate the historical perception of the As- in uencing the property are atmospheric sumption Cathedral and Siyazhsk in whole. impacts, seasonal temperature di erence, e management plan presupposes reveal- biological pests. e anthropogenic impact ing and preservation of cultural and natural on the nominated property is related to the heritage in all parts of the world heritage prop- increase of tourist ow in Sviyazhsk. Mea- erty and its bu er zone as well as provision of sures on its regulation will considerably de- competent organization of the territory taking crease physical wearing of the monument into consideration its cultural, landscape and constructions. e threat to the monuments’ functional peculiarities. Operational manage- authenticity appears also during liturgies. It ment of processes of preservation and use of
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cultural and natural heritage is given to the the Orthodox culture Museum , the Volga Sviyazhsk museum which was given the sta- Museum, the Civil War Museum and a num- tus of museum-reserve in 2015 – the supreme ber of others. e establishment of the system museum status in Russia which also presup- of di erent museums will make it possible to poses museumi cation of cultural landscape decrease the threat of anthropogenic pressure surrounding the outstanding monuments and evenly spread visitors on the territory of (Decree of the Tatarstan Cabinet of Minister the island and to avoid extreme loads on the from 24.08.2015 № 618). In the future not only Assumption Cathedral. is also forms pre- the nearest surrounding of the Assumption conditions for more ecient organization Cathedral but the whole territory of the island of tourist service and stimulating the quality is considered as a complex cultural-landscape tourism rather that the quantity ow. object. e de ned boundaries of the bu er In the middle term perspective Sviyazhsk zone will be able to provide this landscape will occupy the central place in the common complex the necessary protection. national and international cultural and tourist e management plan outlines regular project “ e Heritage of the River Volga”. is work on scienti c research and conservation program presupposes presentation of cultural of the frescos of the Assumption Cathedral as relation both along the Volga as the great his- well as on maintenance of the cultural heritage toric road of di erent epochs, revealing of the property and monitoring its condition. role of existing and already disappeared civi- e philosophy of the management plan lizations and town settlements, acquaintance supposes that preservation and presentation of with culture of di erent peoples, living on its the World Heritage Property will become the banks (“ e Great Silk Route” can be named main factor of revival of the town and a way to an analogue of this program). e meaning of give it modern social and economic functions Sviyazhsk as the key point in development of which is extremely important from the point of Russia to the east and as the historical place lo- view of sustainable development of the territo- cated practically in the middle of the great riv- ry and reaching the public consensus concern- er is very bene cial from the historical, eco- ing preservation and use of the World heritage nomic and geographical points of view. property. In the management plan Sviyazhsk e long-term strategy de nes measures of is considered rst of all as a modern muse- protection and management aimed at preven- um complex, an original open air museum. tion of serious threats to the property, decrease e revival of religious life of Sviyazhsk in the of its vulnerability and negative changes in Assumption monastery and John-the-Baptist the property authenticity and integrity. ese nunnery simultaneously obtains the function measures include ecient integrated legal of important place of religious pilgrimage. At system of management and interaction of the the same time the local community, for which parties related to the site – municipal, region- the service of new functions becomes the basis al, federal, non-governmental organizations, for employment and getting the descent level funds, academic and educational institutions of life, continues living here. and local population; management of resours- e management plans proposes to form es, innovative combination of preservation, new museum possibilities of Sviyazhsk. Inple- museumi cation and sustainable develop- mentation of planned measures in this sphere ment of the complex, integrated establishment will enable Sviyazhsk to stand out by origi- of new type museums united by a common nal museum proposal, to establish museums, concept and an idea; development of educa- which do not have analogues anywhere in tional programs, active introduction of cul- Russia yet, and which will be able to determine tural, scienti c and pilgrimage tourism as well its museum specialization and attractiveness. as combination of traditional and innovative Among such projects is the establishment of methods of preservation and promotion of the
142 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Outstanding Universal Value of the property. it is connected with the development of cul- e assessment of possible in uence of any ture, preservation of spirituality, improvement new projects on the Outstanding Universal of ecological environment, improvement of Value of the property is carried out with the education, ecological enlightenment etc. aim of preservation of visual relations between e management plan creates a possibility the property and the water landscape. to set the following strategic economic task on e management plan proposes mecha- the municipal level: cultural heritage is a spe- nisms aimed at sustainable development of cial and very important economic resource the territory, not in uencing the Outstanding which can and should become the basis of a Universal Value of the property. e plan pre- special sphere of Sviyazhsk specialization, be- supposes development of a strategy of sustain- come one of prospective directions of devel- able development of tourism, based on market opment of local economy. is recourse also research of the targeted audience and calcula- exerts substantial social-economic impact on tions of the permissible anthropogenic load on the territory of Zelenodolsk region where part the property and the historical landscape. e of the bu er zone of the World heritage prop- more even redistribution of anthropogenic load erty is located. over all territory of Svyazhsk and also according Positive social and economic processes to the season are put forward as priority tasks. happening on the territory are the necessary e increasing work of the museum-reserve condition not only for development but also on presentation of the World Heritage Proper- for preservation of the World heritage prop- ty and the development of the spheres of cul- erty which aims at avoiding the territory deg- ture, tourism, service facilities connected with radation. However, according to UNESCO that as well as branches of social infrastructure recommendations any new project directed at can bring substantial economic e ect due to the development of infrastructure in the buf- appearance of new sources of investments and fer zone of the property and nearby territories, formation of the regional budget together with should pass the procedure of assessment of new jobs. possible impact on the Outstanding Universal e total direction of the planned measures Value of the World heritage property and the makes it possible to speak also about the high surrounding landscape so that not to harm the social payback and social eciency. First of all integrity and authenticity of the property.
3.2 Comparative analysis
he oldest and the most famous monas- tion to the Holy Trinity goes back to a cathe- Ttery cathedral in Russia are most As- dral of the Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra (both sumption and Trinity ones. Tradition of are World Heritage Properties of UNESCO dedicating the church altars to the Assump- № 527 and № 657)5. tion goes back to Pre-Mongolian period of Traditions of building Assumption cathe- Ancient Russia, namely to the Assumption drals formed mainly in Vlakhern and Ki- cathedral in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra4. Dedica- Византия, Русь, Западная Европа: Искусство 4 Выголов В. П. Архитектура Московской Руси и культура. СПб., 2002. середины XV в. М., 1988; Баталов А.Л. Традиция 5 Воронин Н.Н., Косточкин В.В. Троице- строительства Успенских храмов в XVI веке. Сергиева Лавра. М., 1968; Балдин В.И. Троице- Тезисы доклада на конференции «Русское ис- Сергиев монастырь. История и формирование кусство позднего средневековья - XVI век» (М., архитектурного ансамбля. В кн.: Балдин В.И., 12 - 14 января 2000);Баталов А. Л. Строитель- Манушина Т.Н. Троице-Сергиева Лавра. Архи- ство московского Успенского собора и самои- тектурный ансамбль и художественные коллек- дентификация Руси: К истории замысла митро- ции древнерусского искусства XIV-XVII вв. М.: полита Филиппа I // Древнерусское искусство: Наука, 1996.
143 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
ev-Pechersk monasteries. e Holy Virgin is blev6. Another church, also possessing an- the protectrix of the Russian host. e leg- cient frescos, is the Assumption Cathedral ends of the construction of the Assumption in Vladimir also painted by Andrey Rublev Cathedral in Kiev-Pechersk monastery tell “with friends” in 1408 some fragments of the the “concern” of the Virgin causes the con- painting are preserved7. Besides it must be version of the heathen into the Orthodoxy. taken into consideration that the Assump- During the reign of Vladimir Monomakh, tion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk appeared not in the Assumption cathedrals were built on the the east-Slavic Orthodox environment but outskirts of Russia, in the west and in the in the multi-ethnic one - Tatar, Muslim and east, in Smolensk and Suzdal (not survived) the pagan Finnish-Ugric. in the same one year (1001) Simultaneously Speaking about Russian sites inscribed earth mounds of fortresses were construct- into the UNESCO List, one can compare the ed. e Assumption cathedral is similar by Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk with being located on a mountain, in the centre several sites but at the same time all they of forti cations (monasteries, Kremlins) as di er considerably from the nominated site. well as by unity of traditional architectural White stone monuments of Vladimir-Su- appearance, which rst of all was achieved zdal land and the church of Boris and Gleb by conformity of the proportional structure in Kideksha (N633), which are in the world to initial examples dating back to Byzan- Heritage List, are mainly the constructions tium. e ususal for Assumption cathedrals of the pre-Mongolian period, which is of location on the mountain, on a steep bank the substantially earlier epoch. Fragments was preserved as a stable town-building tra- of frescos of the XII century and paintings dition for nearly a thousand years. Togeth- of Andrey Rublev and Daniil Chernyy of er with the afore mentioned cathedrals, the 1408 survived in the Assumption Cathedral Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of of Vladimir. However, in the case of the As- Sviyazhsk was build on the non-Christian sumption Cathedral in Vladimir it is di- land with the aim of converting the hea- cult to speak about an “ensemble” of frescos, thens and Muslims into the Orthodoxy. It giving understanding of program philo- stands on a high steep bank on the top of sophic-religious worldviews of that period. the Kruglaya Mountain and in the centre of The Ascension church in Kolomenskoe the monastery forti cations which initially (Moscow, 1528-1532, the UNESCO World were a fortress. Its architecture corresponds Heritage List N 634) was supposedly built to the typological principle of construc- by an Italian architect Petrok the Small (Pe- tion of ancient Assumption temples. At the ter Francisk Anibale) or by Russian masters same time, the Assumption Cathedral of according to other sources. It is the rst Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (the UNESCO World stone monument of a tent-shaped church Heritage № 527), which, as many researchers connected with the beginning of the rule of think, served as a sample for such types of Ivan the Terrible. e frescos did not sur- constructions and built in 1073, was recon- vive inside the church and at present this structed and renovated many times (1470, property is a good example of combination 1729), was destroyed by an explosion during of an architectural monument with religious the WW II and reconstructed in 1995-2000. functions. Only two of all known in Russia Assump- 6 tion Cathedrals surpass the one in Sviyazhsk Лазарев В. Н. Творчество Андрея Рублева; by the age of their frescos. But both of them Осташенко Е. Я. Андрей Рублев. Палеологов- ские традиции в московской живописи конца are town cathedrals and not the monastery XIV — первой трети XV века. М., 2005; Попов ones. It is Zvenigorod Cathedral (beginning Г. В. Андрей Рублев = Andrei Rubliov. М.: Север- of the XV c.). Fragments of its paintings ный паломник, 2007. survived and are ascribed to Andrey Ru- 7 Ibid. 144 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Temples of Novgorod, (the UNESCO the Trans guration of Christ Cathedral in World Heritage № 604), of historical centre Yaroslavl are located on historically Russian of Yaroslavl (the UNESCO World Heritage territories and their role in their time was № 1170), of cultural-historical ensemble radically di erent from the meaning of the “Solovetsk Islands” (the UNESCO World Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk which Heritage № 632), and the Moscow Krem- used to be the heart of the Orthodox mis- lin (the UNESCO World Heritage № 545) sionary work in the Volga-Urals region and are ensemble monuments including a big the east of Russia in whole. number of di erent constructions. Speak- e only cycle of Dionysius frescos paint- ing about separate monuments, comprising ed in 1502 on the area of about 600 sq. m. these ensembles, one can partially compare survived in the Nativity Cathedral ensemble the Trans guration of the Christ Cathedral of the Ferapont Monastery ( e UNESCO in Yaroslavl and frescos of the Arkhangelsk World Heritage N 982) built in 14908. It Cathedral of the Kremlin with the Assump- can be said that the complex of wall paint- tion Cathedral in Sviyazhsk. e Trans gu- ings of the Assumption Cathedral stands in ration of Christ Cathedral in Yaroslavl was the same line with frescos of the Ferapont built in 1516, painted in 1563-64. It is the monastery and the Assumption Cathedral monument of high artistic value, however in in Vladimir, continuing and developing comparison with the Assumption Cathedral ideas laid by Dionysius and Rublev under there is a big gap between the time of con- the new conditions of establishment of the struction of the cathedral and the survived Moscow kingdom and later the Russian em- paintings. In addition, the Trans guration pire. At present there are no monuments of of Christ Cathedral re ects absolutely dif- the “Terrible period” in the World Heritage ferent line of the Russian art of building of List, that are outside Moscow and similar to the XVI century. the Assumption Cathedral have symbolic at is why the Assumption Cathedral of meaning, re ecting development of geopo- Sviyazhsk is considered to be the most har- litical and philosophic-religious process of monious object in which architecture and the late medieval period expressed in archi- paintings obey only one idea – praising the tecture and paintings program. one centralized Moscow kingdom and the In its turn the Assumption Cathedral in Svi- Orthodox faith. In addition the top paint yazhsk is interesting due to the fact that it layer in the Christ Cathedral in Yaroslavl has completely preserved its peculiarities greatly su ered contrary to the Assump- only slightly touched by Baroque fashion tion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk, paintings of in the XVIII century. It is unlike all other which di er by increased activity, expressed monuments of Pskov-Novgorod style at the not only in the coloration with abundance eastern boundary of Russia among which of bright paint spots, but rst of all in the are the Annunciation cathedral, towers and scale of the compositions, in very large and walls of the Kazan Kremlin (which is in- plastic expressiveness of forms which nearly scribed in the World Heritage List № 980). completely supplant the space. Comparison 8 Древнерусское и поствизантийское искус- with the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Mos- ство: Вторая половина XV-начало XVI в.: К cow Kremlin shows the gap between the 500-летию росписи собора Рождества Богороди- time of construction and preserved paint- цы Ферапонтова монастыря. М., 2005; Материа- ings. Most part of frescos of the XVI century лы и техника исполнения настенной живописи in this cathedral was seriously damaged and в соборе Рождества Богородицы Ферапонтова was repainted already following old outlines монастыря // Сохранение росписей Дионисия already in the XVII century. e Arkhan- 1502 года в соборе Рождества Богородицы Фера- gelsk Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin and понтова монастыря: Материалы международной научно-практической конференции. М., 2012
145 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
e Sviyazhsk temple was not in uenced by paintings make it dicult to give any conclu- large town-building changes which brought sions about their authenticity and integrity9. about the loss of paintings or a considerable As for the foreign monuments inscribed change of the architectural image. into the World Heritage List, the Assump- The common use in the Soviet time tion Cathedral can be compared with Boy- brings the Assumption Cathedral and an church in Bolgaria (the UNESCO World Solovki closer – both were used as a pris- Heritage № 42), monasteris of Meteora in on for people sentenced for “anti-Soviet Greece (the UNESCO World Heritage № propaganda”. Monasteries of Sviyazhsk and 455) and the monastery of Reichenchau (the Solovki served as places of exile and prison UNESCO World Heritage № 974), and the since the XVII century. Sviyazhsk itself – with the ensemble of the is- When comparing the Assumption Cathe- land-fortress of Mount San-Michel in France dral of Sviyazhsk with the St Basil’s Cathe- (the UNESCO World Heritage № 80). dral on Red Square in Moscow, it should be e Boyan Church of the X century has noted that the latter is directly interrelated preserved frescos from the XII till the XVI with the Sviyazhsk Assumption Cathedral centuries on its walls. ey date back to tra- as it was built in honor of conquering Kazan. ditions of Byzantine Empire but also re ect Even though this commemoration found its formed local traditions of wall painting10. re ection in the cathedral architecture, its Both the building of the church and frescos ancient wall paintings with the exception of were oen redone and currently have the several decorative elements have unfortu- traces of repaint from the X till the XIX cen- nately been lost completely. turies, including oil painting of 1881, which The Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan makes this property close to the Assump- Kremlin, which was built nearly at the saem tion Cathedral, in the later part of which time with the Assumption Cathedral of Svi- in the refectory one can see painting of the yazhsk, underwent signi cant changes in its XIX century. Contrary to the Assumption outside appearance in the XVII-XIX centu- Cathedral, the Boyan church is a small tem- ries. Only small fragments of wall paintings ple with survived fragments of painting, of the XVII century have survived in it of all having a chamber meaning as compared to ancient frescoes. at is why it is dicult to the monumental program ensemble of Svi- compare the Annunciation Cathedral with yazhsk frescos. the perfectly preserved ancient architecture Monasteries of Meteora are the combina- and paintings of the Assumption Cathedral tion of the unique landscape environment of Sviyazhsk. with a number of monastery complexes, I n the ensemble of the Novo-Devichi Con- 9 vent (the UNESCO World Heritage № 1097) См. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo-Devichi there is the Cathedral of the Smolensk Icon Convent http://www.mepar.ru/library/vedomosti/ 50/780/ ) of the Mother of God which in the whole 10 А. Грабар. Боянската църква. София 1924 represents a sample of Moscow Baroque of (= Художествени паметници на България, I); exceptional integrity and as this is inscribed Д. Айналов. Боянская роспись 1259 года // Из- into the World Heritage List. It was built in вестия на Българския Археологически ин- the rst half of the XVI century by the ex- ститут София, 1926–1927. Вып. 5. С. 131–134; ample of the Assumption Cathedral of the Schweinfurth Ph. Die Fresken von Bojana: Ein Moscow Kremlin and has a complex of wall Meisterwerk der Monumentalkunst des 13. Jh. paintings with a broad dating range from the Berlin, 1943, 1965; Миятев К. Боянските стенопи- end of the XVI – the middle of the XVII cen- си. София, 1961; Кр. Миятев. Няколко нови дан- turies. e integrity of wall paintings of the ни и мисли за историата на Боянската църква // Smolensk cathedral and their numerous re- Археология. 1963. № 2. С. 23–28; Мавродинов Н. Боянската църква. София, 1972
146 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
which reached their ourishing in the XVI is in the miniature of the Front dome (SHM, century. One of the largest sites – the mon- Mus. 538, л. 5 об.) and on the icon “ e astery Megala Meteor with the cathedral of Existence of the Trinity” in Solvychegodsk the Trans guration of Christ was built in the (XVII c.). In the church of Vyazemy (1600.) end of the XIV century and rebuilt several this part of painting has been lost. e text times. Its frescos were also renovated. Cur- of the Bible was quite di erently illustrated in rently it keeps the complex of frescos from the Chronograph (RSL, ф. 98, Yegor., № 202, the middle of the XVI century which prin- л. 35 об.)12. e unicorn can be considered to cipally di ers from frescos of the Assump- be a king’s beast symbolizing Ivan the Terri- tion Cathedral by the stylistics. In addition, ble. e image of this animal was also on the churches in monasteries of Meteora are con- personal seal of the tsar. at is why appear- siderably smaller and less monumental than ance of this animal of two frescoes in Svi- the Assumption Cathedral. yazhsk and probably symbolizing victories of The presence of the painting with pic- Ivan the Terrible does not seem accidental. tures of Saint Nicholas the new and the fres- The monastery of Reichenau is also locat- co “Adam giving names to the animals”11 ed on a picturesque island and among crite- in paintings of the Assumption Cathedral ria by which it was inscribes into the world brings the Sviyazhsk church close to the Heritage list, as in case of the Assumption main cathedral of the monastery of St. Nich- historical-cultural and artistic complex, olas Anapavsos (the second largest monks’ there is criterion IV but the criterion II is community in Greece aer Athos). In fact absent. Churches of Reichenau monastery both of these topics are the same as in Svi- are an outstanding monument of the ear- yazhsk appear for the rst time in the cathe- ly medieval architecture. Due to numerous dral of St. Nicholas Anapavsos, which was reconstructions they maintained the trac- painted by a famous artist and the main rep- es of in uences and architectural details resentative of the Crete school eophanous typical for di erent historical periods and Strelitsas-Bathos in October of 1527. Frescos thus demonstrate the process of European of this cathedral are his earliest works. Later architecture development. In its turn the he painted the main church and the refec- Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk is in- tory in the Great Lavra in Athos and also a teresting due to the fact that contrary to all great number of icon-stands. eophanous other monuments of Pskov-Novgorod style did not use initial Italian topics but was of the eastern boundary of Russia, among perfectly adapted to strict Byzantine mod- which are the Annunciation Cathedral, tow- els. It is interesting that in the wall painting ers and walls of the Kazan Kremlin, which “Adam giving names to the animals” in the is inscribed in the World Heritage List, it Assumption Cathedral there is a unicorn, has completely preserved its peculiarities which is absent in works of eophanous. only slightly touched by Baroque fashion in As the picture of this animal is of west ori- the XVIII century. It was not in uenced by gin, probably from illustrated manuscripts, large town-building changes which brought we can make a conclusion that while e- about the loss of paintings or a considerable ophanous ignored it, the unknown artist of change of the architectural image. the Assumption Cathedral used it perfectly. The unicorn in the Assumption Cathedral 12 Квливидзе Н. В. Сотворение мира и of Sviyazhsk is shown in the composition of история Адама и Евы в росписи Успенского “ e making of animals”. A similar scheme собора Свияжского монастыря: к проблеме интерпретации сакрального пространства 11 Саенкова Е. М. Редкие изображения святых в русском искусстве XVI в.// Древнерусское воинов в системе росписи Успенского собора искусство. Идея и образ. Опыты изучения Свияжского монастыря // Свияжские чтения. византийского и древнерусского искусства. М.: Свияжск, 2008. Вып. 1. С. 46-50. Северный паломник, 2009. С. 343-366. 147 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Churches of Reichenau and the San-Michel and the Assumption Monastery Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk are in Sviyazshk typologically close objects famous for their wall paintings. Frescos in di ering by uniqueness of their cultural the church of St. George in Reichenau were constituents. made in about 1000. ey have survived In total the comparison of the Assumption in poor integrity and are partly distorted Cathedral frescos with foreign monuments by unsuccessful conservations. Paintings show that they do not have full analogues. of Reichenau are close to the Assumption e paintings from the second half of Cathedral frescos, the German frescos the XVI century in churches of Greece, are based on the book miniatures from Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Serbia Reichenau manuscripts. By supposition of and other Orthodox territories tend to art some researchers frescos of the Assumption tradition which is more closely connected Cathedral also have their analogues in with the Byzantine past. By the XVI century ancient Russian book miniatures. While the painting of the catholic churches re ected wall paintings of the churches of Reichenau Renaissance changes toward greater realism prove that the monastery was the center and withdrawal from the imagery system of of artistic in uence on Europe, then wall painting which was still preserved in Russia paintings of the Assumption Cathedral at that period and which nearly disappeared of Sviyazhsk, which incorporated all already in the XVII century. achievements of the Russian school of Comparing the Assumption Cathedral of monumental painting of the end of the Sviyazhsk and the Assumption monastery XV century, substantially di er from other of Sviyazhsk with other churches and schools of wall painting and became the hew monastery complexes, especially those stage of its development. ey represent a Orthodox ones which found themselves on considerable factor of artistic in uence on the territories with the Muslim governance Eurasian the conditions of multi-ethnicity and which are included into the UNESCO and multi-confessionality of the Russian World Heritage List, such as the Rila state. Monastery in Bulgaria (the UNESCO Ensemble of Mount San-Michel and World Heritage № 216), monasteries of the Sviyazhsk represent forti cations and Athos and monasteries of Balkan countries, religious centres located on an island in the functions of which were”protective” picturesque landscapes. eir establishment for the Orthodox religion and culture, it was connected with solution of engineering should be noted that the function of the tasks exceptional for that time. ey are Assumption monastery was missionary rst simultaneously complexes of architectural of all. As in the middle of the XVI century monuments, spiritual monastery centres and the Moscow kingdom remained the only places of important historical events. ey independent Orthodox state, destined to are close by peculiarities of their historical preserve and spread the Orthodoxy among development: Mount San-Michel appeared non-Christians. e Kazan khanate, where as a monastery which later grew into a small the role of the main missionary centre on island settlement as Sviyazhsk founded as conquered territories laid mainly on the a fortress, also became a settlement with Sviyazhsk Assumption monastery, became time, including monastery complexes. e the rst non-Christian state annexed to Assumption Monastery in Sviyazshk and lands of the Moscow kingdom. the monastery in Mount San-Michel lived The similar situation was with the through periods of owering and decay, monastery of Saint Catherine (Egypt, the there were prisons on their territory. ese UNESCO World Heritage № 954), which circumstances make the abbey of Mount druing the reign of the Arabic and Ottoman
148 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
rule maintained the status of the most Comparison of the Assumption Cathedral important cultural and educational centre with ancient Russian and late medieval even though its mission ary activity went temples, which underwent architectural down to minimum. changes in the Baroque epoch, shows that Contrary to other monuments inscribed the in uence of the Baroque style on the in the World Heritage List and connacted Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk was with monastic traditions or religious context rather delicate. As far as wall pintings are both considered above and confessionally concerned the interior did not undergo any far from the Orthodoxy (ruins of the Buddist cganges at that period. Transformations monastery in Pharpur in Bangladesh (the touched only the new shape of the cupola UNESCO World Heritage № 322), Cave of the temple, addition of decorative tops of temples of Ellora in India (the UNESCO facades and window architraves. Baroque World Heritage № 243), Angkor Wat – transformations of ancient temple are Cambodia (the UNESCO World Heritage characteristic of the XVII-XVIII centuries. № 668), and others.) the Assumption us, for example, the ancient Cathedral Cathedral of Sviyazhsk and the Assumption of Sait So a in Kiev was rebuilt in the form monastery re ect an absolutely unique of the Ukrainian Barique during the rule phenomenon – a passionate expansion of of hetman Ivan Mazepa (the UNESCO the Orthodox religion in the Muslim and World Heritage № 527), the over-the-gate heathen territory which took place on the Trinity church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra background of expansion of the Moscow (the UNESCO World Heritage№ 527) and kingdom to the east, which started in the the Kirill church in Kiev got their Baroque middle of the XVI century. is resulted appearance in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in radical change of the power balance all In the range of such monuments, the over Eurasia and de ned the development Assumption Cathedral is an example of the of this vast territory populated by numerous in uence of a powerful wave of western nationalitie for centuries ahead. Baroque culture, which came to the Middle The Assumpotion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Volga through the Ukrainian Baroque and as no other monument of the Orthodox re ected in rather reserved but at the same culture of Russian Federation, which are time stylistically caharcteristic Baroque already inscribed into the World Heritage décor of the Assumption Cathedral which List, re ects global political deformations harmoniously matches the architecture of happening outside traditional territories of the middle of the XVI century, not hiding the medieval Russian state. At the same time but complementing it. it is important to note that like the Arabic- Relying on a number of documentary Norman monuments of Sicily inscribed sources including the letters of Ivan the Ter- into the World Heritage List in 2015, the rible and also on the analysis of architectural Assumption Cathedral, its architecture, wall peculiarities, competent researchers of history paintings and spiritual meaning re ect the of architecture of Russia M.K. Karger13, N.I. synthesis, interationa and mutual in uence of Orthodox post-Byzantium Russian culture, western cultural in uences and local Muslim traditions on life of people of di erent nationalities (Russians, Tatars, 13 Каргер М. М. Успенский собор Свияжско- Mari, Chuvashs and others) and faith го монастыря как архитектурный памятник (Из (Orthodoxy, Islam, heathendom) on the истории культурно-художественных отноше- territory of the foremer Kazan khanate ний Пскова и Москвы // Материалы по охране, annexed to Russia in the XVI century. ремонту и реставрации памятников ТССР. Ка- зань, 1928. Т. 2. С. 10-31.
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Brunov14 and V.V. Sedov15 proved that Pskov ment of the Moscow tsardom of that period masters supervised by Postnik Yakovlev took which exerted dominating in uence on the part in the construction of the Assumption geopolitical situation in east-European and Cathedral and the St, Nicholas church with the Asian regions. bell tower in Sviyazhsk. Later scientists such as us global geological trends found their V.P. Ostroumov, V.V. Chumakov16, M.V. Fekh- re ection in the architecture of the Assump- ner17 and others expressed an opinion that tion Cathedral. is temple which became the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker the outpost of Chritianity in the newly an- from Ustye on the Velikaya River (XV c.), the nexed land, played an important role in pro- eophany from Zapskovye (1496), Peter and paganda of ideas of Moscow political and Paul’s Cathedral of Buy in Pskov (1540) and religious expansion in the XVI century. Dmitriy Cathedral of Gdov (1540) as well as e Assumption Cathedral frescos are the Pskov churches “of Jehoiakim and Anna” and most completely preserved fresco ensemble “of George from uphill road” from the middle of the second half of the XVI – beginning of of the XVI century are prototypes of the As- the XVII centuries which gives the possibili- sumption Cathedral, the closest to it by their ty for comprehensive study of their idea and architectural appearance and constructions. artistic peculiarities. e unique program of ose were typical Pskov cubical, one-dome, church painting includes topics which are four pillar, three-apse churches with vaults absolutely new for Russian art. and eightfold gable roo ng put on the high e location of the Assumption on the west basement. e Assumption Cathedral is dec- wall – for example in the paintings of Protat orated with the following architectural details by Manuil Panselin (the casp of the XIII-XIV typical of Pskov art of building: carved belts cc.)18 or in the curch of the Virgin Perivlep- on the drum and apses, cubs above windows, ta in Okhrid (1295, paintings by brothers blades, niches and molding llets on the walls. Mikhail and Yevtikhiy Astraps)19 was tradi- Sviyazhsk temples of the XVI century (the tional for Orthodox wall paintings including Assumption Cathedral, St Nickolas refecto- that of monastic post-Byzantium (on Athis, ry church with the bell-tower and St Sergi- in Meteora and other monasteries). us church) are unique as they, on the one e tradition to place the composition illus- hand, represent the outermost east territory trating the patronal festival, as the Assumption of spreading of this architectural tradition. of the Virgin in the Assumption Cathedral, on In the XVI century it reached its owering the east wall above the altar goes back to the and is inseparably connected with the policy of Christianization of territories annexed to the Russian state. On the other hand, the As- sumption Cathedral re ected the aspiration to unite traditional Pskov architecture with new architectural trends of monumentality and greatness. It had to re ect the develop- 14 Брунов Н. И. О некоторых памятниках до- 18 Τούτος Ν., Φουστέρης Γ. Ευρετήριον петровского зодчества в Казани // Материалы ζωγραφικής του Αγίου Όρους, 10ος–17ος αιώνας. – по охране, ремонту и реставрации памятников Αθήναι, 2010. –Σ. 49, 54; о дискуссиях вокруг да- ТССР. Казань, 1928. Т. 2. С. 32-37. тировки росписей см.: Лосева О. В. и др. Карея // 15 Седов В. В. Псковская архитектура XVI в. Православная энциклопедия. – Т. 31. – М., 2013. М., 1996. Глава 6 – С. 84-85. 16 Остроумов В. П., Чумаков В. В. Свияжск: 19 Джурич В. Византийские фрески: История планировки и застройки. Казань, 1971 Средневековая Сербия, Далмация, славянская 17 Фехнер М. В. Великие Булгары, Казань, Сви- Македония / Науч. ред. рус. изд.: Э.С. Смирнова. яжск. М., 1978 – М., 2000. – С. 54-58.
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Assumption20 and Arkhangelsk Cathedral21 of is presupposed by di erence of programs, the Moscow Kremlin. However, even though functions and architectural forms. However those cathedrals were painted also in the XVI it is dicult not to agree with V.V. Sedov23, century, they were repainted in the XVII cen- who said that the synthesis of architecture tury with preservation of the plot and pictures od the Pskov building school and the forms of the previous period. of the Moscow scale cathedral, used by Until now we know only one example monastery builders in Sviyazhsk by the wish preceding Sviyazhsk in this respect and this of archimandrite German gave a remarcable is the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow result – the temple which is the Pskov one Kremlin. e enourmous “Assumption” oc- in its forms, possesses the space and vol- cupies the same place on the east wall un- ume comparable with temples of the largest der the apse conch, the Great presentation Russian monasteries of that time (Trinity-St is also located in the conch. It is possibl;e to Sergius, Kirill Belozersk). talk about concious copying of peculiarities e fresco topic dedication to “the As- of the Moscow Assumption Cathedral in the sumption” is known only in two example of Sviyazhsk monastery temple, of the height the XVI century – in the Assumption Ca- and form of th altar and the eastern part of thedral of Sviyazhsk and in another mon- the building. However, in the whole painit- ument of the Terrible epoch – Intercession ngs of the Assumption Cathedral of the Mos- (currently the Trinity) Cathedral of Alek- cow Kremlin of the beginning of the XVI sandrovskaya Sloboda, where the frescos of century (repainted in 1642–1643) cannot be the XVI century are hidden by oil repaint considered as an example for Sviyazhsk wall of the XIX century24. eir integrity is un- paintings. It represents other cycles, and the known. Other examples of “the assumption di erent comparison of those scenes which plot” are much younger. us, the Assump- the core one for Sviyazhsk22. is di erence tion Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra constructed ve centuries earlier than the 20 Зонова О. В. О ранних алтарных фресках Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk was Успенского собора // Успенский собор Москов- ского Кремля: Материалы и исследования / Отв. capitally rebuild and repainted at the thresh- ред. Э. С. Смирнова. М., 1985. С. 52-68; Качало- old of the XVII−XVIII centuries. Even ва И. Я. История реставрации монументальной though the Assumption Cathedral of the и станковой живописи Успенского собора // Там Trinity-St. Sergius lavra can be considered же. С. 174-188; Схемы росписи наоса Успенско- a contemporary of that in Sviyazhsk, as its го собора Московского Кремля / Подготовка к construction began in 1558 and completed печати: О. А. Данилова // Проблемы изучения in 1585, it was painted in the XVII centu- памятников духовной и материальной культуры: ry25. e creation of these frescos is based Материалы научной конференции 1991 г. / Ред.: on di erent tradition, which refers to the Ю. Н. Звездина, Н. Ю. Маркина, М. К. Павло- вич. М., 2000. Вып. 2. С. 115-127. материальной культуры: Материалы научной 21 Сизов Е. С. Датировка росписи Архангель- конференции / Ред.: Ю.Н. Звездина, Н.Ю. Мар- ского собора Московского Кремля и историче- кина, М.К. Павлович. – М., 2000. – Вып. 2. – С. ская основа некоторых ее сюжетов // Древнерус- 115-127. ское искусство. М., 1964 вып.: XVII в. М., 1964. 23 Седов В. В. Псковская архитектура XVI в. – С. 160-174; Самойлова Т. Е. Ведущие аспекты М., 1996. – С. 194, 197. программы росписи Архангельского собора // 24 Квливидзе Н. В. Фрески Троицкого (По- Искусство средневековой Руси / отв. ред. Л. А. кровского) собора Александровой слободы: К Щенникова. М., 1999. С. 150-180. изучению системы росписи (in print). 22 Для анализа мы пользовались сл. публика- 25 Сарабьянов В. Д. История поновлений и ре- цией: 15. Схемы росписи наоса Успенского собо- ставрации стенописи Успенского собора Трои- ра Московского Кремля / Подг. О. Е. Даниловой це-Сергиевой Лавры // Искусство христианско- // Проблемы изучения памятников духовной и го мира. М., 2002. Вып. VI. С. 255-265.
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Yaroslavl architectural-painting school of zone, their format and principles of internal the XVII century (as the cathedral with the arrangement of elements are subordinat- same name of the Moscow Kremlin). e ed to the arch shape of the central arched same can be said about Assumption Cathe- gables. is slightly resembles wall paint- dral of the Kirill-Belozersk monastery with ings of the Athos triconches (“ e spiritual frescos of the 1641-165026. e cathedral centre of the Orthodoxy the Mount Athos”, of the Pskov-Pechersk monastery was built the UNESCO Wrold Heritage property № in the XVII century27 and the Assumption 454), where in niches – singing galleries Cathedral of Pskov-Pechersk monastery as from the north and the south there were well as the town cathedrals of Smolensk, Ry- compositions united by the idea around azan, Tobolk and Tula in the XVIII century. the main plot, which as a rule was one of e plots located in the sleeves of the Christological doctrine, which was located plan cross of the cathedral are considered in the conch (half-vault) of the signing gal- to be the most important compositions. Be- lery – “ e Last Supper” and “ e Washing sides “the Assumption” on the east these are the Feet” – in paintings of 1363-1380 of the “ e Naitivity of the Virgin” on the north Pantokrator monastery katholicon29, “ e wall, “ e Presentation of the Virgin” on Trans guration” and “ e Washing the the south (fragments have survived). ey Feet” in paintigns of eophanus the Crete are singled out by their size, occupying the in the Great Lavra katholicon30 of “ e Last whole upper part of the wall up to the base Supper” and “ e Lamentations” in paint- of ancient (initial) windows. A complex ings of the XIII century in the katholicon multi-part composition, which, as research- of the Xenofont monastery31. In Byzantian ers think, illustrates several “Words” of Saint and post-Byzantian culture the lower row John Crysostom dedicated to the Christmas was always given to gures of saints, the is given on the west wall28. Deiparous festi- reverends and warriors as a rule. ere is no vals and apotheosis of the Virgin in compo- such domination and conscious choice of sitions related to the Doomsday are the main Deiparous festivals like in the Assumption footholds of iconographic programs of Svi- Cathedral in Sviyazhsk either in Byzantine yazhsk wall paintings. ese compositions or post-Byzantine iconography, or in parich are made larger and put to the uppermost and monastery churches. It is the new word 26 Тычинская П. А. (Москва) Росписи алтаря in principles of painting the temple ensem- Успенского собора Кирилло-Белозерского мо- ble clearly separating the whole previous
настыря. Новые открытия // Новгород и Нов- 29 городская земля. Искусство и реставрация: Ма- Τούτος Ν., Φουστέρης Γ. Ευρετήριον териалы VI научно-практической конференции ζωγραφικής του Αγίου Όρους, 10ος–17ος αιώνας. – Σ 2014 г. (in print). Αθήναι, 2010. - . 317. 30 Σ 27 Фролов М.В., Чернов С.З. Комплексные ис- Ibid. . 67. 31 Σ следования в Успенском соборе Иосифо-Воло- Ibid. . 395; о композициях в монастырских коламского монастыря. В кн.: Археологические певницах см.Fousteris G. Christological cycle in открытия 2001 года. М., 2002. XVI century athonite type churches: Some initial ob- 28 Качалова И. Я. Стенопись галерей servations // ГодишникнаСофийскияуниверситет Благовещенского собора Московского Кремля «Св. Климент Охридски»: Центр за славяно- // Древнерусское искусство: Балканы, Русь. – византийски проучвания «Иван Дуйчев». – Вып. СПб., 1995. – С. 430-433; Квливидзе Н. В. «Собор 93(12). – София, 2004. – С. 213; Святой воин Богородицы» в росписи Успенского собора Христофор. Материалы выставки//Авторы- Свияжского монастыря // Иконографические составители: Н.В. Зотова, И.Н. Копытова, С.Н. новации и традиция в русском искусстве XVI в.: Липатова, Т.Е. Самойлова, С.А. Фролова, Т.В. Сборник статей памяти В.М. Сорокатого. – М., Юрьева. – Казань, ООО «Главдизайн», 2015. – 2008. – С. 218-234. 28 с.
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Byzantine period, which was common for e Assumption ensemble can be consid- ancient Russian and Greek monasteries, and ered as an e ort of Russian masters to ap- the new really church creative work of the proach the Byzantine classical heritage not Moscow tsardom. through traditions of art of epoch of Andrey e Assumption Cathedral frescos sub- Rublev and Dionisius, not through stylistic stantially di er from Novgorod, Pskov, methods of time of Ivan the Terrible, which Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow wall paint- sometimes accurately conveyed schemes of ings by their unusual program and ico- Byzantine works of art and not their content nography. For example, the Old Testament but through another way, which presup- scenes of the Creation and Adam and Eve’s posed return to spatial values and individu- story are located on the vaults instead of alization of images entering into close con- the traditional evangelic festivals. e west tact with the viewer. e solution of this task European composition of “Cruci xion on was very important for Russian masters who the bosom of Father” or so called “ rone were separated from the “Byzantine” period of grace” is used. e unique picture of St. with too long time gap and absolutely di er- Christopher in the image of a horse-head- ent artistic experience. ed warrior is placed on the most noticeable Partially preserved initial painting of the spot. Usually this saint was painted with the interior of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of head of a dog32. the 1560 in Moscow, the con icon of the In picture of faces in wall paintings of the Great Prince Vasiliy III (the state historical Assumption Cathedral one can see not only museum)34, which also comes from this ca- outside activity, but also atmosphere of de- thedra, wall paintings of the Deposition Ca- vout tenderness oriented on the viewer. is thedral in Aleksandrov (1570s), wall paint- artistic device will be in demand in the XVII ings of the chancel screen of the cathedral century. of Pskov-Pechersk Monastery (1570s) can e Assumption Cathedral frescos can be be considered landmarks in establishment characterized as one of the most paradoxical of the new artistic concept. Hewn composi- monuments of Russia art of painting of the tion is characteristic of all works of art listed XVI−XVII centuries, where all contrasts be- above. Stable, wide gures with generalized tween two main components of art - “mon- straightened outline are moved a fore. Nev- umentality” and “mannerism”, the harmoni- ertheless, increasing role of the plastic ori- ous combination of which could gave more gin and formation of those types of images, organic result, are not smoothed but on the which were used by masters of the Sviyazhsk contrary intensi ed. is result was unex- Assumption Cathedral, are noticeable in pected in the Assumption Cathedral but it much more re ned monuments of Moscow only increases its eciency. It surprises not origin. Among them are the miniature New only with the dimention of gures created Testament of 1571 from the Annunciation not at all with “sculpture methods” but also Cathedral (Museums of the Moscow Krem- by references to Byzantine monuments of lin)35, the icon of the Virgin with the por- the Paleolog epoch such as frescos of the traits of an archbishop Arseniy Elasson and Virgin Perivlepta in Ohrida (1295)33. 34 Горматюк А. А. Проблемы художественной 32 Липатова С.Н., Фролова С.А., Юрьева Т.В. атрибуции надгробной иконы великого князя Святой воин Христофор//Святой воин Христо- московского Василия III: У истоков формирова- фор. Материалы выставки. – Казань, 2015. – С. ния типологии царских изображений: Диссерта- 2-3. ция… кандидата искусствоведения. М., 2004. 33 Джурич В. Византийские фрески: Средневе- 35 Качалова И. Я., Маясова Н. А., Щенникова ковая Сербия, Далмация, славянская Македония Л. А. Благовещенский собор Московского Крем- / Науч.ред. Э. С. Смирновой. М., 2000. С. 54-58, ля: К 500-летию уникального памятника русской 415-416. культуры. М., 1990. Ил. 267.
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his brother, a bishop Iosaf sent by Arseniy decoration. e historical principles of un- to the monastery of Dusik in Fessalia (Byz- derstanding the temple space was intro- antine and Christian Museum in Athens) in duced instead of the lithurgic. e art his- 159236. torian N.V. Kvlividze considers this to be a Especially close to the artistic concept of unique phenomenon which did not have a frescos of Sviyazhsk are fragments of paint- graphic tradition in ancient Russia38. Later ing of the St. George Cathedral in Alaverdy the Genesis cycle got a special place in the (Kakhetia, Georgia), which are evidently system of temple decoration of the Trini- made by Russian masters and can be at- ty church in Vyazyomy (about 1600). Its tributed to icon painter of the tsar Postnik wall paintings are completely dedicated to Dermin in 1589 he was sent to the tsar Alek- the Genesis topic and do not have the New sandr of Kakhetia, worked there for three Testament scenes at all contrary to the Svi- years and probably did not come back to yazhsk Assumption Cathedral. e paint- motherland37. e face of a martyr (Dmi- ing in Vyazyomy includes the sequential trius of Solun?) from Alaverdy with its full pictures of Seven days of the Creation, the outline, smooth relief surface and unevenly history of Adam and Eve and the history of placed eyes seems to be one of the closes fol- Abraham and Lot. In addition, the repro- lowers of faces in paintings of the Sviyazhsk duction of the complete text from the Bible, Assumption Cathedral. which occupies either the whole vault sur- e Style of frescos in the Assumption face or the wall lunette, in every composi- Cathedral in future became the basis for tion, is the peculiarity of this wall paintings one of the versions of art of painting of the ensemble39. e vast cycle of Genesis occu- epoch of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. is is pied its place in the top rows of paintings con rmed by similarity of painting of the of the Annunciation Cathedral in Solvy- Assumption Cathedral with separate gures chegodsk (1602)40. e analysis of Rus- (St. George) in frescos of the Nativity Ca- sian monumental cycles of the Genesis of thedral in Suzdal (1635), and also with the the XVI century in preserved monumnets, icons of the Forefathers tier from the Trans- the most important of which is the fresco guration Cathedral of Solovki Monastery 38 (Museum aer A. Rublev), created between Квливидзе Н. В. Сотворение мира и 1613 and 1632. история Адама и Евы в росписи Успенского Illustration of the Book of Genesis ap- собора Свияжского монастыря: к проблеме интерпретации сакрального пространства peared in the Assumption Cathedral of Svi- в русском искусстве XVI в.// Древнерусское yazhsk for the rst time in Russian temple искусство. Идея и образ. Опыты изучения painting. e incorporation of the Genesis византийского и древнерусского искусства. М.: cycle with the pictures of the Days of the Северный паломник, 2009. С. 343-366; Квливидзе Creation into the painting program caused Н. В. Фрески Успенского собора Свияжского the change of the whole system of temple монастыря: Программа росписи. Иконография и стиль // Фрески и иконы свияжского Успенского 36 Комашко Н. И., Саенкова Е. М. Русские собора. СПб., 2009. С. 37-71. иконы XVI-XVIII вв. в ризнице монастыря Вис- 39 Квливидзе Н.В. К изучению системы сарион Дусик в Греции // Лазаревские чтения: росписи церкви в Больших Вязёмах (Тема Искусство Византии, Древней Руси, Западной Троицы в русской культуре XVI в.) // Европы: Материалы научной конференции 2008. Древнерусское искусство. Сергий Радонежский М., 2008. С. 192-193. и художественная культура Москвы XIV–XV вв. 37 Преображенский А. С. Русские живописцы СПб., 1998.С. 342–359. в Кахетии конца XVI в.: Росписи собора св. Геор- 40 Удралова Н.В. Роспись Благовещенского со- гия в Алаверди: Лазаревские чтения: Искусство бора в Сольвычегодске // Древнерусское искус- Византии, Древней Руси, Западной Европы: Ма- ство. Художественные памятники русского Се- териалы научной конференции 2013 (в печати). вера. М., 1989. С. 193–202. 154 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
cycelt in Sviyazhsk, makes its possible to In the last the Genesis cycles are arranged in make a conclusion that Russian art of the such parts of the temple which are for private middle of the XVI century as the post-Byz- prays (narthexesm refectories). While in the antine art of the Balkans, developed ideas Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk and oth- and forms, laid by Byzantine iconographic er Russian temples of the second half of the tradition, enriching it by their own icono- XVI century the cycle of Genesis occupies the graphic art and borrowing separate motifs most important space in the central voume from the weat European art. of the temple where the lithurgic sequence of e question of how this tradition be- prayers is carried out, the whole community came available to Russian masters is still comes together no matter whether it is the open. Probably Russian masters had access monastic brethren or the congregation. How- to Greek examples; it cannot be ruled out ever such system of temple decoration did that the Oktatevkhs came indirectly through not exist long in Russia. In the XVII century, the west European printed products. It is when the Genesis cycles with illustrations of also possible that the Russian iconography the Days of he Creation became frequent in arose on the basis of the direct acquaintance Russian temple paintings, they took a rm of artists with Balcan post-Byzantine cycles. place in the galleries of cathedrals, having re- e last supposition is supported by the fact tuned to themselves the meaning of didactic that Russian cycles of the Genesis as well as historic narration. paintings in the refectories of Athos mpon- e Genesis cycle in the paintings of asteries and outside frescoes in Moldavia Sviyazhsk forms a central core of the tem- are included into the lithurgic context with ple deoration program and other cycels of clearly expressed didactic idea. painting are in diverse conceptual relations e fact that the Russian art of the late with it. e Iconography of the Genesis cy- middle ages actively mastered a number of cle and placement of compositions in the west European graphic plots and not only temple space create an artistic structure in secondary but also such important as the which the sense of the Genesi is revealed iconography related to the topic of the Trin- through the petitionary mission of Christ. ity undoubtedly proved true.Compositions e exceptional attention to the topic of of the First Day of Creation in paintings of the beginning and the end of the world in art the Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk and and literature of the XVI century is de ned icons show that Russian art got acquainted by the formation of the ideology of the Rus- with cycles of the Genesis from western ico- sian kingdom, one of the characteristic traits nography. It is also proved by the appear- of which became historicity which manifest- ance of the scene of “ e Rest of the God”. ed itself both in the state and church spheres. However, this example also shows how the Another characteristic trait is the substantia- west motif is interpreted on the basis of Byz- tion of the undivided authority and hierarchy antine iconography. of the earth as a re ection of the undivided It should also be noted that at the same authority of the heaven. e trinity as an act- time with the use of Byzantine and west Eu- ing force becomes the leading theme of art ropean iconographic schemes, the Russian of this period. In this context, the program art of the XVI century formed an original changes, which happened in the second half Genesis iconograpgy represented by illus- of the XVI century, were in line both with trations of the Russian Chronograph. theological and historical-philosphical prob- e place, which the Genesis wall paint- lems of the epoch. ings occupied in the system of frescoes in e same as the post Byzantine are of the Russia, di eres both from the west European Balkans, the Russian art of the middle of the and Byzantine or post-Byzantine traditions. XVI century developed ideas and forms,
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laid by Byzantine iconographic tradition, tradition this is most frequently the sceme enriching it by their own iconographic art of taking Adam and Eve out from the Hell, and borrowing separate motifs from the painted as part of compositions related to weat European art.41. the topic of Resureection of the Savior and e composition of “ e Fall” located his Second Advent: “ e Harrowing of Hell on the south slope of the west wall arch is (Resurrection of Christ)”, and later also in unique in the paintings of the Assumption the developed scheme of the scene “ e Cathedral. It depicts Adam and Eve shel- Doomsday”. It goes back to the Byzantine tering themselves with g leaves and stand- tradition of temple decoration which also ing on the sides of the tree with the serpent in uenced principles of decorations of icons coiled around it. Eve stretches a fruit to and book illuminations of the middle Byz- Adam. e painting shows two moments of antine period (which can be seen in few the Holy history simultaneously: “Adam bit- monuments of the IX-XI centuries, in par- ing the fruit” and “Insight in Nudity”. ticular mosaics Osios Lucas in Fokida and In Vyazyomy in the Trinity icon of Solvy- Nea Moni on Chios Island, both in Greece, chegodsk Adam and Eve are naked. In Decha- enamel plates from Constantinople). Simi- ny on the one scene eve is shown in front of the lar compositions are also known in ancient tree with the serpent and then Adam and Eve Russia monuments in temple decoration of near the tree of knowledge and both of them the Pre-Mongolian time – in paintings of are dressed. In the miniature of the Chronor- the Mirozh monastery in Pskov (the middle graph there are also two scenes — e Temp- of the XII c.). Practically without any chang- tation of Eve by the Serpents and e Fall es this scene continues to live in the epoch (RSL, ф. 98, Yegor., № 202, л. 52). e pictures of the foreign yoke and weakening of former literally correspond to the inscriptions: “ e relations with Byzantium (the icon on the Satan teaches the serpent, the serpent tempts red background “ e Harrowing of Hell” Eve, Eve bites herself and then gives it to Adam from Novgorod of the seond half of the breaking the law of the heaven”. In Oktatev- XIII century from the collection of the In- kh in Constantinople there are three scenes: tesa Bank (Vichenza). In the Paleologue art temptation of Eve, Eve persuades Adam to bite of Constantinople by the beginning of the the fruit and the fall itself. XIV century this composition became more e Sviyazhsk composition with the com- lively and had the bigger number of charac- bination of the two scenes is unique for Rus- ters (wall paintings of the parecclision of the sian icon painting of the XVI century and Hora monastery (Kakhriye-Djami) 1316- can be one of the rsl examples of this ico- 1321) and nearly immediately they spread nography. It is notable that artists precisely among other artists (frescoes of the Sne- follow the text of the Holy Book which says togorsk monastery in Pskov, 1313-1315). about several fruit. e later wall paitings in Yaroslavl temples Plots connected with Adam and Eve are of the XVI-XVII centuries preserved better quite widespread in wall paintings, book in large numbers, starting from wall paint- miniatures and icon painting. In Russian ings in the Trans guration of Christ cathe-
41 dral in the monastery with the same name Подробнее см.: Квливидзе Н. В. Сотворение and ending with numerous temples of the мира и история Адама и Евы в росписи Успенского XVII century. собора Свияжского монастыря: к проблеме интерпретации сакрального пространства Cycles of the Creation of a man are less в русском искусстве XVI в.// Древнерусское frequent (in the composition of the Gene- искусство. Идея и образ. Опыты изучения sis), for example, the scenes of “ e Banish- византийского и древнерусского искусства. М.: ing from Heaven”, however they are also well Северный паломник, 2009. С. 343-366. known. is plot is spread both in east and
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west iconographies (mosaics of the XII cen- aer the fall42. On the right they are paint- tury in the cupola of the Genesis in the nar- ed as innocent and shameless without gen- thex of San-Marco Cathedral in Venice, wall ital organs. Both are holding several apples paintings of the XIV century in the Vysoky in their hands. On the le Adam and Eve Dechany monastery in Kosovo, Serbia, wall are hiding behind g leaves, having eaten paintings of Michelangelo of 1508-1512 of the forbidden fruit. ere is the head of the the ceiling of the Sistin Chapel in Vatican serpent near Eve. 2. In the English Book of and others). Hours (the author is unknown, XIV c.) 3. In e plot of “ e Fall” painted on the the Gothic style north French miniature of walls of the Assumption monastery in Svi- the Halkham Face Bible. yazhsk is rather rare at least for frescoes of e gures of forefathers with apples in the XVI-XVII centuries which survived till their hands in fron of the Heaven tree can our days. Most oen it is Eve who is depict- be seen on the icon “ e Creation of a Man” ed with an apple, the symbol of the fall. is of the XVII century from Pogost village43, can be seen on the west European picture but ther they are painted still nude, not of this scene: frescoes of the Rome conduits having “insight”, and also in the icon of the of the III-IVcenturies, a wall painting of the XVII century from St Nicholas monastery unknown artist of 1141 from Saint-Jean des in Pereslavl-Zalesskiy from the collection Vignes church in Soisson, miniatures of the of the Pereslavl-Zalesskiy museum-reserve. Halkham Face Bible from the British Library However these pictures were made much (London, 1327-1335. Brit. 47682. fol4r), the later than wall paintings of Sviyazhsk and in fresco of 1430 by Paolo Uccello in the Santa di erent iconography and artictic manner. Maria Novella church in Florence, pictures It is rather dicult to look for analogues and etchings of Lucas Cranach the Elder, of Sviyazhsk “ e Fall” because of the small Albrecht Durer, “ e Fall” by Hans Holbe- number of preserved frescoes of the earlier in Junior. Sometimes only Adam is painted period. However, a number of Muslim theo- with an apple as in the picture of Lucas Cra- logians consider that the picture of Adam nach the Junior. All scene connected with and Eve with the apple in Sviyazhsk could Adam and Eve starting from their creation re ect the in uence of Muslim understand- are painted on frecoes of the XVII century ing of equal participation of Adam and Eve in the St Nickolas Nadein church in Yaro- in the original sin and appearne of such slavl, but in the scene of “ e Fall” they are scene in the missionary temple in the for- depicted without apples in their hands as in mer Kazan khanate was not accidental. the similar scene in the Rostov Kremlin. In e Sviyazhsk cycle of the Genesis is the book miniature from the “Cosmogra- so original in the art of Ancient Rus and phy” by Kozma Indikoplov (XV c.) they are the rest of the post-Byzantine world that also shown without apples. is does not nd direct compositional and e picture of Adam and Eve with two stylistic analogues, even though by its ico- apples is not characteristic for iconogra- nography it surely belongs to the Byzantine phy of “ e Fall”. ere were single exam- circle of monuments. It is its uniqueness ples found: 1. in the Copts museum of Cai- of compositional and stylistic peculiarities ro where the fresco of the XI century from that makes it possible to compare it with Teburtinis is kept (Um-al-Begerat in Ara- the cycle of the Genesis by Michelangelo bic, Fayum region, Egypt), which was tak- on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel. Atten- en from the wall of the deserted temple of the XX century. (Assesion number№ 3962). 42 http://www.coptic-cairo.com/museum/selection/ ere Adam and Eve are painted before and fresco/fresco.html. 43 Сакович А.Г. Народная гравированная кни- га Василия Кореня 1692-1696. - М., Искусство, 1983. - Илл. 82, с. 45. 157 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
tion to the Genesis cycles in ne art includ- ical knowledge to decipher allegorical and ing wall paintings of Christian West and symbolical plots subordinated to the plots East, re ects the internal demand of both of the state tasks. e frescos have the rst branches of civilization to understand in- picture of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the crown nity of the inhabited world and also the aer his being crowned in 1547. Location of greatness of divine house building. In sty- this painting in the altar part underlines the listic respect, the uniqueness of the Svi- idea of established by the middle of the XVI yazhsk Genesis cycle is in surprising mon- century teaching about the power of the Rus- umentality of gures and compositions hen sian autocrat, given and blessed by God. It is gures and images, details and elements of stressed artistically by expanding the color images widespread in icon painting and palette, by intensifying the tonal saturation of book illumination occupy vaults, arches paints and the change of the painting tech- and walls of a large building. Besides titan- nique in the whole. ic proportions, mighty nearly relief silhou- e comparative analysis based on de- ettes, Sviyazhsk frescos are close to the best tailed topical study of Christian churches, works of European art of the Renaissance monasteries and complexes of monuments epoch. ey share their rare synthesis with from the perspective of time and the territory architecture, feeling of architectural form made it possible to characterize the Assump- change, ability to do the best with the artis- tion Cathedral as an outstanding example of tic usage of any curvilinearity of a vault or a “Christian cult object”, to show its meaning- a wall. ese two factors point to the fact ful and unique contribution into the develop- that the masters knew about achievements ment of Orthodox monasteries in the Volga of European Chrisian art and possibly even and Urals regions, in the Russia Empire un- about the Sistine chapel with paintings of der formation and in Eurasia in the whole. the best artists of Florence including Mi- e comparative analysis showed that the chelangelo44. Assumption Cathedral possesses exceptional us, wall paintings of the Assumption characteristics, which are not yet represent- Cathedral incorporated achievements of the ed in other properties inscribed in the World school of monumental art of painting formed Heritage List. Such exceptional characteris- in the end of the XV century by Dionisius and tics are as follows: represented in such monuments as Pafnuti- 1. e Assumption Cathedral represents yev monastery in the town of Borovsk, the the common historical evolution of the phe- Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Krem- nomenon of an Orthodox temple in a new lin, Joseph-Volokalamsk monastery, the Ca- environment. It makes contribution into the thedral of Nativity of the Virgin of Ferapont essence of history and typology of Russian Monastery. At the same time the Assumption temples as it is a modi cation in new his- Cathedral frescos in Sviyazhsk are the next torical conditions on the territory which is step in monumental ne art comparable with mostly populated by Turkic-Tatar and Finn- the best works of European art of the epoch ish-Ugric people. of Renaissance. at is characterized by com- 2. e Assumption Cathedral is an out- plexity of composition, increased intellectual standing prove of introduction of a new Or- level of the art content that demands canon- thodox Christian civilizational paradigm, which manifested itself most brightly in the 44 Маханько М.А. Успенский собор в Свияж- change of cultural codes and identities, mis- ске – Сикстинская капелла Поволжья // Истори- sionary activity, formation of multi-cultural, ко-культурное и духовное наследие Свияжска: multi-confessional environment and cultural сборник материалов Международного конгрес- diversity in Russia and the east of Eurasia, of са (г. Казань, 15-16 июля 2015 г./Под общ. ред. Р.М. Валеева (in print).
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culmination in the certain period of its devel- initially appeared as a military fortress and opment in the tiem and territorial space. the Orthodox spiritual cemtre, developed 3. e role of the Assumption Cathedral into the centre of a remarkable exchange and and monasteries of Sviyazhsk is unique in the cooperation between Orthodoxy and Islam, territorial structure of the common defenss between cultures of Tatar, Russia and Finn- system of the Moscow Kingdom as well as ish-Ugric ethnoses and articitc concepts and Russia, in formation and spreading of Chris- views. It is the outstanding and the only prove tian ideology, spiritual and religious policy of the meaningful typological characteristics onto the east of the empire. of the phenomenon of Christian temples. 4. e Assumption Cathedral is the most 7. It is an outstanding example of specif- bright illustrations of the forming multi-na- ic urbanism, architecture and synthesis be- tional Russian state, of its religious and spir- tween di erent kinds of art and symbiosis of itual life, architecture, monumental wall and architecture, culture and nature. icon painting of the XVI – beginning of the 8. e territory of the Assumption Cathe- XVII cc. e integrity of characteristic traits dral is the repository of traces of continuous and attributes proves that the cathedral and spiritual-sacred, historical-cultural, artistic monastery are the bright example of an au- and archaeological evolution, which accumu- thentic ensemble of the second half of the lated layers of di erent epochs, including the XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries with ealier ones, as a manifestation of outstanding its Baroque elements of the XVIII century, cultural succession. genesis of cultural and spiritual life, historical 9. is context also includes substantial strati cation and succession of the develop- non-tangible values related to important his- ment of this cultural region. torical events and personalities, symbolic, 5. e program and style of the monu- memorial characteristics, valuavle traditions mental paintinf of the Assumption Cathedral and images, artistic, musical and drama ac- in Sviyazhsk makes it possible to single out tivities. signs of monastic culture and relations with e Assumption Cathedral represents the the Orthodox art of the Christian East. e most exceptional and outstanding example large scale of scenes of the Deiparous cycle in and makes its unique contribution into the the arches of side walls as well as placement world cultural heritage. e comparative of the Assumption composition above the analysis showed that the Assumption Cathe- altar can be explained by the special mean- dral possesses important attributes, which re- ing of the Virgin in theology, spiritual culture ect changes connected with changes of com- and art of late Byzantine and post Byzantine mon human values in the XVI – beginning of world, rst of all in the monkhood of Athos. the XXI centuries in the Volga-Urals region e picturesque style of separate details aslo and Eurasia, and re ects those important as- proves the skillful mastery of methods of Eu- pects important for understanding of history ropean art of painting. ese datils make it and function of the Assumption Cathedral as possible to suppose that the master (masters) an Orthodox Christian temple, which have of monumental paintings of Sviyazhsk be- not been acknowledged yet for other Chris- longed to the Greek intellectual elite and the tian monasteries already inscribed into the court Moscow workshops who worked in the UNESCO World Heritage List. epoch on the second half of the XVI-XVII It has also been shown that such unique- centuries in the epoch of establishment of the ness of the Assumption Cathedral is more Russian Patriarchate. important than for other properties under 6. e territory of Sviyazhsk, the Assump- consideration of being inscribed into the tion Cathedral and the monastery, which List.
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3.3 Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
a) Brief synthesis he Assumption Cathedral is located at special trend of development of Christian Tthe con uence of the Volga, the Sviya- art of Russian and Europe. ga and the Shchuka rivers, in the town-is- e frescos are unique as they are the land of Sviyazhsk in 30 kilometers away graphic re ection of the Stoglav Council from Kazan – the capital of the Republic of 1551, of councils 1553-1555, which is of Tatarstan. It is a part of the Assumption historically important not only for Russia Monastery which consists of seven stone but for the whole of the Eastern Orthodox constructions built in di erent time during Church and history of icon painting. e the XVI-XIX centuries. It is surrounded unique choice of saint warriors and pref- by a wall which gives it the appearance of erence of certain iconographic versions are a real white-stone Kremlin and has some related with the broad enlightening char- loopholes and merlons. It was established acter of the cathedral painting program by the metropolitan Makarius in 1555 by and testi es the contacts with the Ortho- the decree of Ivan the Terrible and headed dox East, where these saints were especially by the archimandrite German who had Ta- worshipped. tar origins. e Assumption Cathedral is an excep- Construction of the cathedral was car- tional evidence of historical succession and ried from 1556 till 1560 out by Pskov cultural diversity. e property not only builders under the supervision of the ar- possesses brightly expressed esthetic pecu- chitect Postnik Yakovlev. Novelties charac- liarities, but also illustrates the new stage of teristic of the state architecture of the Mos- development of Russian culture, the trend cow tsardom and local traditions formed in of Russian art which embodied achieve- the boundaries of the Volga Bolgaria, the ments of the Byzantine classical heritage, Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate were the Greek Orthodox art, Novgorod and introduced into the Pskov monumental ar- Moscow schools of monumental painting chitectural tradition. In the XVIII century and architecture, the in uence of the West the cathedral appearance was supplement- European Christian tradition and methods ed by decorations in Baroque style, which and principles of European art. harmonized with its Old Russian style. At the same time one should take into e complete cycle of the frescos from consideration the location and geo-polit- the second half of the XVI – early XVII ical conditions of the Assumption Cathe- centuries with the total area of 1,080 sq. dral emergence in an alien Turki-Tatar and m. has survived in the cathedral interior Finnish-Ugric environment. So the idea of as well as the iconostasis with the icons of the cathedral is the unique evidence of in- the XVI-XVII centuries and the only por- teraction of the Christian-Orthodox and trait of Ivan the Terrible. e frescos and Muslim cultures. On the one hand, the idea architectural ensemble is the re ection of a of the cathedral is developed in architec- new trend in Russian art and a remarkable tural, picturesque and spiritual images of re ection of the ambitious cultural and civ- the topic of the Assumption of the Virgin, ilizational ideology initiated by the Russian especially worshipped in Russia, and the state in the XVI-XVII centuries. e ideo- cycle of scenes in paintings of the Assump- logical program, hierarchy, monumentali- tion Cathedral for the rst time appeared ty, superb artistic skills of performance and in historical context as a link between the style of wall paintings are characteristic Old and New Testaments narration. Plac- traits of uniqueness and an example of a ing illustrations of “ e Genesis” on the
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vaults of the cathedral interior as the main e Assumption Cathedral is real evi- topic of paintings was an absolutely new dence of cardinal historical and geo-polit- phenomenon, which did not have visual ical changes in Eurasia which played a key traditions in Russia. On the other hand, role in the formation of the multinational the Assumption cathedral, which has the Russian state and radically in uenced the image of the Virgin as the main idea of its historical destiny of peoples in the Vol- construction, is an outstanding evidence ga-Ural region, in Siberia and Central Asia, of connection with the Muslim tradition as well as in spreading Russian Orthodoxy of worshipping Mariam ana (Mary). e to the east and the disappearance of the location of the cathedral is simultaneous- post-Golden Horde Islamic states – Kazan, ly the north-west point of Islam spreading Astrakhan, Siberian, Nogay, and Crimean and the south-east spreading point of the khanates. architectural and artistic style of Pskov, A unique synthesis of the cultures of the Novgorod and Moscow. West and East, di erent architectural and e Assumption Cathedral is an out- artistic styles as well as mutual in uence standing evidence of the strategic devel- of values and enrichment of cultures have opment of Sviyazhsk as an outpost for suc- been brightly manifested in the Assump- cessful conquering of the Kazan Khanate by tion Cathedral. Its architectural history, Ivan the Terrible and for the following am- wall and icon painting are unique attributes bitious program of expanding lands, which characterizing historical, cultural, spiritual was initiated by Moscow ruling circles in and religious life, demonstration of feelings the middle of the XVI century for strength- of believers in di erent epochs, the succes- ening relations between the Christian Or- sion of religious life as well as the develop- thodoxy and the imperial expansion. e ment of architectural and artistic thought Assumption Cathedral had an ocially ap- and its material embodiment. e evolu- proved mission of spreading Christianity in tion of the cathedral and the town island of the region. Ful lling it, both the cathedral Sviyazhsk from the object of confrontation and the monastery together with Kazan and war into the island of peace, cultural became the important centres of Christian diversity, poly-ethnicity and poly-culture culture in the Islamic and pagan enclave in and revival of spirituality has become the the middle of the XVI century. most important symbolic characteristic. B) Justication for Criteria
Criterion II he Assumption Cathedral is a remark- asia over a long period of time. Active syn- Table example of spiritual and cultural thesis of cultural Christian and Muslim space, with the ultimate concentration of traditions, substantial mutual in uence of diversity of original cultures and civiliza- human values and mutual enrichment of tions. It is a unique evidence of common cultures were taking place during the pro- historical, ethnic, cultural, spiritual and cess of erection and evolution (develop- confessional evolution of peoples of Eur- ment) of the Assumption Cathedral.
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Criterion IV he Assumption Cathedral in the town between the events of the second half of the Tisland of Sviyazhsk is a unique sample XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries and of historical, cultural and artistic complex. cultural life of the epoch and occupy one It appeared as a result of architectural tra- of the most important places in the history ditions synthesis of North and Central Rus- of Christian art of that time. Architectur- sia with local traditions of the Volga and al and frescoes ensembles of the cathedral Urals region, the latter going back to the were the new trend in Russian art, re ected culture of the Volga Bolgaria. e frescos of ambitious cultural and civilizational ideol- the cathedral vividly demonstrate the phe- ogy of the Russian state in the XVI – XVII nomenon of cultural evolution of Moscow centuries and illustrate an important peri- stardom, showing the direct connection od of the world history of humankind. c) Statement of Integrity he integrity of the property is provided succession of functional use for cultural Twith the approved boundaries, includ- and spiritual purposes. e unique integri- ing all its attributes and the bu er zone, ty of the Assumption Cathedral is also con- which make more than 11,000 hectares. rmed by the fact that within its boundar- It represents an integral architectural and ies there is a set of elements, which make artistic complex with history which nds it possible to picture and course the results its evidence in documents, archaeological of its evolution. e fact that the cathedral study and scienti c research as well as with is located on the territory of the state mu- historical, cultural and architectural struc- seum-reserve promotes preservation of its ture, natural landscape and century-long integrity. d) Statement of Authenticity he authenticity of the cathedral is Cathedral have been preserved since the con rmed by a number of historical end of the XIX century by using methods of Tdocuments, seizures, archaeological conservation. All kinds of work have always materials, maps, plans, and archives. been preceded by scienti c research which Interiors and the artistic complex of gave exhausting material for conservation wall paintings of the second half of the of the monument by using substances XVI – beginning of the XVII centuries identical to the original ones. All this is and all attributes of Pskov and Baroque the grounds for developing projects and architecture have survived as well as the choice of preservation methods as well as monuments creating its historical and monitoring by specialized organizations cultural environment and being part of the that guarantee preservation of authenticity monastery complex. e authentic cultural for the Assumption Cathedral. Taking into layer, which keeps artifacts of the XVI- consideration the scienti cally calculated XIX centuries, has been preserved on the level of anthropogenic load, the public territory of the property and around it. e liturgy is planned to be resumed in the constituent attributes of the Assumption cathedral.
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e) Requirements for protection and management egislative and institutional framework conservation and museumi cation of the Lfor ecient protection and manage- Museum-Reserve till 2035. ment of the property have been set up by Within the management process the legal аnd regulatory enactments of the key questions of management are directed Russian Federation and the Republic of on study, preservation and scienti c con- Tatarstan, e status of the monument of servation of the Assumption Cathedral, the national importance made it possi- organization of the museum work and ble to preserve the Assumption Cathedral establishment of new museums, combina- and archaeological cultural layers in good tion of historical religious function of the condition. With the aim of preservation cathedral, tourism development, e ective of the cathedral attributes and its histori- risk management, interaction with local cal-cultural environment, the town island communities aimed at preservation of all of Sviyazhsk has been announced to be the attributes of the property, its integrity and remarkable place, and a historical and ar- authenticity chitectural and ne arts museum reserve e detailed analysis and assessment of have been established here. possible in uence of any new projects in e property is managed on the basis the bu er zone of the property on the Out- of the system of interaction of the parties standing Universal Value of the property is concerned stated in the management plan carried out in order to prevent any possible in line with the concept of preservation, threats to its preservation and perception.
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4. THE CONDITION OF INTEGRITY AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROPERTY
4а. Currrent condition of the property
Characteristics of the constructions of the Assumption Cathedral urrently the Assumption Cathedral is the erection of Pogankiny chambers (1671). Cnot used and since 2006 in under com- By the end of the XIX century these au- plex conservation, during which a number thentic wooden substructures underwent of measure were implemented directed on considerable destruction both in Pskov and preservation of authentic constructions of Sviyazhsk that caused partial loss of special the building and the complex of unique wall rigidity of the Assumption Cathedral rect- paintings of the XVI century. angle walls. e work carried out in 2010-2014 sub- e noted factors cause sinking of the au- stantially improved the condition of the thentic construction of the cathedral, their monument constructions. Nevertheless, irregular character and concentration is cer- today specialists continue to nd cracks on tain most unfavourable places. e north- the frontispieces of arches in the prosthesis west corner and part of the bays of the cen- and deacon’s room, on arches connecting tral wall of the cathedral rectangle are such east pylons with longitudinal walls, on the weakened places. south wall (near the south-east window) As a result of the engineering-geological and on the south lateral wall with pictures prospecting, specialists revealed the com- of the Apostles, that testi es about hidden plex of causes which brought about the processes going on in foundations and bear- destabilization of the condition of the As- ing construction of the cathedral. sumption Cathedral constructive system: As a result of the engineering-geological - loosening of soil under the foundation prospecting it was found out that pulveres- subgrade; cent sands are not consolidated suciently - loss of air connections and destruction in the bottom part of the pylons and around of wooden inside-the-wall connection, the outside perimeter of the building there which happened by the XIX century; are loose sands with the porosity factor - large temperature drops; 0.902. Below the cathedral foundations - the absence of regular surface water on the depth of 10 meters and right below drain during the long period of time. sands there are deposits of limestone which e following complex of scienti c-re- lter atmospheric precipitations. Limestone search work and planning-engineering is percolated and this causes the develop- studies on stabilization of the Assumption ment of the process of internal erosion. Cathedral constructions was carried out in e Assumption Cathedral was built 2015: by Pskov masters supervised by Postnik - making prospecting shas under foun- Yakovlev. During the construction of ca- dations of walls and pylons to assess the thedrals in the XIV-XVII centuries, Pskov condition of wooden piles; builders used wooden air and inside-the- - examination of the condition of chan- wall connections which are seen in some nels by boring holes in the place of their lay- other buildings in Pskov. Similar construc- ing aer the destruction of air connections; tions were used in Pskov in the Nativity of - engineering-technical examination of the Virgin cathedral of the Snetogorskiy ground bearing constructions and founda- monastery ( e ХIV century) and during tions of the cathedral;
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- the development of feasibility study for e method of mathematical simulation strengthening ground constructions, foun- is used for the complex analysis of the stat- dations and soils of the cathedral base is ic behavior of the cathedral constructions nearly completed; carried out nowadays. e structural anal- - geotechnical investigation; ysis of possible deviations from the vertical, - geodesic monitoring of vertical defor- in uence of empty rooms in the basements, mation of the cathedral construction has in uence of apertures made in the walls been organized; and additional weight load on the roof and - ground building construction of the ca- walls because of the later decoration (“cor- thedral has been examined with the use of bel arches”) is also carried out. e results ground-penetrating radar with the aim of of this analysis will be used to de ne the dy- determining the routes of inside-the-wall namics of cracks development, distribution channels formed as a result of rotting of the and size and the project of elimination of all historical binding frame of the cathedral. existing negative in uences of the monu- Regular instrumental observation of de- ment will be developed. In addition within formations of all constructions of the cathe- the abovementioned examinations it will be dral is carried out at present and this moni- possible to nd out whether the water level toring will continue in the future. of the Volga River, rising aer construction e archaeological tracking of works is of the dam, has a ected the ground densi- carried out. Rescue archaeological measures ty on the new “Island” of Sviyazhsk which are taken during the ground (making pros- is by 5-9 meters higher that the level of the pecting shas for examination of the cathe- Volga, and, consequently, the basement dral foundation) and boring (boring of geo- oor of the cathedral itself. e strategy of logical wells) works. further strengthening of the cathedral con- e results of the performed complex structions will be approved aer checks with geotechnical investigation, which made it measuring sensor and analysis of this data. possible to nd the reason of shis of the Elimination of the building defects and its cathedral constructions, will be used for static consolidation – lling the cracks, possi- strengthening of these elements in 2015- ble installation of new metal bindings in the 2016 – by using injections, reconstruction place of the detached wooden ones, etc., will be of the lost air connections or any other nec- done in the following order: diagnosis before essary measures. treatment, consolidation-conservation-and, nally – preservation of wall paintings. Characteristics of the condition of the Assumption Cathedral wall paintings Before the beginning of the conservation On the vaults and wall arches there were nu- work, organized by ” e Revival” foundation merous egresses of u y mineral salts. e in 2010, wall paintings of the Assumption south and partially west wall of the cathedral Cathedral were in extremely critical con- were also damaged by mineral salts but in the dition. Conservation plaster of 1970- es in form of sags. Corroded gesso nails were get- the basement part of walls became wet and ting out of the masonry tearing the gesso. e was destructing. ey were also in critical latter cracked forming the threat of scree. e condition on the north wall of the cathedral paint layer a ected by mold was scaling. which was covered by egress of mineral salts Plaster, whitewashing and stone surface and algae above the oor. Considerable spots outside the cathedral were destructing be- of biological damage were on wall paintings cause of the absence of water drains. on the north wall, columns and in the altar. From 2010 to 2013 conservation of the Mainly those were silver and brown mold. wall paintings in the interior of the Assump-
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tion Cathedral was nanced by the Federal Anti-damage works in the altar part of the targeted program “Culture of Russia” and was cathedral with use of technology approved carried out by the team of specialists from IS- by Tatarstan Ministry of Culture started in RAD (interregional scienti c-conservation 2015. And again, the same way as in the artistic department), and in 2014 it contin- quadrangle, the destructed plaster was re- ued at the expenses of the Complex project of moved, mineral salts and mold were also “Cultural heritage of Tatarstan: the town-is- removed. e paintings were opened from land of Sviyazhsk and Ancient Bolgar”. repaint. Gesso nails were treated and small Aer the architectural conservation was cracks of gesso were caulked. Paintings were completed, in 2012 it became possible to start partially consolidated. ecient conservation of ancient paintings and ere is constant control over the condi- consolidation of gesso. By using the technol- tion of walls and paintings in the drum and ogy approved by Tatarstan Ministry of Cul- quadrangle of the Assumption Cathedral. ture, restorers from the ISRAD removed wet Complex scienti c studies are carried out. conservation plaster on the west wall of the Since 2014 the team of artists-restorers has cathedral quadrangle and from the pediment been doing conservation work in the cathedral parts of the cathedral walls and the refectory. refectory. e current existing oil paintings of Aer removal of mineral eorescence, disin- the refectory were repainted twice probably by fection treatment and removal of mold, con- artists from one of Kazan workshops. Below the solidation of gesso and paintings began using existing oil paintings of the middle of the XIX the traditional technique: lime-white – casein century, there are two more layers of oil paint- mortar and the consolidating substance “Half- ings revealed by trial openings on the vaults of mertel” is poured under the layer of gesso the refectory. One of them represents a oral or- which detached from the wall. Corroded ges- nament which does not correspond to the exist- so nails were partially removed from walls and ing paintings by its patter. Fragments of letters vaults and those which were xed in the wall and a small face of a Cherub were found in the strongly, were cleaned from rust, covered with underlying layer, but unfortunately they are in anti-corrosion substance and plastered. Big poor condition. A layer of tempera paintings of number of repaint, corrections of the pictures the threshold of the XVII-XVIII centuries has and repaints which distorted original colours been found under the lling colour on the jamb and hue of wall paintings were revealed during walls of the refectory. anti-damage works. Due to their loose struc- Artists-conservators managed to disin- ture later repainting was removed mostly “dry” fect, consolidate and cleanse paintings of the by at hog brushes, which makes possible to XIX c. from mold, dirt, soot and later strong- preserve the velvety surface of paintings. Deep ly darkened colour modi cation. e result gesso cracks were repaired. In 2013-2014 Art- of all the word done was the earlier unknown ists-conservators carried out necessary colour picture of late painting. It became absolute- modi cation of lost parts of paintings by water ly clear that artists of the XIX envisioned re- colours on modi ed yolk emulsion. By doing fectory paintings to be not in contrast, as it so they le the original painting untouched. seemed earlier, but in harmony with the an- e integrity of the original wall paint- cient wall paintings, trying not to show o but ings of the XVI century is more than 80 % to diminish their art. First of all it was found as of today. During the conservation works, out that the set of colours of new paintings artists-conservators from the ISRAD le re- nearly completely repeated combinations and paint of the XVIII-XIX centuries on those shades of the paintings in the quadrangle. It parts of paintings where the original is ab- is the similarity of two shade of green-blue, sent or is in a very poor condition. e le three shades of brownish-pink, so violet repaint is xed in conservation reports. turning into brown and patches of ame red.
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e meaning of exquisite bunches of owers, Conservation of the cathedral paintings is which ll the whole bottom tier of paintings carried out in summer and ends in the rst up to the level of “marbles”, became clear - it decade of September. At present the work in is nothing more but the picture of the Para- the main part of the cathedral and in most of dise garden, grace of God which a man en- the refectory has been practically completed. ters, passing the threshold of the God’s house. In 2015 all results of systematic monitor- Archangels, surrounding the throne of God ing of condition of defects of wall paintings in the picture of the drum of the Assump- during the whole period of its scienti c con- tion Cathedral, are repeated in the refectory, servation have been documented – blow out also surrounding the Heavenly father with of plaster, detachment, fading, later layers of Son and Saint Spirit. Four great Prophets are paint, presence of rusty metallic nails, visible painted in the so arches on the walls with detachment of wooden binding beams and the same quiet regularity as in the cathedral, etc. Artists-conservators and architects-con- showing the continuous connection with the servators carried out a detailed historical Testament from the beginning of time. On analysis concerning di erent interferences in the west wall there are Cyril and Methodius, the past ending with the latest ones, includ- which are close to us and personify continu- ing those in architecture and wall paintings. ity of the Orthodox tradition. However, the e scienti c analysis of used domestic rst thing that the believer sees entering the methods of preservation and conservation refectory is the image of the Virgin-Interces- of wall paintings of the cathedrals has been sor spreading her omophorin above all those made. Complex research of wall paintings who come as if blessing them to forget about by all masters and schools, including foreign earth sorrows, clean their soul with a prayer objects of that time, is carried out, which and confession and joyfully worship Her Son will enable specialists to create the complete and God together with the whole Church, picture of history of the unique paintings of both earthly and heavenly. the Assumption Cathedral. Characteristics of the condition of the Assumption Cathedral iconostasis he current condition of the iconostasis in Assumption Cathedral, thus hampering ap- Tthe Assumption Cathedral does not cor- prehension of the ancient art of painting. respond to the concept of complex conserva- Taking into consideration that there is no tion and subsequent use of the monument. sucient historical-archive information for e construction of the current iconos- reconstruction of the iconostasis, consisting tasis completely covers the altar space from of icons placed on horizontal transoms, as the main space of the Assumption Cathe- well as the availability of original parts and dral, thereby obstructing the air circulation. parts of construction of the later Baroque As a result, the altar has nonventilated spac- iconostasis, specialists have made a decision es with damp air stagnation, which creates on conservation of the iconostasis construc- the medium for active growth of fungi and tion in its form in the XVIII−XIХ centuries. mold. By this, the construction must provide pos- Icon recessions are lled with imitation sibility of necessary air circulation in the ca- icons painted on plywood without following thedral. the technology and by inappropriate paints To provide integrity of perception of the and not corresponding to the originals kept Assumption Cathedral interior it is pro- in the Tatarstan Fine Arts Museum. Cur- posed to install highly artistic photocopies rent appearance of the iconostasis is in gross of original icons from the collection of the contrast with paintings on the walls of the Tatarstan Fine Arts Museum.
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Complex interdisciplinary scientic studies of the Assumption Cathedral he objective picture of the importance of cal, cultural and esthetic potential. For the rst Tthe Assumption Cathedral can be proved time in the history of investigation of the As- by comprehensive study of pieces of art using sumption Cathedral and the Trinity church, di erent natural-scienti c methods. e ques- the developed research program sets the task tion of interdisciplinary research assumes spe- of complex humanitarian and natural-scien- cial importance due to certain changes of the ti c research (See Annex “ e program of wall paintings, which happened as s result of complex scienti c research of the Assumption natural and anthropogenic in uences. Cathedral, the Trinity church and cultural her- Currently the Assumption Cathedral is be- itage of Sviyazhsk for 2014-20”). ing conserved with preservation of all time e program of complex scienti c-research superposition introduced into the structure of and conservation works in the Assumption Ca- the monument, which corresponds to adopt- thedral presupposes carrying out the following ed international acts on the protection of the kinds of analysis with attraction of the leading World cultural and natural heritage of UNES- domestic and foreign laboratories: CO (the Venice Charter 1964). In connection Microbiological and genetic analysis of the with this there arose necessity of carrying out biotics – e centre of Excellence “Archeom- complex scienti c interdisciplinary research etria” of the Kazan (Volga) federal university for development of new modern approaches (KFU). to the further preservation of the property. Analysis of paints by the method of elec- e topicality of the complex study of the tronic scanning microscopy with laser mi- Assumption Cathedral and the Trinity church croanalyzer - Department of scienti c and brought about the necessity of developing the industrial material studies of Kazan national research program with attraction of broad cir- research technical university aer A.N. Tu- cle of specialists in di erent scienti c spheres, polev (KAI). such as historians, architects, art historians, Chemical study of colour pigments – con- restorers, archaeologists, culture experts, eth- servation-analytical department of Institute of nographers, museum experts and specialists archaeology aer A.H. Khalikov of Tatarstan in protection of cultural and natural heritage, Academy of Sciences and with the use of data obtained by natu- Analysis of organic components of pints ral-scienti c methods. and gesso by chromatographic method - the In 2014 domestic and foreign specialists laboratory of physical-chemical analyses of started interdisciplinary scienti c research the Institute of organic chemistry aer A.E. of unique monuments of the town-island of Arbuzov Sviyazhsk within the implementation of the Examination of the pint layer by method “Complex plan of interdisciplinary scienti c of non-destructive X-ray uorescent analysis research of the Assumption Cathedral and the – Interdisciplinary Collective Use Centre of Trinity church for 2014-2020», approved by KFU. Tatarstan Ministry of Culutre. Age-dating of wooden constructive ele- e aim of the Complex plan of interdisci- ments by radio-carbon dating – laboratory of plinary scienti c research is the development of Radiocarbon in Zurich mechanisms for provision authenticity and in- Dating the laying of frescoes by examination tegrity of the cultural heritage site, of cultural and of the gesso organics by method of accelerated natural landscape of Sviyazhsk and for regenera- mass-spectrometry – laboratory Beta Analytic tion of the historical-cultural environment. Inc., the USA Complex researches of the monuments Dendro-chronological analysis of timber broaden our objective knowledge and give the - e centre of Excellence “Archeometria” of possibility of fuller assessment of their histori- the Kazan (Volga) federal university (KVFU).
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Microbiological and genetic analysis of the biotics icroorganisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria, and de ne the composition of microbial and Mfungi and archaea) cause destruction other biotic communities, inhabiting historical of di erent materials. Historical architectur- monuments. At the rst stage the main ques- al and artistic monument susceptible to con- tions are: stant changes of the environmental conditions 1) What kinds of microorganisms are (humidity, temperature, pН and light), caused present in the sample? both by natural and anthropomorphic impact 2) What are the functions of these micro- are especially vulnerable in this respect. Mi- organisms? croorganisms populating ancient monuments 3) How do these microorganisms respond with time can cause fading of construction ma- to changes of the environment conditions? terials and paintings, formation of crusts and e task of microbiologists is to get an- bio lm, bio mineralization and degradation of swers to these key questions, which will organic and non-organic matters. Mechanism make it possible to understand the struc- of their action is in production of acids and al- ture and functioning of complex microbial kali, which causes changes of qualities of the communities and as a result to choose the surface, heat consumption, retaining or direct corresponding strategies for protection and penetration of water into the stone building. conservation and maintenance of the cul- For correct conservation it is important to nd tural heritage sites. Investigation of structure and chemical composition of construction materials, lime and cement mortars, gesso and paints. Electronic scanning microscopy with la- X-ray uorescent analysis carried out with ser microanalyzer. is method is the most the help of the portable mobile analyzer is informative from the point of view of ex- an express non-destructive method which amination of both microstructure and the enables to make the initial assessment of elements composition of micro inclusions surface layer of wall paintings and open into element constituents of constructions parts of gesso. Mobility of the device makes and paint layers (brick, lime mortar, gesso, it possible to de ne the chemical composi- paints, etc.). is method makes it possi- tion of all frescoes in any part of the build- ble to study the paint layer pro le with the ing under study. Information about chem- minimum damage for the monument under ical composition of investigated materials study. Information about micro inclusions obtained by this method enable to carry enables to de ne the technology of putting out the preliminary division of frescoes into payers, the number of repaint, the quality groups corresponding to di erent schools of and colour of each applied layer. De nition wall painting. of the nature of pigment makes it possible Formation of data base on the used to nd peculiarities of paint layers applied paints, the comparative analysis of element by masters of wall painting at di erent time. composition of di erent paints which the Emission spectral analysis provides car- artists used when they painted the frescoes, rying out chemical examination of element can give and answer to the question about macro- and micro-components of colour the time of creation of the wall paintings. pigments, lime mortar, gesso and the con- In case of accumulation of information on struction material. is type of analysis can peculiarities of the chemical composition of reveal information concerning peculiarities frescoes made by di erent authors in histor- of the used pigments, specify the source of ical construction of Russia and Europe and construction material and de ne speci city sources where the used materials and paints of lime mortar. came from.
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X-ray diraction analysis gives the pos- monitoring and control of the current con- sibility to de ne the mineral composition dition of historical and architectural mon- of construction materials, paints, and glue uments of the town-island of Sviyazhsk by composites. is information is necessary developing automated computer system. for de nition of the initial structure of the e result of developing of such automated construction material, peculiarities of mech- system is formation of united information anisms of phase changes, happening with system which includes the following mod- time in all structures of the construction ules: and wall paintings. It is especially important Visualization of the cultural heritage site in case of ilision processes in the walls of the by creating a 3D-model; buildings with the constant ow of subsur- Historical reconstruction of the building face water, In this case the eorescence of process, introduces architectural changes lime mortar and gesso happens, deposition and conservation measures; of slats from the absorbed water as well as e real-time monitoring of the condi- phase changes in the pint layer. tion and the conditions archive; Chromatographic analysis reveals organ- Registration and storage of investigate ic components which were used by ancient samples; masters during the construction and cre- Registration and storage of results of re- ation of wall paintings. As it is known, an- search and analysis; cient masters actively used natural organic Storage of archive documentary sources; plasticizers and glue compounds, such as Organization of multi-users regime of ac- chicken egg, “ sh glue”, milk, casein, bile cess to the data base. and so on. Moreover, every master had his e performed scienti c research pre- own secrets of creating colorful pictures. supposes examination of historical monu- Quite oen it is organic components that ments of the island of Sviyazhsk as a single serve as growth medium for formation of property. Systematization of knowledge will microbial colonies. In this connection, in- make it possible to form scienti cally justi- formation about used organic additives can ed complex of necessary protective-res- help to reveal peculiarities of formation of cue work and conservation measures. biotic processes, which destroy cultural Organization of open access to results of values. interdisciplinary studies will promote ris- It is planned to carry out systematization ing scienti c awareness about monuments and registration of results of all performed of the town-island of Sviyazhsk in Russia investigations, development of the system of and in the world. Temperature-humidity regime of the Assumption Cathedral: research, condition assessment and ways of normalization n the basis of the formed condition of - development of recommendations on Othe monument and the its planned fu- optimization of the temperature-humidity ture use as a working Orthodox church, the regime with the aim of providing the integ- following aims of examination of the tem- rity of the monument during its use for reli- perature-humidity regime were de ned: gious purposes; - revealing the causes of destruction of - xation of microclimate parameters wall paintings; (“the initial condition”) with the aim of fu- - development of proposal on taking out ture monitoring of the dynamics of the con- the monuments with wall paintings from dition of the monument in the process of critical condition; conservation interference and its life aer conservation.
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To achieve the stated aims of research, rect dependence on short-time uctuations specialists from the laboratory of climate of the outside temperature was not found. of museums and monuments architecture is proves that the protecting constructions of the “State scienti c-research institute of have good thermo-insulating qualities. restoration” (Moscow) (SSRIR hereinaer) e di erence in humidity of the inside and carried out the following kinds of work in outside air for the Assumption Cathedral is 2008-2009: shown in Pic. 2. During the whole of measure- - technical examination of the monument; ments time the delta line exceed the zero mark - visual-expert assessment of the condi- by 0,5 – 1 point. Taking into consideration the tion of materials of the monument fact that according to the obtained data the - instrumental examination of the tem- main space is rather well isolated from the di- perature-humidity regime of constructions rect in uence of the outside air, such negligible and the air of the Assumption Cathedral; excess of the humidity content outside proves - analysis of in uence of ambient condi- that the process of moisture leaving the walls tions on the monument’s microclimate. is unsubstantial. And the reason for that is the e following peculiarities of the mon- complicated ventilation in the building. ument were revealed as the results of the Instrumental research of the tempera- instrumental examination of the tempera- ture-humidity regime of the constructions ture-humidity regime of the ambient air of in 2008 revealed high level of their damp- the Assumption Cathedral. ness both on the rst tier and in the bas- Temperature in the cathedral was chang- menet. is was caused by drawbacks in the ing during the examination period (02.10.- water drain system, construction of roo ng, 11.12.2008) from +13 to +3°С (Pic. 1). Tem- walking perimeter and vertical planning perature the altar part was constantly higher of the adjacent plot, which were revealed by 0,2 – 0,3°С. e temperature changes are during visual-expert and technical exam- smooth and without sharp rises and drops. inations. Moreover, disadvantages of the Daily uctuation did not exceed 0,5°С. Di- roo ng construction, which caused serious
Pic.1 Temperature changes
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leakage, were the consequence of construc- Organization of reliable system of spill- tion interference of the XVIII century, and way from the roof of the Assumption Ca- replacement of water spouts by water can- thedral which prevented soaking of outside nons, which caused soaking of walls was the walls with the help of water spouts. result of interference in the last 100 years. Provision of spillways on the north and e carried out examination, measurements south galleries. of the parameters of the temperature-humid- Making a new architectural solution of ity regime of the air and construction and vi- the entrance to the cathedral basement (in- sual-expert assessment of the condition of the cluding the roof above it), presupposing the monument made it possible to put forward reliable protection from soaking of con- the following priority measures for normaliza- structions from rain and melting snow tak- tion of the temperature-humidity regime with ing into consideration the common spillway the aim of bringing the monument with wall system. paintings from the critical condition. Archi- 1.2. Arrangement of vaults. tectural-construction measures. Taking into consideration the proposed 1.1. Fixing the roo ng and protection of regime of use of the cathedral complex, to the monument from precipitation warm its vaults, using breathing materials Conservation of the attic constructions. preventing the deposition of condensed wa- Provision of water-proof sealing of plac- ter in the materials of masonry and insula- es of the roo ng material jointing the drum tion. which excluded the leakage of precipitation 1.3. Arrangement of window and door in the attic, having paid special attention to llings. the parts where the roo ng covers the bot- For provision of the necessary heat-proof tom part of the windows. qualities of the enclosing constructions, it Organization of natural ventilation of the is necessary to install qualitative woodwork attic by arranging air hole in the late brick lling of windows, including the basement masonry equipped with lattices to prevent and the drum with double glazing (in sep- birds from getting into the attic. arate transoms) Windows in the basement
Pic.2 Dierent in moisture in the inside and outside air for the main space.
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and the rst tier of the complex should have Eciency of implementation of recom- small windows or fanlights. mendation and proposals given above and To decrease in ltration of the outside air those which appeared additionally during and heat loss, all outside door llings must design and carrying out works, are assessed be sealed and have the heat transfer resis- by instrumental control of moisture con- tance close to that of surrounding construc- tent of constructions. e monitoring of tions. the temperature-humidity regime of the 2. ermal measures. construction and of the microclimate of the For organization of the natural ventila- monument has been organized. tion, ”regulated airing” to install two aer- Optimal temperature-humidity regime ation devices in the drum windows and for the Assumption Cathedral means keep- three- in windows of the second tires of the ing the temperature of the air in the building west facade; construction of aeration devic- in winter on such level, when the freezing es should not deteriorate the architectural of surrounding constructions, condensation appearance of the monument. of water vapours on the paintings surface To consider possibility of changing the and inside the plaster layer as well as sharp construction of the iconostasis, which pre- drop of relative humidity would be impos- vent the normal air ow behind it, back side sible. e temperature of the internal air of icons and hollows of the top parts of vaults in such regime should be kept at a level of in the north-west and south-west compart- +4-6°С, and the relative humidity - 40-50%. ments of the main space of the cathedral. Permanent protective control of air param- To examine in detail (additionally to al- eters and wall paintings has been organized ready used) existing heating channels inside in building with survived wall paintings and the walls and to de ne possibility of using iconostasis, in which the system of limited them for ventilation of dicult to reach heating is introduced. At the same time a dead zones (for example, the altar rooms). complex of measures directed at normal- On the basis of results of examination ization of microclimate is carried out: cor- of the temperature-humidity regime of the rectly installed wooden llings of apertures, Assumption Cathedral develop a project organizations of lobbies, regulating of at- of its limited heating used for provision of tendance and ventilation, conservation for heat-humidity conditions of preservation the winter. e South wall of the Assump- of the unique monument having wall paint- tion Cathedral is permanently warmed by ings of the XVI century (preferably installa- son from the early spring till the late au- tion of limited heating system in the church tumn which causes increased migration of basement). moisture inside the wall, and this inevitably e system of the limited heating should brings about appearance of mineral salts of be installed aer removal of all causes of paintings and not only in the pediment part soaking of the constructions by atmospheric of the cathedral but on the whole surface of precipitations and soil moisture. the wall. Because of that large trees were 3. Planning of the territory. At present the planted from the south part of the monu- perimeter walk has been built around the ment whose leaves will be able to partially Assumption Cathedral and diversion of pre- cover the south wall from direct sunlight. cipitation into rain drain has been arranged. In 2010-2014 part of the above mentioned 4. Building the oors in the basement. recommendations and proposals of the SS- White stone oors have been built in the ca- RIR have been implemented. thedral basement and rooms below the re- Currently the monitoring of conditions of fectory and the church gallery. temperature-humidity regime of construc- tions and of microclimate of the Assump-
173 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
tion Cathedral has been organized: wireless observation data will become the basis for sensors of registration of temperature and development of a system of measure on cre- relative humidity inside the Assumption ation and maintenance of optimum regime Cathedral have been installed and observa- of maintenance of the monument possibly tions of the cyclic character (a day, a month, with the regime of limited heating. season, a year) have been resumed. e
4b. Factors, influencing the property
(I) Impact of the development (intrusion into the territory, reconstruction, agriculture, development of natural deposits) or centuries since the foundation of Svi- ties, measures aimed at their preservation Fyazhsk and to the establishment of the were taken – in particular on limitation of Soviet power the monuments did not ex- holding services in the Trinity church. e perience any substantial in uence, except main in uence on the Assumption Cathe- already mentioned minor changes in the dral and the Trinity church during the XX Baroque epoch. On the territory of Svi- century was exerted by the policy of the yazhsk itself there never occurred import- Russian stet of struggling against religion. ant military actions which could also have However, even though territories of both exerted the negative impact of the monu- monasteries were by turns taken by di erent ments under consideration. e Fire of the institutions (the colony for dicult teenag- XVIII−XIX centuries also did not touch this ers, agricultural colony, psychiatric hos- part of Sviyazhsk. Territories of Sviyazhsk pital, sovkhoz (state collective farm) etc.), monasteries have always been sacral spaces even in this complex period both the As- and were not used for intensive economic sumption Cathedral and the Trinity church activity. e decay of the town life of Svi- were under special protection and most of yazhsk and decrease of earning of monas- the time were used as the museum exhib- teries in the XVIII−XIX centuries also had its (except the “camp” period in 1930-1940). positive in uence on integrity of the mon- With the revival of Sviyazhsk, establishment uments. e brethren simply did not have of the museum and resumption of the mon- enough money for reconstruction of mon- astery life, buildings of the Assumption Ca- astery buildings. According to the preserved thedral and the St Trinity church are under documents, already in the XIX century, the close attention of bodies of management of importance of these monuments was under- monuments and all work done with them is stood by scienti c and religious communi- done on the scienti c basis. (II) In uence of the environment (natural pollution, climate change, desertication and others.) here is no danger of negative impact of bay, the bank strengthening work was car- Tthe environment of the property because ried out. of the natural pollution, climate change or e Assumption Cathedral today (for re- deserti cation. Taking into consideration ligious and museum functions) is feeling the that washing of soil along the bank line of impact of the environment, such as: the former Sviyazhsk suburb as a result uc- Solar radiation having heat and UV impact, tuations of reach of water of the Sviyazhsk which is not good for longevity of outside clo- sures (walls, vaults, the roof, cupola, etc.);
174 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
e wind causing erosion of outside clo- authentic building constructions of unique sures; Sviyazhsk monuments, which are caused by Moisture, destructing the monument water migration. both from outside and inside. Factors causing the soaking of the proper- e in uence of the listed destructive nat- ty are divided into three groups: ural factors is aggravated for the Assumption Dampening by atmospheric moisture Cathedral and the ensemble of the Assump- (rain for, snow); tion monastery by their age (XVI century) By ground water (capillary suction, uc- and also by the changed ecological situation tuation of the ground water level, destruc- and necessity to preserve the authentic and tion of water-proof seal); integral appearance of the building during By condensed water (accumulation of repair-conservation and reconstruction condensed water on internal walls (because work. of the breach of the optimal heat-moisture Of all listed factors, the most dangerous regime). are di erent destructions (or damages) of (III) Natural disasters (earthquakes, oodings, res and so on) and the level of preparedness to them he following stand out among danger- lling of accretions, ravines on the bank Tous and unfavorable natural processes: slopes, their strengthening by sowing pe- water erosion, wind erosion, sand boil, sea- rennial grass, planting bushes and trees, or- sonal ooding, landslides, scree and abra- ganizing surface water drain along the step sion. banks, consolidation of the bank near the e rise of the level of groundwater as a river station by covering it with stone and consequent of construction of the Kuyby- sand; shev reservoir, active processes of sinking of - prevention of monuments’ building de- foundations, ooding of underground parts formation due to installing drilling-injec- and all year round soaking of the monu- tion pylons in their foundations; ments’ walls especially on the reclaimed - presvention of soaking and watering zone of the island increase dynamics of ap- of foundations, walls of the basements and pearing through cracks in foundations and rst oors from seasonal topwater by verti- buildings destructing the construction of cal planning of soil with removal of cultural the building. layer and creation of necessary slopes, mak- On the basis of the carried out compre- ing drain systems, arrangement of horizon- hensive historical-genetic analyses, engi- tal and vertical water sealing; neering prospecting of the building and - consolidation and repairs of foundations geological prospecting, the following engi- by injecting poli-cement mortars by slopes neering and technical solutions were pro- of drilled wells. posed, not changing the esthetic, natural, All buildings of Sviyazhsk are provided architectural, historical and cultural values : with re extinguishing systems, the sta has - stopping the process of washing away, concrete orders as to what they should do in prevention of the bank soil erosion due to case of re. (IV) e load to the property from visitors and tourism urrently tourists and visitors do not have of temperature-moisture regime in monu- Cnegative in uence on the condition of ments during mass visiting them. Current- the property as a rule, but sometimes they ly the Assumption Cathedral is close for do in limited amount due to uctuations conservation and has a limited access for
175 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
tourists only in summer time. In 2014 more e attendance is expected to grow on the than 180 000 tourists and pilgrims visited second stage of development of the Museum Sviyazhsk in total. -Reserve of the Town-Island of Sviyazhsk e number of tourist buses coming to (2015-20) due to: the territory of the complex every year prac- - improvement of the organization of tically doubles: 2012. - 46 000 people, 2013. excursion service, including the dredging - 106 000 people, 2014 - more than 180 000 works by the river station which will make it people. possible to receive four oor ships and that Measure taken on organization of tourists will considerably increase the tourist ow; service made it possible to reach these num- - development of the system of museums; bers. At the rst stage of implementation of - further development of the topical tour- the program of development of the state his- ism (religious festivals, festivals of art, folk- torical-architectural and ne arts museum lore and historical festivals); the town-island of Sviyazhsk (2011-14) the - creation of the developed hotel base for growth of attendance happened due the fol- tourists placement (mainly in the Sviyazhsk lowing factors: vicinity). - regular organization of excursions ser- Tentative calculation of visitation in 2020 vice; shows that the total number of the muse- - establishment of museum exposition in um – reserve visitors can make more than the museum of history of Sviyazhsk, organi- 487,000 people. zation of exhibitions, development of di er- Taking into consideration the growth of ent topical tourist routs. visitation, a special program has been devel- - development of the eventful tourism oped for letting the visitors and holding re- (the festival in honour of the foundation fo ligious events in the Assumption Cathedral the town of Sviyazhsk, the Day of Sviyazhsk and the Trinity church. e annual anthro- ukha, Mardi-gra and so on); pogenic load during 5 months of the exhibi- - development of network of hotels and tion will comprise 800 people and 400 peo- increase of amount of tourists who stay ple accordingly. e complex of measures on overnight; maintenance temperature-moisture regime - advertising campaign together with the of the monuments has been developed. tourism management bodies. (V) e number of population on the site territory and its bu er zone. alculated number of population living: ment of Sviyazshk is 252 people, the number C In the Assumption monastery – of population permanently living in the buf- 20 people fer zone - 818 people: In the town-island of Sviyazhsk – - Zelenodoskiy municipal region of Ta- 252 people. tarstan – 235 people, In the bu er zone of the property on Including the settlement of Mezinovo the territory of settlements if Zelenodosk – 195 people, the settlement of Isakovo – and Verkhniy Uslon municipal regions of 40 people; Tastarstan – 818 people. In total: 1090 peo- - Verkhniy Uslon municipal region – ple in 2015. 583 people, Data on the number of population are Including the settlement of Petropavlov- represented on the basis of passports of set- skaya Sloboda – 21 people, the settlement of tlements including settlements located in Vvedenskay Sloboda – 351 people, the vil- the bu er zone. e population of the settle- lage of Gavrilkovo – 211 people.
176 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
5. TERRITORY MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY
5a. Site owner
he Assumption Cathedral is a state prop- granted to the Tatarstan Metropolia for use Terty and is used in the cultural, religious in religious purposes. and liturgical purposes e buildings of the Assumption Mon- astery complex are also state property and
5b. Protective measures
he Assumption Cathedral, as well as all of 28 February 1990 No. 3 and the Decree Tthe other places of public worship of of the Presidium of the Central Council of Sviyazhsk (the Assumption Monastery, John VOOPIK (All-Russian Society for Protec- the Baptist Monastery, Sts. Constantine and tion of Monuments of History and Culture) Helen Parish Church), were taken by the of 16 February 1990 No. 12 (162) included Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Sviyazhsk in the List of the Historical Set- RSFSR of 30 October 1960 No.1327 under tlements of RSFSR with monuments of ur- state protection of the republic’s (RSFSR) banism and architecture that have been importance (currently of the federal impor- recognised as national cultural sites, as well tance under statute law No.73-FZ of 2002) as as preserved natural landscape and ancient monuments of urbanism and architecture. cultural layer of the earth of archaeological e conservation zone of the former city and historical value. of Sviyazhsk was limited by the Decree of e places of public worship of Sviyazhsk the Council of Ministers of the Tatar ASSR were included by the Edict of the President (Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Repub- of the Russian Federation as of 20 February lic) of 7 November 1969 No.548 ‘On Ratify- 1995 No. 176 in the List of Monuments of ing the Protection Areas and Development Urbanism and Architecture of the Federal Control Zones for Monument of Architec- Importance. ture in the Tatar ASSR’ to the island bound- Residential and civil buildings and struc- aries (64.37 hectares). tures of Sviyazhsk (15 sites) were taken by e new conservation zone of Sviyazhsk the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the was brought into force by the Decree of the Republic of Tatarstan of 22 January, 2000 Cabinet of Ministers of 2 July 2015 No.481 No. 38 under state protection of the repub- ‘On Ratifying the Boundaries of the Nature lic’s (that of the Republic of Tatarstan) im- Reserve of the Cultural Heritage Site of Re- portance as architectural monuments. e gional Importance Site “ e town-island of same Decree included Sviyazhsk in the List Sviyazhsk”. e territory of the Assumption of the Historical Settlements of the Republic Cathedral falls into the category of the most of Tatarstan. strictly regulated zones concerning any ac- e Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of tions that may lead to changing of historical the Republic of Tatarstan of 29 April 2000 and cultural characteristics of the Assump- No.300 included the historical and cultur- tion Cathedral. al monuments of Sviyazhsk in the List of e Decree of Collegium of the Ministry Immovable Historical and Cultural Mon- of Culture of the RSFSR of 19 February 1990 uments of the Federal, Regional and local No. 12, the Decree of Collegium of the State (municipal, rayon) importance that are not Committee for Construction of the RSFSR subject to privatization.
177 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
e Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of uments of cultural heritage both of the re- the Republic of Tatarstan of 24 August, 2009 publican and federal importance are pro- No. 417 approved the principal guidelines tected by the federal law. Moreover, federal for the concept of social, economic, envi- laws and regulations cover any construction ronmental, architectural and artistic revival works. Permit for archaeological excavations of Sviyazhsk as a historic small town. and surveys are also issued according to ex- e Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of isting legislation by the Ministry of Culture the Republic of Tatarstan of 16 July, 2009 No. of the Russian Federation aer submitting 497 included the town-island of Sviyazhsk the necessary set of documents that include (Sviyazhsk rural settlement) as a place of in- the proof of quali cation of the specialist terest in the list of cultural heritage sites of and the rationale for the works on the site. regional (republic) importance. e basic law on conservation, public It was decided by the Decree of the Cabi- use and state protection of cultural heritage net of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan sites (monuments of history and culture) is of 28 August, 2009 No. 584 to create the a federal law of 25 June, 2002 No. 73-FZ ‘On State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- cultural heritage sites (historical and cultur- seum “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk” under the al monuments) of the Russian Federation’ procedure of reorganization of the State (with subsequent amendments). Budget Cultural Institution of the Republic e Code of the Russian Federation on of Tatarstan ‘State Museum of Fine Arts of Administrative O enses provides for liabil- the Republic of Tatarstan’. ities for violation of regulations for the pro- e concept of creation and development tection of cultural heritage. Administrative of the State Federal Institution ‘Historical liability is assigned for the following acts: and Architectural Museum-Reserve “Os- - Conducting excavation, construction, trov-grad Sviyazhsk” was approved by the reclamation, economic and other works Decision of the Collegium of Ministry of without the permission of the state author- Culture of the Russian Federation as of 24 ity for cultural heritage protection in cases June, 2009 No. 11. where such permission is required; e list of the historical and cultural mon- - Conducting archaeological investiga- uments of Sviyazhsk that have the attributes tions or excavations without obtaining per- of monuments of cultural heritage was ex- mission in the prescribed manner (permit tended by the Order of the Ministry of Cul- for archaeological excavations and surveys) ture of the Republic of Tatarstan of 19 Janu- or a violation of the conditions provided by ary, 2015 No. 34-od. the permit; GBUK RT GIAHM (State Budgetary Cul- - Illegal allocation of land plots in special- tural Institution of the Republic of Tatarstan ly protected areas of historical and cultural “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- importance; seum”) “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk” was grant- - Avoidance of transfer of cultural prop- ed the status of the Museum Reserve by the erty found as a result of the archaeological Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of 24 Au- eld works for permanent storage in the gust, 2015 No. 618. Governmental Part of the Museum Fund of Legislative and regulatory control for the Russian Federation. conservation of the Assumption Cathedral e liability for more serious violations is are implemented on several levels: provided for in the Article 243 of the Crim- 1. Federal legislation establishes general inal Code of the Russian Federation. In ac- rules and regulations for the use, conserva- cordance with this Article, destruction or tion, etc. of cultural heritage sites. us, all damage of monuments of history, culture, the sites, included in the lists of the mon- natural complexes or sites taken under state
178 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
protection, as well as objects or documents 2. Republic’s legislation establishes the gen- of historical or cultural importance is pun- eral rules and regulations in accordance with ishable, depending on the gravity of the of- the federal laws concerning the republic’s fense by ne or imprisonment for up to 5 monuments, and determines the measures years. aimed at preserving the cultural heritage of Federal Law of the Russian Federation of republic’s importance, not contradicting the 23 July, 2013 No. 245-FZ “On Amendments federal law. e Law of the Republic of Ta- to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian tarstan of 01 April, 2005 No. 60-ZRT (ed. of Federation regarding the suppression of il- 03 March, 2012) ‘On objects of cultural heri- legal activities in the eld of archaeology” tage in the Republic of Tatarstan’ was adopt- as well as the one of 2014 are also dedicated ed in furtherance of the federal legislation in to the subject stated above. A speci c law of Tatarstan. the Russian Federation of 26 May, 1996 No. A speci c republic act – the Decree of the 54-FZ ‘On the Museum Fund of the Russian Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Ta- Federation and museums in the Russian tarstan of 16 July, 2009 No. 497 ‘On the Attri- Federation’ is adopted in the eld of muse- bution of the Site “Town-Island of Sviyazhsk” um a airs. to the Cultural Heritage Sites of Regional e following regulations are currently (Republic) Importance’ was also adopted adopted: with regard to Sviyazhsk and attributed the - Regulations on the State Historical and Town-island to the cultural heritage sites of Cultural Expertise (approved by the Decree republic importance. On 9 December 2010 of the Government of the Russian Federa- this Regulation was amended to x the turn- tion of 15 July, 2009 No. 569). ing points of the boundaries of the place of - Regulations on the areas of protection of interest and its cartographic description. e cultural heritage sites (historical and cultur- rules to set the limits for carrying on the eco- al monuments) of the nations of the Russian nomic activity in Sviyazhsk that may damage Federation (approved by the Decree of the the town as a site of cultural heritage were ap- Government of the Russian Federation of 26 proved and the area subject to regulation was April, 2008 No. 315). de ned in furtherance of this Resolution. - Regulation on the uni ed state register ese rules described in detail what activity of cultural heritage sites (historical and cul- is allowed and what is prohibited on the ter- tural monuments) of the nations of the Rus- ritory of Sviyazhsk. General supervision over sian Federation (approved by the Order of the implementation of the rules mentioned the Federal Service for Monitoring Compli- above is entrusted to the Ministry of Culture ance with Cultural Heritage Protection Law of the Republic of Tatarstan. of 27 February, 2009 No. 37) In 2015, in order to protect the cultural - Form of the Object ID of cultural her- heritage of Sviyazhsk in general and Monas- itage sites (approved by the Order of the tery complex, in particular, Sviyazhsk Muse- Federal Service for Monitoring Compliance um was reregistered as a Museum Reserve. with Cultural Heritage Protection Law of 27 3. Municipal level. Sviyazhsk is a part of February, 2009 No. 37) Zelenodolsky municipal district of the Re- - Regulations on the procedure of issu- public of Tatarstan. Activities associated with ance of permits for archaeological excava- the construction of new facilities and land tions and surveys of archaeological heritage turnover are regulated on the municipal lev- (approved by the Order of the Federal Ser- el. However, given that the speci c republic vice for Monitoring Compliance with Cul- act was adopted in respect of Sviyazhsk, all tural Heritage Protection Law of 03 Febru- the mentioned actions are committed only ary, 2009 No. 15).
179 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
aer coordination with the Ministry of Cul- of Tatarstan that are also constantly present ture of the Republic of Tatarstan. in Sviyazhsk. All the works carried out at the 4. e level of the settlement. e Settle- sites are documented and stored in the Min- ment Council and the Executive Committee istry of Culture of Tatarstan. are operating in Sviyazhsk. In accordance Land for cultural monuments of federal with the law, the Executive Committee is signi cance, which includes the monastery responsible for issuing the permits for con- complex is owned by the Russian Federa- struction and conducting of earthworks. All tion. these permits are issued solely pursuant to 7. Social organizations. the coordination with the Ministry of Cul- Public control is carried out by the Public ture of the Republic of Tatarstan. Chamber of the Republic of Tatarstan, the 5. e level of the users of cultural heritage Tatarstan regional branch of the Russian So- sites. In order to register their rights in the ciety for Protection of Monuments of Histo- Court of Registration, all users and owners ry and Culture, the “Sviyazhsky” public or- of cultural heritage sites (architectural mon- ganization and other public organizations. uments and land plots) sign the agreement 8. Non-governmental organizations with the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture, which e work on the reservation of the nom- prescribes the obligations of the parties to inated object is conducted in close cooper- preserve cultural heritage. e Court of Reg- ation with international non-governmental istration is not entitled to register the rights organizations and their Russian represen- for the sites without these agreements. Aer tatives: International Council of Museum, the completion of conservation works on the International Council of Monuments and Assumption Cathedral such kind of agree- Sites, e International Centre for the Study ment will be signed with its user. of Preservation and Conservation of Cul- 6. Operating control and management. tural Property, Eurasia regional section of According to law, the cultural heritage sites Unite Cities and Local Governments etc. inspection is carried out by the experts of 9. Scienti c community the Oce for Monuments Protection of the An important part in reservation of the Ministry of Culture of Tatarstan annually. heritage is played by the scienti c commu- Inspections are carried out continuously nity that is represented by scienti c council during the period of the works on the site of the Republican Foundation of the Revival (conservation). e practice of holding of Historical and Cultural Monuments “Re- weekly meetings at the sites of Sviyazhsk in naissance”, Ministry of Culture of the Repub- order to monitor the status of the sites has lic of Tatarstan, Scienti c Council of Min- developed in the past two years. In addi- istry of Culture of the Russian Federation, tion, operating control is carried out by the scholars of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal Sviyazhsk Museum Reserve and Assump- University, scienti c workers of the natural tion Monastery. In case of violations in the museum ‘town-island of Sviyazhsk’, work- eld of sites conservation the museum and ers of the seminary of Tatarstan Metropolia monastery inform the Ministry of Culture and other scienti c partner organizations. of Tatarstan. Operating control of the con- Such a complex approach let them solve dition of archaeological sites is carried out the problems successfully bearing in mind by the sta of the Archaeological Survey of strategic and tactic goals of management of the Institute of Archaeology of the Republic the object.
180 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
5c. Means of implementation of protective measures
ince its foundation in the mid-XVI till cilities here such as river port, water intake, Searly XX centuries Sviyazhsk was still a wastewater treatment facilities, gas pipeline big pilgrim centre of the Volga region, rst with medium and low pressure, electricity, of all, due to the sacred objects in the As- motor roads, parking place. All of these help sumption Monastery and in the Trinity to organize the work on the reservation of church. From the second half of the XIX the relics of Outstanding Universal Value of century the monastic complexes and espe- the Assumption Cathedral. cially the architecture and the frescoes of the In 1987, Sviyazhsk Museum of Architec- Assumption Monastery attracted much at- ture and Art ( branch of the State Museum of tention from the church historians and arts Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan) was critics. founded in order to protect and to popular- Since 1954 the Assumption Monastery ize the monuments of Sviyazhsk. In 1995, has been an object of systematic historic-ar- Sts. Constantine and Helen’s Church was re- chitectural studies, since 1960 it has been opened, in 1997, the Assumption Monastery an object of conservation, conservation, began its activity, in 2001, John the Baptist museum interest and improvement activ- Monastery started to work partially. In 1998, ities. e same work has been conducted the State Complex Reserve “Sviyazhsky” with the monuments that are of great sig- and the Foundation “Raifa-Sviyazhsk” were ni cance for the Assumption Cathedral: St. founded. e Town-Island of Sviyazhsk was Nicholas Church, the St. Sergius Church, established in 2009 (reorganized to natural Trinity Church, Sts. Constantine and Helen museum in 2015) in an e ort to nd, to col- Church, and Holy Virgin Cathedral - Joy of lect, to conserve, to study and to popular- All Who Sorrow. ize the museum’s objects and its collections, Since 1970 till present the archaeological connected with the history of Sviyazhsk and cultural layer of the Assumption Monas- Sviyazhsk district. At the moment the or- tery of Sviyazhsk has been studied. In 1978, thodox monuments is being handed to the scholars carried out excavation works. In monastery community on the basis of the 1985, it was thoroughly observed. In 2010, agreement that re ects the responsibilities protection activities were set up in the area of the users. All the monuments of religious of conservation works. signi cance remain the state’s property. e In 1969, the project of the protection ar- representatives of Tatarstan Metropolia are eas of “the Architectural Monuments of the the members of the working group for the XVI- XIX centuries in Sviyazhsk in the Tatar preparation of the nomination of the As- ASSR”, which included the Assumption Ca- sumption Cathedral to the UNESCO World thedral, was approved. Heritage List. Since 2010 Sviyazhsk has seen a great e preservation of the area as a archaeo- number of works on conservation of the logical, historical, architectural and natural monuments of the architecture of Sviyazhsk monument is provided by the control over within the framework of the complex proj- the compliance with the Land, Forest, Water ect ‘Cultural heritage of Tatarstan: the and City Planning codes of the Russian Fed- town-island of Sviyazhsk and the ancient eration and of Tatarstan Republic, by the law town of Bulgar’. A lot of residential apart- of the Russian Federation ‘On the objects of ment houses were built for the island peo- cultural heritage (historic and cultural mon- ple, who lived in corpuses of the John the uments) (2002), by the law ‘On the muse- Baptist Monastery and these houses have um fund of the Russian Federation and on become the part of the historical cultural museums’ (1996), by the laws of Tatarstan landscape of the town. ere are all the fa- Republic ‘On culture’ (2005), ‘On the cultur-
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al heritage sites in the Republic of Tatarstan’ saved without connection with each (2005), by the laws of the Russian Federa- other and the environment; maintain- tion ‘On protection of natural environment’ ing the unity and interconnection be- (2000),’On especially protected natural ter- tween cultural and natural heritage; ritories’ (1995, in the wording of 2009), by • recognizing the local population and the laws of Tatarstan Republic ‘On protec- monastery community as an essential tion of natural environment’ (1997) and ‘On component of the historic cultural at- the especially protected natural territories’ mosphere, considering their role in (1997, in the wording of 2002). In case of reconstruction of the cultural heritage violation of the law the specially authorized of the area to be the obligatory condi- forces issue injunction and impose adminis- tion of the management; trative sanctions. • varied approach to the di erent types All the scienti c researches and studies, of cultural heritage, which peculiari- renovation projects of the historical and cul- ties de ne a choice of activity and of tural monuments, improvements of the area protection measures; are examined by the scienti c, renovation • close connection with state, munici- council of the Ministry for Culture of Ta- pal branches of the government, with tarstan republic , by the international scien- religious and non-religious organiza- ti c council of ‘Renaissance’ Foundation and tions. agreed in the orderly manner. Ministry of Measures on protection of the Assump- culture of Tatarstan Republic, centre of cul- tion Cathedral are listed in part 4 of the tural heritage of Tatarstan, Ministry for Con- document. struction, Architecture, Housing and Public ere is a special set of rules that regu- Utilities of Tatarstan republic and oce of lates the tourists’ entering the Assumption state architecture engineering control take Cathedral and Trinity Church and limited control over the observance of the laws and the public worship there, it was established norm of conservation of the historic and cul- due to the necessity of conservation of the tural monuments. Only the certi ed legal en- cathedral and of other especially valuable tities and individuals are allowed to work on monuments of Sviyazhsk. the conservation of the historic and cultural Attendance regime for the Assumption monuments. Moreover, implementation of Cathedral sketches of the renovation of the architecture e cathedral is closed in winter for any monuments is supervised thoroughly. visiting. Conditions for the conservation of the e cathedral starts to work from the sec- Assumption Cathedral: ond half of May and closes its doors for win- • complex approach to the conservation ter on 27 September (On exaltation of the of the cultural heritage object; Cross). • understanding the value of the variety It is closed in rainy days. of historic cultural, natural peculiari- It is open for touristic groups every day ties of the monuments, of the assem- from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. For the guided touris- blies, of the monastery way of life etc.; tic group time of visit is 30 minute including • admitting the continuity and the in- time needed to go in and out s. 30 break be- tegrity of the natural and cultural her- tween the visits. It is allowed to reach the itage, all the varieties of mixed forms Solea and temples. Visitors without groups of the heritage, that contain natural may get acquainted with the temple’s inte- and cultural values; rior through the open doors, with wooden • regarding the object as a systematic bars on them. item, which components cannot be Public worships:
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ere are worships in such holydays ter on 27 September (On exaltation of the such as exaltation of the Cross, Feast of the Cross). Holy Trinity, in honor of the Kazan icon of It is closed in rainy days. the Mother of God (celebrated on 21 July), e tourists are not allowed to enter the the Holy Trans guration of Our Lord Jesus church. e visitors may see the interior Christ (celebrated on 19 August), the As- only through the open doors, from gallery sumption (of the Birth-Giver of God (cel- every day from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ebrated on 28 August), the Nativity of the e specialists may enter the church for Most Holy Mother of God (celebrated on 21 scienti c purposes; ocial delegations visit September), exaltation of the Cross (27 Sep- the church in group of 15 and only one time tember). e worships are conducted with- a day. e visitors put on shoe covers and out open re. reach the barrier near Altar. Attendance regime for the Trinity Public worships: Ascension Day and Church Trinity Sunday, the worships are conducted e church is closed in winter for any vis- without usage of open re. e oors should iting. be covered by the carpet on these days. e church starts to work from the sec- ond half of May and closes its doors for win-
5d. The municipal and regional plans, that include nominated object
he 2007-2009 special complex pro- e concept of conservation and develop- Tgram on conservation of cultural her- ment of State Federal Institution “Historic itage ‘Miras-Nasledie, approved by the de- and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve cree of the Cabinet of Ministers No 265 of “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk”, approved by the de- 02.07.2007; cision of the board of Ministry for culture of e law of the Republic of Tatarstan No the Russian Federation №11 of 24.06.2009; 69LRT of 14.10.2010 “On museums and mu- e 2010-2013 Complex Project ‘Site seums industry in the Republic of Tatarstan; “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk and ancient e law of the Republic of Tatarstan No town of Bulgar”, approved by the decree of 60LRT of 01.04.2005 “On the cultural heri- the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of tage sites in the Republic of Tatarstan Tatarstan No 1018 of 09.12.2010 e decree of the Cabinet of Minis- e decree of the Ministry Cabinet of ters of the Republic of Tatarstan No 417 of Tatarstan Republic №247 of 01.04.2011 24.08.2007 “On approval of the guidelines ‘On changes in the Complex Project ‘Site for the social and economical, ecological “town-island of Sviyazhsk” and the ancient and architectural and engineering revival of town of Bolgar’ Sviyazhsk as a minor historic town” e concept of development of state bud- e decree of the Cabinet of Minis- get cultural institution of Tatarstan Republic ters of the Republic of Tatarstan No 497 of ‘State Museum of ne arts of Tatarstan Re- 16.07.2009 “On indentifying the site “is- public’ and art museum ‘island-town of Svi- land-town of Sviyazhsk” as a cultural heri- yazhsk’ approved by the order of the Minis- tage site of regional importance” try of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan e decree of the cabinet of Ministers of No 453 of 14.06.2011 the Republic of Tatarstan “On reorganisa- e 2014-2020 Complex Plan of Inter- tion of the state budget of the cultural insti- disciplinary Scienti c Studies of the As- tution of Tatarstan Republic State Museum sumption Cathedral and the Trinity Church of ne art of Tatarstan Republic”
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approved by the order of the Cabinet of e state program ‘Development of Tour- Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan ism and Hospitality in the Republic of Ta- e general plan of Sviyazhsk rural set- tarstan in 2014-2020’ approved by the decree tlement in a scheme of territory planning of of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic Zelenodolsky municipal district approved of Tatarstan of 21.07.2014 by the decision of the council of Zelenodolsk municipal district No 454 of 29.06.2009
5e. Introduction
1.1. Management plan terms of reference and fundamental principals evelopment of the management plan of logical points of view due to the unique un- Dthe site named « e Assumption Ca- damaged condition of mural painting dated thedral of the Town-Island of Sviyazhsk» the second half of XVI – the beginning of comes, rst of all, from the necessity of pres- XVII centuries. e concept of this monu- ervation of the Outstanding Universal Value mental iconic fresco re ects the complicated of the object. Sviyazhsk occurrence became state of philosophy and politics of Ancient a turning point in the history of Russia and Russia. History of Sviyazhsk town and city even Eurasia, because since than Russia has been going around the Cathedral, as if it starts to move eastwards and Grand Prince was “a Holy axis”. of Moscow becomes Russian Empire. e potential and value of historical and is dramatically changed the history of cultural heritage of Sviyazhsk and the As- many European and Asian nations, nished sumption Cathedral, as a historical center the passage from the Middle Ages to Modern in a crossroad of Orthodox and Muslim cul- History. at is the reason why XVI–XVII tures, western and eastern civilizations and centuries hold a speci c place in the history also as one of the oldest cities of the Vol- of Russian stateness and in the history of the ga-region with fascinating set of archaeo- whole Eurasia. At that time Russia made a logical, historical and architectural property resolute step on a way of becoming Eurasia of the area, is comparable to the top sites of dominion, with traditions of powerful mid- the UNESCO World Heritage List. dle-age empire of the Golden Horde. From erefore a management plan intends dis- here come the sources of centuries-long ex- covery and conservation of cultural and nat- perience of multiethnic and multi-religious ural heritage on the whole area of the site and state establishment and administration. e its bu er zone, as well as a proper territory location of the Assumption Cathedral and organization supply, based on cultural, land- Priory in many ways connected with the fact scape and functional features of the object. that even nowadays the monument serves Not only the immediate surroundings of as an evidence of important and enormous the Assumption Cathedral, but the territo- geopolitical changes of XVI-XVIII centuries, ry of the whole island is to be considered as when with conquest of Kazan, Astrakhan a cultural and landscape complex in future and Siberia the Grand Prince of Moscow consideration. become multinational and multi-religious Former town of Sviyazhsk during the XX state of Russia. century had been su ering from measurable e Assumption Cathedral can be viewed changes: it lost the status of the town, lost as the site of an exceptional value not only signi cant amount of population, became from the geopolitical side, but also from his- an island aer Kuybyshev reservoir con- torical, architectural, art, spiritual and theo- struction; moreover, GULAG prisons were
184 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
set inside the monasteries. However, dozens reduce the danger of human pressure, rat- of cultural heritage sites were preserved, as ably split visitors on the island territory and well as archaeological layer, cultural and evade excessive load on the key sites, thus, natural landscapes, all of which are tightly providing e ective tourist service manage- bound with the Assumption Cathedral and ment, fostering not the number of tourists, build up a unique historical and natural but improving the quality of tourism. complex on the isle. Among scheduled also From the point of view of the Outstanding the historic traditional buildings of architec- Universal Value support, the most import- ture and arts location regeneration and his- ant issue is the Orthodox Museum creation torical and cultural landscapes revaluation. in St. Nicholas Refectory Church of the As- By vision of management plan it is sup- sumption Monastery, which allows disclos- posed that the site conservation and pre- ing the signi cance of the Assumption Ca- sentation will become the main factor for thedral for Christian culture and Russian territory’s stable development and dynamic history, as well as its World universal value. social and economic functions derivation. In Sviyazhsk takes a central place in As for administration, Sviyzhsk is treated, whole-nation and international cultural and rst of all, as a modern religious and spir- touristic “Volga river heritage” project. is itual complex, so-called museum without program intends Volga cultural links pre- any walls with the sky above. Religious life sentation, as if it was a historical road, which rebirth on the territory of the Assumption existed during several epochs; existing and and St. John the Baptist monasteries plays dead civilizations and settlements role re- vital role for making Sviyazhsk a signi cant vealing, exposure to culture of di erent na- place of religious pilgrimage. In addition tions, living on the coast of Volga (“Great to that local society continues to work and Silk Route” may be called as an analog of function, for whom the World Heritage Site that program). e Great Volga River Route becomes a basic employment and opportu- was a part of the Great Silk Road. Location nity for a worthful life. of Sviyazhsk as a key point of Russian east- Management plan points to further works ern expansion and as a historic spot, located on scienti c research and conservation of almost amid the Great River, is extremely the Assumption Cathedral painting. e pro table from historic, cultural, economic important issue was to nd out an accept- and geographic points of view. able level of its usage, following which will Management plan contains also the fol- help not to harm fresco painting and temple lowing strategic aim: a complex of historic interior as well as will not threat those mon- and cultural heritage is a speci c and vital uments’ existence. social and economic resource; it may and Management plan o ers to set up new must become the basis for special branch museum functions of Sviyazhsk (in 2015 of local administrative formation and stable it has gained a title of the museum-reserve development of the territory. – the highest museum title in Russia). Im- Multifarious activity of the museum-re- plementation of new events program will serve and connected to that tourism devel- contribute to highlighting unique museum opment, especially pilgrimage to the Chris- features of Sviyazhsk and create museums tian relics, and di erent service constitutions unlike the other ones in Russia, categorizing and social infrastructure branches are able museum specialization and attractiveness of to bring signi cant bene cial e ect. Evalu- the town-island. Among such projects are ation of the outlibned events proves to have Orthodox culture museum, Volga museum, high social output. It is connected main- Civil War museum and many others. System ly with culture and tourism development, of di erent museums establishment will also preservation and rebirth of spirituality, eco-
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logical situation improvement, historic and tests and maintenance of the monuments. culture landscape preservation, knowledge e management plan de nes landscape’s expanse, education enhancement etc. Em- target state; also, main criteria of the safe- ployment also plays dramatic role. All these ty and principles of landscape management, factors contribute to the establishment of basing on the role in sustaining the Out- social consensus on the territory of munic- standing Universal Value of the site. As tools ipality. for the Assumption Cathedral study, histor- As a result, management plan de nes the ic and cultural monuments maintenance following goals as major: and landscape management, non-destruc- • preserving the Outstanding Universal tive technologies are chosen. Site conserva- Value of the site nominated for the tion is supposed as an outstanding measure, inscription on the World Heritage List; directed on saving and discovering historic, • creation of proper conditions for architecture, and art values of the monu- territory’s stable development; ment. • reaching a social harmony on decision e management plan o ers mechanisms to save, use and develop the property directed on stable development of the area, nominated for the inscription on World not damaging the Outstanding Universal Heritage List. Value of the site. e plan provides stable e Management plan sections present: tourism development strategy, based on mar- • existing site security characteristics keting researches and acceptable per site or based on legislative, administrative historic landscape human-pressure calcula- and other methods of state and social tions. Proportional human-pressure arrange- protection; ment on the whole territory and during the • analysis of stakeholders on usage and seasons was pointed as a major target. stable development of the property Positive social and economic processes nominated for the inscription on the taking place on the island are necessary con- World Heritage List; ditions not only for the development, but • requisite condition of the site; even for the safety of the World heritage site. • the Assumption Cathedral adminis- However, any new project directed to infra- tration system involving social ele- structure development in bu er zone and ments and tools for social consensus; surrounding grounds should be examined • administration management scheme, for its possible in uence on the Outstanding monitoring and resource supplement Universal Value of the site and surrounding for needs of management plan; grounds according to the UNESCO recom- • general events plan within the frames mendations, so not to harm the site. of the management plan. e administration plan of the Assump- Events and projects of the plan are fo- tion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk is a com- cused on Outstanding Universal Value of plex-planning document, which reconciles the property and its historic, cultural and the interests of all parties concerned and natural environment. Systematic complex de nes goals, targets and actions for joint approach to discovery, study and preserva- work on protection, preservation and stable tion of cultural and natural heritage of Svi- development of the World heritage site. De- yazhsk and its bu er zone is the foundation cisions made during the working process, for property preservation. are to be discussed with all the concerned e management plan sets requirements parties with Coordination Committee of the for the Assumption Cathedral and its land- World heritage site management, which is scape surroundings constant monitoring, created to serve as a tool for public consent as well as for incessant complex preventive
186 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
on safety, usage and stable development of among the concerned parties, improprieties the site. should be corrected annually. Clarity principal is vital for all of the con- e plan is performed in the format al- cerned parties for management plan devel- lowing all the concerned parties to get a opment and executing. e document o ers clear opinion about the site condition and mechanisms for monitoring the managing planned stable development tools for the plan execution and its quality control. ese near-term prospect. Used terminology is procedures should be repeated annually to maximum parsimony to international (UN- control correctness of chosen tools for ef- ESCO World Heritage Convention and at- fective site maintenance. According to the tendant documents) and corresponds to ter- results of the monitoring and discussion minology of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan legal systems. 1.2. Management plan development he Assumption Cathedral of the • Regional Foundation of Revival of “Ttown-island of Sviyazhsk” site man- Historical and Cultural Monuments agement plan development started in 2014 of the Republic of Tatarstan and Inter- by order of the Ministry of Culture of the national scienti c and methodology Republic of Tatarstan in accordance with experts council session; UNESCO administration on World Heri- • Academic workshop; tage Convention and World Heritage Com- • “Sviyazhsk: the past, the present, the mittee recommendations. future” all-Russia research and practi- Management plan main developers are: cal conference; - Regional Foundation of Revival of His- • “Historic, cultural and spiritual heri- torical and Cultural Monuments of Repub- tage of Sviyazhsk” international con- lic of Tatarstan; ference; - Kazan (Volga region) Federal Univer- • Seminars, workshops, alignment sity; meetings with concerned parties, in- - «Higher School of Economics» National stitute structures representatives and research university (Moscow); international cultural heritage conser- - Kazan State University of Culture and vation organizations. Arts; e results of work on management plan - Archaeology Institute of the Academy of received practical approval on internation- Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; al and regional research and practice con- - Volga region department of the UNES- ferences and events. Ministry of Culture of CO Chair; the Russian Federation, as well as Russian - State Historic, Architectural and Arts and international specialists in cultural her- Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk”. itage conservation stayed informed regu- During the process of work, careful anal- larly about the plan preparation. ICOMOS ysis of the situation, as well as holding a big experts consulting visits in August 2014, by number of events with concerned parties recommendation of UNESCO World Heri- and gathering a signi cant volume of mate- tage Center were extremely productive. rials was executed. e dates of the manage- e plan development is conducted with ment plan implementation are 2015-2035, incessant discussions among all of the con- with focus on 2015-2020, which corresponds cerned parties. One of the most signi cant with World Heritage sites report dates. principles was di erent groups of people During the managment plan develop- involvement, e.g. the locals and monastic ment the following events were held: community. Problems connected with the
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threat revealing and opportunities de nition of the Republic of Tatarstan, Tatarstan Re- were discussed with their participation. e public Cultural Heritage Center, Academy documents development was performed in of Science of the Republic of Tatarstan. All correspondence with requirements of in- of the mentioned above are members of the ternational and Russian legal system in cul- site Coordination Committee. tural and natural heritage sites conservation Coordination Committee on the As- in order to save the Outstanding Universal sumption Cathedral administration was Value of the object. created for the management plan execu- Management plan is oriented, rst of all, tion with responsibility and ocial pow- to protect and maintain the Outstanding ers. e function of methodical guidance Universal Value of the Assumption Cathe- on key moments of site administration and dral in complex of the Assumption Mon- coordination, and also the plan execution astery; to protection, conservation and control is accomplished by Regional Foun- museumi cation of archaeological and ar- dation of Revival of Historical and Cultural chitecture monuments; touristic-pilgrimage Monuments of Republic of Tatarstan set in potential usage of the area, as a unique site 2010 under administration of the rst pres- of cultural heritage; negative in uence, risks ident of the Republic of Tatarstan Mintimer and nature disasters prevention. e basis Shaymiev. of management is supplement of e ective According to the regulation Fund corpo- protection, study, conservation, museumi - rate objects are actions, targeted to “town-is- cation, presentation of the site chosen as a land of Sviyazhsk” state historic, architec- nominee to the World heritage list and its tural and art museum-reserve conservation rational usage in aims of spiritual and cul- and development assistance, as well as oth- tural rebirth. er historic and cultural monuments of the Management plan intends not only gener- Republic of Tatarstan conservation and im- al cultural and religious value of the objects, provement of historic, cultural and spiritual but also the changes taking place at imme- development of multinational people of the diate vicinity of the Assumption Cathedral, Republic of Tatarstan, national and cultur- and other facts able to in uence it. e plan al identity and traditions of the Tatar, Rus- also intends all-around complex approach, sians, other nations living in the Republic of stressing links with other federal, republican Tatarstan. and local plans. International methodological experts e Assumption Cathedral is included in council, including respected foreign and na- the “town-island of Sviyazhsk” site. e Ca- tional specialists in research, conservation thedral itself is a property of Russian Ortho- and museumi cation, headed by I.Gafurov, dox Church. Administration of the cultural the rector of Kazan Federal University, is ac- heritage site is done by Tatarstan Archdi- complishing the main function in experts ocese together with Sviyazhsk museum (a supply. museum-reserve starting from 2015). Ex- “ e Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk: cept these establishments, the following ones historic, cultural and art complex” manage- also take active part in administration: Svi- ment plan is to be augmented in 2015, aer yazhsk executive committee, Zelenodolsky all-round detailed examination by experts district administration, Ministry of Culture and discussing with the local community.
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2. e modern use of the Assumption Cathedral, the main threats and risks to its condition he main areas of use of the Assumption um-Reserve “ e Island-town of Sviyazhsk” TCathedral at the moment are: performs the conservation, research works, – an site of cultural heritage, attracting as well as the organization of the reception of thousands of visitors because of the special visitors. Museum-Reserve received premises status of the medieval ancient monuments; in the historical buildings for the museum ex- – tourist excursion to demonstrate the position and storage facility; it organizes an ac- core values and attributes of the Assump- tive cultural and educational work among the tion Cathedral as an outstanding Christian tourists and sightseers. Orthodox religious site, its signi cant and An important user of the monastery ter- unique contribution within the Christian ritory is living here Orthodox monks and monasteries in the Volga-Ural region and pilgrims. Believers from all over Russia and the emerging Russian Empire. even abroad come to Sviyazhsk, the reli- – as a cult site and for purposes of reli- gious ceremonies and activities are held on gious and pilgrimage tourism (carrying out the island. religious ceremonies and liturgies in mon- A substantial is a part of the local com- asteries and temples of Sviyazhsk, receiving munity: 252 inhabitants live in the territory religious pilgrims); of Sviyazhsk. In addition, Sviyazhsk is used – as a permanent residence of monks and as a summer resort and weekend getaway novices in the territory of the monastery; place. Over the last decade, it has become – cultural and educational (training ses- fashionable to have a summer house (dacha sions, lectures, master classes, summer ar- or cottage) on the territory of this historical chaeological school, as well as the use by the place and here about 25 country houses are painters, directors, actors and other artists built. us, the “gardeners” or “holidaymak- in the territory of the island for their work); ers” are an essential part of the local com- – presentation and exhibition (festivals munity and have speci c requirements for and celebrations, exhibitions, presentation housing erected by them, a lifestyle. programs, publishing activities); A part of the time residents of Sviyazhsk – scienti c (holding in the territory of are creative intellectuals (mainly artists, ac- Sviyazhsk the research, scienti c confer- tors, directors), who spend here the summer ences of various levels, including interna- plein airs, draw inspiration for their work on tional); the island. Some of the artists have already – employment (museum-reserve and lived permanently in Sviyazhsk and found- other users of the territory provide about ed a kind of art colony. Interests of this 120 workplaces, which primarily covers the group largely coincide with the purposes of local population); the conservation and presentation of the site – recreational (temporary residence in nominated to the World Heritage List. the territory of Sviyazhsk in the summer e island is also used for theatrical and and on weekends of people who bought festive events, which visitors are not only homes here or build cottages on empty land citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan, but also plots, visiting festivities by the residents of of the neighbouring regions. Local govern- Tatarstan and neighboring regions). ments are responsible for the maintenance e user of the Sviyazhsk Assumption Ca- of the order, cleanliness and service of the thedral is a Russian Orthodox Church and the local population and visitors, as well as for Monastery of the Assumption. e Ministry the socio-economic local development. of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan and Business structures are also interested in the State Historical and Architectural Muse- the use of this territory, their interest is con-
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nected with the possibility of service here tage List, it has an extensive area of the buf- tourists and sightseers, trading opportuni- fer zone, which is determined largely by the ties, rendering services, development of the size of the visual pool of sight visual dom- infrastructure sector. inants - church buildings (25 km). Views In the interests of all parties, there are ap- from the island of the surrounding distanc- parent contradictions that are the threats es were recognized as one of the main val- and risks for the Assumption Cathedral. ue aesthetic characteristic at the sociologi- Signi cant risk to the site and to the in- cal survey of local residents and visitors of terconnected with it cultural landscapes Sviyazhsk. A signi cant threat represents is a man-caused impact on the territory of possible violations of the bu er zone at new Sviyazhsk, especially considering the peak construction on the river banks. Manage- impact during the summer. In this regard as ment Plan identi ed the detailed di eren- priorities were highlighted the measures for tial conditions within the framework of the a more even redistribution of man-caused bu er zone, approved by the Government of impact as throughout Sviyazhsk, and during the Republic of Tatarstan, which should pre- the calendar year. vent these threats. Signi cant risk to the Assumption Ca- Certain risks, while preserving the cul- thedral and, especially, to its monumen- tural landscape can become diverse inter- tal painting, is associated with the need to ests of the local community. Enhancing co- comply with the conditions of preservation operation of the museum-reserve and the and maintenance of historical and cultural monastery with the local population, rais- and artistic monuments: the violations of ing awareness of the local community will temperature and humidity conditions, and allow to strengthen at the local population other impacts on the structure. e Man- a sense of involvement in the preservation agement Plan provided the restriction of the of the Assumption Cathedral and other sites services in the cathedral, and the regulation of cultural heritage and the responsibility of visitors ow. for these sites, to engage in the conservation e real threat is now connected with and regeneration process of historic build- the violation of the cultural landscape of ings and the revitalization of the historic Sviyazhsk, the disappearance of the tradi- landscape and traditional culture, to provide tional historic buildings and new dishar- a more fair distribution of the bene ts of the monious residential buildings appearance. World Heritage sites. e social cataclysms of the Soviet period Existing con icts are interrelated and are led to a sharp decline in the population of directed into the framework of partnership Sviyazhsk, the appearance in the historical agreements in solving problems of the pres- territory of empty spaces and dilapidated, ervation and presentation of the values of crumbling buildings. Many new buildings the Sviyazhsk Assumption Cathedral. e have appeared inconsonant to the tradition- management plan not only reveals the pos- al architecture. e Management Plan pro- sible risks to the Assumption Cathedral, but vides strict regulation of new construction also allows to prevent them timely and pur- (as per the type of houses, and the land de- posefully due to elaborated system of mea- velopment), coordination of permits issued, sures. For preventive solutions of threats and the development of “model” types of houses risks of the Assumption Cathedral condi- recommended for construction on the is- tion, con ict resolution, several levels were land (as it was used for chief towns of uezds de ned. Issues related to the conservation in Russia). and use of the Assumption Cathedral are With due regard for the insular position resolved by the International Scienti c and of the object, nominated to the World Heri- Methodical Council of the Fund of Renais-
190 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
sance of History and Culture Monuments, the relevant structures of Tatarstan (Public as well as by the Scienti c and Methodolog- Chamber of the Republic of Tatarstan). Stra- ical Council of the Ministry of Culture. Is- tegic issues are submitted to the Coordinat- sues related to the activities of local com- ing Committee. munities are solved with the involvement of 3. Current legislative basis and adopted administrative measures that promote the management of the property nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List – the Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk and its protection
3.1. Applicable legislation and regulatory acts that promote the preservation of the integrity and authentication of the property nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List he Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk is jects of Cultural Heritage in the Republic of Tnominated to the UNESCO World Her- Tatarstan” (adopted on 1.04.2005, No. 60- itage List under the Convention concerning LRT). the Protection of World Cultural and Natu- In 2008-2010 the program for research ral Heritage adopted on 16 November 1972, and conservation works of the monument that was rati ed by the USSR in 1988 (De- (“Comprehensive plan for interdisciplinary cree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet research of the Assumption Cathedral and of the USSR from 09.03.1988, No. 8595-XI) Trinity Church for 2014-2020”) was created. and that, in accordance with paragraph 4 of is program operates at the present time; it article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian is nanced from federal and regional bud- Federation, is constituent part of the Rus- gets. sian legal system. e entire island of Sviyazhsk, which is e system of World Heritage Sites’ ad- in the bu er zone of the Assumption Ca- ministration in the Russian Federation in- thedral, is announced as the remarkable cludes both Federal laws and laws of regions site – a speci c type of Cultural Heritage of the Russian Federation. Laws of regions provided by the legislation of the Russian of the Russian Federation (in this case, the Federation. On the territory announced the laws of the Republic of Tatarstan) specify remarkable site not only the monuments of the provisions of the Federal laws taking history and culture, but also the natural and into account regional and national pecu- cultural landscape, historic buildings and liarities of the Republic within the Russian planning, historical visual dominants and Federation. visual communication, various traditional e Assumption Cathedral is a site of cul- features and characteristics are preserved. tural heritage (monument of history and e decision to classify the historic site of culture) of federal signi cance. It is to be the “town-island of Sviyazhsk” as the site of protected on the basis of the Russian leg- Cultural Heritage of regional (Republican) islation, in particular the Federal law “On signi cance was adopted by the Cabinet objects of Cultural Heritage (monuments of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan of history and culture) of the peoples of the 16.07.2009. A remarkable site “town-island Russian Federation” (adopted on 25.07.2002 of Sviyazhsk” is protected under federal № 73-FL). As a site of сultural heritage lo- and regional laws by Federal and regional cated on the territory of the Russian Federa- governments. tion’s region – the Republic of Tatarstan – it A remarkable site “town-island of Svi- is to be protected on the basis of regional yazhsk” has its zones of protection that are (Republican) legislation, in particular, the approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Law of the Republic of Tatarstan “On ob- Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan “On
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approval of the borders of zones of protec- ious governmental and non-governmental tion of site of a cultural heritage of region- agencies, discussions with deputies, local al (Republican) signi cance “Remarkable community, scientists, and specialists. site “town-island of Sviyazhsk”” (adopt- It was held under the supervision of the ed on 02.07.2015, № 481). e territory of International Scientific-Expert Council these zones of protection is the territory of of the Fund of Revival of Monuments of the bu er zone of the site nominated in the History and Culture of the Republic of Ta- World Heritage List, “ e Assumption Ca- tarstan. thedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk”. As a result of preparation of these doc- e part of the bu er zone of the Site, uments it was decided to convert the Svi- which has exceptional natural value for yazhsk Museum to the Museum-reserve perception of this monument, and includes (decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the aquatic and subaquatic landscapes, belongs Republic of Tatarstan from 24.08.2015 №. to the natural reserve “Sviyazhskiy”. It also 618). Russian Museums-reserves are a spe- falls under the protection of the laws on cial type of cultural institution. Museum-re- the nature protection of the Russian Feder- serve is de ned as the cultural institution, ation, in particular, of the Federal law “On created to ensure the preservation, conser- specially protected natural territories” (ad- vation, study and public presentation of in- opted on 14.03.1995, № 33-FL). e decree tegral territorial complexes of Cultural and on the formation of the State natural reserve Natural Heritage, material and spiritual val- of regional importance of complex pro le ues in their traditional historical (cultural “Sviyazhskiy” was adopted by the Cabinet and natural) environment. of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan on e di erence of museums-reserves 04.02.1998, №. 49. from other cultural institutions is that e “Concept of development of the state they manage not only museum objects and budget institution of culture of the Republic collections, but also the immovable cul- of Tatarstan the “State historical-architec- tural heritage and the territory surround- tural and art Museum “Ostrov-Grad Svi- ing them. e state museums-reserves are yazhsk» was developed and approved. It was complex institutions in their functions. approved by order of the Ministry of Culture ey are intended to save the integrity of of the Republic of Tatarstan of 14.06.2011 not only architectural, archaeological or № 453 for the period up to 2020. ere was memorial monuments, but also the histor- also created “Comprehensive plan for inter- ical territory, including the unique cultural disciplinary research of the Assumption Ca- and natural landscapes. Almost all objects thedral and Trinity Church for 2014-2020” of cultural heritage included in the UNE- approved by the order of the Ministry of SCO World Heritage List are managed by Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2014. the museums-reserves. is decision con- At the end of 2014 the the “Strategy for the tributes to a united museum, cultural and conservation and use of historical, cultural socio-cultural policy on the territory of and natural heritage of Sviyazhsk and devel- Sviyazhsk. opment of the State historical, architectural e federal and regional legal acts and ad- and art Museum “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk”” ministrative decisions, which are important (under the supervision of the National Re- in order to manage the site, nominated to search University “Higher school of Eco- the World Heritage List are enclosed to the nomics”) was developed. Nomination le (see Annex 1 to the Man- The preparation of these documents was agement Plan). a part of numerous consultations with var-
192 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
3.2. Institutional management structure and property relations he Assumption Cathedral is a site of - operational activities in the eld of tour- TCultural Heritage of Federal signi - ism is the State historical, architectural and cance. On the territory of Sviyazhsk in the art Museum “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” (from bu er zone of the Assumption Cathedral 2015 –Museum-reserve); there are also objects of Cultural heritage of - religious activity is carried out by Ta- federal and regional (Republican) signi - tarstan Archdiocese of Moscow Patriarchate cance. ere is a clear and transparent block of the Russian Orthodox Church. diagram of the management of the complex, - in terms of the conservation of nat- including the Ministry of Culture of the ural heritage – by the Ministry of ecolo- Russian Federation and the Ministry of Cul- gy and natural resources of the Republic ture of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as of Tatarstan together with the Ministry of other organizations. Forestry of the Republic of Tatarstan (on Preservation of Cultural Heritage, both the territory of the bu er zone operational federal and regional signi cance located on management of the conservation of natural the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, heritage is carried out by the State Natural is implemented by the Ministry of Culture reserve “Sviyazhskiy”). of the Republic of Tatarstan as the govern- - in terms of organization of local com- mental agency authorized to exercise state munity, the work of institutions of social control in the eld of preservation, use, infrastructure, landscaping and other issues promotion and state protection of cultural related to the life of Sviyazhsk. Management heritage sites in accordance with applica- in rural settlements of is worked by its Exec- ble Federal law of the Russian Federation utive Committee. from 25 June 2002 № 73-FL “On objects of e Assumption Cathedral is located on the Cultural Heritage (monuments of history territory of the Assumption monastery which and culture) of the peoples of the Russian was transferred to perpetual and free use of Federation”. the Russian Orthodox Church by the govern- Archaeological research on the cultural ment. Special value and cultural importance of layer, and works on conservation, preserva- the Assumption Cathedral and the necessity tion and museumi cation are held only with of a long period of conservation work raise a the permission of Federal and regional bodies question about its joint use of the nominated responsible for the protection of monuments. property. It is governed by the agreement be- Archaeological research is currently being tween the Ministry of Culture of Tatarstan, the conducted by the Institutes of Archaeology Tatarstan Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Church and Sviyazhsk Museum-reserve. Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan. e part of historical buildings of Sviyazhsk, According to established legal rules other which are the objects of Cultural Heritage, and scienti c organizations may be involved. the land where they are placed are transferred e administration of the territory of Svi- to the ownership of the Museum-reserve. yazhsk is realized: e management plan is expected to further - in terms of management of Cultural increase in the proportion of the Museum’s Heritage – Ministry of Culture of the Re- property in the bu er zone which will facili- public of Tatarstan; tate the coordination of preservation and use - in terms of tourism by the Ministry of of historical building in Sviyazhsk and cultural Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan jointly landscape. A signi cant part of private resi- with the State Committee on tourism of the dential buildings is owned by individuals and Republic of Tatarstan; belongs to various organizations.
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For the purpose of preserving the histori- of organized pilgrimage groups is carried out cal environment and discourage of undesir- on the basis of contracts signed with the As- able development there was speci cally ad- sumption monastery. opted Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Methodological guidance on the de nition Republic of Tatarstan about the establishing of the main activities, contributing to the of statement about the type of use of the sight preservation and use of the property nom- place, restrictions on the use of its territory inated to the World Heritage List and the and the requirements to economic activity, bu er zone is provided by non-pro t organi- design and construction on the remarkable zation “Republican Fund of Revival of Mon- site “town-island of Sviyazhsk” (adopted on uments of History and Culture of the Repub- 07.08.2009). lic of Tatarstan” under the leadership of the ere were developed and approved rules First President of the Republic of Tatarstan of visiting of the remarkable site “Town-Is- Mintimer Shaimiev and scienti c-methodi- land of Sviyazhsk”, that determined the mode cal Council of experts of the Fund. of access, code of behavior on the territory Direct coordination activities on the island of attractions and temples, the rules of the are carried out by the State historical, architec- tours and etc. e access of organized tour- tural and art Museum-reserve “Ostrov-grad ist groups is conducted on the basis of con- Sviyazhsk” (from 2015 – the Museum-re- tracts signed with Sviyazhsk Museum, access serve), acting on the basis of the Charter. 3.3. Legal map of the site nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List and its buer zones he territory of the Assumption Cathedral able site of the “town-island of Sviyazhsk”; Tand the bu er zone have the following - regime of state nature reserve of the regimes: - regime of land within the boundar- regional signi cance of the integrated pro le ies of territories of objects of Cultural Heritage; “Sviyazhsk”; - regime of preservation of the remark- - mode of water protection zone. 3.3.1. Regime of lands within the boundaries of territories of Cultural Heritage sites Land plots on the territories of objects of objects of Cultural Heritage is very strict and Cultural Heritage included in the uni ed is regulated by the Federal law “On objects state register of objects of Cultural Heritage of Cultural Heritage (monuments of his- (monuments of history and culture) of peo- tory and culture) of peoples of the Russian ples of the Russian Federation, pertain to Federation” (№ 73-FL from 25.06.2002) and the lands of historical and cultural signi - land legislation of the Russian Federation. cance. e legal regime in the territories of 3.3.2. e regime of protection zones e protection zones borders of the re- the State cadastre of real estate subject to markable site of the “Town-Island of Svi- the restrictions and encumbrances (Annex, yazhsk” were adopted in 2015. e project Section 1, Section 5). is designed in accordance with current leg- e regulation of urban development islation of the Russian Federation. e pro- and economic activity within the given lim- tection zones coincide with the borders of its is a precondition for the preservation of the bu er zone of the nominated site “ e the Outstanding Universal Value of the site Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of nominated to the World Heritage List “ e Sviyazhsk“. Information on the boundaries Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of the protection zones will be included in of Sviyazhsk“. Urban development and eco-
194 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Scheme of the management system of the Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk
Ostrov-grad
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
195 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
nomic activity should be carried out taking thedral it is also decided to adjust plans of into account the fact that this area is on the territorial development of Zelenodolsk, territory of historical, cultural, visual and Verkhneuslonsky districts of the Republic of emotional impact of unique historical and Tatarstan and the city of Innopolis aer the architectural site “town-island of Sviyazhsk”. inscription of the Assumption Cathedral on In order to ensure the preservation and the World Heritage List (see activities, sec- most complete disclosure of the Outstand- tion 9 of the Management Plan). ing Universal Value of the Assumption Ca- 3.3.3. State natural reserve of regional signi cance of the integrated pro le (state public nature reserve) “Sviyazhsky” State natural reserve of regional signi - In order to carry out the functions of the cance of the integrated pro le (state public nature reserve the administration of the state nature reserve) “Sviyazhsky” is located in public nature reserve “Sviyazhsky” was estab- Zelenodolsky and Verkhneuslonsky dis- lished. Administration of the reserve imple- tricts of the Republic of Tatarstan on the ments the state policy in the eld of specially area of 12.4 thousand hectares. It is a pro- protected natural areas of regional signi - tected natural area of national signi cance, cance and is administered by the Ministry of formed for the purpose of preservation and forestry of the Republic of Tatarstan. conservation of natural and arti cial ecosys- e legal regime of the reserve is estab- tems of the river Sviyaga, Sviyazhsk Bay of lished in the area, in accordance with the the Kuibyshev reservoir and adjacent ood- speci cs of specially protected natural ter- plain areas, stocks of commercial and rare ritories. It is not in contradiction with the species of sh, unique natural landscape and regime of the bu er zone of the object, biological diversity. In September 2007, this nominated in the World Heritage List, and area received the status of biosphere reserve increases the sustainability of its develop- of UNESCO. ment (the information about reserve is pro- vided in Annex, Section 5). 3.3.4. e regime of water protection zones Water protection areas are areas adjacent zone of the river is 200 m. Within the bound- to the shoreline of lakes and rivers. In these aries of water protection zones coastal pro- zones there is a special mode of implemen- tective belts are established, where the addi- tation of economic and other activities to tional limitations are imposed on economic prevent pollution, contamination, silting of and other activities. e width of the coastal the water bodies and conservation of habitats protective belt is set depending on the slope of aquatic biological resources and other o- of the shore of the water body and lasts from ra and fauna. e width of water protection 30 m to 50 m depending on the slope.
4. e local community and other concerned parties who nd conservation and functioning of the World Heritage Site to be crucial
4.1 Characteristics of the local community. he Assumption Cathedral and the island ed for 252 inhabitants. In 1953 there were TSviyazhsk are located on the territory of 2700 people living here, but the population Zelenodolsky District of Tatarstan. In 2014 in the last half of the century has decreased the total population of Sviyazhsk account- signi cantly. Since 1990s the population has
196 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
remained stable. e residents demonstrate souvenir shops and businesses involved in their active position and interest in the pro- production of souvenirs. cesses taking place in Sviyazhsk. e number e museum is actively involved in the of students in secondary school experienced life of the urban community: almost all res- a steady decrease: in 1989 their number made idents with no exception contributed to the up 50 people, in 1994 there were 32 students expansion of the museum collection. Var- and in 2009 there were 15 students. In 2014, ious artifacts related to the history of the the number of students in school in Sviazhsk Assumption Cathedral and Sviyazhsk were accounted for 32 people (including 13 chil- donated. Joint e orts of bodies and resi- dren of preschool age in the kindergarten). dents resulted in collection of memories of e special state program enabled to reset- Sviyazhsk residents. e museum supports tle more than 80 Sviazhsky families, mostly various activities, which involve local com- from the territories belonging to monaster- munities. ies, where in Soviet times communal apart- e interaction of the museum with the lo- ments were built, as well as from the other cal community includes the following areas: buildings, which are acknowledged to be the - Joint e orts to manage historical territory; objects of cultural heritage and are in an un- - Development of social and cultural envi- suitable condition for permanent residence. ronment of Sviyazhsk; Small houses on the territory of Sviyazhsk - e revival of the traditional cost-e ec- were built to provide resettled residents with tive forms of economic activity; accommodation. Construction on the terri- - e development of new types of cra tory of Sviyazhsk on the one hand enabled and economic activities; to retain the local population, and provide - Involvement of children and youth in locals with modern housing, on the oth- museum activities. er hand, partly tackled the problem of the e development of the territories sur- numerous losses of civilian buildings of rounding the Assumption Cathedral is based the city and reduced the number of urban on territorial planning schemes of Zeleno- wastelands which were formed as the popu- dolsky and Verkhneuslonsky Districts and lation le Sviyazhsk in 1950 and old build- the new municipality satellite city “Innopo- ings were in decay. lis” (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers Local communities are represented by of the Republic of Tatarstan “On Amend- non-governmental organization “Sviyazht- ments to the Scheme of Territorial Planning sy”, by local shermen, the community of of the Republic of Tatarstan” on 09.27.2013, monks, “Sviazhsky community of artists”, № 686). ese basic documents determine summer residents, owners of small motor, the direction and development of the areas, rowing and sailing boats and others. buildings, land use, social and economic in- e State Historical, and Art Architectur- dicators. However, it is crucial to adopt new al Museum “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk” which approaches to territorial planning schemes, was founded in 2009 and in 2015 became the which are to take into account the new real- Museum-Reserve is now known as a major ities of the area, namely the recognition of organization providing employment on the the Assumption Cathedral as World Heri- island. Before the museum was founded 40 tage Site. Apart from these, the activities and people out of 110 employable residents were events aimed at preserving the integrity and registered at the Unemployment Bene t Of- authenticity of the nominated World Heri- ce, in recent years all the inhabitants have tage site and its cultural landscape are to be become employed. Some of them, due to the taken into consideration. increase of tourist ow caused by the activ- is document (amendments to schemes) ities of the museum, found a job in a cafe, will become legally valid aer it undergoes
197 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
the nal design and devlopment, public to the World Heritage List. e survey was hearings and will be approved by the Cabi- conducted to identify the views and inter- net of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. ests of the various parties. When developing Planning document will be developed joint- the management plan analysis of the current ly with the population of Sviyazhsk and with situation in relation to the nominated World Sviyazhsk museum and is certain to become Heritage site was carried out. e opportu- an e ective tool of preserving the authentici- nities and risks, strengths and weaknesses ty and integrity of the Assumption Cathedral. were assessed. Since the materials for the nomination of e management plan encourages to at- the Annunciation Cathedral to the World tract the local community and the imple- Heritage List started to be developed, as well mentation of the principles of dialogue, co- as during the development of a manage- habitation, popularization of traditions and ment plan, meetings with the local commu- values in culture, education and science in nity and the leaders of local organizations the policy of federal, republican and local and institutions were held. ese meetings authorities is viewed as a crucial part. It is pursued the goal of clarifying interests and aimed at the implementation of the mea- needs of the population, as well as involv- sures proposed by the UN in 2010 on the ing them in the activities included in the cooperation of cultures and xing false cul- plan of management of the sites nominated tural values, attitudes and perceptions. 4.2. e parties concerned part from a local community there are Aother concerned parties who are in- volved in use of the territory. 4.2.1. Russian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church plays the most paganda”. e exhibition displayed the col- signi cant role in management of cultural lection of posters and toys of anti-religious heritage. e concerned party is represented nature of the State Museum of the History of by the Assumption Monastery Kazan Arch- Religion (St. Petersburg), which were spread diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. from 1919 to 1970. Soviet anti-religious post- e Kazan Archdiocese, Sviyazhsk mu- ers are viewed as important monuments of seum and the Ministry of Culture of the national history, the documentary evidence Republic of Tatarstan signed an agreement of the ght led by the Soviet government on joint use of facilities, which are regarded against religion and the Church throughout as the objects of worship of the Orthodox its existence. Compared with the ne arts Church. In cooperation with the Monastery of the time (except for the newspaper and of Assumption measures aimed at regulat- magazine graphics) anti-religious theme ing the ow of visitors and visits to the most has not received such a massive realization valuable cultural heritage are taken. as in poster art. As a result of this ght par- Several sections of Sviyazhsk Museum of ish churches in Sviyazhsk were destructed, History are devoted to the history of monas- sacred things were abolished. It also resulted teries and churches as well as the Orthodox in the massacre with the greatest part of the culture of the town-island. e signi cant clergy and monks. erefore, it is important events in the history of Christianity and reli- to study the content and methods of imple- gious life of the faithful museum are marked mentation of Soviet propaganda to under- by exhibitions. In 2013, the museum held an stand the historical realities of the time and exhibition “From the history of Soviet pro- the events taking place in Sviyazhsk in the
198 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Soviet years. It was the time when the Sovi- eas on the planet ... and are vital for pres- et Union was founded and a system of strict ervation of cultural diversity for future gen- suppression against dissenters was imposed erations”, the Management Plan reckons for alongside with the relevant ideological, ad- active participation of religious communi- ministrative and repressive structures. In ties in the preservation and development of 2014 Sviyazhsk successfully hosted the ex- the image of Sviyazhsk, maintenance of its hibition “Heavenly patrons of Sviyazhsk” on spirit, lifestyle, social and spiritual nature. the occasion of the anniversary of the birth is part is entirely based on the Nara doc- of St. Sergius of Radonezh. e exhibition ument about authenticity in relation to the displayed a variety of icons and artifacts re- World Heritage Convention (1994) and the lated to the life of the Orthodox Sviyazhsk. Quebec Declaration on the preservation of In 2015, there was an exhibition “Holy war- the spirit of place, adopted by the General rior, Christopher”, dedicated to the history Assembly of ICOMOS 16 in 2008. and iconography of reverence of this saint e planning process to manage this part in Russia in XVI-XVII centuries. ere were and approaches to interaction with the lo- 18 museums and museums-reserves from cal community imply that being recognized 11 regions of Russia involved in this exhi- as the main objects of heritage owned by bition. Icons, enamel, pictorial needlework the state and an agreement on cooperation dated back to the second half of XVI - the with the Russian Orthodox Church result beginning of XXI centuries were displayed. in preservation of the site. e work, which Taking into account the cultural, spiritual is conducted among the concerned parties and religious signi cance of Sviyazhsk and creates opportunities to exchange of infor- the fact that according to the documents mation, increase the commitment of parties of ICOMOS and ICCROM, living religious due to collective responsibility and to gain heritage has characteristics that distinguish knowledge, consent and support of those it from other forms of heritage, and the fact who will protect and enhance the value of that, in accordance with UNESCO initia- the monuments of Sviyazhsk, their integrity tive on the heritage of religious interest holy and authenticity. places “are actually the oldest protected ar- 4.2.2. Local bodies e Executive Committee of Sviyazhsk e positive nature of the interaction with contributes much to compliance with the the local authorities is largely due to the legislation on the protection of cultural her- fact that the budget of Sviyazhsk is provid- itage and prevention of illegal construction ed largely through tax deductions from the and illegal archaeological excavations. Also, activities realized by the Museum. Improve- the director of the museum is a Deputy of ment of the village and conducting mass Sviyazhsk settlement and represents Svi- events, both local and external are viewed as yazhsk as a Deputy in the District council an important area of cooperation between of deputies of Zelenodolsky District of Ta- the local authorities and the museum. tarstan, which includes Sviyazhsk. 4.2.3. Tourists, sightseers, and other categories of visitors Tourists and sightseers make up the most Sviyazhsk, as well as present outstanding ar- signi cant group of visitors coming to Svi- chitecture and monumental painting of the yazhsk. In 2014, their total number account- Assumption Cathedral and other landmarks ed for 180 thousand. e main purpose of of the island, combined with a visit to mu- visits is to present visitors the history of seum exhibitions and other attractions of
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Sviyazhsk. Due to the implementation of the evenly distribute them in the historical ter- program of development of the museum in ritory. At the bottom of Sviyazhsk in the area Sviyazhsk and conservation of cultural her- of the river station one can see a monument itage the rate of visits is growing at a signif- to the reconstruction of 12 paddle boat be- icant pace (in 2012 Sviyazhsk was visited by longing to Paul I, can visit a park and the 21 thousand tourists) Museum of Archaeology tree. At the top of is is a very high load, although visits Sviyazhsk one can see historical and cultural have not yet reached the limit value. Rough monuments, museums of Sviyazhsk history, estimates of the stability of the cultural the Civil War, the artist G.Arhireeva, Or- landscape gives the value of the load limit thodox culture, children’s recreation center on the island of 350-450 thousand people “Fairy Tale”, the Museum of district medi- over the year. However, it should be taken cine) and exhibition halls. into account that the main recreational load To prevent the risk of in uence of anthro- on the island takes place mainly within four pogenic load studies of recreational load on months (from June to September). It can be some parts of the island were conducted, argued that currently Sviyazhsk hardly sees the state of natural and cultural landscapes so many tourists in summer and autumn and modern tourist ow were examined months. It is also important to note that the and assessed. On the basis of ndings, the non-uniformity in the anthropogenic load redistribution of tourism extreme loads on falls on Sviyazhsk not only in the season, the the separate territories of Sviyazhsk will be guided visits lead to a very intense day load developed and implemented. e load and on the territory is also very “Summer Residents”. is is another group uneven. Tourists and tour groups are able to of newly arrived population, which is repre- discover a very small part of the island. e sented by families who purchased the aban- biggest recreational area of the load falls on doned, empty plots on the territory of Svi- the Assumption Cathedral and two streets - yazhsk, and actively use them for summer Uspenskaya and Trinity. For this reason hu- holidays, for a short time or in some cases man pressure on local cultural and natural for long term rentals. is group is relatively systems Sviyazhsk impressively increases. small (up to 25 suburban areas), but at the Anthropogenic pressure is a very signif- same time is quite active in terms of impact icant threat to the cultural heritage of Svi- on the historical and cultural landscape of yazhsk and, above all, the cultural landscape Sviyazhsk. of the territory. e management plan seeks is group of newly arrived population to actively control the ow of tourist and demonstrates only an indirect interest in sightseers. It is expected that the focus will be preserving the outstanding universal value not on the number of visitors, but the “quali- of the site, nominated to the World Heritage ty” of visitors, willing to to visit attractions in List, and in fact only the part which a ects Sviyazhsk and perceive its value. e island the prestige of their summer residence. will not develop the hospitality services. e To reduce the negative impact of this fac- hotel network will be limited to small hotels tor in 2013-2014 the following decisions for religious pilgrims and secular tourists, as were made: well as professionals - for a maximum of 100 - development of house plans to be used visitors. Turning other facilities into muse- in the construction and development of Svi- ums on the island is another crucial goal. It yazhsk; will help to avoid concentration of visitors - development of a dra order of the Min- at the Cathedral of the Assumption and the istry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan other most valuable objects, to disperse the on establishing the order of project docu- ow of tourists and sightseers and relatively mentation adjustment for construction at
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the territory of the remarkable site of region- the local municipality, representatives of the al signi cance “town-island of Sviyazhsk”; Orthodox clergy in close cooperation with - Development of the system of measures the largest higher educational institution of for decorating and painting homes already the Republic of Tatarstan and the Volga re- built in order to reduce their disharmonious gion Kazan Federal University. e ect on the historic landscape and make Departments of the University, together recommendations on their use. with the institutions of the Academy of Sci- Another small, but active part of the vis- ences of the Republic of Tatarstan are basic itor population is represented by intellectu- research institutions, providing a full range als. ese, as a rule, are artists, actors, writers of basic and applied research in the human- and representatives of other creative profes- ities - history and archaeology, ethnology sions, residents of Kazan, Tatarstan and oth- and antropology, museology and cultural, er regions, which have chosen Sviyazhsk as archival, religion and theology and a num- summer recreation and creativity site. Some ber of scienti c disciplines - geology, chem- of them moved to Sviyazhsk for permanent istry, physics, biology and genetics, etc. residence. is group of individuals became A signi cant number of researchers that known informally as “artists’ community”. make up the contingent of persons who are e arrival of this group at the island on an island in the eld season (April-Oc- proves the value of the Assumption Cathe- tober) are the faculty, sta and students of dral and other landmarks and landscapes the Kazan Federal University (bachelors, of Sviyazhsk and interests of this group are masters, postgraduate students) are actively directly aimed at maintaining the outstand- involved in research and educational activ- ing universal value of the nominated prop- ities as part of the archaeological, museum, erty, to preserve the unique historical land- ethnographic, dialects, of archaeological, bi- scapes. In its activities, the group, in fact, ological expeditions and practices of Kazan can be seen as an important promoter of the Federal University. Cathedral, Heritage of Sviyazhsk, and they Scientists, teachers and students, repre- actively support events to preserve the his- sentatives of the university and academic torical and cultural and artistic heritage of scienti c community who are involved in the island. implementation of large-scale humanitarian In terms of management the active work projects in Sviyazhsk make up a collectively of another group of visitors is seen to be sustainable scienti c community which has crucial: these are museum professionals, a strong in uence on formation of the image scientists, graduate students and students of Sviyazhsk in the world scienti c and cul- who are involved to ensure the operation tural process. of the museum-preserve, research cultural In recent years, Sviyazhsk has become the heritage, preparation of monographs and site of regular scienti c meetings and confer- other scienti c products, conferences, sem- ences. ere are constantly working group inars, etc. State Museum Reserve can not be of experts (restorers, archaeologists, and sta ed only by local residents. Some of the others.). Research and scienti c activities employees (mostly quali ed) are museum have become an attribute of Sviyazhsk. It is professionals who live in Kazan, but work in proposed to further expand the publication Sviyazhsk. ey to live in Sviyazhsk to en- of research paper, to implement measures to sure the tourism demand in summer. promote the involvement of scientists from e implementation of joint research, not only of the Russian Federation and Ta- educational, cultural, educational, infor- tarstan, but also from other countries. With mation and presentation programs in Svi- this group of newcomers Sviyazhsk popu- yazhsk is provided by the museum-reserve,
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lation is becoming more open to the global actions on protection of Outstanding Uni- community. versal Value, e ective preservation, a muse- e events to attract local population um cation and use of material and spiritual which are carried out by authorities for heritage of the site nominated in the List of service of tourists and pilgrims, huge and the world heritage and its environment. fruitful work of “Revival of Historical and e goals and interests of all parties are Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Ta- summarized in the table (Table 4.1) to as- tarstan” Fund for involvement not only local sess the possibility of cooperation between community, but also inhabitants of the Re- the parties and give a clear idea of the di- public of Tatarstan, the Russian Federation, rection of action for the conservation and orthodox believers living worldwide, busi- sustainable development of the site”Cathe- ness structures, the industrial and commer- dral of the Assumption of the town-island cial enterprises, and also the developed plan Sviyazhsk: historical, cultural and art com- for management of site enables to accent plex.”
Table 4.1. e concerned parties in the preservation of the Assumption Cathedral. Parties concerned Aims and interests Federal executive Preservation of cultural heritage of federal importance. authorities Enhancing the prestige of the Russian Federation on the international cultural scene e state authorities of the Preservation and presentation of the World Heritage site, located in the Republic of Tatarstan territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Enhancing the prestige of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Russian Federation and the world at large. Increasing tourist attractiveness of the Republic of Tatarstan. e emergence of the new momentum of social and economic development of the local territory Special supervisory bodies Creating conditions for the preservation of cultural heritage and to ensure of state authority of the their accessibility and popularization. Republic of Tatarstan: e bodies of cultural heritage protection Preservation of natural areas, biodiversity and landscape diversity
Environmental authorities Local bodies Socio-economic development of the territory and the local community. Improving the quality of life of local people by improving infrastructure. e in ow of funds into the territory of the area due to the emergence of new economic activities and the expansion is still possible, and also due to new investments due to the increased attractiveness of the area. Ensuring local employment.
Local residents Improving living standards (income, the development of local services). Improving the quality of life (improvement of infrastructure, improvement of improvement, taking care of the cultural landscape and the environment). Creation of new jobs, new opportunities for the development of their own business. Religious organizations Using the object, nominated to the World Heritage List for religious (Russian Orthodox Church) purposes, the reception of pilgrims. Worship and religious ceremonies in churches operating in the territory of Sviyazhs.
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Non-residents (tourists and Interesting tourist and sightseeing tours. sightseers e advent of multi-day options stays with tourist and recreational purposes in the territory of Zelenodolsk area in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation as a whole. e emergence of the capacity of the relaxation and comfort combined with the cultural, educational, religious needs.
Summer residents e possibility of a summer holiday in the prestigious and quiet location. Non-residents (intellectuals) e possibility of a summer holiday in the attractive from an aesthetic point of view of location. e ability to realize the creative potential, create works of art.
Non-residents (academics Working in Sviyazhsk Museum-Reserve. and professionals) Working on the study of natural and cultural heritage of Sviyazhsk, the study is ongoing socio-economic processes. Helping local governments and museum-reserve to obtain new information about Sviyazhsk. Possibility of scienti c conferences and seminars, preparation of scienti c papers and publications.
Business organizations Formation of a new competitive tourism product and the development of tourist and excursion activities. Providing opportunities for investing in the development of infrastructure facilities (hotels, commerce, banking infrastructure, transport services and transport infrastructure, etc.). Expansion of possibilities of development of agricultural production and an increase in the local market at the expense of tourists. e emergence of new small manufacturing enterprises (production of souvenir products, products for the needs of other developing areas).
5. e strategic objectives of the management plan for the site nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List he main strategic objectives of the man- Speci c areas for the implementation of the Tagement plan are: strategic objectives are identi ed based on Objective 1. Preservation of the Out- the analysis of the current situation, the anal- standing Universal Value of the Assumption ysis of possible risks, as well as on the basis Cathedral. of common strategic approaches in relation Objective 2. Creating the conditions for to the site nominated to the World Heritage conservation and sustainable development List. Events, including the priority directed of the surrounding area. on the potential threats of the Assumption Objective 3. Achieving social consensus Cathedral and ensuring the necessary condi- regarding the conservation and sustainable tions for its existence, are determined in each development of the site nominated to the area. Each area is represented as a particular World Heritage List. system of projects and activities.
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6. Preservation of e Outstanding Universal Value of the site nominated for the in- scription on the World Heritage List 6.1. e system of main objectives aimed at preservation of the Assumption Cathedral he main objective of the Management 1. To carry out scienti c research for the Tplan for the Assumption Cathedral is purpose of the organization of an e ective preservation of Outstanding Universal Val- control system for protection and preservation ue of the site nominated to the World Her- of attributes of Outstanding Universal Value itage List. of the nominated site and the organization of e realization of this objective is connect- monitoring of their state. ed with the solution of a system of tasks on 2. Conservation and preservation of the preservation of architectural and pictorial Assumption Cathedral. heritage of the Assumption Cathedral, pres- 3. Preservation of the movable property of ervation of its environment, and also preser- this site. vation and maintenance of its historical and 4. Preservation and regeneration of his- cultural landscape. An e ective solution of torical building and cultural landscape these tasks is possible only upon the transi- which is an important element for preserva- tion from protection of a separate monument tion of Outstanding Universal Value of the to preservation of the whole set of cultural Assumption Cathedral. and natural heritage with the minimum in- 5. Preservation of other objects of cultur- terference into the landscape environment al heritage (monuments of architecture and and with careful preservation in its tradition- archaeology) on the territory of the remark- al environment of the masterpiece of ancient able site “ e town-island of Sviyazhsk” (a architecture which is extant now. bu er zone of the site nominated for the To achieve of the main objective it is nec- World Heritage List). essary to solve the following problems: 6. Safety and protection of objects, de- crease in risks of destruction and loss. 6.2. Scienti c research of the Assumption Cathedral he activities aimed at preservation of enti c community and the leading experts TOutstanding Universal Value of the As- with the newly gained knowledge through sumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk and its publications and discussions at scienti c fo- study is included into the program of com- rums, and also for promoting of objects of plex scienti c research of the Assumption cultural heritage of Sviyazhsk in Russia and Cathedral and the cultural heritage of Svi- abroad with the use of traditional and mod- yazhsk in general. e scienti c research of ern methods of informing. the territory surrounding the Assumption An important condition when perform- Cathedral is an important condition for de- ing these research is the development of cor- velopment of a worthy place that is stipu- responding recommendations and regula- lated by the international requirements for tions concerning safety of objects of cultural preservation of objects of the World heri- heritage with implementation of conserva- tage. tion, museum, scienti c, administrative, so- e relevance of the comprehensive pro- cial, religious and other activities. gram is determined by the need of a fuller Complex study requires involvement of disclosure of historical and cultural poten- a wide range of experts of various scienti c tial of the Assumption Cathedral and other areas: historians, architects, art critics, re- objects of Sviyazhsk on the basis of modern storers, archaeologists, cultural specialists, research materials; familiarizing general sci- ethnographers, museologists, specialists in
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protection of cultural and natural heritage, - the analysis of organic components of with the use of the data obtained by scien- paints and the primer by the chromatogra- ti c methods. phy method, e main site of scienti c study and pres- - the examination of the painting layer ervation on the territory of Sviyazhsk is the by using the method of the nondestructive Assumption Cathedral nominated for the X-ray uorescent analysis, World Heritage List. - detection of the age of wooden con- e main directions of research of the ca- structive elements by using the method of thedral presuppose: the radio-carbon analysis, 1. Complex historical research, including: - detection of the time of drawing frescos identi cation and study of new archival ma- by means of studying of organic chemistry terials and sources; complex historical and of the primer by using the method of accel- archival, architectural, source study, histo- erating mass spectrometry, riographic, art criticism, culture research - chronological analysis of wood. and comparative analysis. e works on studying the design features e assessment of the current state and of the Assumption Cathedral are coming to development of measures for preservation the end: of the Assumption Cathedral on the basis of - the condition of the bases, complex interdisciplinary historical and ar- - the condition of walls and the roof, chaeological and scienti c research with ob- - the condition of the internal supporting taining new data on the construction time, structures of the cathedral. the materials, the technologies used during Special importance is attached to the its creation. study of temperature and moisture condi- tions in the cathedral and the organization us it is supposed to carry out: of continuous monitoring of temperature - the research of monumental painting for and moist parameters. the purpose of speci cation of its character- Interdisciplinary complex research works istics and detection of potential threats and include the studying of the condition of risks to the condition of the pictorial layer, soils, designs, temperature and moisture - the examination of the building of the conditions of monuments, primer and paint cathedral for the purpose of detection of po- layers of the frescos, and also the extent of tential threats and risks and of better condi- interventions into the author’s painting tions for preservation of monumental paint- which occurred at di erent times, continu- ing, ous monitoring of environment, of the level - the research of temperature and mois- of underground water, the condition of the ture conditions in the cathedral. protecting constructions and the murals of e set of measures on the research of the the cathedral. e research works contain, cathedral frescos has been determined and at the same time, technological studies by is being carried out: nondestructive methods with the help of - the analysis of the paints by using the the hi-tech equipment and are conducted on method of electronic scanning microscopy the basis of research and conservation labo- with a laser microanalyzer, ratories of Kazan Federal University, the In- - chemical analysis of the painting pig- stitute of conservation (Moscow) and other ments, leading centers of Russia and the world. - microbiological and genetic analysis of e complex of interdisciplinary methods biotics, based on broad application of nondestruc- tive methods of study increases the quality and the results of archaeological research.
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e combination of these methods when uniform information system including the studying cultural beddings expands the un- following modules: derstanding of integrity of authenticity of 1. Visualization of the nominated site by the object, opening some new knowledge creation of a 3D model. of its Outstanding universal value. is pro- 2. Historical and graphic reconstruction gram including archaeological research, cre- of the Assumption Cathedral, the architec- ates conditions for formation of a new stage tural innovations introduced and conserva- in understanding of the role and place of the tion activities performed. Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk in the 3. Monitoring of the condition of the As- world and Russian culture. sumption Cathedral in real time and archive e development of the automated com- of state. puter system aiming at systematization 4. e account and storage of samples of and accounting of results of all conducted research of the nominated site. research, at creation of the system of mon- 5. e account and storage of the results itoring and control of the current state of of research and analyses. the Assumption Cathedral and some other 6. e storage of archival documentary historical and architectural objects of the sources. town-island of Sviyazhsk is currently being 7. e organization of the multiuser mode conducted. e development of the auto- of access to the database. mated system will result in creation of the
6.3. Conservation and preservation of the Assumption Cathedral
6.3.1. Preservation of the property he main method of protection of the – monitoring of technical condition of the Tmonument is preservation directed at Assumption Cathedral allowing to detect providing optimum maintenance condi- the existing or possible destruction of the tions of the monument, identi cation and elements and constructions of the architec- elimination of causes of possible violations tural object. of the stone laying and other constructions, When working on monitoring scienti - and of monumental painting. is is carried cally based techniques and modern hi-tech out by means of a technique of complex pre- equipment of nondestructive control (an ventive maintenance based on long-term re- acoustic detector, an electronic tacheome- sults of scienti c research and the available ter) are used. experience of conservation activity. 2. Preventive maintenance and preserva- e system of complex preventive main- tion of the monument, including: tenance includes: – elimination of the established causes of 1. Complex monitoring of the condition physical and biological destructions of the of the Assumption Cathedral, including: site of cultural heritage; – monitoring of destructions as a result of – elimination of leakages of roofs and oth- water and wind erosion, mechanical in u- er parts of the building; ence and other causes; – regulation of the microclimate inside – monitoring of biodestructions allow- the building. ing to establish the centers and the causes e main task in ensuring preventive of emergence of biological deterioration of maintenance is providing continuity of the the monument; conducted activities.
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3. Collection and storage of information establishment of limits of visits to the ca- on the site nominated for the List of the thedral during the day (in particular, letting world heritage. into the cathedral only organized groups ac- ese works are carried out by scienti c cording to the established schedule). experts of corresponding pro les and are An important restriction is the ban on gathered and stored in Sviyazhsk conser- regular services in the Assumption Cathe- vancy area and the Ministry of Culture of dral. e cathedral has to lead a liturgical the Republic of Tatarstan – the government life, but the number of services has to be body of the Republic of Tatarstan responsi- limited. Preliminary research shows the ble for protection of cultural heritage. possibility of carrying out 1-2 services a e program of preservation of the inte- year (practically such a scheme is character- rior of the Assumption Cathedral also pre- istic of the majority of other ancient church supposes a number of technical and organi- buildings which are the Russian objects of zational activities. the World heritage – the churches in Kizhi, Special importance for preservation of the Kolomenskoe, Ferapontovo). is restric- paint layer is gained by observance of tem- tion won’t be an obstacle for believers from perature and moisture conditions. local population and visitors in meeting First of all, it is provided by the solution their religious needs as inviolable monastic of a technical problem of special heating of life remains in the St. John the Baptist Mon- oors in the basement of the cathedral. e astery and in all other buildings of the An- solution of this task will allow soen the in- nunciation Monastery, regular services also uence of winter temperatures, and also to take place in monastic church of Mother of reduce the negative in uence in the period God of all grieving pleasure and Konstantin of rainy weather and sharp cold snaps in a and Elena’s parish church. warm season. e current, annual and long-term plans e organizational mechanism of main- of scheduled, repair and conservation works tenance of the condition of monumental are drawn up on the basis of the monitoring painting lies in the measures for restriction de ning tendencies of change of the condi- of visits to the cathedral in the period of low tion of the Assumption Cathedral during a temperatures and high humidity, and also year.
6.3.2. Conservation of the property onservation of the Assumption Cathe- – World Heritage Convention 1972, Cdral is considered as a compulsive and – e Venice charter concerning preser- exclusive measure, aimed at preservation and vation and conservation of monuments and detection of esthetic and historical values of sites, 1964, the monument. e decision on conserva- – e recommendation of UNESCO “On tion is made by the government bodies of preservation and modern role of historical protection of monuments on the basis of the ensembles”, 1976, conclusion of the expert commission orga- – Nara document “On Authenticity”, 1994. nized for the solution of conservation tasks. During conservation preference has to When forming the principles of conserva- be given to traditional materials and tech- tion of the Assumption Cathedral interna- nologies. Any element introduced into the tional charters, standards and control direc- monument during conservation has to be tives on maintaining objects of culture as are marked so that in future it would be possible considered as the basis: to identify it easily.
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During conservation activities of the As- nominated for the List of the world heritage sumption Cathedral special attention is paid has to be created; to conservation process monitoring: – information about available conser- – when carrying out conservation con- vation materials ( rst of all, about the pre- stant control over the quality of performed pared white stone) has to be included into a works by the author of the project, represen- special database; tatives of the conservancy area and the state – in the course of works the condition of supervisory authorities has to be exercised; each conservated element, technology of its – for monitoring of the process of con- conservation and other data have to be de- servation all available, including hi-tech scribed in detail; all of them have to be en- methods, for example, geodetic control, tered into a special journal; technological control over the condition of – when carrying out conservation works materials have to be used; on the territory of the Assumption Cathe- – within conservation monitoring a da- dral technological monitoring is constantly tabank of the elements taken from the site conducted. 6.4. Preservation of movable property he funds of the Museum-reserve “Os- a similar museum – creation of an exposi- Trov-grad Sviyazhsk” include objects of tion which would precede the visit to the archaeology, numismatics, ethnography, Assumption Cathedral and acquaint visitors painting, graphics, sculpture, items of ap- with history of its construction, the concept plied art, photos, documents, rare books. of monumental painting, copies of separate e number of exhibits of the main stock as fragments, the remained artifacts of the pe- of January 1, 2015 was more than 38 thou- riod of creation and functioning of the ca- sand items, including archaeology objects – thedral. more than 22 thousand; objects of applied us, visitors will be able to receive con- art, life and ethnography – about 1500 thou- siderable preliminary information on the sand; manuscripts – about 1500, rare books Assumption Cathedral in this museum, and – about 500, works of painting and graphics won’t stay in the cathedral themselves to – about 600. receive preliminary explanations for a long Some items from the territory of Sviyazhsk time. ereby a very important problem are stored in the museum of archaeology of connected with the organization of visits to Kazan Federal University (Kazan). Icons, li- the Assumption Cathedral, the reduction of turgical objects are stored in the State Muse- visitors’ staying time and the observance of um of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan temperature and moisture conditions will (Kazan) and in the National Museum of the be solved (more details about the organiza- Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan). tion of this museum see in section 7.3). Functions of identi cation, accounting, e main objective of the next years is the storage, ensuring safety, studying, the pub- organization of activities for acceleration of lication of museum objects and collections, formation of the museum fund, giving this and also ensuring access to them are as- process a systematic and evidence-based signed to the museum. character. Creation of a special Museum of Ortho- Provision of museum funds with objects dox culture is stipulated. Its placement is and collections is carried out as at the expense planned in the historical building opposite of both budgetary and non-budgetary sourc- the Assumption Cathedral in the refecto- es, also due to more active work of museums ry of St. Nicholas Church. e purpose of with individual persons and legal entities for
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the purpose of gratuitous transfer to the mu- Since 2014 creation of conservation work- seums of collections and separate items. shops as a part of the Sviyazhsky museum e main priorities of ensuring safety of in which it is supposed to realize four main museum objects and museum collections are: areas of work conducted: - formation of a special fund presup- 1. conservation of oil and tempera paint- posing equipping by the portable museum ing, objects making and emphasizing the Out- 2. conservation of paper sources, standing Universal Value of the Assumption 3. conservation of ceramics, Cathedral; 4. conservation of objects from a damp - creation and introduction of a uniform archaeological layer. information system of monitoring of the state Subsequently the work of conservation and use of museum objects and collections; workshops will be conducted in two direc- - systematic formation of registration da- tions: conservation of furniture and wood- tabases, maintenance of data in valid and en objects and conservation of objects from complete state; metal. - development and implementation of e priority directions of development in systems of security and registration mark- the eld of preservation and conservation of ing of museum objects, and also creation of museum objects are: insurance electronic copies of the main reg- - training of restorers (higher vocational istration documentation of the museum; education, professional development, train- - development and implementation of ing). modern systems of ensuring safety (control - technological equipment of conserva- and providing the temperature and moist tion departments. and light modes, control and ensuring mi- - research maintenance of works at con- crobiological and entomological safety), an- servation of museum objects. titerrorist, anticriminal and re safety; - creation of a depositary. - creation of conditions for use of di er- - development of the preventive preser- ent types of protection by the museum; vation of cultural values allowing in many - development of anti-crisis plans and in- cases to avoid conservation intervention. structions on actions in case of emergency Existence of conservation workshops in situations. the structure of the Sviyazhsky museum, e museum fund carries out methodical and also a eld laboratory of the Institute of ensuring of work on the account and stor- archaeology possessing great conservation age of the museum objects and museum opportunities and experience, cooperation collections collected by them. In modern with Kazan (Volga) Federal University al- conditions preservation of museum funds lows regard Sviyazhsk as a new regional cen- demands an e ective combination of the ter of practical conservation and consider latest methods of research, preservation and this direction of the museum and its partner conservation. Conservation activity allows organizations, as a promising one. not only keep a monument, but also reveal its historical and cultural and art importance. 6.5. Preservation and regeneration of historical environment and cultural landscape or preservation of the Outstanding Uni- ga area it’s necessary to apply a landscape Fversal Value of the Assumption Cathe- approach. Preservation of such monument dral and of the refectory Church of St. Nich- can be made only within its inherent cul- olas with the bell tower, as one of the main tural and landscape complex. is complex, monuments of Sviyazhsk and all of this Vol- in which nature and historical components,
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elements of tangible and intangible heritage remains of four churches of XVI−XVIII organically related to each other, for the As- centuries: the Nativity Cathedral, St. So- sumption Cathedral in a narrow sense is the a, St. Nicholas and Annunciation church- territory of the island of Sviyazhsk, but in a es, Troitskaya Street building, Uspenskaya broad sense it is the territory and the wa- square, and parts of Uspenskaya street. e ter area within the boundaries of the bu er external boundaries of the zones established zone (Annex, sections 1,5). in the city center of the Shchuka river, on the e aim of the management plan in this South line of the water edge along the coast- aspect is the development of mechanisms to line and is bordered by the island from the ensure the preservation of the authenticity, North, North - West, West, South - West, the integrity not only of the Assumption Ca- South and South-East, repeating the trac- thedral, but also cultural and natural land- ing of the wall of the city. Internal bound- scape of Sviyazhsk and regeneration of the aries are set by Rozhdestvenskaya street, the historical and cultural environment. border houses on Uspenskaya street, Mo- e territory of Sviyazhsk is characterized nastirskaya street in the North. 28 objects of by preservation of many historic architec- cultural heritage of federal importance, in- tural sites that form the cultural space, com- cluding the nominated objects. 7 objects on ponents and emphasizing the Outstanding the territory of the Assumption monastery, universal value of the Assumption Cathe- 9 – on the territory of St. John the Baptist dral. ey are monuments of history and monastery. ere are 12 objects on the allo- culture, the layout structure of the former cated territory of cultural heritage at the re- city, the archaeological layer and archaeo- gional level. ey have their xed territory, logical sites, sites of natural, historical and including the complex of stable yard build- cultural landscape. As a result of conserva- ings of Annunciation monastery, a complex tion work and further museumi cation they of state-owned facilities (treasury, govern- become important objects of the museum ment oces, prisons, oce space prisons, sphere and tourist show. hospitals, bathhouses) by Monastirsky lane, An important condition for further devel- the trading building on the city square, a res- opment of sights area is the research and re- idential house (Medvedev-Brovkina) with a generation of the historical landscape with columned portico (Moskovskaya str. 8/ the the elaboration of mechanisms for its pres- quay of the river Shchuka), the house of the ervation. mayor F. P. Polyakov ( Eleninskaya street, 4). To preserve the integrity and authenticity В – subzone of valuable and ordinary city of the Assumption Cathedral and the Trinity forming environment of the island; occupies Church, the urban cultural landscape, in par- the North-Western, Northern and Central ticular, the objects of historically valuable en- parts of the island. Bounded in the North- vironment, the di erentiated regimes on the West to Naberezhnaya street of the Shchuka territory of the island are developed. ree river (along the walls of the XVI century, in the subzones in planning and morphological fea- East - Rozhdestvenskaya street, in the South- tures are dedicated (Annex, sections 1). East boundary of the houses of Uspenskaya А – the subzone of the highest concentra- street (buildings on both sides of the street), tion of cultural heritage objects. in the South West – Monastirskaya lane. On is is the territory of the former for- the territory of the subzone located 3 objects tress part of the town. It includes the terri- of cultural heritage of regional signi cance, tory of the Assumption, Bogoroditsky and which have their xed territory, including the John the Baptist monasteries, the Church of complex of buildings of the provincial hospital Constantine and Helena, Christmas square on Nikolskaya street, 10, 18; Uspenskaya street with the architectural and archaeological 8,11, 13. is building on a regular plan of
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streets occupies the North-Western, Northern centre of Kazan. ere were considered the and Central parts of the island. Intra-cutting volume of buildings and its decor. areas for home ownership is a relict element of e results of the research gave the op- the mid-XVI century. portunity to recommend ve basic types of С – subzone with low density and with houses for the building of Sviyazhsk, which single inclusions of cultural heritage sites; can be recommended as models for hous- occupies lower Posadskaya the North-East- ing development. Also there was developed ern part of the island with ne thread quar- the concept of the improvement works and terly construction. It has 1 cultural heritage landscaping of Sviyazhsk in accordance with property of regional value with their xed historically traditional principles. territory – a tradesman’s house Timofeev-Ter- Organization of an e ective system of entiev-Brovkin - Djyackovich in Konstanti- management for protection and preserva- novskaya street and 5 identi ed objects. tion of the attributes of the Outstanding Subzone identi ed to the di erentiation Universal Value of the Assumption Cathe- of content and modes of land use, the rele- dral and monitoring is carried out through vant regimes and regulations established in the regulation of regimes of the bu er zone accordance with applicable national urban in accordance with international and na- planning and monument protection law. tional legislation. e management plan regulates the build- Taking into consideration the need to pre- ing of Sviyazhsk. is developed design solu- serve the cultural landscape in the manage- tions for typical houses for Sviyazhsk, which ment plan identi es measures to study the are designed to recreate the lost typical res- natural heritage of the territory of Sviyazhsk idential environment and to minimize the and the bu er zone. negative impact is already built disharmo- e rst zone of protection around the nious objects. ey used repeatedly applied Assumption and of St. John the Baptist mon- principle of construction of county cities in asteries of Sviyazhsk was established in 1969 the Russian Empire, when the provincial by the government of the Tatar ASSR. In authorities recommended di erent types of 1998 on the territory of modern bu er zone “model” projects. the State natural reserve “Sviyazhsk” was or- In this regard, the concept of project pro- ganized and in 2009, the island has received posals by modern residential building of Svi- the status of the historic site as a special kind yazhsk contains the principle of the maximum of cultural heritage sites at the regional level. matching of the external appearance of histor- Changes in borders of zones of protection ic buildings: similar in size, structure and pro- of Sviyazhsk island included in “Schemes of portions of the main facades forming the con- territorial planning of the Republic and dis- struction of streets, the colors, the techniques trict”, developed and approved by the Cabi- and the details of the decoration. e internal net of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, layout and engineering equipment of residen- new boundaries of the bu er zone and the tial buildings is carried out in accordance with modes of the content areas, di erentiated modern requirements. As a basis for project- according to national legislation. ing on the results of eld research preserved A bu er zone of the Annunciation cathe- historic residential building of Sviyazhsk there dral provides the necessary conditions for were selected some of the most expressive the protection of historical environment and and characteristic types of homes. ere was surrounding landscape. An extensive bu er a detailed analysis of the preserved historical zone, an area of 11,563.9 hectares, compris- building of Sviyazhsk, historic buildings trans- es land (29%), and water (71%) around the ported from Sviyazhsk, as well as analysis of island taking into account visual connec- similar buildings, preserved in the historical tions to the property and from the property,
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and also includes the necessary protections Zone Z I – the territory of islands – lands within the bu er zone. e coastline is tak- of water fund: Zelenodolsky (sections 1 и 2) en at the water edge at elevation 53 m of и Verkhneuslonsky (section 3) regions Kuibyshev reservoir. Zone Z II – built-up coastal areas of A bu er zone provides conditions of per- Verkhneuslonsky (sections 1 и 2) and Zele- ception, as a property nominated for inscrip- nodolsky (sections 3 и 4) regions. tion on the World Heritage List and a number Zone of the protected natural landscape: of monuments of Sviyazhsk, and from them, Zone Z III – water area (territory) which since the attribute value is integrity with the is not included in the State natural reserve surrounding cultural and natural landscape. of regional importance “Sviyazhsky” within e visual appeal of the island and its unique the Zelenodolsky region(section №1 , except location is also associated with the impor- the territory of a cultural heritage of Federal tance of Sviyazhsk in geopolitical terms, as importance - Makarievsky monastery Com- a unique natural and architectural complex, plex PAC), the waters of Zelenodolsky and located almost in the middle over the Volga Verkhneuslonsky regions (section № 2) river is the largest river of the Russian Feder- Zone III А – water area (territory) of the ation and Europe in general. State natural reserve of regional importance Basin visibility of landmarks – churches of “Sviyazhsky” (sections 1 and 2) Sviyazhsk is 25 km. Modes of zones control Zone Z IV – undeveloped coastal areas of housing development and economic ac- of Verkhneuslonsky (sections 1 and 2) and tivity allows to constrain urban development Zelenodolsky (sections 3 and 4) regions. pressure and to preserve the unique look of Point panoramic perception identi ed, Sviyazhsk on the surrounding countryside mapped and included in the site of protec- and open spaces of elds and woodland, in tion – the attributes of the cultural heritage which there is a complex of Makarievsky property with the status of the historic site monastery, as well as the panoramic disclo- of regional signi cance. sure to the island from the xed points. e combination of these zones constitute e bu er area is the aggregate of the protec- a single bu er zone. tion zones (Annex, section 1) of the remark- e boundaries of the bu er zone is es- able site of the “town-island of Sviyazhsk” and tablished on the basis of landscape and vi- includes the following areas of regulation of sual analysis, the boundaries of individual housing development and economic activity: protection areas – on the basis of morpho- e zones of regulation of development logical, landscape and historical-architec- and economic activity tural analysis. 6.6. e preservation of archaeological sites n the territory of Sviyazhsk there is ar- prehensive study and scienti c assessment Ochaeological cultural layer of the mid- of archaeological deposits archaeological dle ages, which is an exceptional source of cultural layers and sites in this territory. information about the property and history For many years of research, launched in of the region in the XVI−XX centuries. In the second half of the twentieth century, is order to preserve the archaeological heri- studied no more than 7% of the area of the tage located on the territory of the histor- historic site (Annex, sections 1,5). e re- ic site of regional (Republican) values “ e mainder represents an authentic and holis- town-island of Sviyazhsk”, on the ground of tic object. e unique history of Sviyazhsk the planned excavation and other types of fortress has no analogues in Russian mili- works, hold preliminary rescue archaeolog- tary history. In the cultural layer of the mon- ical eld work for the purpose of the com- ument re ected information from the epoch
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of Ivan e Terrible to the political repres- cavation. For newly identi ed architectur- sion of the XX century. al and archaeological objects preservation e most important feature of the Svi- methods are used. So in the coastline of yazhsk archaeological cultural layer, in the Sviyazhsk, on the territory of distribution lower part of the city, is it thicker wooden “wet cultural layer” created the museum of remnants of the middle ages, the so-called archaeology of the wood in the Tatar Slobo- “wet cultural layer”. e cultural layer in this da, where in situ planned the conservation part of the property reaches 3 meters. Au- of archaeological excavation. An important thentic cultural layer of Sviyazhsk re ects part of this work is the creation of a labo- the state of its formation in the middle ages, ratory for the support of works in the eld reveals all the features of the topography and of conservation, conservation of archaeo- its functional features for individual sites. logical wood and maintain in subsequent Modern archaeological research focused museum exhibitions, and experimental ar- on the study of topical issues of development chaeological research. In the upper part of of the monument attract the whole complex Sviyazhsk held museumi cation of the ruins of interdisciplinary methods based on the of two Orthodox churches, the Church of extensive use of non-destructive methods Annunciation and the Church of St. Nicho- of learning, that enhances the quality and las, which were destroyed in the 1930s. results of archaeological research. Methods e development of scienti c research in of archaeological research on the territory Sviyazhsk assumes continuation of imple- of Sviyazhsk correspond to internationally mentation of archaeological work in order accepted standards. to preserve the cultural layer. e compre- Currently on the territory of Sviyazhsk hensive program of scienti c research of the the following research methods are applied: Assumption Cathedral and the cultural her- - historical - archaelogical; itage of Sviyazhsk for the period 2015-2019, - geophysical; also includes extensive use of modern meth- - chemical-engineering; ods of studying of archaeological site: - soil and pollen; - geophysical studies of the territory of - anthropogenic; the Assumption and of St. John the Bap- - archaeo-zoological; tist monasteries for localization historically - geoinformational (GIS, 3D modeling, known objects; etc.). - research and development of the forti- Widely used non-destructive cultural lay- cations of Sviyazhsk of the second half of er geophysical methods allowing to localize the XVI century, which are emphasizing architectural and industrial constructions the Outstanding Universal Value of the As- (GPR). Introduction of technologies of sumption Cathedral. Fence of the Assump- computer mapping archaeological site al- tion monastery on the southwest side of Svi- lows the xation of the mass of material in yazhsk was a part of the fortress; the excavation area using precision survey- - implementation of scienti c architec- ing equipment. Development of database tural and archaeological research, pre ur- management systems and geographic infor- ban and early urban history of Sviyazhsk mation systems in archaeology provides an and counties in the delta of the Sviyaga river opportunity not only to capture the spatial with museumi cation of found objects. arrangement of archaeological nds, but Archaeological studies also suggest the also to predict the location of monuments systematization of results and the mainte- on the still unexplored territories. nance and formation of managed database Carried out a comprehensive conserva- on the historical and cultural heritage. tion of the items retrieved during the ex-
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Authentic cultural layer of Sviyazhsk re- al characteristics for individual sites. It re- ects the state of its formation from the mid- mained unchanged, and contains data about dle ages to the XX century and reveals all objects, planigraphy, production facilities the features of the topography of the cultur- and separate facilities, many of which are al landscape of the Assumption Cathedral not expressed visually, but are stored under and its surroundings, as well as its function- a layer of earth.
6.7. e system of measures for reduction of risks of disasters
6.7.1. Protection principles or the site nominated to the World Her- – pronounced seasonality of tourist trac Fitage List, there are two main categories - intensive peak summer load. of risks: e basic principles for the protection of – associated with potential natural and the Assumption Cathedral are: biological factors of physical destruction of – systematization of all threats and cor- the site nominated for the inscription on the responding systematization of measures for World Heritage List; the protection of the site; – due to current activities of the various – prevention and timely preventing the members of society whose interests are di- very possibility of threat; rectly related to the Assumption Cathedral – ensuring compliance of the measures to or a ect it. the objectives of protection: the means and Risk management is directly related to methods should be sucient and distributed their monitoring and periodic analysis of in accordance with the probability of threats process control. and the importance of the protected area; e peculiarities of the Assumption Ca- – the combination of prompt and e ective thedral and its cultural landscape, deter- technical means, meeting the objectives of mining the choice of measures for their pro- protection in the best way. tection are: Forward planning and readiness for threats – the location of monuments on the ter- of all kinds are essential aspects of the man- race of the river and the susceptibility of agement plan of the Assumption Cathedral this territory to geological disturbances and and its cultural landscape to ensure a high landslides; security level of the site relative to possible – structural vulnerability of preserved threats. In addition to the measures for the parts of stone buildings; protection of historical and cultural environ- – the need for protection from various ment and the cultural landscape of Sviyazhsk types of external in uences and destruction; (see sections 6.5 and 6.6 of the Management – severe weather and climate conditions plan) were speci cally conducted ecological of exploitation the monuments and its pro- research on identi cation of hazardous and tective equipment; adverse natural processes in the bu er zone – the vulnerability of the landscape envi- of the property nominated for the inscription ronment of monuments; on the World Heritage List (Annex 3 to the Management plan). 6.7.2. Landslides and geological faults Considering that the Sviyazhsk is washed tion, the spring lling, ascent and descent of on all sides by the Volga river and, therefore, water in the Kuibyshev reservoir (upgrade exposed to water due to seasonal uctua- to 5.4 m and above, achieves the highest
214 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
mark to 54,60 m BS), the implementation of However, the problem of landslides and landslide protection is extremely important. geological violations perceived by republi- During the period of operation of the can and local bodies of executive power as Kuibyshev reservoir (1957), the coastline a problem of a large scale. In this regard, the has undergone signi cant processing, the Ministry of ecology and natural resources of retreat of the banks amounted to 90-140 m. the Republic of Tatarstan is monitoring and In the area of recycling got a coastal area controlling the situation at the facility and in near the river station. Currently the situa- the case of need it is planned to include the tion has stabilized. development of plans and corresponding Landslide and bank protection works project documentation with the decision of were carried out in 2009-2013 around the questions of nancing. perimeter of Sviyazhsk, and they have im- proved the situation.
6.7.3. Fire protection Action planning in case of re in Sviyazhsk archival materials and books and has a spe- is extremely important. Russian and Tatarstan cial procedure of combating their re and legislation ensure the protection of architec- epidemiological diseases. tural monuments, museums and buildings of All sites are provided with re alarm with the Museum, as well as residential buildings output for remote protection and control in the village, which are private property. point of each site separately. e following In the Museum, and the Assumption sites are equipped with the re protection monastery a plan of re prevention mea- systems: sures was draed and approved. e build- - e Assumption Cathedral, Museum ing of the Assumption Cathedral, Museum, of the history of Sviyazhsk, conference cen- exhibition halls, storage facility, conference tre of museum, hotel and cafe “Sviyaga” are center, hotel, café and other facilities have equipped with dry powder re extinguish- local plans for ghting res. ers and re valves. e re station is in the village of Nizh- - Repository: gaseous re in the storage nie Vyazovie - a 10-minute drive from Svi- areas on the second oor of the building. yazhsk. e re Department inspects the Museum, the Assumption and John the Assumption Cathedral (the Trinity Church Baptist monasteries and other buildings are and other monuments on the territory of located in the jurisdiction of the division of Sviyazhsk) twice a year and makes provi- occupational safety and health of the Min- sions for the implementation of re preven- istry of culture of the Republic of Tatarstan, tion measures. e re department is aware Tatarstan Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox of the value of archaeological artifacts, con- Church, Zelenodolsky region municipality, struction of the monuments, documentary which hold regular re drills.
6.7.4. Terrorism and serious accidents e Ministry of Internal A airs of the uations of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation in the Republic of Ta- Ministry of health of the Republic of Ta- tarstan and its unit in the Zelenodolsky re- tarstan and its subdivisions they developed gion are responsible for the consequences alternative plans in case of emergencies and of terrorist acts and other serious incidents. special plans for liquidation of consequenc- Along with the Ministry for emergency sit-
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es with regard to the Assumption Cathedral, museum, religious, and other monuments. 6.7.5. Vandalism, the and accidental damage Vandalism, the and accidental damage Near and inside the monuments, where are viewed as extremely important aspects there are stands with the presentation and in the management of the site. In the As- other technical information and multime- sumption Cathedral burglar and re alarms dia products, applied video surveillance and and other protection measures are installed. vandal - proof materials. In Sviyazhsk Museum, the exhibition halls, To prevent cases of the and vandalism storage facility, expositions, and other areas the improvement and strengthening of se- where there are movable artifacts, preserva- curity measures is provided. In the case of tion is ensured in accordance with national visiting the museums and monuments by legislation for the recording and storage of many tourists, sightseers and pilgrims, these Museum values. All archaeological artifacts, measures will be corrected in the manage- paintings and other movable property are ment plan. In the section of “Fund Manage- catalogued and numbered. Museum objects ment” the key management priorities for the containing precious stones and metals have conservation of museum objects and collec- a special account and special measures for tions for the next 20 years are provided. An their conservation in the form of safes, safe important aspect in this regard is the cre- rooms with the sealing, security alarm and ation of virtual museums, exhibitions and video surveillance. All the buildings are pro- expositions, which excludes the possibility vided with a security alarm. of vandalism and the.
6.7.6. Anthropogenic pressure e task is to reduce the anthropogenic – anti - terrorist measures, especially in impact on the nominated Assumption Ca- situations of mass in the vicinity of the site thedral is one of the most important points on the days of religious and national holi- in protecting the monuments. Within the days; management plan the permanent improve- e management plan provides the de - ment of the control of the ow of visitors is nition of counted (permissible) anthropo- provided, which includes: genic load on the territory, monuments and – tourist groups and visits to museum ex- natural landscape of Sviyazhsk, as well as hibitions (the guide is responsible for mon- the assessment of anthropogenic in uence itoring the implementation of the rules of that will allow adjust the mode and timing visiting the museum-reserve); of visits. It is planned the meseumi cation – the distribution of the museum atten- of new facilities on the island that will allow dants in the museum and exhibition halls avoid crowds of tourists at the Assumption and interiors and in the eld of active visit- Cathedral and other the most interesting ing the monuments on the island; monuments of history and culture, and rel- – implementation of re inspection atively evenly distribute in the territory of (smoking and open re bans); Sviyazhsk. e introduction of a new (ad- – security, police public order and pre- ditional) and supporting tour itineraries for ventive measures against unauthorised and tourists and visitors will relieve the tourist unlawful actions; ow on the main (most visited) site of the complex.
216 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
With the development of the concept of ple. e maximum number when operating sustainable tourism, we pay special atten- the Cathedral as a display monument for tion to the calculation of the maximum 5 months a year will be 36,000 people. anthropogenic load on the territory of the In order to ensure quali ed demonstra- town-island of Sviyazhsk and the nominat- tion of interesting places for tourists in Svi- ed individual properties – the Assumption yazhsk and to reduction of anthropogenic Cathedral and the Trinity Church. pressure, in the management of a tourist Maximum anthropogenic pressure on the destination e “town-island of Sviyazhsk” Assumption Cathedral. will be a redistribution of tourist ows be- Comfortable visit to the Cathedral can be tween the sites. carried out by a group of no more than 40 In the collections of the Museum of the people. e full story of the Assumption Ca- history of Sviyazhsk can hold up to 100 peo- thedral and its unique frescoes takes about ple (1,000 people per day, 360,000 per year). 20 minutes, considering the entrance into In St. Nicholas Church, the Cathedral of the Church and out of it this time increased the Mother of God “Joy of All who sorrow” to 30 minutes. can accommodate up to 40 people (800 peo- In the early years the Cathedral will be ple per day, 288,000 a year). In the Church of open for visits only during the warmer Saint Constantine and Helen − up to 20 peo- months in the period of the tourist season ple (400 people per day, the 144000 per year). from May 1 to September 27 in order to e maximum number of visitors will maintain temperature and humidity condi- help preserve the temperature and humidity tions. is daily routine during the period of the monuments, the elements of exterior of the tourist season will last 10 hours (from and interior, but also to increase the number 10:00 to 16:00). of repeat visits places that has great market- us, every day the Cathedral will be ing e ect to attract tourists. wisited by 6 groups with a total of 240 peo- 6.7.7 Reducing the consequences of disasters and natural disasters e problem of natural disasters, oods emergency situations of the Republic of Ta- and other natural disasters is perceived as tarstan includes measures to reduce these a problem of signi cant scale, so the pro- consequences. grams of the Ministry of civil defence and 7. e creation of conditions for sustainable development of the surrounding area n order to achieve the objective 2 -“ Creating 2. To form the mechanism of the tourist Ithe conditions for conservation and sustain- ow management; able development of the surrounding area”, it is 3. To arrange the conditions for local necessary to solve the following tasks: community development; 1. To arrange an ecient use of the Assump- 4. To popularize and promote the site tion Cathedral potential by means of devel- nominated for the inscription on the World opment of the State Historical, Architectural Heritage List; and Art Museum-Reserve «Ostrov-Grad Svi- yazhsk”;
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7.1 Organization of the e cient use of historic and cultural potential of the Assumption Cathedral evelopment of the territory in the sur- accordance with modern requirements and Droundings of the property nominated for regulations. the inscription on the World Heritage List is Conservation of the historic landscape and intended to be realized on the landscape ap- environment and, even more, the initiation proach basis. of infrastructure, should be made only on Consecutive realization of the given the basis of local projects, pass over extensive principle will allow preserve the historical discussion and agreement at the internation- environment and develop necessary infra- al level. Any new project related to the buf- structure, using only traditional historical- fer zone of the property and the surrounding ly grounded forms, and also historical en- area, nominated for the inscription on the vironment, planning (layout) and cultural World Heritage List, must pass through pub- landscape of Sviyazhk island. lic debate and the procedure of implemen- e outlined arrangements are designed tation of impact assessment of Outstanding to enlarge the range of services linked with Universal Value and the surrounding land- the Assumption Cathedral presentation and scape as recommended by ICOMOS in order enhance their quality, to guarantee the se- to avoid harm to integrity and authenticity of curity of cultural and natural heritage sites, the Assumption Cathedral. and also to improve social and economic sit- For the conservation and use of cultural uation in the region. heritage for the spiritual and cultural de- e administration plan comprises the velopment of Russia social and economic following directions of the region develop- development of local communities and pro- ment: the whole territory of the site nom- viding access to cultural values, according inated to the World Heritage List together to the global signi cance of the Assumption with its bu er area will be considered as an Cathedral, special national and interna- integrated cultural landscape site includ- tional signi cance of the historical, cultur- ing not only architectural monuments and al, spiritual and natural heritage site of e archaeological sites, but also subsequent- “town-island of Sviyazhsk”, the President of ly built-up environment, natural sites, the the Republic of Tatarstan addressed a treat- Volga riverside landscape; keeping in view ment on turning the territory of Sviyazhsk presentation purposes, it is being planned to into a historical and architectural muse- build a museum complex consisting of sev- um-reserve. eral exhibit displays which will be naturally ere are all reasons to create it in Svi- extended to tour itinerary round the ancient yazhsk. ey are the following: city of Sviyazhsk (a sort of an open air muse- - the integrity of the historical and cultur- um); creating a system of di erent museums al complex of the XVI – early XX centuries, will enable to distribute visitors evenly on including architectural monuments, urban the site territory and avoid excessive visitor ensembles, as well as preserved ancient cul- load to main historical sites; tural layer of soil of archaeological and his- Historical environment reconstruction torical value; will demand creating modern and sup- - high level of preservation of historically portive infrastructure that would guarantee formed planning structure of Sviyazhsk, a maintenance and presentation of the As- complex of monuments of religious and civ- sumption cathedral and other heritage sites, il architecture; comfortable housing conditions for the lo- - the presence of a unique qualities of the cal community and providing services in exposure of the town-island of Sviyazhsk
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and surrounding areas favorable for the de- Sviyazhsk”was reorganized into the State bud- velopment of tourism and creativity. get institution of culture of the Republic of Ta- e concept of creation and development tarstan «State historical architectural and art of state budget institution of culture of the Museum-reserve «Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan «State historical-ar- e museum-reserve in Sviyazhsk will chitectural and art Museum «Ostrov-Grad aim to conserve, study, and keep the As- Sviyazhsk” was developed according to the sumption Cathedral open to the public. It order of the President of the Russian Feder- will also strive to maintain other monu- ation dated 7.08.2008 No. Pr-1617. ments and ensembles that are located nearby On July 24, 2009, the proposal of the Min- and constitute the entire historical, architec- istry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan tural and natural complex. As the territory on creation of state budget institution of cul- of the museum-reserve is be de ned within ture of the Republic of Tatarstan «State his- the boundaries of the historic settlement, torical-architectural and art Museum «Os- people who own land there will not lose it, trov-Grad Sviyazhsk” was supported by the and construction that will take place there Board of the Ministry of Culture of the Rus- will not contradict the conservation policy sian Federation and the concept on its cre- of the museum-reserve. ation and development was approved (deci- e purpose of the museum-reserve cre- sion of the Board of the Ministry of Culture ation is to preserve the Outstanding Universal of the Russian Federation dated 24.06.2009 Value of the Assumption Cathedral; it’s also No. 11). e speci ed concept was further socio-cultural use of the historically architec- developed as the concept of development tural, artistic, landscape and natural heritage, of state budget institution of culture of the as well as development of Sviyazhsk as a cul- Republic of Tatarstan «State historical archi- tural center of Tatarstan and Russia. Muse- tectural and art Museum «Ostrov-Grad Svi- um-reserve is the high-status of the territory. yazhsk” for further creation of the culture e main objectives of the museum-re- reserve and approved by order of the Min- serve foundation are: istry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan 1. Management of the Assumption Cathe- dated 14.06.2011 No. 453. dral as the site nominated for the inscription On August 28, 2009, the Cabinet of Min- on the World Heritage List, isters of the Republic of Tatarstan signed 2. Organization of the management of the decree 584 “On Reorganization of the State historical territory and the process of pres- Budgetary Cultural Institution of the Repub- ervation of historical and cultural heritage, lic of Tatarstan “ e State Museum of Fine 3. Supporting the conservation and pres- Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan.” is result- ervation of the cultural heritage. ed in creation of the state budget institution 4. Creation of the museum complex. of culture of the Republic of Tatarstan «State 5. Accounting, storage, acquisition, study, historical-architectural and art Museum use and promotion of museum items and «Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”. It secured the state collections. property of the Republic of Tatarstan and the 6. Organization of research and method- land for their subsequent transfer to the fed- ical work. eral property with the ultimate goal of build- 7. Museum-reserve participation in social ing the Sviyazhsk Federal Museum-Reserve. development programs of Sviyazhsk. In 2015, the state budget institution of culture 8. Creating the facilities for the imple- of the Republic of Tatarstan «State historical-ar- mentation of cultural tourism in the muse- chitectural and art Museum «Ostrov-Grad um-reserve’s territory.
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7.2. Functional zoning of Sviyazhsk territory as a condition for sustainable development of the site nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List functional zoning is one of the tools for in the southwestern part of the island. e Asustainable development of Sviyazhsk as territory of the monastery is protected by well as preservation of the cultural heritage of a fence that in the west runs along the em- the territory, integrity of cultural landscapes bankment of the Shchuka River to the upper and appearance of the historic places and also edge of the hill, in the north and north-east presentation and use of historical and cultur- runs parallel to Monastyrsky Street and fur- al potential. ther on the considerable length runs along It is intended to provide the preservation Uspenskaya Street. e monastery complex of monuments in their historical and land- includes a group of buildings of the XVI and scape environment, as well as to target the XX centuries, including: the Assumption main directions of land use. Functional zon- Cathedral with a unique complex of frescoes ing of Sviyazhsk is based on the characteris- and the refectory of St. Nicholas Church of tics of historical, archaeological and natural the XVI century, as well as a large group of heritage of Sviyazhsk, as well as cultural and religious, residential and commercial build- landscape features of the territory of the is- ings and historical cemetery. Currently the land. complex belongs to the monastery. Determining the boundaries of functional 1b. Ivanovsky Convent. Ivanovsky Con- zones in addition to the cultural landscape vent is located southeast from the Assump- zoning the following factors were taken into tion Monastery. e monastery territory is account: surrounded by a fence that runs along the - analysis of the development of the plan- south knap along the river embankment of ning structure of the attraction, analysis of the Sviyaga, on the west it descends to the buildings ( the value and the predominant Sviyaga River, for a considerable distance type of the monuments were taken into con- along Alexandrskaya and Troitskaya streets. sideration), e monastery complex includes wooden - peculiarities of heritage preservation Trinity Church which was built in the XVI aims, century - a unique monument of wooden - perspective directions of development architecture of federal signi cance, St. Ser- of the museum, gus Church (XVI – early XVII c.), the Ca- - social factors of the development of the thedral of the Mother of God «Joy of All territory. who sorrow” (the XIX and XX centuries), On the territory of Sviyazhsk it is reason- and a large group of iconic residential build- able to distinguish the following functional ings and outbuildings. areas (Annex, section 1): - e monastery complex, 2. e museum area - Museum area, e dedicated museum area is an urban - Historical center, area with a complex of public buildings of - Historical and Trading quarter, the XIX century, where now the Museum of - Area of historical buildings, the History of Sviyazhsk is situated, as well - Coastal landscape zones. as a district hospital complex which was ese functional zones can be character- transferred to the museum, a complex of ized in the following way: buildings of the former stables. e muse- um area also includes a fragment of Mona- 1. e monastery complex styrskaya Street and Nikolskaya Street with 1а. e Assumption Monastery. e As- well-preserved archaeological remains of sumption Monastery complex is located St. Nicholas Church. e following regions
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are included: the area with the viewing plat- grocery store, catering facilities, and the form between the gates of the Assumption Museum of ethnography “Lenivyi Torzhok”. monastery with a fragment of the Shchuka e building of the water tower now houses River embankment with a monument to the a museum exhibition hall. victims of repression, with a staircase and a Preserved historic avor and spatial con- part of the transport service; areas adjacent nection of that area with historic, cultural to the segment of Troitskaya Street between and landscape setting shows clearly its high Ivanovsky Convent and the Assumption museum and tourist potential. e territory Monastery and other territories, that pres- has been assigned with museum and tourist ent the great value of the Assumption Ca- functions that will be further developed in thedral. the future. Currently, this area serves the basic func- tion of the museum visitor services of Svi- 4. Trading Quarter yazhsk. is feature will be preserved in the Trading quarter is located on east part of future. the island between the coastline of the river of Sviyaga and slope of the hill. Part of the 3. e historic center trade quarter is presently hidden under wa- e core of the historic community cen- ter. Territory of the historical posad of Svi- ter of Sviyazhsk is the territory of former yazhsk di ers a rich archaeological cultural Rozhdestvenskaya Square and archaeolog- layer with plenty of artefacts and tailings of ical remains of the Nativity, Annunciation, dwellings buildings of medieval city. e Ta- and St. Sophia Churches of the XVIII cen- tar suburb is here located – presently care- tury, the complex of residential and munic- fully the archaeologically inspected district. ipal buildings of the second half of the XIX Territory of trading quarter saved plan – beginning of XX centuries, the monument from the second half of the XVI up to the to the perished in the World War II and the beginning of the XIX century and even sep- territory adjacent to Sts. Constantine and arate elements of the medieval plan and to- Elena Church, the complex of the historic pography are saved. In the district of Bolot- construction along the Shchuka River and naya Street we can see the fragments of stone Moskovskaya Street. e boundary of the tessellation. On the territory of trading quar- selected zones in the north, northeast, and ter up to the same time the historical type south is running along the upper edge of the of one-story wooden building prevails and hill, which aligns with the Shchuka River saved a few characteristic of monuments of Embankment in the north. Westwards, the dwelling architecture of the second half of the territory is restricted by Rozhdestvensky XIX century common for Sviyazhsk town. Street, water tower, and Rozhdestvenskaya e territory of former trade quarter is Square buildings. e southern end of the in the area of panoramic view of Sviyazhsk Rozhdestvenskaya Square and the Sts. Con- from the side of the river Sviyaga and build- stantine and Elena Church gives a beautiful ing of the river station, presence of moor- panoramic view on the opposite bank of age and attractive tourist ground, it is river the Sviyaga River and the Makarius monas- gate of the city with which an acquaintance tery, historic settlements of Vvedenskoe and is begun with coming here water-carriage of Petrovsky, as well as the historic tenements tourists. of Sviyazhsk. Currently, that area accommodates mu- 5. e area of the historical dwelling nicipality and administration institutions buildings of Sviyazhsk, namely town administration, e basic complex of dwelling buildings school, post oce, medical post, two hotels, of Sviyazhsk is concentrated in the central
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part of the island between selected monas- Street goes along the fence of St. John the tery and museum areas in the west and by Baptist monastery. e chapel of the early the area of the historical community centre XX century was a very important architec- in the east. tural accent, built into the fence of the St. e territory of residential development John the Baptist monastery. Despite being has been well preserved, historic layout of not too expressive residential construction, the XVII – XIX centuries with the surviv- the decoration of the Street was perspec- ing fragments of medieval period. ere are tive views of Nikolskaya Street, Uspenskaya dominantly one-storey wooden residential Street with the Assumption Monastery and buildings with separate living monuments Trinity with St. John the Baptist Monastery. of architecture of the second half of the XIX Important and actually the only dominant – early XX century within the boundaries of in residential areas is the building of Olgin- the selected area. sky orphanage, which is being prepared for e architectural appearance of each of scienti c conservation, and it is a promising the streets of Sviyazhsk has its own indi- place to create a museum exhibition. viduality, which is determined by relation- It should be noted that the high status of ships with the large architecture complexes Sviyazhsk and its relatively small size permit and architecture opening «paintings», the reconstruction of certain streets on individ- general character of the land, the peculiar- ual projects based on their historical char- ities of relations with the landscaped sur- acteristics. Along with integrating practice roundings. In the structure of residential of development and use of standard designs, development, a special role is played by the historically proven practice of purchasing complex of Uspenskaya Street that connects plots and construction of houses with the the town public centre, the Assumption Ca- subsequent sale of their owners may be in- thedral and the monastery. Currently there troduced. Such a policy is advantageous- is a predominance of small-scale one-storey ly carried out in the framework of special wooden buildings of the traditional type programs of social housing construction for with groups of modern single-storey hous- workers of the museum, as well as, for ex- es, interspersed with undeveloped land in ample, for artists, crasmen, other persons the architectural and planning structure of who are interested in keeping cultural her- the street. itage of Sviyazhsk. is will ensure a high One of the most picturesque streets of Svi- level of personnel of museum workers and yazhsk is Troitskaya Street, which connects will contribute to a worthy attitude to the the Christmas square and the complexes culture and history of Sviyazhsk in the local of St. John the Baptist and the Assump- community. tion monasteries. e view from Troitska- ya Street to St. John the Baptist monastery 6. Coastal landscape zones with the magni cent Cathedral of Joy of All 6a. e Sviyaga River. e coastal land- Who Sorrow is loved by artists and is one of scape zone of the Sviyaga River in the allo- the trademarks of Sviyazhsk. And the very cated boundaries includes the area bounded beautiful view opens when you turn the by the coastline of the Sviyaga and the top street to the equestrian yard at the Assump- of the town hill. Currently there is a trans- tion monastery. port road linking the dam to the river sta- Alexanderiyskaya street runs from the tion along the coastline. Climbing to the top Shchuka River to the banks of the Sviyaga of town hill can be done from the river sta- River, o ering beautiful views of the op- tion and the of St. John the Baptist monas- posite bank of the Sviyaga River and the tery. ere is a line of sandy beaches in the Volga side. At a considerable distance the space between the road and the coastline.
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e slope of town hill in some places is over- ter recreation, swimming). is area will re- grown with trees and bushes. And there are tain recreational value. few buildings in the area. e purpose of zoning is to de ne long- e decoration of the coastal zone is the term objectives for meaningful development views opening from it to the opposite bank of the historic site, the need to de ne a kind of the Sviyaga River. e coastal landscape of specialization of an area, directions of its zone of the Sviyaga River has recreational development and its use, and to identify the potential due to the river, beaches and beau- most problematic areas and to provide rec- tifully landscaped surroundings. ommendations for their preservation and 6b. e River Shchuka. e coastal land- further maintenance. It is a zoning that will scape zone of the River Shchuka currently be a basis for organization of museology is a naturally landscaped area, which has no and visitor service, improvement of local cultural heritage sites, and is mainly used by socio-cultural and economic development. local people for recreational purposes (wa- 7.3. Strategy of formation of the museum sector ue to the large increase in the number ere are two buildings of the former bar- Dof visitors, including pilgrims, there is racks of the Corps of Engineers opposite this a special program of formation of museum complex. e oces of the fund storage and infrastructure to preserve the authenticity administration are housed in the two-sto- and integrity of cultural heritage sites on the rey building, conference room and meeting island of Sviyazhsk. Within its framework room are in one-storey building, which is the following objects have been renovated also widely used by the local community for and opened since 2009. e main museum meetings. is the Museum of the history of Sviyazhsk e museum complex also includes the (concerning the history of the town in the former district hospital (in which in 2015 re- XVI – XX centuries). pair and conservation work was completed). It occupies a complex of ocial build- e conservation workshops and business ings in Sviyazhsky uezd (or the complex services are equipped and began to operate. of government buildings) in Uspenskaya At the end of 2014 a new exhibition hall Street. e permanent exhibition devoted to was put into operation. It is located in the the history of Sviyazhsk is situated in three building of the water tower built in the early buildings. e throughput ability of the mu- twentieth century, designed for temporary seum is about 1,000 people per day. exhibitions, with an area of 120 sq.m. e e building was donated to the muse- throughput ability of the exhibition hall is um for the children center and is next to about 600 people per day. the main museum building (20 Uspenska- ere is another important facility of ya Str.,). e children Museum Center is the museum “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” at 6 open and carries out the joint activities Moskovskaya Street. It is a hotel and a muse- with cultural and educational institutions um cafe “Sviyaga”, as well as rooms for work- for education, training and development of shops and other visitors activities. the younger generation, the organization of Two buildings of the complex – Voca- cognitive leisure and recreation for children tional School and Fire baggage were trans- and adolescents, inter-regional and inter- ferred to the museum on Rozhdestvenskaya national contacts based on the active use of square. Art Gallery building occupies Svi- historical and cultural, spiritual and natural yazhsky Vocational School, its project area heritage of Sviyazhsk. is about 300 square meters, it is designed to dispose the permanent exhibition of paint-
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ings and graphics collection of the muse- and at the same time to avoid undue stress on um. e main tourist information center the main monuments of history and culture. Sviyazhsk Museum (the visitor center) is In terms of the presentation and the pro- planned to place. in the adjacent building of motion of the Assumption Cathedral and the former Fire baggage. other monuments that make up the attributes An important part of the monument and characteristics of the Outstanding Uni- management is making it a museum to give versal Value of the nominated property the promotion and presentation of the monu- most important are: ment. e development strategy of the mu- Museum of the Orthodox Church. seum and tourist activities is aimed to give First tourists go to the museum and broad view of historical, cultural and spir- then to the Assumption Cathedral. Having itual potential of Sviyazhsk, the diversity of learnt the detailed information about the the heritage of the place, its development as foundation and construction of the cathe- a historical center of the Orthodox, tolerant dral, the concept and artistic features, the coexistence with other peoples, the intersec- style of painting of the Assumption Cathe- tion of cultures and civilizations. dral, as well as the most important paint- e creation of conditions for sustainable ings of scenes inside, visitors enter the ca- development of the property nominated for thedral already prepared for the excursion the inscription on the World Heritage List and will not spend in the cathedral a long requires speci c principles of museum man- time to obtain preliminary clari cation. agement. In this regard, turning such a com- us, a very important problem of organi- plex monument into a museum involves the zation of a visit to the Assumption Cathe- following basic approaches: dral is solved, the time the tourists are in - An integrated approach to museum the cathedral is reduced and therefore the heritage, in which along with movable temperature and humidity conditions are monuments immovable property (individ- observed. ual buildings and their complexes), are pre- In the museum the guests of Sviyazhsk served and turned into a museum; learn about the historical, religious and cul- - A spatial approach to museum heritage, tural heritage of the Orthodox Church in in which all the historical space is becoming the region, the creation of opportunities to a monument, that is, along with the tradi- display in Sviyazhsk facsimile copies of fres- tional type of museum an open air museum, coes of the Assumption Cathedral, or the which is largely due to the status of muse- genuine icons of the iconostasis of the As- um-reserve is formed; sumption Cathedral and the Trinity Church. - e formation of a varied museum and is will show the role of the Kazan diocese tourist o er, which will allow to disperse in the history of Russia and the Russian Or- visitors among di erent monuments on the thodox Church, and will be an important island territory and will be aimed to reduce con rmation of the image of the Republic of the anthropogenic load on the Assumption Tatarstan as a model of tolerance, intereth- Cathedral, Trinity Church and other key ar- nic and interfaith community. eas of the historical territory. Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-grad Svi- is approach to the development of the yazhsk”, the Museum of History Religion museum sector is intended (see Event, sec- (St. Petersburg), the State Museum of tion 6), not only to ensure the organization Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan, the of careful site visit, nominated to the World National Museum of the Republic of Ta- Heritage List, but also to give additional tarstan plan to conduct joint exhibitions knowledge and impression about Sviyazhsk dedicated to:
224 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
- e history of the world and Russian archaeological cultural layer», due to the icon painting and fresco painting in com- high humidity of the layer some items from parison with the Assumption Cathedral; organic are well preserved (wood, wool, - e history of pilgrimage and the tradi- cloth, leather, etc.). e excavation at “Tatar tional routes of visiting the Holy Land; Sloboda” has been conducted since 2011. - e history of monasteries and monks During the excavation residential and farm in Russia embodied in the Russian icon wooden buildings of the XVI–XVIII centu- painting and drawing; ries, streetways, numerous artefacts made of - Ecclesiastical relics of the Rurik House, logs saw cut were found. is nds will clar- the House of Romanov and the Russian no- ify the dendrochronological scale of Kazan ble families; Volga of the XVI -XVIII centuries. - e role of the Tatar names and phe- As a whole, the ndings and buildings list- nomena in the Grand and the royal environ- ed above characterize archaeological wood- ment, the elite of Russian society; en monumets in the depth of Sviyazhsk’s - A unique phenomenon of Russian cul- cultural layer. ture - copper small plastic of Russian Old e main idea of the conception of the Believers of the XVIII - early XX centuries; Archaeological museum is «illustration of - e church and the folk traditions of cel- a medieval town site in kind», which is a ebrating religious holidays. constituent part of the Outstanding Univer- sal Value of the Assumption Cathedral, and e Archaeological Museum comprehensive approach to the reconstruc- It is a very important museum for Svi- tion of medieval manufactures and house yazhsk, as the territory of the town-island is building techniques. a unique site of the archaeological heritage, the formation of the historical and cultural Museum exhibition “Sviyazhsk landscape from ancient times. It is formed is the chief town of the district” in the former urban tenements, not far from e museum creates a system of several the river boat station, at an archaeological museum items, which demonstrate interiors site. It is possible to create a space museum and thematic exhibitions in historical town to show an ancient archaeological land- houses extant. It’s a very important project scape. It will be a very interesting attraction for Sviyazhsk, taking into consideration the of Sviyazhsk (as in the Museum of History fact that traditional urban environment of a of Sviyazhsk there is only a small archaeo- chief town of the district has changed dra- logical exhibition). It will be visited not only matically, and Sviyazhsk was perceived as a by tourists, but also special lessons will be former town. A house of a usual Sviyazhsk conducted for students away from school. citizen with its interiors and inner patios It is also planned to organize a summer ar- will help to understand and imagine the chaeological school. e exhibition area of past of this interesting city, will ll the miss- the museum will be about 100 sq.m. (with ing page with museum forms and images. It the possibility of further extension), the ca- is supposed that there will be not only one pacity - about 1,500 people per day. house, but several houses of di erent types, e depth of the archaeological layer of having similar expository lling. Sviyazhsk at the top of it is up to 1.5 m, at the e modern buildings of Sviyazhsk and bottom of the Posad - to 3 m and includes its modern functions do not allow to imag- several cultural layers with nds from the ine the development of Sviyazhsk as a former early Iron Age (1000 BC) to the present town centre fully, there is a lack of traditional day. e peculiarity of the cultural layer of interior exhibition devoted to everyday life in Sviyazhsk in low-lying coastal area is «wet the XVI-XVII, XIX and XX centuries.
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e Volga Museum nesses, in August –September 1918 Sviyazhsk e Volga River is Russia’s main histori- and Sviyazhsk railway station were the places, cal way, it is one of the most famous Rus- where the Revolution fate was determined. e sian geographical names, in some way it is town was the most signi cant command oper- the symbol of Russia. Nowadays there is no ation center of White Czech rebellion suppres- Volga museum, though some e orts to es- sion and domestic counter-revolution in the tablish it were made. e fact that nowadays Middle Volga Region, in Civil War breakdown Sviyazhsk is an island on the Volga way and in general. Sviyazhsk should become one of the that it is actually situated in the middle of main points of the past event understanding on the Volga on the way from its source to its account of memorial evidences and symbolic mouth is a vindication of establishing such characteristics preserved there. at is why it is an original museum. necessary to conserve artefacts and add them to ere will be several thematic halls in the the category of museum items. museum: e Museum is located in the mansion -an introductory hall with a model of the house built in the middle of the XIX centu- Volga basin and characteristics of geograph- ry. e Red Army Authorities were situated ical features of the Volga and its basin; there. e exposition will be devoted to the -a hall telling about history and culture of Civil War in Volga Region and the events Volga towns and the history of developing happened in August-September 1918 in Svi- the Volga basin yazhsk district. ere also you can see an in- -a hall telling about the nature of the Vol- terior complex “Oce of L. Trotsky” and the ga basin, translating into an aquarium with Scienti c Center for the Study and Preserva- specimen of ichtyofauna; tion Russian Civil War materials compared to -a hall telling about the history of steam other countries. We plan to attract materials navigation on the Volga. from archive facilities, museums and libraries In the long term the museum should be- of Moscow and other cities and countries. come the key point of cultural tourism pro- e accomplishment of this and other gram called «Heritage of the Volga». It could museum projects (we plan 18 projects max- be the most memorable museum for tour- imum on the territory of Sviyazhsk) will lay ists traveling down the Volga on steamships, emphasis on the value of the Assumption the main point of the extended Volga route. Cathedral, historic and cultural meaning of Sviyazhsk. e gained experience in muse- Civil War Museum um and managing work give an opportunity is is an ongoing project related to the 100th to solve the problem of the further develop- Anniversary of the Russian Civil War, which be- ment of museum and tourist point of inter- gan in 1918. is date is a very important reason est potential and to turn it into one of the to think about our past and to produce a well leading museum centers in Volga region. justi ed point of view on the extremely import- e established museum complex can be- ant event for Russia and the whole world, which come one of the best Russian museums and became a national accident. Its consequences attract a lot of visitors from our country and are not overcome yet. According to the eyewit- abroad.
226 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
7.4 e strategy of sustainable tourism development within the land area of the property nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List.
7.4.1 e threat to the property nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List in the connection with the tourism development reating conditions for sustainable tour- on the island during the year worsens this Cism development is the best way for situation. us, according to the sale of mu- the development of the territory and local seum tickets, in the winter months only a community without damage to the property few thousand people visit the museum and nominated for the inscription on the World in summer the attendance actually is in- Heritage List. However, current trends of creasing tenfold. tourism development clearly demonstrate For the purpose of equal distribution of the ever-increasing tourist load on the site seasonal load, the winter event plan, primar- and extreme seasonal irregularity of tourist ily connected with the museum item’s load, ow (table 7.1 and 7.2) has been developed. As already mentioned In general, over the past four years the at- above, in the summer period the load will tendance of Sviyazhsk has increased more be distributed through the development of than 10 times. e extremely uneven load museum and tourism and recreation o ers.
Table 7.1 Dynamics of the Sviyazhsk Island attendance
Year Number of visitors, thou. 2011 15,8 2012 21,4 2013 48,0 2014 182,2
Table 7.2 e attendance of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk “ in 2013 and 2014 by month
Month Number of isitors, thou. 2013 y. 2014 y. January 1727 1888 February 667 542 March 1082 1348 April 1500 1748 May 3625 7749 June 6903 7431 July 7378 7613 August 9232 7828 September 8284 6220 Оctober 4249 3639 November 3230 2934 December 81 747 Total 47958 49687
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7.4.2. e main principles of tourist development of the territory According to the market research con- dent States. e project “Great Silk Road” is ducted by the Austrian consulting company a route that includes 6 regions of the Russian “Kohl&Partners”, the most promising types Federation (the Republic of Dagestan, Kal- of tourism development in the Republic of mykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan, the Tatarstan till 2020 are cultural and educa- Altai territory and the Astrakhan region) and tional, active, religious and ecotourism. countries of the Commonwealth of Indepen- e richest resources for the development dent States, which were at the intersection of of these types of tourism are waterways – the trade routes. e route “Great Silk Road” will largest rivers owing through the territory present a section of Eurasian civilization and of the Republic of Tatarstan are the Volga, will create conditions for the promotion of a the Kama, the Sviyaga and the Belaya. uni ed tourist and recreational potential of e location of the town-island of Sviyazhsk Russia and partner countries. in the waters of the river Sviyaga at the For the development of tourist infrastruc- con uence. ture near the town-island of Sviyazhsk the in- e attendance of the State Historical vestment project “Touristic and recreational and Architectural Museum-Reserve “Os- cluster “Sviyazhsk” was developed in 2014. It trov-grad Sviyazhsk “in 2013 and 2014 by is included in the Federal target program “De- month of the Volga River creates a special velopment of domestic and inbound tourism attraction for the remarkable site“ e town- in the Russian Federation (2011-2018 years)” island of Sviyazhsk”. Today the Town-Island (Annex 1 to the Management plan). is one of the monuments of the interregional For the purpose of the development of the route “ e Great Volga”, which unite 17 re- concept of sustainable tourism and reducing gions of the Russian Federation (Astrakhan the impact of negative factors of anthropo- region, Volgograd region, the Republic of genic load from increasing tourist ow on Bashkortostan, Ivanov region, Kostroma re- the town-island of Sviyazhsk, the project of gion, the Republic of Mary El, the Repub- tourist and recreational cluster “Sviyazhsk” lic of Mordovia, Nizhny Novgorod region, involves the development of tourist infra- the Perm territory, Samara region, Saratov structure not on the territory of the nomi- region, the Republic of Tatarstan, Tver re- nated property and its bu er zone but be- gion, Ulyanovsk region, Chuvash Repub- yond - in the area of federal highway M7, ski lic, Yaroslavl region). All these regions are resort “Kazan” and the country club “Sviya- located on the shores of the world famous ga”. e establishment and development of river. e route was created for the purpose tourist and recreational cluster facilities will of popularization of cultural and historical promote the promotion of cultural heritage. heritage, preserved on the banks of the great Availability of the facilities will be ensured river. e development of this route is under by nding a basic tourist infrastructure near the patronage of the Federal Tourism Agen- the Federal highway M7 (Moscow-Ufa) and cy with support of administrations of all re- the fairway of the river Volga. gions included in this route. With the development of the tourist po- In addition, the town-island of Sviyazhsk tential of the town-island of Sviyazhsk and together with UNESCO World Heritage the increasing ow of tourists, we take into Sites, e ancient City of Bolgar and the Ka- account the need to limit the ground traf- zan Kremlin, are included in the internation- c load of tourist destination. In this regard, al project “Great Silk Road”, organized with the construction of a park and ride for vehi- the support of Ministry of Culture of the Rus- cles with the tourist shuttle to the entrance sian Federation and the Inter-Parliamentary of Sviyazhsk using ecological gas engine or Assembly of the Commonwealth of Indepen- electric motor drive is planned in 2016.
228 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Positive impact on limiting the trac load Today in the Republic of Tatarstan there on the town-island of Sviyazhsk will cause is a positive trend of an advancing of tourist the development of the river tourism. services and tourism income growth, com- Today, aquatically Sviyazhsk can only be pared to the tourist ow growth. reached from the city of Kazan on small Introduction of the “One ticket” system passenger vessels. e Republic of Ta- granting access to the main sites of the “Os- tarstan plans to expand the suburban riv- trov-grad Sviyazhsk” museum and individual er eet for carrying tourists by water. e facilities will contribute to revenue increase expansion of the suburban river eet will received from tourism activity on the terri- allow us to replace tourist ows arriving by tory of Sviyazhsk, thus encouraging tourists land transport by water transport. e ap- to visit a greater number of Sviyazhsk mon- proach of multi-decked cruise liners is cur- uments. rently impossible due to the small depths Provided tourist services like tourist cater- of waters near Sviyazhsk. In the framework ing, souvenirs sale, handicra shops and oth- of the federal target program “Develop- er services will earn additional revenue at the ment of domestic and inbound tourism in town-island of Sviyazhsk. the Russian Federation (2011-2018 years)”, Factors that will lead to signi cant advance partial dredging of the Volga riverbed and of revenue growth from tourism, compared creation of an additional ship channel to to the growth of the tourist ow, as well as the Sviyazhsk pier will be held (Annex 1 to the development of “sustainable” and “quali- the Management plan). tative” tourism on the territory of the nomi- e creation of water approaches to the nated property are: shore installation of Sviyazhsk will be im- 1. Introduction of a special booking system plemented during the construction season for visits to the objects “ e Assumption Ca- 2015-2016. Due to this, the approach of the thedral” and “ e Trinity Church”; special multi-desk cruise liners to Sviyazhsk 2. Increasing the level of public catering will be possible in the navigation period enterprises, as well as their status from “cafe” of 2017. Creation of water approaches for to “restaurant”; cruise liners will increase a tourist ow from 3. Conducting exclusive master-classes on current 182 thousand to 487 thousand peo- various cras and trades; ple a year by 2020. e development of river 4. Organization of environmentally friend- tourism will increase one-day visits and re- ly water transport rentals (docks, kayaks, duce multi-day visits to the “Sviyazhsk” des- yachts), as well as the organization of tour- tination, which is important for the reduc- ist water routes on small vessels to Makarius tion of the load on the nominated property. Monastery on the right Bank of the Sviyaga Despite the seasonal nature of river naviga- river. tion in summer, in wintertime it is supposed 5. Organization of ecological routes on the to use alternative means of transportation, territory of the nature reserve “Sviyazhsk”. such as air-cushion vessels capable of trav- 6. e development of a system of events elling both on water and on the ice surface. aimed at maintaining the uniqueness of the In addition to the cluster “Sviyazhsk”, cur- place and events emphasizing the Outstand- rently a tourism and recreation cluster “Svi- ing Universal Value - theatre festivals, con- yaga Land” is being designed. It will be the certs of sacred and folk music, gastronomic project for development of tourism infra- festivals, individual trips towards the study structure at the Federal highway M7 along of Orthodox culture and art residencies, re- the banks of the Sviyaga river at the junction search seminars and conferences. to the road in the Sviyazhsk direction (An- 7. Organization of events aimed at reveal- nex 1 to the Management plan). ing the value of architecture and frescoes of
229 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
the Assumption Cathedral and their signi - – ecotourism, cance in the context of the history of Russian – event tourism, statehood and world art and culture (exhibi- – scienti c and congress tourism. tions, installations, educational campaigns). ere are also programs on children tour- 8. Strengthening the work of marketing ism, cultural and educational trips to im- tools to attract tourists to the territory clus- prove the educational level of youth, the de- ter “Sviyazhsky” and not in the nominated velopment of the regional youth movement. object. ese programs are closely connected with Strategy for sustainable tourism should the issues of school education and patriotic fully take into account the need to preserve education. the integrity and authenticity of the object, A proper museum’s tourist product is ac- nominated in the World Heritage List, and tively developing and the organization of its historic environment, and also interests tourist and excursion services in coopera- of the subjects of the tourist market. A de- tion with travel companies on domestic and veloped tourism strategy is based on market international tourism markets is providing. research of the target audience, on calcula- e management plan provides the cen- tions of maximum allowable anthropogenic tral participation of Sviyazhsk in the imple- load on the Assumption Cathedral and the mentation of a long-term project “Heritage historic landscape. ese activities are in of the Volga River” as a national and inter- priority now (see the activities, section 7). national cultural program highlighting the e main principles of the tourism devel- historical role of this largest Russian and opment in Sviyazhsk are: European river. e program focuses on the the development of such areas of tourist presentation of cultural relations on the Vol- activity, which meets the Assumption Ca- ga River in di erent periods, identifying the thedral it’s Outstanding Universal Value role of existing and vanished urban settle- conservation objectives and eliminates any ments (such as the Great Bolgar), acquain- possible negative impacts; tance with the culture of the various peoples interaction and cooperation with all con- living on its banks. e value of Sviyazhsk as cerned parties, the development of mecha- a key point in the Russian extension to the nisms to maintain stability, reduce risk for East and as a historical place, located almost the property nominated for the inscription in the middle of the ow of the great river is on the World Heritage List; very favorable from the historical, econom- encouraging and promoting the develop- ic and geographical points of view. e cre- ment of tourism forms which contribute to ation of the Volga Museum is Sviyazhsk will the conservation of the historic landscape actively contribute to the implementation of and natural ecosystem, preservation and this management direction. development of traditional material and An extension of modern methods of mu- non-material culture; seum display and use of media and tech- positive in uence on the local community nology is provided. To achieve maximum as an environmental factor and as a factor to “museum and exhibition” e ect in the man- improve the conditions and living standard agement plan, sightseers, tourists and pil- by creating new jobs. grims will be able to observe not only the Solving the problem of the presentation museumi cated archaeological items, but and promotion of Sviyazhsk monuments, also “live” excavations. It not only gives preconditions for the establishment of the them new information, but also enhances following types of tourism were created: their sense of participation in history, gives – cultural and educational tourism, an idea about the actual process of archaeo- – pilgrimage tourism, logical research, about the work of archaeol-
230 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
ogists. For pupils and students inspection of (for details, see management plan 7.3). It is these monuments is included in the history planned to create up to 18 of museum ex- lessons, archaeological practice and volun- hibitions in total. Also, for unloading the teering to give not abstract, but particular territories of monuments, interactive cen- impression of the information on the an- ters “Lazy Torzhok” and “Horse yard” with cient history of the region, the signi cance crasmen’s workshops and souvenir trade of archaeological sites obtaining. were created. e proper information resource (Inter- e growing dynamics of the attendance net, booklets and guides, hotel-booking sys- of Sviyazhsk by tourists poses another threat tem) is improving. It will allow Sviyazhsk to the Assumption Cathedral and it’s land- Museum the independent entrance on tour- scape perception. It is connected with the ist fairs, including international. necessity of formation of the parking system e most important component of the near the island. Now the main parking space tourism structure should be the visitor is located just under the Assumption Cathe- center, which also performs informational, dral and the Assumption Monastery at the organizational and service function. e entrance to Sviyazhsk. During summer and center will allow tourists to get information holidays it is full. e noise e ect, emissions about all components of the regional tour- to the atmosphere, constant movements ist product (museums and other attractions, near the monastery complex obviously per- hotels, restaurants, entertainment, cras, form negative impacts on historical and cul- transport, etc.), provide the information and tural territory. local history books, tourist maps, as well as Currently the administration of the Re- video and audio recordings, information public examines the creation of a new park- and gi CDs, etc. ere will also be a func- ing area in 2-3 km from the island, on the tion of booking of hotels and other locations mainland at the beginning of the pier. Park- in the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as for ing lot here would completely remove visual the further route, excursions and transport and other negative e ects on the Assump- booking. Such a visitor center is already tion Cathedral and other sites of the cultural planned at the Museum. heritage. Transportation from the parking Due to the large increase in the number lot to the island will be made using electric of tourists, to preserve the authenticity and vehicles (small vans), as it is customary in integrity of the property nominated for the many world’s museums. Provision of the inscription on the World Heritage List, a museum with such a transport is also im- special program for the formation of an ex- portant from the point of view of the orga- tensive system of exhibition spaces, which nization of tourist services for seniors and are located throughout the island was adopt- tourists with disabilities. ed. It will allow distributing the tourist ow on the historical territory relatively evenly
7.4.3 e Assumption Cathedral attendance management e management plan consists of security - Establishment security practices on the measures towards the site nominated for the island forbidding making unauthorized World Heritage List to prevent it from bad places of resort and camping; tourism in uence. ey are the following: - Organization and control of the pass to - Imposition of transport usage and tran- Sviyazhsk territory (through the system or- sit limitations on the island; ganized by the driving up to the territory of
231 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
the island from the parking lot of vehicles, It allows to provide the diversity of touristic as well as through service visitor center) : o er, combining it not only with touristic - Development and the introduction of visit to the island but also giving an oppor- the separate monuments visiting ( ancient tunity to stay on the territory of Sviyazhsk church houses), museum and exhibition ar- for several days to realize pilgrimage goals, rangement, including time limits and limits to provide an accommodation for scienti c of persons simultaneously reside at the ex- conference participants or detailed study of hibition; the sites of cultural and natural heritage of - Prohibition on the museum visiting, Sviyazhsk. As you can see, all these facilities situated in separate memorials (ancient are situated in the historic buildings of Svi- church houses) under unfavorable weather yazhsk and suitable for modern use. circumstances ( rain, snow fall) to prevent However, there won’t be any further devel- from potential temperature fall and humidi- opment of hotel facilities in the island (ac- ty, undermining temple interior; cording to the management plan the hotel It is thought to take the following preven- capacity may be extended to 100 seats max- tive actions: ium). It will become one of the factors re- - Performing accounting of antropogenic ducing intensive anthropogenic pressure as a pressure on Sviyazhsk monuments and its result of tourism development. Sviyazhsk is landscape ambiance in the light of function- relatively not far from Kazan that can provide al territory zonation; sucient number of accommodation facili- - Creation an exhibition network allowing ties. Sviyazhsk is rstly considered to be the to redistribute antropogenic pressure on the site of cultural tourism where pilgrimage is of island; top priority. For this reason, the attention will - Antropogenic pressure redistribution by be drawn on cultural and educational touris- the calendar by means of the presentation tic programs avoiding advertising Sviyazhsk functions system development. as a place for beach holiday and noisy active A small chain of facilities for tourists has sport. From active type of tourism it is advis- already been formed. ere are two pilgrim able to develop rent of bicycles and rowing houses on the territory of the monastery that boats of di erent types. Within this frame- are run by the monastery (80 seats), muse- work, sailing and rowing tourism center has um hotel (11 seats), that is situated in the been created. On this basis, a route linked historic building of Sviyazhsk Almshouse, Sviyazhsk to Makarev Monastery, that is on private hotel with 15 seats in the house of the other bank of the Sviyaga River, has been former merchant Kamenev, private hotel in developed. It allows visitors to get acquaint- the stables that is suitable for 8 people, hotel ed with natural component of Sviyazhsk and in the historic house of Timofeev-Brovkin. Orthodox monument. 7.5. Environment protection or natural surroundings of Sviyazhsk hu- studies of biodiversity, ecosystems and land- Fman economic activities concerned with scapes; researches are conducted by experts environment pollution, also with the breach of Kazan Federal University, their recom- of architectural orders and land-tenure sys- mendations turn to the base in e ect-ori- tems, act as a threat agent. ented arrangement; Activity on entity environment conserva- surveillance studies of environmental tion, nominated to the World Heritage List, conditions (air, water, soil); are conducted includes: by local experts of sanitation and epidemio- natural complex observation according to logical service according to the special pro- the program of the long-term surveillance gram of quarterly control of substance limit,
232 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
during which air contaminant survey, water Reconstruction of engineering communi- and drinking water source chemical diagno- cations and liquid waste and water discharge sis are carried out; treatment system daily meteorological observations; System retro t of waste handling (collec- implementation of seasonal preventive tion, assortment, utilization and storage) in activities, a ording ecological safety of vis- the territory of Sviyazhsk and in population itors, members and locals (acaricide treat- center of protective zone. ment of the territory in spring, exterminat- e important activities in the envi- ing treatment in spring and autumn); ronment protection system are methodic control action, including quarterly water awareness-building in the eld of ecology chemical diagnosis from water distribution and nature conservancy, including lectures system; seasonal river-water analysis for and instructions, exhibition and scienti c recreational aims; subsurface resources con- issues preparation, also organizations of trol; pollution emissions control; environmental campaigns with the partic- implementation of production and con- ipation of local community (ref. activities, sumption waste utilization. section 8). Next engineering activities are also chart- ed by control plan:
7.6. Socio-economic development of the territory
7.6.1. Preservation and presentation of tthe Assumption Cathedral is the strategic direction of the development of local socio-economic complex. omination of the Assumption Cathe- e general direction of the planned Ndral in the World Heritage List and measures allows talking about high social carried out preparation activities allow to returns and social eciency. It is primarily x the strategic aim that cultural heritage is connected with the development of culture, a special and very important economic re- preservation of spirituality, improvement of source, it can and should become the basis the environmental situation and the pres- of a special branch of Sviyazhsk specializa- ervation of historical and cultural environ- tion and become one of the most promising ment, perfection of education, and environ- directions of the local economy’s develop- mental education. ment. Also, this resource has a signi cant However, the new realities of economic socio-economic impact on the territory of development carry potential threats: Zelenodolsky district, where the Assump- Intensive activities’ development, not tion Cathedral bu er zone is located. properly disclosing the outstanding univer- e growing activity of the museum-re- sal value of the object, and intended on the serve for the presentation and promotion of average consumer and realization by stan- the property nominated for the inscription dard faceless schemes. on the World Heritage List, and the develop- Management plan in this situation is ment of culture, tourism, catering establish- based on the following principles: ments and sectors of the social infrastruc- for all emerging issues related to the de- ture connected with it, can bring signi cant velopment of socio-economic complex, the economic e ect due to new sources of in- main priority is preservation of the out- vestment and formation of the district bud- standing universal value of the site of the get for the emergence of new jobs.
233 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Assumption Cathedral, but not the house- be at the stage of schematic design to man- hold objects’ preservation ; age the procedure of implementation of the any new project related to the bu er zone impact on the outstanding universal value of the object, nominated to the World Heri- of the Assumption Cathedral and the tage List, and the surrounding areas should 7.6.2. Interaction with the local community and creation of conditions for the development of the local community e management plan requires the active painting workshop operating a few years in participation of the local population (see the monastery, where icons are created using events, section 9). traditional techniques. Currently, 252 people live in Sviyazhsk. Apart from an employment in the memo- e site has a signi cant impact on the rial there are new jobs in tourism, public ser- economy and social complex of Sviyazhsk. vices and other sectors. Calculation shows that It is important to stress that currently a sig- the further development of Sviyazhsk entails ni cant part of Sviyazhsky museum-memo- the creation of new jobs in various industries rial employees are locals. us, the property for about 50-80 people. is is the number of nominated for the inscription on the World new jobs to the local economy signi cantly Heritage List, plays an important role in en- and almost completely eliminates the problem suring the employment of local labor force, of the search of employment place, which was allowing local experts to nd a decent job relevant to the local population 5 years ago. It without moving to another city or region. is important to note that the emergence of new During the summer, temporarily increase opportunities for employment and employ- of the museum sta is required, to ensure ment will a ect some categories of vulnerable compliance with the total volume of tourists’ population (pensioners and young people). maintenance work. is entails the creation An important part of the management plan of new jobs (as in Sviyazhsk and in regional is to de ne the policy of interaction with the centers and other settlements of Zelenodolsky owners of private houses in Sviyazhsk. Houses area due to the organization of the conserva- should maintain its traditional character and tion and construction work, the expansion of have no obvious modern completions and tourism services, etc.) Considering this fac- repairs distorting historical type of local resi- tor, we can talk about the role of the Muse- dential building. New houses built a few years um-Reserve as a special “town-forming” es- ago and found themselves disharmonious to a tablishment on the island. traditional urban environment of the former It is also important to note that tourism county town, being decorated with painting and tourist trade in the most attractive point techniques and plated decor to bring them is the purchase of the products created in Svi- closer to the historical appearance. yazhsk, the purchase is part of a complex of is is done with the consent of the villagers tourist’s impressions. e Museum-Reserve is and the active role of local government. Al- working on creation of their own product and ready consulted at the local municipal authori- souvenir symbolism. In addition, the muse- ties to those residents who want the village be- um o ers a wide range of products of handi- came attractive for tourists, and see it as their cras produced in the territory of Sviyazhsk in economic opportunities and prospects. is cra workshops; paintings, drawings, applied discussion and the debate will be continued. art created by contemporary artists (original e owners of summer cottages on the ter- works and reproductions); other souvenirs re- ritory of Sviyazhsk must maintain the histori- producing the speci cs of historical and cul- cal appearance of the buildings; it is prohibited tural heritage of Sviyazhsk. ere is an icon to exceed the number of oors, to construct
234 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
high-rise and disharmonious color structures, standing universal value of the Assumption without coordination with the bodies of her- Cathedral will be expected. itage protection, to use modern construction Interaction with local people and commu- materials in the facade of buildings. For new nities goes via several ways: construction so-called “model project” was - through the work of the elected Council of developed and o ered ( ve di erent types the settlement. Currently Sviyazhsk is divid- of buildings on a historical basis were devel- ed into seven electoral districts that choose oped). deputies to the Board. Considering that each Management Plan involves the construc- deputy is represented by 20-30 voters, obvi- tion of several new buildings (project “mod- ously, that the work of the Council is trying el home”) on an empty part for employees of to take into account the interests of the en- Museum. e museum-reserve’s sta , coming tire population of Sviyazhsk. Deputies of the here to work from Kazan and other residential settlement, in addition to the main responsi- areas of Tatarstan, needs housing, as there ar- bilities, they organize the work with the vet- en’t enough quali ed employees on Sviyazhsk erans and the elderly, help with the nancing (they may work here on a shi work, so they of settlement activities, such as International can held on the island the whole week). Also Women’s Day, New Year’s Day, Elderly man’s according to the management plan the muse- Day, Victory Day and others. um sta has possibility to obtain concessional Museum-reserve is the patrone of Sviazhs- loans for the construction of their own homes ky secondary school and within the frame- on Sviyazhsk. e implementation of these work agreement on patronage, holds special proposals will help to expand and strengthen events for pupils: group and individual les- the impact of the museum and the creative sons in museum exhibitions, classes in print- part of the local community, which is particu- making in the Central Museumm, organizes larly important to create a favorable climate for trips to other cities with historical heritage conservation programs and use of the proper- and so on. ty nominated for the inscription on the World through a public organization “Sviyazhsk” Heritage List. created by local people to protect their inter- e experts invited from Kazan and other ests in the growth of the tourist ow. At the scienti c centers for the museum organiza- meetings of this organization, with the in- tion and scienti c work (about 35 percent of volvement of other parties, were discussed is- the specialists of the museum-reserve) pass on sues of tourist services, security, urban plan- their experience, help to prepare a new cad- ning and so on. e creation of a children’s re from local residents to work in the muse- playground and construction of dovecote on um-reserve, work with local school children. Sviyazhsk was funded with the help of this A separate section of the management plan organization, issues related to the organiza- to attract the local community is dedicated to tion of the local beach, conditions for moor- the implementation of the principles of dia- ing boats of local shermen, landscaping and logue and coexistence of representatives of many other local issues were solved with the di erent nations and religions. It is aimed help of this organization. to the implementation of the measures pro- interaction with the local art colony is posed by the UN in 2010 on the conver- mainly done through the museum, which gence of cultures and correction of cultural works to promote the collections of local values, stereotypes and perceptions. Active artists, to organize exhibitions, to publish lit- participation of the religious community in erature, to present and promote of creativity the preservation and presentation of the out- Sviyazhsk artists.
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7.6.3. Raising the awareness of the local community In order to save such an item as the As- museum-reserve is planning its activities sumption Cathedral and to achieve public as an organization open to the public (see consent it is necessary to establish a system activities, section 10). e system of raising of permanent informing the local commu- awareness of the local community about the nity about the activities of the Sviyazhsk plans of development includes both passive Museum-reserve, the development projects forms (giving information, organization and presentation of the property nominat- of exhibitions and other events) and active ed for the inscription on the World Heritage ones (discussions, reports, participation of List, and projects for the development of local residents in the activities of the muse- social infrastructure in the bu er zone. e um and in joint projects). 7.7. Popularization and promotion of the site nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List he following system of measures for the – preparation and presentation of exhibi- Tpromotion and advancement of the his- tions using the methods of museum recon- torical and cultural heritage monuments of struction; Sviyazhsk are envisaged: – conducting di erent celebratory and 1. Arrangement and publication of scien- commemorative events; ti c and reference works on the Assumption – development of remote educational re- Cathedral and historical and cultural heritage sources in the form of virtual Internet projects; of Sviyazhsk. – conducting practical work with the partic- 2. Regular scienti c conferences, seminars, ipants of Summer School of Archaeology (for round table talks on issues of historical and schoolchildren and students mostly). cultural heritage of Sviyazhsk. ere will also be classes on modernization 3. To create the Museum of Orthodox cul- of excursion work, conducting guide training ture, to organize exhibitions on religious top- courses, and also courses to improve guide skills. ics with demonstration of di erent items of According to the administration plan a perma- the church art of Sviyazhsk kept in other mu- nent museum information support of di er- seums of Tatarstan and Russia with the pur- ent events held in the territory of Sviyazhsk are pose of popularization of museum items and envisaged: press conferences, presentations, collections. In the framework of the children’s round tables talks. Constant work on prepa- Museum center to familiarize the younger ration of announcements and releases, special generation with traditions of the Orthodox reports, analytical reviews and publications church. for print and electronic media, production of 4. Creation of educational lms and multi- multimedia products on the subject, scienti c media products. publications on the website of the museum-re- 5. Creation of historical and cultural gein- serve and in social networks are provided for formatic systems. by the administration plan. In addition, since Within the development of the museum the main part of the population is working in and educational activities it is assumed to or- the museum and monastery, the local residents ganize special cycles of educational programs get rst-hand information about ongoing and explaining the outstanding universal value planned activities related to the preservation and signi cance of the Assumption Cathedral. of cultural heritage through work activities. e museum work would also include the fol- Cooperation in scienti c and educational lowing: sphere in popularization and promotion of the property nominated for the inscription on the
236 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
World Heritage List provides a broad range of – development of ocial relations with part- activities and projects at the regional, interre- ners on the basis of cooperation agreements gional and international levels. It will develop and other forms of partnership agreements; further in the following areas: – formation of a long-term program of ex- – organization and participation in partner changing information with Russian and inter- research work, exhibition, educational, cultur- national partners on the matters connected al and presentation projects; with the history of Sviyazhsk (annual confer- – initiation and participation in partner ences). grant projects and programs aimed at preser- Wide partner network will ensure more ef- vation, development and popularization of the fective dissemination of information among site; its participants and will contribute to the solu- tion of problems of popularization and pro- motion of the Assumption Cathedral. 8. Achievement of the social consensus regarding preservation, exploitation and sustainable development of the Assumption Cathedral o implement objective 3 it is necessary to: 2. Interact with the stakeholders. T 1. Interact with the local population 3. Provide partnership and activity coor- and improve the conditions for the develop- dination to reach the public agreement. ment of the local community. 8.1. Interacting with the local community and improving the conditions for the development of the local community. small amount of local dwellers is in- in 2014. According to a contract Sviyazhsk Avolved quite actively in the activity in school can have lessons in the Museum Sviyazhsk now. rooms. In addition the schoolchildren work Opened in 2009, the State museum “Os- in the Centre of Prints, that was opened in trov-grad Sviyazhsk” which has become a the Museum. It is agreed that all big events museum -reserve in 2015, is a main employ- in the town take part in the conference cen- er on the island now. Before the foundation treohe Sviyazhsk museum. of the museum there were 40 unemployed e local population actively take part in people on the territory of the island. In re- the traditional folk festivals like Christmas- cent years all local dwellers managed to get tide (Svyatki), Shrovetide (Maslenitsa) both the job, mostly due to the museum. as the organizers and the participants. ose locals who wished to be trained as e preparation for the Assumption Ca- guides and now work in museum and tour- thedral nomination to the UNESCO World ist service. Due to the tourist ow increase Heritage List has contributed to the accom- caused by the museum activity part of the modation problem on the island. In accor- population was employed in cafés, souvenir dance with the special state program over shops and workshops. 80 Sviyazhsk families moved to new homes e Museum supports various festivals mostly from the monastery territories, where the local population takes parts. where communal apartments were built in ese are the Day of the Elder People, the the Soviet times. ey also moved out of Day of Knowledge (September, 1), the end other buildings that were the culture heri- of the schoolyear celebration and many oth- tage sites as well and were un t for the per- ers. e Museum was a co-organizer of the manent living. For those people new hous- celebrations of Sviyazhsk school anniversary es were built and they were included in the
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building plan of Sviyazhsk. On the one hand er settlements, as well as in the houses of the the house building on the territory of Svi- conserved historic buildings on the island. yazhsk allowed to keep the local population An important form was the determina- and to provide it with the modern housing. tion of the interaction with the owners of On the other hand, it has partly solved the private houses. It was expressed in the de- problem of the multiple losses in the civil cision at the legislative level of regulatory building of the town, as well as the problem measures aimed at preserving the authen- of the lling the town wasteland where the ticity of Sviazhsk building, limiting altitude, houses existed up to the middle of the XX architectural shape and building materi- century. als. For the new construction in Sviyazhsk It is proposed to relocate (by agreement) “model” projects of houses were developed residents living in buildings that are the and proposed, and they are based on the monuments of cultural heritage, to the com- historical patterns of the territory. fortable apartments in Zelenodolsk and oth- 8.2. Interaction with the stakeholders, partnership and activity coordination for reaching the public consensus. n managing the Assumption Cathedral ditions, to carry out necessary adjustments, Ithere is the interaction between all the stake- provide annual reports on the technical holders, primarily the government at the local condition to the authorized body; level, represented by the Executive Commit- - provide the annual engineering and tee of Sviyazhsk rural settlement, Sviyazhsk technology research of the constructions Assumption Monastery of Tatarstan Archdi- state and to provide a report to the author- ocese of Russian Orthodox Church and the ity; Museum-reserve “Ostrov-grad Sviyazhsk”. - provide the protection of the property To provide the control and protection of and cultural and museum values during cul- the Assumption Cathedral as the site the tural and tourist events in accordance with exploitation contract is signed between by applicable law; the Authorized Body (which according to - provide round the clock protection of the legislation of the Russian Federation, is the site; the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of - appoint the people in charge with re- Tatarstan), and the user – the Assumption sponsibilities for operation, daily observa- Monastery, which de nes the rights of the tions and providing order during the reli- user. e user is obliged to: gious ceremonies at the site and the cultural - keep the cathedral in good technical, and tourist activities. sanitary and re condition, and provide - in case of necessity to perform work to cleaning of the church and the surrounding keep the cathedral in good technical, sani- area, keep the territory in a good state; tary and re condition, as well as to maintain - conduct the religious rites in the As- the site in a comfortable condition neces- sumption Cathedral for agreed and set sary but the work is planned in the techni- number of days in the period from May 1 cal condition inspection report of any acts to September 30 without the use of an open of the current examination, the user must ame; apply to the authorized body for permission - use special sensors installed on the site for work and to perform the work under the premises that capture the state of tempera- terms of a permit. ture and humidity conditions and re alarm - to carry out the work on the preserva- system; to conduct a daily accounting and tion of the cathedral and the development control of temperature and humidity con- of adjoining territory, provided by the tech-
238 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
nical condition act, which is integral to the - not to change the exterior and (or) inte- security obligations and current inspection rior architecture of the cathedral and (or) its reports. planning structure; - to provide the works with projects, esti- - Not to replace historic material of con- mates, research documents and photographs structions, architectural and artistic ele- in the cases and within the time limits pro- ments, door and window lling of the ca- vided by the technical inspection report and thedral; (or) a report of the current inspection. - Not to carry out excavation that is not e project documentation is worked out related to the work, provided by the autho- on the basis of requests agreed by the Au- rized body; thorized Body and developed by the User. - Not to set up new construction works; e User performs work and provides - not to change the purpose of the Cathe- documentation of these activities at its own dral. expense. - not to carry out the work that may Technical condition inspection report is change the protected monuments of the ca- drawn up on the initiative of the Authorized thedral. Body or of the User but not less than once - In case of damage of the architectural every ve years. and artistic elements of the interior, and (or) e User has the right to: items of decorative and applied arts, and - proceed with the work aer obtaining (or) painting and (or) sculptures that are the authority permission; listed in the attached inventory, the User is - perform the cathedral conservation obliged to repair the damage within the pe- work with the help of the people who have riod prescribed by the authorized body. the license for conservation works imple- - to provide the organized access of citi- mentation in the cultural heritage sites; zens, legal entities, public organizations and - carry out the work within the terms stip- educational institutions to the premises of ulated by the technical condition inspection the cultural heritage site in coordination report, the current examination reports, the with the authorized body. regulations of the Authority body. e priests appointed to the Assumption - if the User (on its own fault) doesn’t have Cathedral notify the authorized body about permits to work, it shall not relieve him from holding a big religious event in advance. responsibility for performance time failure; Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- - if the User didn’t begin the work within thodox Church may organize a visit of dele- the date of works expiration that is speci ed gations of the clergy accompanied by the ap- in the technical conditions inspection re- pointed clergy of the Assumption Cathedral port or in the current inspection report, the or other plenipotentiary representatives of Authority body is able to indicate the new Tatarstan archdiocese of the Russian Ortho- time of performance. dox Church, to the Assumption Cathedral - provide the safety of the cathedral to with the obligatory prior noti cation of the prevent the third parties from causing or authority. threatening to damage the monuments, or e premises of the Assumption Cathe- its territories (if there is the territory). dral are used for the religious service only - provide access of members of the autho- by the Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian rized body in the cathedral premises. Orthodox Church and cannot be given to Without the agreement of the authorized any other religious organizations. body: State Budget Institution of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve “Os-
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trov-grad Sviyazhsk” and Kazan Archdio- religious potential the site is given to Ta- cese of the Russian Orthodox Church con- tarstan Archdiocese for free use. Project se- duct by prior agreement joint activities of curity obligations entered the Federal Prop- religious and cultural nature in the Assump- erty Management Agency of the Ministry of tion Cathedral. Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan in the It is not allowed to hold an event of politi- Republic of Tatarstan 09.17.2014, an order cal nature in the Assumption Cathedral. issued on 09.17.2014, № 278-p to transfer ere are also other monastery buildings for free use. on the territory of the Assumption Monas- e walls of the Assumption monastery. tery, where the Assumption Cathedral is sit- A religious site of cultural heritage of federal uated. Management plan supposes their use importance. In order to maximize disclosure for religious purposes. of spiritual and religious potential the site is Archimandrite housing, the Assumption given to Tatarstan Archdiocese for free use Monastery college; St. Sergius church, frat- (Monastery fence with the church). Disposal er (convent housing № 12), the fence of the of Federal Property Management Agency in convent and other monuments – are the re- the Republic of Tatarstan from 04.30.2014, ligious sites of cultural heritage of federal № 140-p “On the transfer of a religious or- importance. In order to maximize disclo- ganization for free use ...”, the contract of sure of spiritual and religious potential the uncompensated use from 09.17.2014, the № objects are given to Tatarstan Archdiocese 02/141. for free use. Several more objects on the territory of St. Nicholas Church (Nikolskaya) A reli- Sviyazhsk were given to the Russian Ortho- gious site of cultural heritage of federal im- dox Church. portance. In order to maximize disclosure e John the Baptist convent complex of spiritual and religious potential the site (Ioanno-Predtechenskiy) including wood- is given to Tatarstan Archdiocese for free en Trinity church (Troitskaya), St. Sergius use. Disposal of Federal Property Manage- church (Sergiyevskaya), a chapel in the yard ment Agency in the Republic of Tatarstan of the monastery, Sister housing and fencing, from 04.30.2014, № 140-p “On the transfer the Cathedral of the Mother of God “Joy of All of a religious organization for free use ...”, who sorrow” (Vsekh skorbyashchikh radost) the contract of uncompensated use from – are the religious objects of cultural heritage 09.17.2014, the № 02/141 of the federal and republican importance. In e Gate Church of the Assumption mon- order to maximize disclosure of spiritual and astery (Nadvratnaya) A religious site of cul- religious potential the objects were given to tural heritage of federal importance. In order Tatarstan archdiocese for free use. to maximize disclosure of spiritual and reli- Constantine and Helen Church. (Kon- gious potential the site is given to Tatarstan stantina I Eleny) A religious site of cultural Archdiocese for free use (Monastery fence heritage of federal importance. In order to with the church). Disposal of Federal Prop- maximize disclosure of spiritual and reli- erty Management Agency in the Republic of gious potential the site is given to Tatarstan Tatarstan from 04.30.2014, № 140-p “On the Archdiocese for free use. transfer of a religious organization for free ere is close interaction with the Svi- use ...”, the contract of uncompensated use yazhsk executive committee in regards of from 09.17.2014, the № 02/141. compliance with the legislation on the pro- Fraternal housing of the Assumption tection of cultural heritage and preventing Monastery (Bratskiy) A religious site of cul- illegal construction and illegal archaeologi- tural heritage of federal importance. In or- cal excavation. der to maximize disclosure of spiritual and
240 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
e budgeting of Sviyazhsk rural settle- use of the material and spiritual Assumption ment is provided largely through tax deduc- Cathedral. tions from the Sviyazhsk Museum activity. An important part of the Management An important area of cooperation between plan is to attract the local community is the the local authorities and the museum is the implementation of the dialogue principles, work on the improvement of the town and cohabitation, popularization of traditions conducting mass events, both local and ex- and values in culture, education and sci- ternal. ence, in the policy of federal, republican and One of the important objectives of the local authorities. Management plan was to de ne the forms of Active participation of scientists, re- participation of the population of cities and searchers, graduate students for research, regions in the preservation, conservation preparation of monographs and other sci- of Sviyazhsk and its becoming a museum. enti c products, new methods, including Since 2010 by the end of each year a Book non-destructive methods, conferences, of remembrance is published to name the seminars, etc. is an important aspect of the philanthropists directing funds for the pres- Management Plan. ervation of Sviyazhsk. 5 volumes are already Further publication of materials, the in- published, and more than 38,000 donors are troduction of measures of promoting the included. object, involving not only scientists of Ta- Ongoing activities for the active involve- tarstan and the Russian Federation as a ment of the local population for the tourists whole, but other countries as well, is pro- and pilgrims service, as well as the great and posed in the separate plan. fruitful work of the “Renaissance of the his- e attraction of pupils, students, volun- torical and cultural monuments of the Re- teers not only from nearby cities: Kazan, public of Tatarstan” foundation for involv- Zelenodolsk, Cheboksary, Yoshkar-Ola, ing not only the local community and the Ulyanovsk, etc., is important in terms of citizens of the republic, but also the inhabi- administrative action. At the same time the tants of the whole of the Russian Federation, modernization of educational programs of the Orthodox, living in di erent countries higher education institutions is focused on of the world, business structures, industrial popularizing and explaining of the princi- and commercial enterprises allow to focus ples of preservation of the world and nation- on the protection of the outstanding uni- al heritage. versal value, the e ective conservation, and 9. Implementation of the management plan for the site nominated to the World Heritage List
9.1. Site control and monitoring requirements he management of the Assumption Outstanding Universal Value of the As- TCathedral involves the introduction sumption Cathedral. of a continuous monitoring system by an e problems of monitoring are: agreed uniform metrics. Such monitoring 1.Providing the appropriate adminis- is an essential tool for providing e ective tration of the site nominated to the World management in order to maintain per- Heritage List; e ective implementation of fect conservation state of the nominated the management plan; active involvement property, along with other monuments of the local community in addressing prob- and museum exhibitions, representing the lems of the Assumption Cathedral manage-
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ment; proper coordination and interaction Value of the site nominated to the World between the stakeholders. Heritage List 2. Collection of information necessary - monitoring of the con ict situations; for the management plan implementation - amendments to the activities in the and integration of the management plans Management plan considering the chang- into the plan for social and economic de- es of the situation around the Assumption velopment of the Zelenodolsky region and Cathedral. the Republic of Tatarstan. e substantial part of protecting the 3. Potential risks assessment for the site site nominated to the World Heritage List nominated to the World Heritage List and and its further managing is the work of the for its surrounding historical landscape museum-reserve with contracting organi- and natural environment. zations and personnel operating at the As- 4. e conservation assessment of an out- sumption Cathedral and in the bu er zone. standing universal value of the Assumption Special requirements to the applicants Cathedral and forecast of its capacity to re- and technical speci cations should be de- sist possible threats and outlined reverses. ned while conducting tenders for imple- 5. Assessment of changes in the local mentation of works, in particular, their community under the in uence of the experience in similar projects, considering Management plan of the site nominated quali cation of employees and methods of to the World Heritage List, identi cation work implementation. of positive and negative factors a ecting e technical speci cation should de- the development of the local community, ne, classify and evaluate the e ects of raising public awareness of the Site signif- the planned works on the project. is ap- icance and value. Monitoring allows to re- proach minimizes the risk of the e ects of spond to any changes in attitude to the site the proposed works on the territory of the nominated to the World Heritage List and Assumption Cathedral. to conduct preventive work on eliminating Experts in the eld of cultural heritage potential threats in order to preserve Out- preservation should inform of coming ten- standing Universal Value (basic monitor- ders and of admission to implementation ing indicators are given in the materials to of works. the nomination le). Besides signing the ocial documents, In case of any circumstances of insuper- instructions and brie ngs should be held able force concerning the condition of the for contractors on the implementation of Assumption Cathedral it is also necessary work on the Assumption Cathedral. to report on the negative impact and its Adjustments might be brought to the consequences to UNESCO World Heritage management plan of the nominated site Committee. « e Assumption Cathedral of the island Monitoring and quality control of im- Sviyazhsk» depending on the results of plementing the Management plan of the monitoring and evaluation of the annual Assumption Cathedral provides the estab- plans implementation”. lishment of a new department within Svi- yazhsk museum-reserve. Control of conservation and conserva- e tasks of the department are: tion management of the Assumption Ca- - monitoring of implementation of all ac- thedral. tivities stated in the Management plan, In order to prevent negative e ects and - compliance to the interests in the eld for the solution of complex site manage- of preservation of Outstanding Universal ment tasks a special monitoring system is
242 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
developed. It involves the monitoring of cal community on preservation of the the Assumption Cathedral condition, that Assumption Cathedral, the attributes of the frescoes and the process of their con- and characteristics emphasizing its Out- servation and muse cation. It also moni- standing Universal Value. The system of tors the number of visitors and their pos- awareness increase on the museum-re- sible impact on these sites, as well as other serve functioning includes various forms, sites of the cultural and natural heritage of both passive: information transfer, orga- Sviyazhsk. nization of exhibitions, as well as cultural Analysis of the in uence for each compo- and educational events, and active ones: nent and for the attributes of the Outstand- involving locals participation in the activ- ing Universal Value of the Assumption Ca- ities of the museum, joint projects, reports thedral is carried out. Particular attention and public discussions. is paid to monitoring the presence of strain e following quantitative indicators on the walls, ceilings and foundations. To aimed to increase awareness of the local evaluate the quality control the system of community are used to assess di erent types indicators that allows to trace not only the of work: parameters but also the deadlines of the - number of events held (as a result of dis- events was developed. It is based on the pe- tribution of information, involvement of the riod of short-term, long-term actions and local community to participate in holidays, activities set to 2020 and for the next 20 exhibitions, competitions, etc.); years. - number of the implemented education- Responsibility for management, conser- al programs (seminars explaining the Out- vation of the objects are assigned to the standing Universal Value of the site, signif- Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- icance of the bu er zone, regulations and tarstan and Sviazhsk Museum-Reserve. e norms of the land use and urban planning, developed system of indicators includes the principles of site management; interac- objective monitoring of the site physi- tion with school students and eld museum cal parameters on the basis of measuring lectures, etc.); equipment and devices data (continuous - amount of promotional and informa- and periodic), as well as monitoring and tional materials distributed (development veri cation with the involvement of ex- of information boards, publications in mass perts. is information is used for making media, and sites); necessary decisions. - number of museum-reserve presenta- e main indicator for the estimation of tions (holding days of the museum and re- environmental factors a ecting the condi- markable museum events, site promotion tion of the Assumption Cathedral, in addi- activities); tion to meteorological observations is mon- - number of implemented programs and itoring the uctuation of canal pound water projects aimed at involvement of local pop- in Sviyazhsk Bay of Kuibyshev reservoir. ulation in activities for preservation and use Awareness increase control of local com- of the site. munity and achievement of public consent e important eld in the Management concerning preservation, use and sustain- Plan implementation is the involvement able development of the Assumption Ca- of local community representatives in the thedral and components of its Outstanding work of Coordination Board, joint discus- Universal Value. sion of projects and initiatives concerning The management plan provides the preservation and site promotion. system of continuous informing the lo-
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Control of advanced promotion of the and the principles of UNESCO logo appli- site nominated to the World Heritage List cation. Research involving the deep analysis and e main indicators of promoting re- evidence-based interpretation of the re- search, museum and educational activity ceived results obtained by museum-reserve of the museum-reserve are the quantitative experts, other independent researchers, aca- characteristics including the number of cer- demic scienti c institutions and the univer- tain types of publications, the number of sity centers should contribute to the promo- reference of the heritage site in the Inter- tion of the Assumption Cathedral as the site net publications and other mass media, the of Outstanding Universal Value. Of pivotal number of scienti c publications (mono- importance is scienti c and educational ac- graphs, references to the RSCI, Scopus and tivity of the Museum-reserve. Web of Science). e latter is achieved through the de- velopment of educational programs, mod- Funds management control. ernization of excursion work, carrying out e number of museum items of the main various guides training courses, their qual- and secondary funds, their types – archaeo- i cation development and further training, logical, numismatics, ethnography, painting, preparing presentation and exhibition pro- etc., indicates the museum funds manage- grams, the organization and carrying out ment; it is also represented by the scope of col- traditional holidays (including, religious), lections and museum items, preserving quali- development of holiday programs involving ty and ensuring their safety with introduction methods of museum reconstruction, devel- of modern systems (the temperature and hu- opment of distance learning resources in the midity, light modes, microbiological and en- form of virtual Internet projects. tomological safety; the analysis of condition e management plan envisages annu- control data in museum storages; purchase of al congresses, seminars, panel talks, con- the necessary fund equipment; introduction tinuous information support of events, of uniform condition monitoring system and press conferences, presentations, round application of the museum items and some tables discussions, announcements and other de ned in the legal documents of the post-releases, thematic reports, analytics Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and general publications for printing and and the Republic of Tatarstan). electronic mass media, release of thematic multimedia products, publications in mu- Bu er zone management control. seum and scienti c publications, on the Bu er zone management control is accom- web site of the museum-reserve and in so- plished through the interaction with local cial networks. authorities, district administrations, monu- Considering the international status of ments protection authorities, natural super- the heritage sites, and also the need to pro- vision bodies and public organizations. e mote UNESCO activities, information on control is focused on natural component of implementation of the Management plan is the bu er zone including a biodiversity and covered not only in the Republic mass me- a landscape, and anthropogenic parameters, dia, but also in the federal and international such as construction development, pollutants periodicals. e UNESCO logo will be used impacting the environment etc. while preparing the information materials and exhibitions related to the heritage site Risk management control. revealing its Outstanding Universal Value e administrative sectors such as re and the management plan implementation safety, vandalism, the and inadvertent in strict compliance with the approved rules damage concerning terms and preparedness
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evaluation indicators and risk management e shore erosion control on the territo- are regulated by legislative instruments and ry of Sviyazhsk and monitoring hydrological documents of the Ministry of Emergency features of the Kuibyshev reservoir is carried Situations of the Russian Federation and the out constantly. As subterranean waters are Republic of Tatarstan, the Ministry of In- hydraulically connected with the reservoir, ternal A airs of the Russian Federation and monitoring and prevention of the landslide the Republic of Tatarstan and also by terms phenomena expansion, recording the weather of providing the museums, funds of expo- data, in particular extreme weather conditions sitions and rooms of the museum-reserve, are also carried out. e prompt response to along with the Assumption Cathedral, of geologic dislocation and natural disasters are monastery religious purpose property with very important indicators of site safety. necessary re- ghting equipment and mod- Speci c objectives, deadlines, indicators ern means of protection. and parameters of quality control can be ad- justed to changing terms.
9.2 Site management organizational plan. eming model is used to improve site con- museum-reserve, related to several stakehold- Dtrol process so as to maintain its Outstand- ers in the territory; new projects and initiatives ing Universal Value which allows to subse- on the site and historic landscape preservation quently implement continuous improvement and development are discussed. Coordination of the cycle «Plan - action - testing – correction Committee makes decisions and gives recom- « in the process of the site management. is mendations, prepares appeals if necessary. cycle is repeated continuously during the im- 4. A report on the results of the management plementation of the management Plan. plan implementation. Prior to the meeting of Site management procedure (cyclic se- the Coordination Committee the museum-re- quence of activities): serve prepares an annual report (on the year 1. Monitoring, data collection. Accumula- results) on the management plan implemen- tion of information (on the plan implemen- tation, results of monitoring, ful llment of de- tation, changes occurring in the external en- cisions and recommendations adopted by the vironment, con ict situations and threats to Coordination Committee. Factsheets (reports) the site, emerging new initiatives and projects) of stakeholders’ representatives on the activi- during the year in the Plan monitoring depart- ties in relation to the site and implementation ment of the museum management on the ba- of decisions and recommendations of Coordi- sis of the information prepared by specialized nating Committee are requested and provided. subdivisions of the museum. e site management plan implementation is 2. Analytical work. Analysis of the situation assessed, the necessary adjustments are dis- - emerging problem areas and new risks in re- cussed. lation to the site, con ict situations between 5. Measures adjustment. By the situation stakeholders. Preparation of problematic issues analyses results and discussion with stakehold- by the management Plan monitoring depart- ers’ amendments to the Action Plan of the site ment for presentation and discussion in the management plan are introduced. museum-reserve or Coordination Committee. e establishment of adaptive mechanisms 3. Coordination Committee Meeting, deci- of strategic level is important due to variabil- sion making. Topical issues are submitted in ity of environment as they identify at an early the discussion of Coordination Committee stage possible threats in relation to the site and (causes of events, and other necessary actions their application / threats treatment. etc.) which are out of the competence of the
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e planning strategy will be used in tech- To settle related to the site controversial is- nical aspect while implementing the Manage- sues conditioned by the Russian Federation ment plan. According to the latter the results legislation there was developed a procedure to of the previous stage taking into account the solve con ict in accordance with modern sci- changing external and internal environment enti c theories in the eld of the con ict man- in relation to the site adjustments for the fol- agement taking into account site uniqueness. lowing stage of the Management plan will be It is the management mechanism in uenc- introduced. ing the con icts settlement in the social and e idea of communicative planning in the economic relations, including issues of territo- conditions of the social and economic environ- rial and socio-economic planning. ment consists in stakeholders’ involvement in e eciency of the Management plan im- the process of the site management plan imple- plementation is de ned by the indicators of mentation for the preventive measures in the projects implementation and actions in the disputable situations concerning the site and priority areas and corresponding tasks of the the surrounding territory. e Coordination operated changes concerning the site. Expert Committee will become a tool in the discus- evaluation is the basic indicator of the site sion and decision-making process. management changes which implies positive e principles of public consent lay the basis dynamics in bringing the site into ideal condi- for leveling multidirectional interests concern- tion. ing cultural values. At the same time the devel- e site management infers continuous su- oped con icts should be resolved only accord- pervision system, evaluation of the site and its ing to the Russian and international legislation environment condition, and the assessment of and in favor of preservation of the Outstanding the site management process. Universal Value of the site. 9.3. Resourcing Maintenance of the administration plan of the property nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List
9.3.1. Staffing The execution of the management plan plementation of the management plan will implies the formation of the personnel policy be carried out in two ways: of the museum-reserve, which de nes the - Rising the general cultural level and required professional level, as well as the spreading information about the ideas of organizational structure and the required conservation of the World Heritage of UN- number of experts to perform the tasks ESCO, knowledge about the Assumption of conservation, research, promotion and cathedral, explanation of the Outstanding management of the object, nominated to the universal value; World Heritage List. - Special training (internships, exchange e basic principle of personnel policy is programs, conferences, obtaining additional the creation of conditions for the continu- education, specialization) in the key areas of ous education of the specialists involved in activity (the preservation and conservation the activities concerning the object. Train- of objects, landscape management, tourism ing and retraining of personnel for the im- management, the prevention of major risks). 9.3.2. Financial resources Financing the Museum- reserve by sub- endar year with dividing into quarters. Fi- sidies for performance of the state services nancing to provide state services (works) is (work performance) is carried out for a cal- available in the following main directions:
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Works on storage, studying, ensuring of the tasks of preservation of Outstanding safety and security of the objects of cultural universal value of the object. For these rea- heritage located in the territory of the Mu- sons was created the Fund of revival of his- seum- reserve; torical and cultural monuments of the Re- Works on ensuring safety and the integri- public of Tatarstan under Patronage of the ty of a historical and architectural complex, First President of RT. cultural and historical environment and landscapes which are a part of the Museum- Additional sources are: reserve; Means of the regional budget, maintenance of museums and other infra- Trust funds from the Federal budget, structural objects of the Museum- reserve; Revenues from the paid services Salary of employees of the Museum- re- (works)rendered by the Museum- re- serve. serve, However, full implementation of the Grants of non-governmental organi- management plan depends on the state pol- zations. icy for additional nancial support of the Sviyazhsky Museum- reserve for execution 9.3.3. e a liate network as a resource. e presence of an aliate network - mass communication; is a condition of e ective implemen- - organs of state and municipal manage- tation management plan of the As- ment at di erent levels; sumption Cathedral in all its elds. - representatives of civil society (non-gov- It foresaw widening the network of partners ernmental and public organizations); at local, regional, russian (national) and in- - members of local community. ternational levels in the following areas: e aliate network is an important re- - academic community; source of implementation management plan - educational facilities ; by nominated World Heritage Site, as well as - small, medium and big business (the providing forms of the cooperation on pres- tourist organizations, the industrial enter- ervation and presentation of the object. prises, the organizations of an infrastructure complex); 9.4. Preservation and development prospects of the Assumption Cathedral rospects of preservation and development (a) a clear common understanding of the Pof the Assumption Cathedral and long- objects by all stakeholders; term management plans are related to the b) a cycle of planning, implementation, main objective to maintain the attributes of monitoring, evaluation and feedback; the outstanding universal value of the prop- c) monitoring and assessment of the trend erty, its integrity and authenticity to transfer impacts, changes and proposed measures; their control to the society in general and to d) involvement of partners and stake- ensure a positive contribution to sustainable holders; development. e) the allocation of necessary resources; Common elements of e ective manage- f) capacity-building; ment system to ensure these perspectives g) accountability, clear description of the are the following: control system functioning.
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10. The system of measures to implement the Management Plan of the property nominated for the inscription on the World Heritage List
10.1. Implementation plan for objective 1 Measures for conservation of the Outstanding Universal Value of the Assumption Cathedral (to section 6 of the management Plan)
Id. The name of the project, Budget and Performers Time Frame No activities source 1. The preservation of the outstanding universal value of the Assumption Cathedral 1.1. A study of the Cathedral building, Federal budget, SBI "Centre of cultural 2015-2017 its foundations by non-destructive Republican heritage of the Tatarstan methods budget Republic", The Institute of archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Tatarstan Republic
1.2. The site study of the Assumption The Republican The Institute of archaeology 2015–2018 monastery by the non-destructive budget of the Academy of Sciences methods (geo-, aero and space of the Republic of Tatarstan methods, magnetic inspection and carrying out archaeological excavations 1.3. Assessment of the current state The Federal Research divisions of the 2015–2020 and the development of measures budget, Academy of Sciences of the for the conservation of the The Republican Republic of Tatarstan assumption Cathedral through an budget and Kazan (Volga region) integrated and multidisciplinary Federal University historical, archaeological and natural scientific research with new data according to the time of construction, materials, technologies used in their creation 1.3.1 The study of monumental The Federal Research divisions 2015–2016 painting to clarify its budget, Academy of Sciences of the characteristics and identify The Republican Republic of Tatarstan potential threats and risks of the budget and Kazan (Volga region) paint layer conditions Federal University 1.3.2 A study of the Cathedral building The Federal Research divisions of the 2015–2016 to determine potential threats budget, Academy of Sciences of the and risks and define the best The Republican Tatarstan Republic conditions for the preservation of budget and Kazan (Volga region) monumental painting Federal University
1.3.3. Researching of the temperature The Federal Research divisions of 2015–2017 and humidity in the Cathedral budget, Academy of Sciences of the Republican Republic of Tatarstan by budget attracting the experts
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1.3.4. A study of the frescoes of the The Federal Research divisions of 2015–2020 Cathedral, including: budget, Academy of Sciences of the - the analysis of paints by Republican Republic of Tatarstan with the method of scanning budget experts and Kazan (Volga electron microscopy with laser region) Federal University microprobe, by attracting the experts - chemical studies of coloring pigments, - microbiological and genetic analysis of biotic, - analysis of organic components of paints and gesso by chromatography method, - the study of the dye layer by the method of non-destructive x-ray fluorescence analysis, - determining the age of wooden structural elements by the method of radiocarbon Dating (analysis), - the timing of application of frescoes through the study of organic gesso by the method of accelerator mass spectrometry, - dendrochronological analysis of wood. 1.4. The introduction of a Republican Kazan (Volga region) 2017-2020 computerized mapping of budget Federal University, The the monumental painting of Institute of archaeology of the Church building and its the Academy of Sciences of environment the Republic of Tatarstan 1.5. Monitoring the status of Republican Sviyazhsk Museum-reserve 2015-2030 Cathedral, the state of his budget with experts painting and creation of an information database 1.6. The comprehensive historical Republican Research divisions of 2015-2030 research, including: the budget Academy of Sciences of the identification and study of new Republic of Tatarstan archival materials and sources; with experts and Kazan architectural, source study, (Volga region) Federal historiography, art history, University, Sviyazhsk cultural studies and comparative Museum-reserve analysis 2. Conservation and restoration of Assumption Cathedral 2.1. : Works on the conservation of Khalikov Institute of 2015-2018 the cathedral building and its Archaeology reinforcement - works on building footings improvement - works on walls and roofing system improvement - works on interior framings improvement
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2.2. Restoration of the monumental Ministry of Culture of the 2015-2017 painting of the cathedral and Republic of Tatarstan works on its conservation and maintenance 2.3. Implementation of the underfloor Ministry of Culture of 2017-2020 heating system enabling to the Republic of Tatarstan, establish aimed temperature and the State Historical and humidity conditions Architectural Museum “The Island of Sviyazhsk”
2.4. The cathedral`s liturgical activity Ministry of Culture of 2016 establishment (the number of the Republic of Tatarstan, potential church services and Tatarstan archdiocese of the their conditions) Russian Orthodox Church 2.5. Registration and storage of the Ministry of Culture of 2015-2030 study samples, development of the Republic of Tatarstan, extracted samples data bank and the State Historical and of restoration and conservation Architectural Museum “The works data bank Island of Sviyazhsk” 3. Movable property safe custody 3.1. Establishing of the Christian The republican Ministry of Culture of 2016-2020 Orthodox Culture Museum budget the Republic of Tatarstan, (aimed at setting the stage for the State Historical and tourists and excursionists to visit Architectural Museum the cathedral) “The Island of Sviyazhsk”, Monastery of Assumption 3.2. Completion of the restoration The republican Ministry of Culture of 2015-2018 workshops within the State budget the Republic of Tatarstan, Historical and Architectural the State Historical and Museum “Ostrov-Grad Architectural Museum Sviyazhsk” (restoration of oil “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” painting and tempera, pottery, wood and metal handicrafts, paper goods, archaeological objects from the wet layer). 3.3. Restoration of the finds acquired The republican Ministry of Culture of 2015-2035 from the cathedral study and budget the Republic of Tatarstan, archaeological studies the State Historical and Architectural Museum “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”, Institute of Archaeology named after A. Khalikov 4. Preservation of historical and cultural environment 4.1. Implementation of functional Republican Ministry of Culture of the 2015-2016 zoning of the island-town budget Republic of Tatarstan Sviyazhsk and the establishment of clear usage modes of each Sviyazhsk Museum-Reserve functional area
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4.2. Approval of the reconstruction Republican Ministry of Culture of 2015-2017 procedure of houses and building budget the Republic of Tatarstan, new houses on vacant places of Ministry of Construction, the island (based on "approved Architecture, Housing and "model" projects) Communal Services of the Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsk museum preserve
4.3. Work on landscaping site Republican Ministry of Culture of 2015-2018 finishing of Sviyazhsk territory in budget the Republic of Tatarstan, accordance with the historically Ministry of Construction, conditioned traditional principles Architecture, Housing and Communal Services of the Republic of Tatarstan, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsk municipal unit 4.4. Development of space-planning Republican Ministry of Construction, 2016-2019 projects of villages development budget Architecture, Housing and in the buffer zone of the Communal Services of the Assumption Cathedral Republic of Tatarstan
4.5. Preservation of natural Republican Ministry of Ecology and 2015-2035 landscapes in the buffer zone of budget Natural Resources of the the Assumption Cathedral Republic of Tatarstan, nature reserve «Sviyazhskij» 4.6. Preservation of archaeological Republican Institute of Archaeology of 2015-2035 sites in the buffer zone of the budget the Academy of Sciences of Assumption Cathedral the Republic of Tatarstan 5. Measures to reduce the risk of accidents and removal of threats concerning the Assumption Cathedral 5.1. Regular inspection of the existing Republican Ministry of Ecology and 2015-2020 bank protection and creation of budget Natural Resources of the new one in the case of threat Republic of Tatarstan, Ministry of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the Republic of Tatarstan
5.2. Introduction of new fire Republican Sviyazhsk museum preserve 2015-2017 protection systems in museums, budget the fund storage and places of public attendance (gas, water and powder fire-fighting)
5.3. Implementation of anti-erosion Republican Ministry of Ecology and 2015-2035 measures (slopes, ravines, banks) budget Natural Resources of the in the buffer zone Republic of Tatarstan
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5.4. Preventing of crimes on the Republican Ministry of Interior on the 2015-2035 territory of nominated World budget Republic of Tatarstan Heritage Site and its buffer zone
10.2. Implementation plan for objective 2 Actions for sustainable development (to section 7 of the Management Plan)
Id. Name of the project, action Budget and Performers Time frames No source 6. The organization of effective exploitation of the site nominated to the World Heritage List 6.1. Implementation of the resolution Republic budget, The Council of Ministers 2015-2035 of the Council of Ministers of municipal of Tatarstan, Permanently the Republic of Tatarstan on budgets Zelenodolsky area, the protection zones statement Verkhneuslonsky local of remarkable site "The Town authorities, -Island of Sviyazhsk" (borders Municipality "Innopolis" of a buffer zone), the adoption of all restrictions on cadastral plans and communication of the information about the named restrictions to the parties concerned 6.2. Carrying out the necessary Republic budget Ministry of Culture of the 2015-2016 procedures connected with Republic of Tatarstan, transformation of the state Sviyazhsky museum, budget institution of culture Zelenodolsky area of the Republic of Tatarstan "State historical-architectural and art Museum "Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk» to the Museum- reserve 6.3. The system of administrative Sviyazhsky museum 2015-2016 actions implementation for the organization of museum service of visitors modern structure
6.3.1. Organization of the Republic budget Ministry of Culture the 2015-2018 Archaeological museum Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum 6.3.2 Organization of the Civil War Republic budget Ministry of Culture of the 2015-2018 Museum Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum 6.3.3. Organization of the Orthodox Republic budget Ministry of Culture of the 2016-2020 Culture Museum Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum
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6.3.4. The organization of museum Republic budget Ministry of culture of the 2017-2022 expositions "Sviyazhsk is the Republic of Tatarstan, district town» Sviyazhsky museum 6.3.5. Organization of the Volga River Republic budget Ministry of Culture of the 2019-2025 Museum Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum 6.3.6. Museumification of other Republic budget Ministry of Culture of the 2020-2035 Sviyazhsk historical buildings Republic of Tatarstan, and objects Sviyazhsky museum 7. Ensuring of a sustainable development of the tourist sector 7.1. Elaboration of a new concept of Republican The Ministry of culture of 2016-2017 tourist development of Sviyazhsk budget the Republic of Tatarstan, and the neighboring territories of State Committee on the Republic of Tatarstan Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky Museum 7.2. Conducting of a market research Republican The Ministry of culture of 2016-2018 of the target audience for the budget the Republic of Tatarstan, development of tourism at the State Committee on World Heritage Site Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum 7.3 Carrying out a research of the Republican The Ministry of culture of Conducting – maximum recreational and budget the Republic of Tatarstan, 2016, anthropogenic pressure allowed State Committee on Zccomplishment, at the World Heritage Site and Tourism of the Republic judging by within its buffer zone of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky the common museum practice – 2017- 2018 7.4. Development of a long-term Republican The Ministry of culture of 2017-2019 project «the Heritage of the Volga budget, the funds the Republic of Tatarstan, river» of the private State Committee on as a nationwide and international investors of the Tourism of the Republic cultural program, throwing programme of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky further light on the historical part museum of the largest European river 7.5. Organization of a new parking Republican The Ministry of Transport 2017-2020 area in the mainland, at the budget, the funds and Roads of the Republic beginning of a dam (within 2-3 of the private of Tatarstan km from the island) investors of the programme 7.6. Ensuring the museum-reserve Republican The Ministry of culture of 2016-2020 with electric transport to transfer budget the Republic of Tatarstan, the passengers to the island State Committee on from the parking lot and around Tourism of the Republic Sviyazhsk as well of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum 8. Protection of the natural environment
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8.1. Taking steps on recycling Republican The Ministry of Ecology 2015-2017 budget and Natural Resources of the Republic of Tatarstan, municipality of Sviyazhsk, Sviyazhsky museum 8.2. Upgrade of the utilities, Republican The Ministry of 2015-2018 wastewater treatment systems budget Construction, Architecture, and sanitation Housing and Communal Services of the Republic of Tatarstan, municipality of Sviyazhsk 8.3. Monitoring of the current Republican Sviyazhsky museum with 2015-2035 condition of the natural budget the council of experts environment 8.4. Environmental education of the Republican Sviyazhsky museum, The 2015-2035; local population budget Ministry of Ecology and Permanently Natural Resources of the Republic of Tatarstan
9. Socio-economic development of the country 9.1. The adjustment plans of Budget of Ministry of Construction, Development in territorial development of the Republic, Architecture and Housing 2015 Zelenodolsk, Verkhniy Uslon municipal and Communal Services of Actualization in regions of the Republic of budgets the Republic of Tatarstan, 2018. Tatarstan and municipality Zelenodolsk region, “Innopolis” taking into account Verkhniy Uslon region, conditions of the buffer zone of Municipality "Innopolis" the Assumption Cathedral 9.2. Infrastructure development of Ministry of Construction, 2015-2016. Sviyazhsk to meet the needs of Architecture and Housing visitors to the nominated site and Communal Services of the Republic of Tatarstan, Municipality Sviyazhsk 9.3. The formation of new conditions Budget of the Budget of the republic 2015-2035 of employment in Sviyazhsk Republic, the budgets of municipalities, private investors
9.4. Formation of the urban Budget of the Ministry of Construction, 2015-2020 environment of Sviyazhsk: Republic, private Architecture and Housing buildings management, active investors and Communal Services of implementation of developed the Republic of Tatarstan, in the traditional style of The Ministry of Culture of "model" houses, decorating of the Republic of Tatarstan, disharmonious buildings locals, vacationers
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9.5. Incentives to attract permanent Budget of the The Cabinet of Ministers Development of residence in Sviyazhsk of Republic, private of the Republic of the program in museum workers and creative investors Tatarstan, the Ministry of 2015 intellectuals Culture of the Republic of Implementation: Tatarstan 2016-2020 years. 10. Community development. 10.1. Development of a program Budget of the Sviyazhsky museum 2016-2018 to raise awareness of the Republic local community about the outstanding universal value and the Management Plan of the Site, the rules of land use and management 10.2. Conducting public opinion poll Budget of the Sviyazhsky museum, 2016-2018 of Sviazhsk, Zelenodolsk and Republic Zelenodolsk and Verkhniy Uslon regions and the Verkhniy Uslon regions, municipality "Innopolis" living municipality “Innopolis " within the buffer zone of the nominated site 10.3. Community participation in the Budget of the Regional Foundation of 2015-2020 Coordination Committee Republic Revival of Historical and Cultural Monuments of Republic of Tatarstan , Municipality Sviyazhsk 11. Promotion and popularization of the site, nominated to the World Heritage List 11.1. Scientific and promotional Republican Academy of sciences of 2015-2035 work on popularization of the budget, the Republic of Tatarstan, Assumption Cathedral Investor’s Kazan (Volga region) funds federal university, Ministry of culture of the Republic of Tatarstan, State committee on Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum, scientists and public men 11.2. Activities on promotion of Investor’s funds Ministry of culture of the 2015 – 2035 the Assumption Cathedral’s Republic of Tatarstan, historical, cultural, artistic and Tatarstan mitropolita-nate, religious value. Sviyazhsky museum, scientists and public men 11.3. Organization of a wide range Republican Academy of sciences of 2015- 2045 of regional, transregional, budget, the Republic of Tatarstan, international projects and events. Investor’s Kazan (Volga region) (international conferences, funds federal university, Ministry seminars, events) of culture of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan state university of culture and arts, Sviyazhsky museum
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11.4. Specialized publishing activity Republican Ministry of culture of the 2015 - 2035 and creation of the electronic budget, Republic of Tatarstan, publications and websites, Investor’s Sviyazhsk museum – promoting Sviyazhsk cultural funds reserve heritage
10.3 Implementation plan for objective 3 Activities on reaching social consensus concerning conservation, exploitation and sustainable development of Assumption Cathedral. (To section 8 of the Management plan)
No Projects name, events listing Budget and source Executors Time frame 12. Community council work 12.1 Organization of Coordination Regional Foundation 2015 - 2030 Committee work, carrying out of Revival of expert services, final conclusions. Historical and Cultural Monuments of Republic of Tatarstan 13. Interaction with the parties concerned 13.1 Making agreement on a Ministry of culture 2015 - 2030 partnership with the parties of the Republic of concerned in the frame of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky objectives realization plan museum (municipal governing bodies, interested institutions and establishments, business entities, religious and public organizations). 13.2 Execution of the contracts for Ministry of culture 2015 - 2030 works and services necessary to of the Republic of Assumption Cathedral, Sviyazhsky Tatarstan, Sviyazhsky museum –(with organizations, museum establishments, individuals)
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5f. Sources and amount of financing
he total amount of nancing of the ac- 1999 – 32,080 US dollars; Ttivities of the complex project out of the 2000 – 146,313 US dollars funds of the federal budget and the budget e federal budget: of the Republic of Tatarstan is 90,000,000 1995 – US $28,000, 1996 - US $10,720, euros. 1997 - none, 1998 - US $5,555, 1999 - US Co-funding of the activities for the com- $2,000, 2000 - US $37,039. plex project implementation: e republican budget: – Federal budgetary funds by way of 1995 - US $65,600, 1996 - US $80,500, subsidies to the budget of Tatarstan are 1997 - US $69,000, 1998 - US $36,500, 1999 40,000,000 euros, including: - US $32,080, 2000 - US $22,600. 2010 – 10,000,000 euros Non-budget sources ( e fund “Raifa-Svi- 2011 – 10,000,000 euros yazhsk”, the means of lessees and users of 2012 – 10,000,000 euros monuments): 2013 – 10,000,000 euros 1995 - none, 1996 - none, 1997 - US 2014 – 10,000,000 euros $90,900, 1998 - US $11,100, 1999 - US 2015 – 5,000,000 euros $70,300, 2000 - US $74,074. e funds of the Republic of Tatarstan Financing of the activities for protection are 400 000 000 euros, including: of natural sanctuaries is carried out at the 2010 – 10,000,000 euros expense of the Republican budget of the 2011 – 10,000,000 euros Republic of Tatarstan, and also none-budget 2012 – 10,000,000 euros sources: 1998 - US $5,200, 1999 - US $9,700, 2013 – 10,000,000 euros 2000 - US $12,600. 2014 – 10,000,000 euros Which includes from the federal budget 2015 – 5,000,000 euros within the Federal target program “Preser- vation and Development of the Architecture e activities for protection, preservation, of Historical cities (2002 - 2010)” – 11,5 use and popularisation of the Uspensky ca- million roubles, the Federal target program thedral are carried out not only at the ex- «Culture of Russia (2001 - 2005)» – 7,4 mil- pense of the funds of the federal budget and lion roubles, the Federal target program the funds of the Republic of Tatarstan, but «Culture of Russia (2006 - 2010)» – 22,8 also at the expense of the budgetary funds million roubles; 2010 - 2012 – 106410 euros. of the administrations of Zelenodolsky In total for preservation of the objects of and Verhneuslonsky areas, non-budgetary cultural heritage of Sviyazhsk over the peri- sources, the means of Russian orthodox od of 2000-10 years it was allocated: church, and also internal funds of “ e State - From the Republic Tatarstan budget – Historical and Architectural and Art Muse- 20,1 million roubles; um “ e town-island Sviyazhsk” provided - From the budget of the Russian Federa- from museum, tourist and excursion activ- tion – 80,0 million roubles. ity. From 2010 till 2014 within the realisation e amount of nancing of the activities of the Complex project « e Cultural heri- for preservation and popularisation of the tage – Island Town Sviyazhsk and Ancient objects and pieces of cultural heritage in Bulgar» for 2010-2013 (2013-15) was totally previous years was as follows: allocated: 1995 – 65,600 US dollars; - From the budget of the Republic of Ta- 1996 – 80,500 US dollars; tarstan – 864,6 million roubles; 1997 – 69,000 US dollars; - From the budget of the Russian Federa- 1998 – 36,500 US dollars; tion – 1,038,8 million roubles.
257 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
5g. The sources of the qualified training personnel and protection and management technologies training.
he employees of the state budgetary tion of personnel resource in socio-cultur- Tcultural institution of the Republic of al sphere: problems and scienti c practical Tatarstan “ e State Historical and Archi- approaches”, “Excursion guidance: theory, tectural and Art Museum “ e town-island methodology, practice”, “Museology and Sviyazhsk” constantly improve their quali - monument protection. Excursion guidance”. cation, including the Center of the scienti c In connection with the planned transfer and technical information “Progress” (St. of the Uspensky cathedral to the Uspensky Petersburg) under the program “Manage- monastery now there arises a problem of ment of a museum. e theory and practice sta assistance to the monastery from spe- of museum management and marketing in cialists, rst of all, from restorers, climotol- the market conditions”; the state budgetary ogists, custodians, who are responsible for educational institution of the Republic of safety and maintenance of the object, etc. Tatarstan “ e Institute of further vocation- For the solution of this problem the Coor- al training (improvement of professional dinating Committee plans to hold a series of skills) of professionals in the socio-cultural joint meetings with the ocials of Tatarstan sphere and arts” under the programs “ e metropolitanate for the development of the theory and practice of excursion service at program of actions. (Note: the agreement on the present stage”, “Museum depository sci- shared use has not been concluded. ere- enti c work: record, study, preservation”, fore the museum by its own forces of the “Museum depository scienti c work: the employees cannot supervise and maintain problems of the record, preservation and the cathedral in necessary condition). function of museum depositories”, “Forma-
5h. Services to visitors and statistics
he activities and the information on Tservices to visitors and tourism organ- isation are partially presentsd in the section devoted to the plan of the object manage- ment.
e Assumption Cathedral egular attendance of the Assumption ca- of a complex of frescos of the Assumption Rthedral is impossible over the last years cathedral it is possible to familiarise yourself due to the complex conservation of the ob- with artistic merits of the Complex and fres- ject. Basically the object is accessible exclu- coes in the exposition of the museum with sively to specialists, researchers, experts and the help of special video shown to visitors conservation work representatives. In 2015 in the section, devoted to the orthodox cul- the cathedral became a base object to pro- ture of Sviyazhsk. Aer nishing of the con- vide summer practical training of the stu- servation work and transfer of the Uspensky dents of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, cathedral to the user, the visiting mode in who carried out picturesque mapping of the the cathedral will be regulated according to cathedral frescoes during the season. With- the recommendations of experts stated in in the period of work performance in the ca- the section “ e Plan of the object manage- thedral, it is possible to with art advantages
258 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
ment”, for the purpose of the object anthro- Kazan, and two areas of the Republic with- pogenic impact restriction. in the territory of which the bu er zone of e control over tourism development Sviyazhsk is, have been approved (Zeleno- in the Republic of Tatarstan is carried out dolsky and Verhneuslonsky areas). In them by the State Committee of the Republic of the questions about tourism development Tatarstan on Tourism. e development are set, also including those, which take into concepts of tourism in the Republic of Ta- account the development of tourist poten- tarstan, and also, concrete plans concerning tial of Sviyazhsk.
Bu er zone of the nominated object n the bu er zone of the Uspensky cathe- tourist routes are elaborated for exploring Idral, rst of all, the tourists are attracted island town Sviyazhsk and its architectural by Sviyazhsk itself. e questions of Svi- monuments; information inscriptions and yazhsk tourist infrastructure development conventional signs, stands are established; are settled in the General plan of Sviyazhsk. there are available circulars, guidebooks, di- e territory of Sviyazhsk is conditionally rectories, souvenir production. Excursions divided into two zones – the residential one are spent in Russian and Tatar, foreign lan- where housing development prevails, and guages (English, German, French, Chinese, the tourist – where the objects of cultural Turkish). heritage are concentrated. e museum of history Свияжска is Sviyazhsk is considered as the centre of opened for tourists from May till October historical and cultural, religious and pil- from 9.00 till 18.00 (Monday – ursday, grim, and ecological tourism. Museum and Sunday), from 9.00 till 19.00 (Friday – Sat- tourist activities form peculiar elds of spe- urday); from November till April from 10.00 ci c job di erentiation for Sviyazhsk rural to 17.00 (Tuesday-Friday), from 10.00 till settlement, also they are a promising direc- 18.00 (Saturday-Sunday; Monday is the day tion of social policy realisation and the de- o ). velopment of local economy. Since 2011 up to 2015 (inclusive) the mu- e territory is accessible to tourist dis- seum became the organizer of 36 exhibitions play. e favourable time to visit the Com- opened in Kazan, Sviyazhsk, S. Peterburge, plex is April - October. Great Novgorod, Sessone, etc. To reach Sviyazhsk is possible by bus or In the beginning of 2015 the constant ex- by car from Kazan, from the areas of the Re- position in the main building of the Com- public of Tatarstan and the adjacent regions plex, public oces associated with the his- of the Russian Federation (the Republics of tory of Sviyazhsk from its foundation prior Bashkortostan and Mari EL, the Chuvash to the beginning of the XXI century and a and Mari Republics, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg new exhibition hall “ e Old Water Tower” and Samara areas), by the river Volga by have opened. steamship from Moscow, St.-Petersburg, For tourists, sightseers and pilgrims on Nizhni Novgorod, Kazan, Ufa, Ulyanovsk, the territory of Sviyazhsk there are eight Samara, Astrakhan, or by the vessel on air cafes, a number of hotels, shops, gishops, wings of the type “Meteor” from Kazan to parking for motor transport, vacation spots, tourist landing stage of e town-island Svi- feldsher’s station. e work of conservation, yazhsk, by rail to the station Sviyazhsk and regeneration and the adaptation of build- further by car to the island town Svijazhsk. ings to hotels (the house Timofeeva-Ter- Cultural-informative, event, pilgrim, eco- enteva-Brovkina-Djachkovyh, brotherly logical types of tourism develop. Several
259 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
cases in monastery Ioanno-Predtechensky’s given territory. e stay of the most part of territory) are spent. tourists in Sviyazhsk comes down to one e total number of visitors to the muse- day. Accommodation is mainly supposed um in 2010 is 15,759 people (according to for specialists (art experts, archaeologists, the museum report), in 2014 – more than historians, architects, restorers etc.), work- 180 thousand people in 2015 is planned at- ing with the objects of cultural heritage of tendance at level of 220 thousand people. Sviyazhsk, carrying out research work, sci- e conservation of the monuments of enti c and cultural activities, conferences, history and culture, road network devel- delivering residential courses, organizing opment, new communications and engi- master classes for artists, summer practical neering network routing, have made the training of students, museologists, culturol- noteworthy place “Island Town Sviyazhsk” ogists, architects, etc. an attractive tourist destination for Russian e questions of tourist movement regu- and foreign visitors. e creation of a new lation are set in the section “ e Manage- infrastructure and putting into operation ment Plan”. new objects, allowed to create for the muse- Taking into account an increasing tour- um the qualitative tourist product combin- ist movement, for accommodation of tour- ing the services of accomodation, food, ex- ists is planned to use the possibilities of the cursion service, arrangement of interactive nearby territories. e main place of tourist and business activities. Gain in information accommodation is certainly Kazan where awareness among the population of island due to numerous events of the all Russia town Sviyazhsk as a tourist place (of tour- and international level the development of ism and kinds of recreation, of the objects hotel business for the last years is led at the and the island infrastructure, of its histor- accelerated rates. Kazan is as far as about 60 ical signi cance) is one of the important km by the highway and 25 km by the riv- cause of considerable growth of the tourist er Volga. us, it takes 40-60 minutes from movement. Kazan to Sviyazhsk by highway, and from 30 All this led to the threefold increase of minutes till 2 hours by the river, depending the tourist movement already in 2012 in on vessel type. comparison with 2011. In 2013 the muse- Also, in close vicinity to Sviyazhsk some um “Island town Sviyazhsk” was attended large tourist objects where tourists can be by 47,958 people (in 2012 – 21,437 people), accomodated are located. In two kilome- both by the Russian tourists (Central Feder- tres from Sviyazhsk there is a tourist base al District, Privolzhsky Federal District, Ural “Country club Sviyaga” with wooden cottag- Federal District,), and foreign visitors from es in up to 60 people may be accomodated. Germany, the USA, France, England, Tur- In seven kilometres along the automobile key, Serbia, China, Czechia, Malaysia, ai- line М7 two small hotels with total capaci- land, etc. In the structure of the visitors the ty of 100 people are located. In twenty km rst place is represented by adult audience from Sviyazhsk along the motorway, and in (59 %), the second and the third – pension- two km by water, on the right bank of the ers and schoolboys (14 % and 18 % accord- river Sviyaga the mountain-skiing com- ingly). Students are presented inappreciably plex “Kazan” is located, it was built taking (7%). e attendance of Sviyazhsk is of sea- into account the features of the existing re- sonal nature: the number of tourists arriving lief with accommodation up to 2000 peo- in island town, increases in May, reaching its ple in small cottages. On the opposite side maximum in August-September. from Sviyazhsk, in the distance of ve km Restricted territory of the island forces by water on the le bank of the Volga, the to regulate anthropogenic limpact on the settlement Vasilevo with two health resorts
260 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
with capacity up to 1000 people is situated. to Sviyazhsk with the largest hotel complex- Out of the bu er zone in the regional cen- es of Kazan are concluded. tre, the city Zelenodolsk, there are hotels e museum management, together with and the health resorts calculated for 450 the administration of Zelenodolsky area persons. Also, there are small hotels in the and Svijazhsky rural settlement developed settlements within an hour of driving from and con rmed the rules of tourist service Sviyazhsk. and the behaviour rules on the territory of a For catering services in Sviyazhsk there sightseeing attraction of the republican val- are some cafes at the moment. ue island town Sviyazhsk. - Cafe “Sviyaga” in the building of the mu- For the purpose of tourist service the seum hotel –up to 30 persons tourist routes calculated for various audi- - Cafe “Buyan (brawler)” on Christmas ences and duration of the stay on the is- square – up to 100 persons land are developed and con rmed. Tourist - Cafe and restaurant “Konyi dvor (stable schemes and guidebooks on Sviyazhsk (in yard)” − up to 100 persons the Russian, Tatar and English languages), - monastery canteen of the Uspensky calculated for di erent age categories are monastery – up to 80 persons created and published. e special program - summer cafe of historical kitchen provides the engineering of the system of vi- “Lenivyi (lazy) Torzhok” - up to 30 persons. sual communications, including installation - summer cafe «Fishing farmstead» - up to of information indexes in Russian, English 40 persons. and Tatar, system engineering of electronic e menu in the cafe is developed taking guides on the basis of modern communica- into account the presentation of traditional tion solutions. Russian cuisine to the visitors of Sviyazhsk. For the purpose of development of eco- Visitors of Sviyazhsk can buy souvenirs in logical kinds of tourism the Sviyazhsk cen- souvenir gishops, in tourist-information tre of sailing and rowing boating is created. points, in “Agafonov’s shop”, located in a his- Some sightseeing routes are o ered to tour- torical building of the end of XIX century, ists: around the island with the panorama of in a souvenir gishop on the territory of the the Uspensky monastery with the view from stable yard, and also on the territory of the water, a trip to the opposite bank of the riv- Fair on the Christmas square. e quality er Sviyaga, to the Makarevsky monastery, control of the souvenir production is carried an ecological route «Sviyazhskaya delta», a out by the experts of the State Committee of sports route on rowboats. the Republic of Tatarstan on Tourism, and For the meeting of unorganised tourists in also by the Sviyazhsk museum; purposeful Sviyazhsk under the auspices of the museum cooperation with handicrasmen and man- some tourist-information points function ufacturers of souvenir production focuses there: at the river station, near parking, in on working out and realisation of products the museum “Island Town Sviyazhsk” itself. with the symbolics of Sviyazhsk, displaying “ e State Historical and Architectur- the riches of the cultural heritage of Svi- al and Art Museum “ e town-island Svi- yazhsk. yazhsk” annually organize and runs guide e Svijazhsk museum developed the training courses which about 100 people system of contracts with travel agencies on nish per year. service of the organised groups of tourists. e complex of activities for the organisa- e museum “Island Town Svijazhsk” an- tion of the tourist service, realised in 2011- nually participates in all large all Russia and 2014 allowed to increase the amount of tourist regional exhibitions devoted to tourism. movement considerably. Among them a spe- Agreements on the organisation of the visits cial place is held by the exhibitions, organised
261 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
by the museum “ e town-island Sviyazhsk”, (stable yard)”, including a smithy, a potter’s the folklore festival on the International Day workshop, a manege with horses, minihotel, of museums, the festival “Sviyazhskaya Uha a gi shop and cafe-restaurant. In the area ( sh soup)”, historical fencing tournament, of the Christmas square the tourist platform traditional archery tournament “Cup Svi- “Lenivyi (lazy) Torzhok” is situated, on which yazhsk”, master classes of handicrasmen, the guests may familiarize themselves with etc. All these events are focused on revival traditional ghting arts, do some shooting of traditions peculiar to Sviyazhsk. e large from arches, feel the role of the medieval sol- tourist object of Sviyazhsk is the complex lo- dier and get souvenirs. cated on the Uspensky square “Konyi dvor
5i. The policy and programs concerning the presentation and advancement of the object
he departmental target program «Tour- e regulation of the Cabinet of ministers Tism Development in the Republic of of the Republic of Tatarstan from 01.04.2011 Tatarstan for 2009-2011», con rmed by the № 247 «About modi cation of the com- order of the Minister of youth a airs, sports plex project “ e Cultural heritage – e and tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan № town-island Sviyazhsk and Ancient Bulgar” 1008 from 06.10.2008. e government program «Development e concept of creation and development of the sphere of tourism and hospitality in of federal state institution “ e State Histori- the Republic of Tatarstan for 2014-2020», is cal and Architectural and Art Museum “ e con rmed by the decision of the Cabinet of town-island Sviyazhsk” approved by the deci- ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan from sion of the Board of the Ministry of culture of 21.07.2014 the Russian Federation from 24.06.2009 № 11; e complex plan of interdisciplinary sci- e complex project “ e Cultural heri- enti c researches of the Uspensky cathedral, tage – e town-island Sviyazhsk and An- Troitsk church and cultural heritage Svi- cient Bulgar” for 2010-2013, con rmed by yazhsk for 2015-2019. the decision of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan from 09.12.2010 № 1018;
5j. The personnel (professional, technical, serving)
ow management of the Uspensky ca- approximately of 15 people; b) to create spe- Nthedral is carried out by the Uspen- cial noncommercial fund for the organisa- sky Bogoroditsky monastery of Tatarstan tion of works on preservation, accounting metropolitanate of the Russian Orthodox and popularisation of the Uspensky cathe- Church together with “ e State Historical dral. and Architectural and Art Museum “ e In the sta of “ e State Historical and Ar- town-island Sviyazhsk” chitectural and Art Museum “ e town-is- In the sta of the monastery there are 42 land Sviyazhsk” (56 persons for 01.08.2015, people, among them 5 monks, the others are as a part of the museum structure scien- attendants (yard keepers, cooks, gardeners, ti c, conservation, tourist and depository room cleaners, sellers, etc.). Aer the end of departments function), in interaction with the conservation work it is planned to cre- Tatarstan metropolitanate of the Russian ate a) the department of preservation of the Orthodox Church, and the bu er zone − the nominated object of the cultural heritage, Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of For- sta ed of necessary specialists, in number estry of the Republic of Tatarstan.
262 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Under “ e State Historical and Archi- stitute of archaeology named aer A.H. Ha- tectural and Art Museum “ e town-island likov Academy of Sciences of the Republic Sviyazhsk” the Academic council consisting of Tatarstan, the Institute of language, litera- of various specialists is created. ture and art criticism named aer G. Ibragi- In the course of protection, preservation mov of Academy of Sciences of the Republic (repair, conservation and adaptation for of Tatarstan, the Kazan (Privolzhsky) Fed- modern use), popularisation of the objects eral University, the Kazan state university of of Sviyazhsk managers and specialists of culture and arts, the Kazan state architectur- various pro le and of various organisations al and building university, the National mu- participate, including: the Ministry of Cul- seum of the Republic of Tatarstan, the State ture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry Museum of the Fine Arts of the Republic of of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Tatarstan), Open Society «Tatar special sci- State committee on tourism of the Republic enti c and conservation management», the Tatarstan, the Ministry of ecology and nat- Directorship of State natural complex sanc- ural resources of Republic of Tatarstan, the uary “Sviyazhsky”. Among specialists there Center of cultural heritage of the Republic of are academicians, doctors and candidates Tatarstan, the Volga region bureau of Chair of historical sciences, academicians, doc- of UNESCO for preservation of architectur- tors and candidates of architecture, doctors al and town-planning monuments, the Insti- and candidates of biological science, anthro- tute of archaeology of the Russian Academy pologists, archaeologists, ethnographers, of Sciences, the Russian scienti c research architects-restorers, registrars, historians, institute of cultural and natural heritage keepers of various depositories, masters-re- named aer D.S. Lihachev, the Institute of storers, museum workers. history named aer S. Mardzhani, the In-
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6. MONITORING
onitoring is a component of the state by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of protection of sites of cultural heritage. Tatarstan and its subordinated institution – MIt is carried out according to the Resolution “ e Head Department of the StateControl of of the Government of the Russian Federation Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural d/d 05.07.2001 No. 504 “On the all-Russia Monuments” every ve years. monitoring of condition and use of historical e monitoring of the condition of the and cultural monuments, items of the museum archaeological occupation layer on the territory fund of the Russian Federation, documents of of Sviyazhsk was carried out by the National library stocks, the archival fund of the Russian center of archaeological research of the Institute Federation, and also the lm fund” and is of History aer Sh. Mardzhani of the Tatarstan implemented according to the order No. 848 Academy of Sciences (now – the Institute of issued by Ministry of Culture of the Russian Archaeology of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences). Federation d/d May 28, 2002. e monitoring During the monitoring in 2010 a number should ful l the following tasks: of problems were revealed for the solution of - the recording of historical and cultural which the Complex project “Cultural heritage monuments which are under the state of Tatarstan: the town-island of Sviyazhsk and protection; ancient Bolgar” was developed. It has been - inventory of sites of movable property implemented since 2010 at the expense of which are of historical and cultural value federal and regional budgets. e activities and which are an integral part of immovable of the Complex project include systematic historical and cultural monuments; supervision over the condition of sites, - prevention of causing damage to immovable archaeological research, works on preservation historical and cultural monuments; of sites of Sviyazhsk on the basis of complex - prevention of illegal (unauthorized) scienti c research, on redevelopment of the construction in zones of protection of territory, creation of museum expositions, historical and cultural monuments; museum and tourist infrastructure. - control over works on repair, conservation, Since 2010 the monitoring of the condition preservation, reconstruction and adjustment of objects of Sviyazhsk, including the of historical and cultural monuments; Assumption Cathedral, has been continuously - supervision over observance by users carried out directly by the order of Tatarstan (owners) of rules of use of historical and Ministry of Culture according to a special cultural monuments according to the current program, developed by specialized licensed legislation on protection of historical and organizations. is includes instrumental cultural monuments; examination, systematization and results - adoption of reasonable decisions on analysis. For each type of research certain e ective use of historical and cultural frequency is established. All this allows to monuments; observe the dynamics of changes in the - coordination of nancing of activities condition of the property and to estimate aimed at preservation of historical and the results of works on preservation of the cultural monuments; constructions of the cathedral and painting - formation and maintenance of a state in its interior. As a result of the monitoring information resource on condition and use of “ e program of complex scienti c research historical and cultural monuments. of the Assumption Cathedral, the Trinity Till 2010 monitoring of the condition of Church and the cultural heritage of Sviyazhsk the Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk as an for 2015-2019” and “ e program of scienti c site of cultural heritage was regularly done project works and works on preservation of
264 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
the Assumption Cathedral of the Ensemble of In 2008-2009 the specialists of the State the Assumption monastery in Sviyazhsk” have Research Institute of Conservation conducted been developed. a complex research of the temperature and Monitored aims for the Assumption moisture conditions (TMC) and developed Cathedral are: recommendations on their normalization. - condition of soil; e main problem of the Assumption - condition of constructions of the bases, Cathedral consisted in the northern church walls, arches; porch conserved in the 1970s. e big horizontal - condition of wall painting; surface of the open gallery, high brick parapets - temperature and moisture condition. contributed to accumulation of moisture and Special attention is paid to the frescos of the its ltration into the thickness of the walls. Assumption Cathedral. e white stone masonry of the cathedral Judging by the volume of the painting was in critical condition. Taking into account preserved and the degree of its undamaged the monitoring results from 2010 to 2013 the condition this ensemble has a huge historical facades the open galleries and the roof were and cultural, scienti c and artistic value. e conserved. A very large amount of works was works on disclosure of ancient frescos and done on preservation of the white stone and consolidation of the plaster and paint layers have brick laying of the lower part of the walls, which been carried out since the middle of the XIX were, in fact, the rst highly professional repair century repeatedly. Continuous monitoring of and recovery activities based on the long-term the condition of painting has been conducted monitoring data. e conservation masonry of since 1973, by the specialists of Interregional the 1970s was disassembled; emergency parts scienti c-conservation and art department. of the original laying were consolidated. Special e results of systematic monitoring were used tting compounds conserved the geometry of for preservation, consolidation of the primer each brick and stone block. and paint layers, removal of biodestructors and e assessment of the condition during disinfection of the surface. works and aer their completion shows that the Examination of the condition of the bases soil, massive designs of the cathedral have begun to the foundation and the walls of the cathedral has dry out, temperature and moisture conditions been periodically carried out by the Tatar special have improved substantially, which is extremely scienti c, conservation and design workshop important for preservation of the wall painting with the involvement of federal specialist experts in the interior. since the 1980s.
265 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
6а. Key indicators of the assessment of the undamaged condition of the object
Indicators Frequency Place of keeping records Providing legal protection Annually Ministry of Culture of the Republic of of the object Tatarstan E ectiveness of the system Regularly according to the working State Budget Institution of Culture of object management schedule of the Coordinating of the Republic of Tatarstan «State committee Historical, Architectural and art Museum-Reserve «Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk» Technical condition of Continuously Ministry of Culture of the Republic of object (condition of soil; Tatarstan, construction parts of the SBI «Centre of cultural Heritage of foundation, walls, arches; Tatarstan» wall painting; temperature and moisture mode, etc.). Object security system Continuously «State Historical, Architectural and indicators Art Museum-Reserve «Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk, Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery of theTatarstan metropolitanate of Russian Orthodox Church Indicators of quality of Annually Ministry of Culture of the Republic of conservation works Tatarstan Level of advance of the 2 times a year Ministry of Culture of the Republic of value of the object and Tatarstan anthropological impact on State Committee on Tourism the object «State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve «Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk» Condition of the natural Annually Ministry of Forestry of RT environment of the object Condition of the bu er Annually Ministry of Culture of the Republic of zone Tatarstan, «State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve «Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk», Institute of Archaeology named aer A.K. Khalikov
Control over management of use, obtained by measuring equipment and devices preservation and conservation of the (constant and periodic) and current monitoring Assumption Cathedral and other objects and checking with involvement of the expert of Sviyazhsk supporting its outstanding community, regarding which necessary universal value decisions are made, is being developed. e questions of management of use, Control over management of tourist ows preservation and conservation of the sites are is task is one of the most important assigned to the Ministry of Culture of Tatarstan and main tasks of the museum. e taken and the museum. e system of indicators measures are aimed to protect the Assumption including both objective control of physical Cathedral, as well as the sites emphasizing its parameters of the sites on the basis of the data Outstanding universal value from possible
266 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
negative impact of tourism, and include a tourists and visitors which allows to redistribute number of them from which the following a tourist stream. ese measures are capable of should be mentioned: protecting the sites of heritage, at the same time e protection regime on the territories resolving the issues of increase of quantity and adjacent to the sites, which forbids unauthorized quality of cultural services, and also increasing vacation spots, camping, installation of tents, the appeal, open quality and safety of the object. has been established; e main indicators of visitors’ management Control of access to the territory of Sviyazhsk is the record of quantity, types and categories and separate monuments is organized and of visitors, which are divided into the following implemented; groups: Restriction on the use of transport and driving 1. e number of visitors to each object; the through the territory adjacent to the sites is set; number of cars/buses. e schedules of visits to the Assumption 2. Representatives of local community Cathedral and the Trinity Church are set and (population), constantly or temporarily staying observed, including restrictions on visiting on the territory of the object. times and the number of people staying there at 3. Pilgrims and representatives of clergy. the same time; 4. Tourists (groups) and separate tourists. e ban on visiting the objects under adverse 5. Children, schoolchildren and university weather conditions (rain, snowfall, etc.) for students. the prevention of possible temperature and 6. Volunteers, participating in cultural and humidity change, accumulation of mud in the other events. sites, is established. 7. Researchers and personnel of expeditions Control over the tourist ow is organized and and conservation organizations (workers and regulated, which includes: experts). - re safety measures (ban on smoking and Annual monitoring of a small number of starting open res, installation of the security especially weak spots of monuments, using and re alarm system); photos and measurements for comparison of - protection, police control over public indicators. order and precautionary measures against unauthorized and illegal actions, especially in Control of raising the local community the situations connected with mass visits to the awareness and achievement of social territory of the sites on the days of religious and consensus regarding the conservation, use public holidays, anti-terrorist activities; and sustainable development of cultural - guided excursions for tourist groups and heritage (of the Assumption Cathedral and visits of the sites (obligations for control over Trinity Church) following rules of visiting sites are assigned to e management plan provides a system guides and employees of the monastery). of giving the local community a line on the Special attention is paid by the Management conservation of the Assumption Cathedral plan to calculating (admissible) anthropological and Trinity Church and other heritage sites, impact on the Assumption Cathedral and the highlighting their outstanding universal value. Trinity Church, to assessment of anthropological e museum is positioning its activities as a inuence, which allows to correct the modes, museum institution, available for the society. terms of visiting the sites, with the establishment e system of raising awareness about the (if necessary) of quotas on visits to the functioning of the museum includes a variety Assumption Cathedral and the Trinity Church. of forms, both passive - the communication of For reduction of negative impact the Plan has information, organization of exhibitions and stipulated development and introduction of new other cultural and educational events and active, (additional) and secondary excursion routes for related to the participation of local residents in
267 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
the actions and activities of the museum, joint courses for guides, enhancing their skills and projects, reports and public discussions. retraining them, development of presentation Quantitative parameters of the work forms and exhibition programs, organization and aimed at raising awareness of the local community holding traditional holidays (including religious that are used as indicators are as follows: ones), establishment of festive programs using - the number of organized events (as a result of methods of museum renovation, development the dissemination of information, involvement of distance education resources in the form of of the local population to participate in festivals, virtual internet projects. exhibitions, competitions, etc.); e management plan provides holding - the number of implemented educational annual congresses, seminars, round tables, programs (the seminars, explaining the constant information support activities with outstanding universal value of the heritage the use of press conferences, presentations, site, signi cance of the bu er zone and the announcements and post releases, special regulations of land use and urban planning, reports, analysis and review of publications the principles of the property management; for print and electronic media, the issue of programs for working with school students, thematic multimedia products, museum and giving lectures and visiting museums, scienti c publications, both on the website of the etc.);- the number of published promotional museum-reserve and in social networks. materials (the development of information Taking into consideration the international stands, media and web sites publications,); status of the heritage and the need to promote - the number of presentation of the the work of UNESCO, information on the museum-reserve (the days of the museum and implementation of the management plan is the museum’s iconic events, ocial events); published not only in the national media, but - the number of implemented programs and also in federal and international publications. projects aimed at involving local communities Symbols of UNESCO will be used in the design in conservation and the use of heritage. of information materials and exhibitions, related An important area of work is the to the heritage property revealing its outstanding involvement of the local community in the universal value and the implementation of the work of the Public Council of the museum, management plan in strict accordance with the discussions of the joint projects and initiatives approved rules and principles of the UNESCO related to the preservation and use of heritage. symbols use. e main indicators of the popularization of Control of the raising awareness and scienti c research and museum and educational promotion of properties activities of the museum-reserve are the Promotion of the Assumption Cathedral and quantitative characteristics, including the number Trinity Church as the properties of outstanding of publications on speci c kinds and types, the universal value should be based on the results number of references of the heritage in the online of the research activities of employees of the publications and other media, the number of museum-reserve and other independent scienti c publications (monographs, references in researchers, academic research institutions and Russian indices of Science Citation, publications university centers, deep analysis and evidence- included in Scopus and Web of Science. based interpretation of the obtained results. Of Control of the funds management great importance in this process is the publicity e indicator of funds management of the of scienti c and educational activities of the museum-reserve is the number of museum Museum-reserve. properties of main and auxiliary funds, e latter is achieved by the development their types – on archaeology, numismatics, of educational programs, modernizing ethnography, art, etc.; completing with the excursion work, conducting various training collections and museum items, quality and
268 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
ensuring their safety with the introduction of ey carry out a permanent control of modern systems (temperature and humidity, coastal erosion on the territory of Sviyazhsk, on light regime, microbiological and entomological hydrological features of the Kuibyshev reservoir, security analysis of monitoring data in the as groundwater is hydraulically connected with museum stores; purchasing the necessary the waters of the reservoir. ey also conduct stock of equipment; the introduction of a monitoring and preventing the expansion of uni ed information system for monitoring the landslides, recording weather data, such as condition and use of the museum items and extreme weather incidents. Timely response to others speci ed in the legal documents of the geological disturbances and natural disasters Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and catastrophes are also extremely important and the Republic of Tatarstan. indicators of conservation of the property. Speci c tasks, deadlines, indicators and Control of the Risk Management quality control parameters can be adjusted based With regard to the terms and indicators for on changing conditions. assessing the quality of preparedness and risk management, such administrative areas as re Control of the bu er zone management safety, vandalism, the and inadvertent damage Control of the bu er zone management is are clearly governed by regulatory documents carried out in cooperation with local authorities, of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the district administration, bodies of monuments Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan, protection, natural supervision authorities and the Ministry of Internal A airs of the Russian public organizations. It is implemented through Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan, as well planning (once in every three years) and un- as by terms of providing museums, expositions scheduled inspections of state authority for cul- and premises funds of the museum-reserve, tural heritage protection. the Assumption Cathedral and Trinity Church, Monitoring is carried out in relation to the religious facilities of monastery with necessary natural component of the bu er zone, which in- re- ghting equipment and modern means of cludes biodiversity and landscape, and anthro- protection. pogenic parameters, such as construction, the environmental impact of pollutants, etc.
6.b. Administrative arrangements for object monitoring
onitoring of the Assumption Cathedral is Institute of Archaeology at the Academy of carried out by the following organizations: Sciences a er A.H. Khalikov of the Republic of M e Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Tatarstan 7/6, Maly Gnezdnikovsky lane, build.1,2, 30, Butlerova str., 420012, Kazan, Republic of 125993, GSP-3, Moscow, Russian Federation Tatarstan, Russian Federation e Ministry of Culture of the Republic of e State Budget Institution of Culture of the Tatarstan Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, Architectural 66/33, Pushkin Street, 420015, Kazan, Republic and Art Museum-Reserve” of Tatarstan, Russian Federation 6, “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” Moscowskaya str., e Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of 420250, s. Sviyazhsk, Zelenodolsk District, the Tatarstan Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation. 37a, Kazan, Yamashev str., 420124, Kazan, Sviyazhsk Assumption Virgin Monastery of Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tatarstan archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Church State budget organization “Center of Cultural Uspenskaya str., 420250, Sviyazhsk, Heritage of Tatarstan” Zelenodolsk District, Republic of Tatarstan, 66/33, Pushkin str., 420107, Kazan, Republic of Russian Federation. Tatarstan, Russian Federation
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6c. The results of the previous reports
assports of the historical and cultural Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of monuments are kept in the archives of the Tatarstan, in the archives of the State Complex PMinistry of Culture of Russian Federation, Nature Reserve “Sviyazhsky.” in the archives of the Ministry of Culture of - Reports on spending funds aimed at the the Republic of Tatarstan, in the archives of protection and preservation of historical the Cultural Heritage Center of Tatarstan, and cultural monuments 1990-2014 (Form in the archives of a Tatar Special Scienti c- 2 OPIC) are kept in the archive of MICC Conservation Department. of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian - Passports of the nature monuments Federation, the Center for Cultural Heritage are kept in the archives of the Ministry of of the Republic of Tatarstan, in the National Forestry of the Republic of Tatarstan, in the Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan Archives of the State Complex Nature Reserve - Reports on the microbiological studies “Sviyazhsky”. of the frescoes condition in the Assumption - Project documentation for the preservation Cathedral are kept in the Kazan (Volga region) of historical and cultural monuments are Federal University and in the State Historical, in the archives of the Ministry of Culture of Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “ e the Republic of Tatarstan, in the archive of Island of Sviyazhsk”. the Cultural Heritage Center of Tatarstan, - Statement and the expert opinion in the archive of a Tatar Special Scienti c- of a comprehensive interdepartmental Conservation Department at the Kazan State commission of the Russian Federation and Architectural University. the Republic of Tatarstan d/d 18.10.1994 on - Reports on the technical condition the preservation of historical, architectural of the historical and cultural monuments and artistic monuments, socio-economic, are kept in the archives of the Institute socio-cultural and other life conditions of the “Spetsproektrestavratsiya” (Moscow), in the population of Sviyazhsk are kept in the archive archive of Interregional Scienti c and Artistic of the Cultural Heritage Center of Tatarstan. Conservation Department (Moscow), in - Minutes of the meetings of the the archive of the State Research Institute of Coordination Council under the Cabinet Restoration (Moscow), in the archive of the of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan on Cultural Heritage Center of the Republic the renewal of the “Island of Sviyazhsk” are of Tatarstan, in the archive of Tatar Special in the protocol department of the Cabinet of Scienti c Conservation Department and in Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. the archive of the State Museum of Fine Arts - e development concept of the State of the Republic of Tatarstan. Budget Cultural Institution of the Republic - Reports on the archaeological research are of Tatarstan “ e State Historical and in the archives of the Cultural Heritage Center Architectural Museum” e Island of of Tatarstan, in the archives of the named aer Sviyazhsk”, approved by order of Ministry A.H. Khalikov Institute of Archaeology, in the of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan d/d archive of the State Museum of Fine Arts of the 14.06.2011, № 453 is kept in the Ministry Republic of Tatarstan, in the State Historical, of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “ e the State Budget Institution of Culture of Island of Sviyazhsk”. the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, - Reports on environmental and natural Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve monitoring are kept in the archives of the “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”.
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7. DOCUMENTATION
7.а Photographs and audiovisual image inventory and authorization form
VISUAL IMAGE INVENTORY
Id. Format Caption Date of Photographer/ Copyright Contact details of copyright owner Non No (slide/ Photo Director of the owner (if (Name, Address, tel/fax, and e-mail) exclu- print/ (mo/yr) video different sive video) than pho- ces- tographer/ sion director of of video) rights 1. Cartografic materials 1.1 Map Map of the nomi- 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes nated property and Culture of Tatarstan the buffer zone. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.2 Map The scheme of the 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes boundaries of the Culture of Tatarstan nominated prop- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street erty and it buffer Kazan, 420015 zone with the ta- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 ble of coordinates. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.3 Map The territory of 2015 A. Kharisov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes the nominated Culture of Tatarstan property with co- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street ordinates. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.4 Dia- Map of the bound- 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes gram aries of the buffer A. Kharisov Culture of Tatarstan zone and the table the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of coordinates. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.4. А Table The table of coor- 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dinates of turning A. Kharisov Culture of Tatarstan points of the the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street buffer zone of the Kazan, 420015 nominated prop- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 erty. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
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1.5 Map The world map 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes with the indica- R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan tion of territory the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Russia – the Kazan, 420015 State – party of Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the Convention, Fax: 292-07-26 Kazan and Svi- E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. yazhsk. tatarstan.ru 1.6 Map Location of Kazan 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes and Sviyazhsk R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan on the territory of the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Russia. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.7 Map Map of the Re- 2015 I. Romanova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes public of Tatarstan Culture of Tatarstan the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.8 Map The boundaries 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes of the nominated Culture of Tatarstan property buffer the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street zone approved Kazan, 420015 by the Decree of Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Tatarstan Cabinet Fax: 292-07-26 of Ministers from E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. 02.07. 2015 № 481 tatarstan.ru 1.9 Map Sviyazhsk in 2015 I. Romanova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Kazan agglo-mer- F. Zabirova Culture of Tatarstan ation the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.10 Scheme The scheme of 2015 A.Tsybisov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes access roads to the Culture of Tatarstan nominated proper- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street ty on the territory of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 of the Republic of Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Tatarstan. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.11 Map Map of the Great 2015 R. Salikhov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Volga Route, A.Sitdikov Culture of Tatarstan showing the loca- R. Khayrutdi- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street tion of Sviyazhsk nov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.12 Scheme Role of Sviyazhsk N. Troyepol- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes in Orthodox skay Culture of Tatarstan sacred frame of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Tatarstan of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
272 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.12. Legend Role of Sviyazhsk N. Troyepol- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes A in Orthodox skay Culture of Tatarstan sacred frame of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Tatarstan of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.13 Scheme Scheme of func- 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes tional analysis of Culture of Tatarstan the territory of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Sviyazhsk of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.14 Map Boundaries of the A. Tsybisov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Nature-Reserve Culture of Tatarstan “Sviazhsky” and the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street the water routes of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.15 Map The Assumption 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Cathedral as part A. Kharisov Culture of Tatarstan of the Complex of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street the Assumption of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Monastery in Svi- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 yazhsk Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.16 Map Historical and F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes cultural key plan R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan of the Site “Svi- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street yazhsk Town Kazan, 420015 Island”, showing Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the nominated Fax: 292-07-26 property E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.16 Legend Historical and F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes A cultural key plan R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan of the Site “Svi- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street yazhsk Town Kazan, 420015 Island”, showing Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the nominated Fax: 292-07-26 property E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.17 Plan Map of the fa- 2015 R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes cilities of the R. Tuganov Culture of Tatarstan Assumption the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Cathedral during Kazan, 420015 1560-16th c., 17th Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 – 18th cc., 19th Fax: 292-07-26 c., early 20th c., E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. 1930-1990, 2010- tatarstan.ru 2015
273 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.18 Plan Ground floor plan 2015 R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes of the Assumption A. Zaidullina Culture of Tatarstan Cathedral G. Mironova the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street R. Tuganov Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.19 Plan Basement plan. 2015 R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Map of the A. Zaidullina Culture of Tatarstan Assumption Ca- G. Mironova the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street thedral during R. Tuganov Kazan, 420015 the 16th c., 17th – Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 18th cc., 19th c. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.20 Index Southern eleva- R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes map tion. A. Zaidullina Culture of Tatarstan Map of the G. Mironova the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- R. Tuganov Kazan, 420015 thedral during Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the 16th c., 17th – Fax: 292-07-26 18th cc., 19th c. E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.21 Index Northern eleva- R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes map tion. A. Zaidullina Culture of Tatarstan Map of the G. Mironova the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- R. Tuganov Kazan, 420015 thedral during Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the 16th c., 17th – Fax: 292-07-26 18th cc., 19th c. E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.22 Index Eastern elevation. 2015 R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes map West elevation. A. Zaidullina Culture of Tatarstan Map of the G. Mironova the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- R. Tuganov Kazan, 420015 thedral during Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the 16th c., 17th – Fax: 292-07-26 18th cc., 19th c. E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.23 Index Drawing in longi- 2015 R. Raimova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes map tudinal section. A. Zaidullina Culture of Tatarstan Map of the G. Mironova the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- R. Tuganov Kazan, 420015 thedral during Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the 16th c., 17th – Fax: 292-07-26 18th cc., 19th c. E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.24 Recon- Assumption 2007 T. Kopsova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes struction Cathedral in the Culture of Tatarstan panorama of Svi- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street yazhsk of the late Kazan, 420015 19th century, early Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 21st century Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
274 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.25 Map The boundaries 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes of the buffer zone Culture of Tatarstan - the main protec- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street tion zones draw- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 ings of the Project Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Site “Sviyazhsk Fax: 292-07-26 Town Island”. E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.26 Map Justification of 2014 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes the boundaries of R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan the buffer zone the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street - points of pan- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 oramic view and Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 perception of the Fax: 292-07-26 dominants E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.26 Justification of 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes А. the buffer zone R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan boundaries - view- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street points 1 and 2. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.26 Justification of 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes B. the buffer zone R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan boundaries - view- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street point 3. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.26 Justification of 2014 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes C. the buffer zone R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan boundaries - view- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street point 4. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.26 Justification of 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes D. the buffer zone R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan boundaries - view- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street point 5. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.26 Justification of 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes I. the buffer zone R. Tukhvatullin Culture of Tatarstan boundaries - view- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street points 6-8. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
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1.27 Map Project of secu- 2015 Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes rity zones and Culture of Tatarstan regulation of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street building sites of of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 the former town Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 of Sviyazhsk, Fax: 292-07-26 approved by the E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. Council of Min- tatarstan.ru isters of Tatarstan on 07.10.1969, by number 543. 1.28 Map Borders of the Site 2009 Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes “Sviyazhsk Town Culture of Tatarstan Island”, approved the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street by the Cabinet of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 of Ministers of Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the Republic Fax: 292-07-26 of Tatarstan on E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. 16.07.2009 by tatarstan.ru nymber 497. 1.29 Map Security zoning 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes of the Site “Svi- Culture of Tatarstan yazhsk Town the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Island” of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.29A Legend Security zoning 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes of the Site “Svi- Culture of Tatarstan yazhsk Town the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Island” of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.30 Scheme Archaeological 2015 F. Zabirova Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes monuments within Culture of Tatarstan the boundaries of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street the buffer zone of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.31 Map Scheme of archae- 2015 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes ological study of F. Zabirova Culture of Tatarstan the territory of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street the Assumption of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Monastery of Svi- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 yazhsk Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.32 Scheme The circuit ar- 2004 Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes rangement of Culture of Tatarstan surfaces in the in- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street terior of the tem- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 ple and the altar Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 of the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Cathedral E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
276 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.33 Scheme The scheme of 1985, I.Jaroslav- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dome drum paint- 2015 tsev (1985), Culture of Tatarstan ing (simplified) S. Akhmet- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street zyanov, Kazan, 420015 A. Kalina, V. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Nemtinova, Fax: 292-07-26 S. Frolova, E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. A.Yefremova, tatarstan.ru V. Kosushkin (2015 ) 1.34 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dome drum paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing with outlines the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.35 Scheme Dome drum. Con- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dition before con- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan servation. 1980s. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.36 Scheme Dome drum. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.37 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dome drum paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing (simplified) the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.38 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dome drum paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing with outlines the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.39 Scheme Dome drum. Con- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dition before con- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan servation.1980s. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
277 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.40 Scheme Dome drum. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.41 Scheme The scheme 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes of dome drum 2015 Culture of Tatarstan north-western the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street and northern win- Kazan, 420015 dows’ painting Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 (simplified) Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.42 Scheme North-western and 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes northern windows 2015 Culture of Tatarstan of dome drum the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street with outlines Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.43 Scheme North-western and 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes northern windows 2015 Culture of Tatarstan of dome drum the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Condition before Kazan, 420015 conservation. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 1980s. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.44 Scheme North-western and 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes northern windows. 2015 Culture of Tatarstan Condition in the the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street process of conser- Kazan, 420015 vation.1980s. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.45 Scheme North-east, east, 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes south-east win- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan dows. Condition the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street before conserva- Kazan, 420015 tion. 1980s. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.46 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes south, southwest 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and west windows the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street painting (simpli- Kazan, 420015 fied) Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.47 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes south, southwest 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and west windows the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street with outlines. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
278 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.48 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes south, southwest 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and west windows the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street slopes of dome Kazan, 420015 drum. (simplified) Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.49 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes south, southwest 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and west windows the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street slopes of dome Kazan, 420015 drum with out- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 lines. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.50 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes south, southwest 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and west win- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street dows slopes of Kazan, 420015 dome drum. (in Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 the process of Fax: 292-07-26 conservation) E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. 1980s. tatarstan.ru 1.51 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes pendentives paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing. (simplified) the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.52 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes pendentives paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing with outlines the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.53 Scheme Pendentives. Con- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dition before con- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan servation. 1980s. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.54 Scheme Pendentives. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.55 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes east, west, north 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and south arches the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street painting (simpli- Kazan, 420015 fied) Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
279 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.56 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes east, west, north 2015 Culture of Tatarstan and south arches the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street painting with out- Kazan, 420015 lines. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.57 Scheme East, west, north 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes and south arches. 2015 Culture of Tatarstan Condition before the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street conservation. Kazan, 420015 1980s. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.58 Scheme East, west, north 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes and south arches. 2015 Culture of Tatarstan Condition in the the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street process of conser- Kazan, 420015 vation. 1980s. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.59 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Assumption (apse) 2015 Culture of Tatarstan painting. (simpli- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street fied) Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.60 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Assumption (apse) 2015 Culture of Tatarstan painting with out- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street lines. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.61 Scheme Assumption 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes (apse). Condition 2015 Culture of Tatarstan in the process the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of conservation. Kazan, 420015 1980s. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.62 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Southern wall. 2015 Culture of Tatarstan Painting (simpli- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street fied) Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.63 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Southern wall. 2015 Culture of Tatarstan Painting with out- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street lines Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
280 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.64 Scheme Southern wall. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition before 2015 Culture of Tatarstan conservation. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.65 Scheme Southern wall. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.66 Scheme Southern wall. 2012- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.67 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Western wall 2015 Culture of Tatarstan painting (simpli- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street fied) Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.68 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Western wall. 2015 Culture of Tatarstan painting with out- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street lines Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.69 Scheme Western wall. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition before 2015 Culture of Tatarstan conservation. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.70 Scheme Western wall. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.71 Scheme Western wall. 2012- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
281 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.72 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes northern wall 2015 Culture of Tatarstan painting (simpli- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street fied) Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.73 Scheme The scheme of 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes northern wall 2015 Culture of Tatarstan painting with out- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street lines Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.74 Scheme Northern wall. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition before 2015 Culture of Tatarstan conservation. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.75 Scheme Northern wall. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.76 Scheme North wall. 2012- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.77 Scheme The scheme of Al- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes tar painting (sim- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan plified) 1980s. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.78 Scheme The scheme of Al- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes tar painting with 2015 Culture of Tatarstan outlines the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.79 Scheme Altar. Condition 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes in the process 2015 Culture of Tatarstan of conservation. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
282 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.80 Scheme The scheme of the 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes diaconicon paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing (simplified) the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.81 Scheme The scheme of the 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes diaconicon paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing with outlines the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.82 Scheme The diaconicon. 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes Condition in the 2015 Culture of Tatarstan process of conser- the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street vation. 1980s. Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.83 Scheme The scheme of Al- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes tar pillars. paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing(simplified) the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 1.84 Scheme The scheme of Al- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes tar pillars. paint- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan ing with outlines the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.85 Scheme Altar pillars. Con- 1985, _ “_ Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes dition before con- 2015 Culture of Tatarstan servation. 1980s. the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru
1.86 Map Map of Russia, 1562 State His- “State Historical, Architectural and Yes Muscovy and Tar- torical, Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad tary by Anthony Architecture Sviyazhsk” Jenkinson, 1562 and Art Mu- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Svi- seum-Re- yazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk serve “Os- district, trov-Grad Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsk” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/
283 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.87 Map Map of Kazan 1797 State His- “State Historical, Architectural and Yes Province, Svi- torical, Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad yazhsk district, Architecture Sviyazhsk” town of Svi- and Art Mu- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Svi- yazhsk, consisting seum-Re- yazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk of land within the serve “Os- district, manor (1797) trov-Grad Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsk” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 1.88 Plan Plan of the town 1829 National Ar- National Archives of the Republic of Yes of Sviyazhsk of chives of the Tatarstan, Kazan Province Republic of 2/6 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan, (1829) Tatarstan 42011, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 292-42-33 Fax: +7(843) 292-42-88 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://www.archive.gov. tatarstan 1.89 Map Map of the town 1847 National Ar- National Archives of the Republic of Yes of Sviyazhsk of chives of the Tatarstan, Kazan Province. Republic of 2/6 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan, (1847) Tatarstan 42011, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 292-42-33 Fax: +7(843) 292-42-88 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://www.archive.gov. tatarstan 1.90 Plan Plan of the town 1847 National Ar- National Archives of the Republic of Yes of Sviyazhsk. chives of the Tatarstan, 1847 Republic of 2/6 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan, Tatarstan 42011, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 292-42-33 Fax: +7(843) 292-42-88 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://www.archive.gov. tatarstan 1.91 Plan Plan of land out- 1847 National Ar- National Archives of the Republic of Yes side the urban chives of the Tatarstan, land of Sviyazhsk. Republic of 2/6 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan, 1847 Tatarstan 42011, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 292-42-33 Fax: +7(843) 292-42-88 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://www.archive.gov. tatarstan 1.92 Plan Plan of the town 1869 National Ar- National Archives of the Republic of Yes of Sviyazhsk of chives of the Tatarstan, Kazan Province Republic of 2/6 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan, (1869) Tatarstan 42011, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 292-42-33 Fax: +7(843) 292-42-88 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://www.archive.gov. tatarstan
284 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.93 Print Cornelius de Early State His- “State Historical, Architectural and Yes Bruin. View of 18th torical, Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk. A copy century Architecture Sviyazhsk” of an engraved and Art Mu- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Svi- copperplate, early seum-Re- yazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk 18th century serve “Os- district, trov-Grad Republic of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsk” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 1.94 Drawing A. Svechin. View Middle National National Museum of the RT Yes of Sviyazhsk. of the Museum of Address: 2 Kremlevskaya Street, Ka- Paper on fabric, 18th the RT zan, 420014, Republic of Tatarstan, brush, ink. Middle century Russian Federation of the 18th centu- tel: +7(843) 2927162 ry. A copy fax: +7(843) 2921484 E-mail: [email protected] 1.95 A copy Rudakov A., 1769 National National Museum of the RT Yes of the en- Makhaev M. Museum of Address: 2 Kremlevskaya Street, Ka- graving (processing of A. the RT zan, 420014, Republic of Tatarstan, Svechin’s picture). Russian Federation View of Sviyazhs- tel: +7(843) 2927162 ka at spring floods fax: +7(843) 2921484 at noon. E-mail: [email protected] Paper on card- board, etching, engraving cutter. 1769. A copy.
2. Photographs, videos Part I. Modern images of the Assumption Cathedral 2.1.1 Photo Assumption Ca- 09.2014 D. Karpov Regional Regional Foundation of Revival of Yes thedral Foundation Historical and Cultural Monuments of of Revival Republic of Tatarstan, NGO of Historical Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo and Cultural Street, Kazan, 420111 Monuments tel: (84356) 7-87-07 of Republic fax: 2920874 of Tatarstan E-mail: [email protected] 2.1.2 Photo Assumption Ca- 01.2015 D. Karpov Regional Regional Foundation of Revival of Yes thedral. Eastern Foundation Historical and Cultural Monuments of elevation of Revival Republic of Tatarstan, NGO of Historical Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo and Cultural Street, Kazan, 420111 Monuments tel: (84356) 7-87-07 of Republic fax: 2920874 of Tatarstan E-mail: [email protected]
2.1.3 Photo Assumption Ca- 08.2013 I. Kuzmina State State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Yes thedral. Western Budgetary Cultural Heritage of Tatarstan” elevation Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Ka- “Centre of zan, 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
285 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.1.4 Photo Assumption Ca- 09.2014 D. Karpov Regional Regional Foundation of Revival of Yes thedral. Southern Foundation Historical and Cultural Monuments of elevation of Revival Republic of Tatarstan, NGO of Historical Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo and Cultural Street, Kazan, 420111 Monuments tel: (84356) 7-87-07 of Republic fax: 2920874 of Tatarstan E-mail: [email protected] 2.1.5 Photo Assumption Ca- 09.2015 D. Karpov Regional Regional Foundation of Revival of Yes thedral. Northern Foundation Historical and Cultural Monuments of elevation of Revival Republic of Tatarstan, NGO of Historical Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo and Cultural Street, Kazan, 420111 Monuments tel: (84356) 7-87-07 of Republic fax: 2920874 of Tatarstan E-mail: [email protected]
2.1.6 Photo Assumption Ca- 08.2014 D. Karpov Regional Regional Foundation of Revival of Yes thedral. View from Foundation Historical and Cultural Monuments of the north-east of Revival Republic of Tatarstan, NGO of Historical Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo and Cultural Street, Kazan, 420111 Monuments tel: (84356) 7-87-07 of Republic fax: 2920874 of Tatarstan E-mail: [email protected]
Part II. Historical photographs of the Assumption Cathedral 2.2.1 Photo Assumption Ca- late 19th State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture Yes thedral – early getary In- of Republic of Tatarstan 20th cc. stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Culture of Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Republic of Sviyazhsk” Tatarstan Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Svi- “State His- yazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk torical, Ar- district, chitectural Republic of Tatarstan, and Art Mu- Russian Federation seum-Re- tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 serve “Os- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 trov-Grad E-mail: [email protected] Sviyazhsk” Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/
2.2.2 Photo Assumption Ca- 1894 М. Dmitriev State Ar- State Archive of Audiovisual Docu- Yes thedral. Sviyazhsk chive of ments of Nizhny Novgorod Region Audiovisual Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Documents Novgorod of Nizhny Russian Federation Novgorod tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Region E-mail: [email protected]. ru
286 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.2.3 Photo A group of Soviet 1920s- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture Yes intelligentsia on a 1930s getary In- of Republic of Tatarstan tour of Sviyazhsk stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Culture of Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Republic of Sviyazhsk” Tatarstan Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Svi- “State His- yazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk torical, Ar- district, chitectural Republic of Tatarstan, and Art Mu- Russian Federation seum-Re- tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 serve “Os- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 trov-Grad E-mail: [email protected] Sviyazhsk tel: +7-987-003-07-47 Sviyazhsk”
2.2.4 Photo Assumption Ca- 1950s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes thedral. Southern Special vation Management” elevation Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
2.2.5 Photo Assumption Ca- 1950s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes thedral. Northern Special vation Management” elevation Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
2.2.6 Photo Assumption Ca- 1960s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes thedral. Northern Special vation Management” elevation. Quad- Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- rangle Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
2.2.7 Photo Assumption Ca- 1950s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes thedral. Western Special vation Management” elevation. En- Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- trance extension. Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
2.2.8 Photo Assumption Ca- 1960s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes thedral. View from Special vation Management” the North-West Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
287 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.2.9 Photo Assumption Ca- 1950s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes thedral. View from Special vation Management” the South-East Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
2.2.10 Photo Assumption 1950s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes Cathedral. A frag- Special vation Management” ment of baroque Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- style Conserva- zan, 420043, tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
2.2.11 Photo Assumption 1950s JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Conser- Yes Cathedral. A Special vation Management” fragment of the Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Ka- apsidal part of the Conserva- zan, 420043, Eastern elevation tion Man- tel/fax: 212-51-84 agement” E-mail: [email protected]
Part III. Modern photographs of the interior of the Assumption Cathedral Photographs of the interior of the Assumption Cathedral before the conservation of 2010-2015 2.3.1 Photo Fresco “The 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Omen” in the University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya center of a three- of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 part composition tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 of the painting on Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 the upper western tion E-mail: [email protected] arch of the temple. Fresco “Christ - the Sun of Righ- teousness”, on the northern slope of the upper west arch. Fragments of the composition “Expulsion from Paradise” (the northern slope of the western arch). John the Evange- list with Prochorus (northeast arch). Luke (northwest arch) 2.3.2 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Assumption Ca- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya thedral. View of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the southern wall, tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 arches and a drum. Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected]
288 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.3.3 Photo Frescos "Creation 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes of animals and University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya birds", "Creation of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 of Adam", "Gene- tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 sis". Upper north- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 ern arch. tion E-mail: [email protected]
2.3.4 Photo Fresco 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes "The creation of University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya animals" on the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 western slope of tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 the upper northern Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 arch tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.5 Photo Fragments of 04. 2006 I. Kuzmina State State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Yes the murals of the Budgetary Cultural Heritage of Tatarstan” southern wall of Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Ka- the temple. “Centre of zan, 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Fragments of the Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 murals “Christ- Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected] mas”, uppercase wall mural
2.3.6 Photo Murals of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes southern wall of University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya the church of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Assumption Ca- tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 thedral: Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 “Annunciation” - tion E-mail: [email protected] uppercase painting of the southern wall. “Weep not for Me, Mother” - over the southern gateway to the Central Register of the south wall murals. “Our Lady of Prayer”. “A preparation to the Dormition of the Mother of God”. In the foreground, "St. Martyr Nicho- las' central register of painting the northern side of the southern tem- ple pillar. 2.3.7 Photo "Blessing of 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Mary." Middle University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya register of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Frescos of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 northern wall Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected]
289 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.3.8 Photo Fresco “Expulsion 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes from Paradise”. University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya The northern of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 slope of the west- tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 ern arch. Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.9 Photo Fresco “Expelled 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes from Paradise”. University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya The southern of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 slope of the north- tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 west of the temple Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 vault. tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.10 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes central part of the University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya western wall of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the temple. tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 Left fresco "Ca- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 thedral of the tion E-mail: [email protected] Blessed Virgin", below - a frag- ment of the fresco "Bosom of Abra- ham", "Procession of the righteous in Paradise" Right - "Journey of the Magi." 2.3.11 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes northern wall University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya and arches of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 temple. tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 Frescos from the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 top down: tion E-mail: [email protected] "Nativity of the Virgin." "Washing the baby Mary”. "Caressing the baby Mary." "Anna the maid." "Blessing of Mary." In the window opening - "Sera- phim", "Sergius and Nikon of Ra- donezh." Above the north- ern gate - "Holy Face" Right fresco fragment "cutting off" the left - a fragment of the fresco "The Flight into Egypt." Painting of the northern arch - "Introduction to Paradise" and "The Sacrifice of Cain and Abel." 2.3.12 Photo ”The Sacrifice of 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Cain and Abel”. University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya The western slope of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 of the northern tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 arch. Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected]
290 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.3.13 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes northwestern part University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya of the temple. of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Frescos of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 northwest cham- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 ber: fresco "Lam- tion E-mail: [email protected] entation grandpar- ents at the gates of Paradise" and "Work on the ground of Adam and Eve." "Archangel Mi- chael and the overthrow of Satan and his armies." To the left of the window opening, "Virgin and Child". In the window opening - "Cher- ubim," "Simeon and Daniel the Stylite." Below - a frag- ment of the fresco "The resurrection of the righteous" 2.3.14 Altar Frescos: Yes at the top of the altar of the com- position - the Lord of hosts in the iconographic type of “Ancient of Days”; right - the six-winged cher- ub, left - thrones (arch of the cen- tral apse). In the central part of the altar compositions on the vault of the apse of the hemisphere – “Great Entrance” at the bottom of the composition on the wall of the drum of the apse – “The Adoration of the victim”. 2.3.15 Photo Fresco “Great En- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes trance”. Following University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya “The Adoration of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 of the victim”, the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 fresco “The righ- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 teous human race” tion E-mail: [email protected] compositionally close the image on the slopes of the arch - Ivan the Terrible (left) and the Metropol- itan of Moscow Macarius (right)
291 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.3.16 Photo A fragment of al- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes tar Frescos. University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya A fragment of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the song "The tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 Adoration of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 victim," the right tion E-mail: [email protected] - Metropolitan of Moscow Macar- ius. South side of the semicircular wall of the apse. 2.3.17 Photo The altar Frescos 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes of the cathedral University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya altar. of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 The central part of tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 the painting - fres- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 co of "The Omen" tion E-mail: [email protected] in the upper reg- ister of the north wall - "Breaking Bread" on the eastern wall - "High Heaven"; lowercase mural fresco "Lamb of God"
2.3.18 Photo Fresco “Flight 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes into Egypt”. Cen- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya tral register of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 north wall of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 temple murals. Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected]
292 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.3.19 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes northern wall of University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya the temple. of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 A fragment of tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 the fresco "Work Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 on the ground of tion E-mail: [email protected] Adam and Eve" on the northern inclination in the northwest cham- ber. Frescos of the northern wall of the temple. "The rejection of the gifts." A fragment of the fresco "Prayer of procre- ation." Below are the fragments of lowercase Fres- cos. Seraphim. "Circumcision." "Candlemas" "The vision of Isaiah." "John the Baptist in the Wil- derness." A fragment of the fresco “St. Chris- topher” 2.3.20 Photo Middle register of 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes the Frescos of the University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya northern wall of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the temple. "The tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 rejection of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 gifts." A fragment tion E-mail: [email protected] of the fresco "Prayer of procre- ation." 2.3.21 Photo Frescos of the up- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes per eastern arch, University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya the eastern arches of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 with lunettes tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 ("Assumption"), Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 the arches of tion E-mail: [email protected] the central apse (fresco "Ancient of Days" is sur- rounded by the Heavenly Pow- ers), south side of the north-east (the fresco "Cyril of Alexandria") and the north side of the south-eastern (fresco "Athana- sius of Alexan- dria") altar pillars.
293 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.3.22 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes western arch: University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya on the southern of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 inclination of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 arch - on the left - Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 "The Fall of Adam tion E-mail: [email protected] and Eve", on the northern inclina- tion – on the right of "Expulsion from Paradise". Fresco "The Omen" in the center of a three-part compo- sition of painting the upper western arch of the temple. Fresco "Logos" on the northern inclination of the Upper West arch. Fresco "The New Testament Trinity" on the southern inclination of the upper western arch 2.3.23 Photo Fresco "New 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Testament Trini- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya ty". The southern of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 slope of the upper tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 arch of the west- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 ern church. tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.24 Photo Fresco "St. Chris- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes topher." Central University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya register of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Frescos of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 western side of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 northern temple tion E-mail: [email protected] pillar. Fresco "St. Martyr Nicholas." Central register of the Frescos of the northern side of the southern tem- ple pillar. Fresco "St. Deme- trius of Thessalo- nica." Uppercase fresco of the northern side of the southern tem- ple pillar
2.3.25 Photo Fresco "St. Deme- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes trius of Thessalo- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya nica" of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Upper-register tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 painting in the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 northern side of tion E-mail: [email protected] the southern tem- ple pillar.
294 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.3.26 Photo Fresco "St. 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes George ". Up- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya per-register fresco of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 of the eastern side tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 of the southern Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 pillar. tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.27 Photo Fresco "St. An- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes drew Stratelates”. University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya Central register of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the Frescos on the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 south side of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 north pillar of the tion E-mail: [email protected] temple. 2.3.28 Photo Fresco "St. Martyr 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Nicholas" University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya Central register of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 painting the north- tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 ern side of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 southern pillar. tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.29 Photo Fresco "St. New 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Theophilus" University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya The lower tier of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the southern edge tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 of the south-west- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 ern pillar tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.30 Photo Eustace Placidus. 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes The lower tier of University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya the eastern side of of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 the north-western tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 pillar Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.31 Photo Fedor of Yaroslavl 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes and Smolensk University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya with Daniel and of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Constantine. The tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 lower tier of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 eastern verge of tion E-mail: [email protected] the southwest pillar 2.3.32 Photo Fresco "St. Peter 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes of Alexandria" University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya Upper-register of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Frescos of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 eastern side of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 altar of the north- tion E-mail: [email protected] ern pillar 2.3.33 Photo Fresco "St. Igna- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes tius, Bishop of University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya Rostov" of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 Upper-register tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 Frescos of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 eastern side of tion E-mail: [email protected] the Southern altar pillar. 2.3.34 Photo Fresco "Annunci- 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes ation to Joachim" University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya A fragment of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 fresco "St. Mina " tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected]
295 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.3.35 Photo Fragment of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes Frescos of the University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya altar: of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 at the top of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 altar of the com- Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 position - "The tion E-mail: [email protected] Lord of Hosts" in the iconographic type of "Ancient of Days"; on the right - the six- winged cherub, on the left - thrones (arch of the cen- tral apse)
2.3.36 Photo Frescos of the 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes dome, drum, pen- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya dentive and arches of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 of the upper tier: tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 on the ceiling of Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 the dome - "Father- tion E-mail: [email protected] land"; piers on the drum of the dome - Sev- en Archangels - Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, Selafiil, Ehud Vary and the Guardian Angel; on 4 pendentives set Cathedral (NW, SW, NE, SE) Evangelists - St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. John, St. Luca; Fresco "Genesis" on the eastern incli- nation of the upper northern arch; Fresco "Creation of the earth and wa- ter", on the western inclination of the upper arch of the south; Fresco "Creation of the sun, the moon, the stars," the southern lunette; Fresco "The bless- ing of the waters and the land" on the eastern inclina- tions of the south- ern arch; Fresco "Creation of animals" on the western inclination of the upper north- ern arch
296 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.3.37 Photo A fragment of 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes the fresco "As- University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya sumption" on the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 eastern wall of the tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 refectory of the Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 temple tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.38 Photo "Fatherland". A 10.2004 V. Pavlov Kazan State Kazan State University of Architecture Yes fragment of the University and Construction Address: 1 Zelenaya Frescos of the of Archi- Street, Kazan, 420043 vault of the refec- tecture and tel: +7 (843) 510-46-01 tory. Construc- fax: +7 (843) 238-79-72 tion E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.39 Photo Frescos of the 10. 2012 A. Salyakhov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes refectory of the Culture of Tatarstan cathedral, the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street northwest corner of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 of the walls Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 2.3.40 Photo Frescos of the 10. 2012 A. Salyakhov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes refectory of the Culture of Tatarstan cathedral, the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street northern wall of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 2.3.41 Photo Frescos of the 10. 2012 A. Salyakhov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes refectory of the Culture of Tatarstan cathedral, the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street western wall of of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 the quadrangle Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 2.3.42 Photo A fragment of 10. 2012 A. Salyakhov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Yes the Frescos of the Culture of Tatarstan arch of the cathe- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street dral refectory of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult. tatarstan.ru 2.3.43 Photo Fresco "Our Lady 03.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes of Kazan", Fres- LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- cos of the cathe- fice 312, Kazan, 420111, dral refectory tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.44 Photo Fresco "St. Her- 03.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes man, Archbishop LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- of Kazan and Svi- fice 312, Kazan, 420111, yazhsk, a miracle tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 worker" Frescos E-mail: [email protected] of the cathedral refectory Photographs of the interiors of the Assumption Cathedral after the 2014-2015 conservation
297 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.3.45 Photo A fragment of the 08. 2014 V. Kosushkin Federal State Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Sci- Yes fresco “Seraphim” Unitary En- entific-Restoration Interregional Artis- terprise “Sci- tic Control” entific-Res- Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Street, toration build. 1, Moscow, 115035 Interregional tel: +7-495-9511358 Artistic Con- fax: 7 495- 9517057 trol” E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.46 Photo A fragment of the 08. 2014 V. Kosushkin Federal Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Sci- Yes frescos “Sera- State Uni- entific-Restoration Interregional Artis- phim”, "Archan- tary Enter- tic Control” gels" prise “Sci- Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Street, entific-Res- build. 1, Moscow, 115035 toration tel: +7-495-9511358 Interregion- fax: 7 495- 9517057 al Artistic E-mail: [email protected] Control” 2.3.47 Photo Fragment of the 08. 2014 V. Kosushkin Federal Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Sci- Yes fresco “Cherub” State Uni- entific-Restoration Interregional Artis- tary Enter- tic Control” prise “Sci- Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Street, entific-Res- build. 1, Moscow, 115035 toration tel: +7-495-9511358 Interregion- fax: 7 495- 9517057 al Artistic E-mail: [email protected] Control” 2.3.48 Photo Fragment of the 08. 2014 V. Kosushkin Federal Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Sci- Yes fresco “Seraphim” State Uni- entific-Restoration Interregional Artis- tary Enter- tic Control” prise “Sci- Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Street, entific-Res- build. 1, Moscow, 115035 toration tel: +7-495-9511358 Interregion- fax: 7 495- 9517057 al Artistic E-mail: [email protected] Control”
2.3.49 Photo Fragment of the 08. 2014 V. Kosushkin Federal Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Sci- Yes fresco “Seraphim State Uni- entific-Restoration Interregional Artis- and Cherubim” tary Enter- tic Control” prise “Sci- Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Street, entific-Res- build. 1, Moscow, 115035 toration tel: +7-495-9511358 Interregion- fax: 7 495- 9517057 al Artistic E-mail: [email protected] Control”
2.3.50 Photo A fragment of the 07. 2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco "The Fall of LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- Adam and Eve", fice 312, Kazan, 420111, on the southern tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 inclination of the E-mail: [email protected] western arch
2.3.51 Photo Fresco “The 07. 2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes Omen”, in the LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- centre of a three- fice 312, Kazan, 420111, part composition tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 of the Frescos of E-mail: [email protected] the western upper arch of the temple 2.3.52 Photo Fresco “And God 07. 2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes has rested on the LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- seventh day” fice 312, Kazan, 420111, tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 West lunette E-mail: [email protected] 298 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.3.53 Photo A fragment of the 07.015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco "Father- LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- land" fice 312, Kazan, 420111, tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.54 Photo A fragment of the 07. 015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco "The Arch- LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- angel Michael", fice 312, Kazan, 420111, in the drum of the tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 dome pier E-mail: [email protected]
2.3.55 Photo Frescos "Cheru- 07.015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes bim" and "Sera- LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- phim" fice 312, Kazan, 420111, tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.56 Photo A fragment of the 07.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- "Seraphim" fice 312, Kazan, 420111, tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 E-mail: [email protected] 2.3.57 Photo A fragment of the 07.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco "The Vision LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- of Isaiah" fice 312, Kazan, 420111, upper-register tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 frescos of the E-mail: [email protected] western side of the northern temple pillar 2.3.58 Photo Fragments of the 07.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes Frescos "Prayer LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- of Our Lady," "A fice 312, Kazan, 420111, preparation to the tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 Assumption of E-mail: [email protected] Our Lady" central register of the Frescos of the Frescos of the southern wall
2.3.59 Photo A fragment of the 07.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- "Weep not for fice 312, Kazan, 420111, Me, Mother" tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 over the southern E-mail: [email protected] gateway in the central register of the Frescos of the southern wall 2.3.60 Photo A fragment of the 07.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes fresco LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, of- "Weep not for fice 312, Kazan, 420111, Me, Mother" tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 over the southern E-mail: [email protected] gateway in the central register of the Frescos of the southern wall
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Part IV. Historical photographs of the interior of the Assumption Cathedral 2.4.1 Photo Iconostasis of the early Unknown Federal State Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Interre- Yes Assumption Ca- 20th c. photogra- Unitary En- gional Scientific-Restoration artistic con- thedral pher terprise “In- trol”; terregional Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Embankment, Scientific- build. 1, Moscow, 115035 Restoration tel: 7-495-9511358 artistic con- fax: 7 495- 9517057 trol” E-mail: [email protected] 2.4.2 Iconostasis of the early Unknown Federal State Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Interre- Yes Assumption Ca- 20th c. photogra- Unitary En- gional Scientific-Restoration artistic con- thedral pher terprise “In- trol”; terregional Address: 24 Kadashevskaya Embankment, Scientific- build. 1, Moscow, 115035 Restoration tel: 7-495-9511358 artistic con- fax: 7 495- 9517057 trol” E-mail: [email protected] 2.4.3 Photo The right side of 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes the iconostasis. kov Special Management” Fragments of the Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, local, festive, Restoration 420043 deesis rank. Frag- Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 ments of the mu- ment” E-mail: [email protected] rals of the south- ern wall made in 1899-1900. 2.4.4 Photo The central part 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes of the iconostasis. kov Special Management” Fragments of the Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, deesis, prophetic, Restoration 420043 patriarchs ranks. Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Cross-Crucifixion ment” E-mail: [email protected] with the Virgin Mary, John the Evangelist, Mary Magdalene, the Holy Saint Long- inus. 2.4.5 Photo The painting of 1949 Ozhigov JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes the dome, drum, Special Management” sails and arches of Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, the upper tier Restoration 420043 Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 ment” E-mail: [email protected] 2.4.6 Photo Frescos of the north 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes side of the southwest kov Special Management” pillar of the temple: Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, "Holy. Demetrius Restoration 420043 of Thessalonica Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 "(upper case)," St. ment” E-mail: [email protected] Martyr Nicholas "(lowercase). A fragment of the fresco "The Cathe- dral of the Most Holy Mother of God" (middle reg- ister of the western wall painting). "The Fall of Adam and Eve." The southern slope of the western arches. Frescos recorded in 1899-1900.
300 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.4.7 Photo Fresco "The Fall 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar _ “_JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Resto- Yes of Adam and kov Special ration Management” Eve." Fresco Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, recorded in 1899- Restoration 420043 1900. The south- Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 ern slope of the ment” E-mail: [email protected] western arches. 2.4.8 Photo Fresco “St. Cyril”. 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes The painting of kov Special Management” the western wall Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, of the refectory Restoration 420043 Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 ment” E-mail: [email protected] 2.4.9 Photo Fragments of the 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes Frescos of the kov Special Management” northern wall Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, of the refectory. Restoration 420043 "Prophet Daniel". Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 "Prophet Ezekiel" ment” E-mail: [email protected] 2.4.10 Photo Fragments of the 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes Frescos "Logos" kov Special Management” (the upper western Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, arch of the tem- Restoration 420043 ple), "The Book of Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Genesis" (the up- ment” E-mail: [email protected] per northern arch). Fresco "St. John the Evangelist with Prochorus" (set sail). Frescos recorded in 1899- 1900. 2.4.11 Photo Fresco "St. 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes Methodius equal kov Special Management” to the apostles" Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, The painting of Restoration 420043 the western wall Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 of the refectory. ment” E-mail: [email protected] 2.4.12 Photo Fresco "The Vir- 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes gin of the Sign". kov Special Management” A fragment of Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, the fresco of the Restoration 420043 northern apse. Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Recorded in 1899- ment” E-mail: [email protected] 1900. 2.4.13 Photo Fresco "The Sac- 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes rifice of Cain and kov Special Management” Abel." The west- Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, ern slope of the Restoration 420043 northern arches. Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Fresco recorded in ment” E-mail: [email protected] 1899-1900.
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2.4.14 Photo Frescos of the up- 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes per northern arch: kov Special Management” "The Creation of Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, Animals" (west- Restoration 420043 ern slope), "The Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Book of Genesis" ment” E-mail: [email protected] (eastern slope). Fresco northern lunettes "Creation of Adam". Frag- ments of Frescos northern arches: "Sacrifice of Cain and Abel," "Intro- duction to Adam in Paradise." Fres- cos recorded in 1899-1900. 2.4.15 Photo Fragments of 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes the design of the kov Special Management” iconostasis of the Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, middle of the 18th Restoration 420043 – 19th centuries. Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Fragments of ment” E-mail: [email protected] the local, festive ranks. 2.4.16 Photo Frescos of the 1959 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes southwest pillar of kov Special Management” the temple: "The Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, phenomenon of Restoration 420043 Simeon Angel" Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 fresco fragment ment” E-mail: [email protected] "St. Martyr Ni- kita" Frescos recorded in 1899-1900. 2.4.17 Photo Frescos of the 1957 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes northwest pillar: kov Special Management” - arch: "Evange- Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, lism Joachim", Restoration 420043 "The Vision of Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 Isaiah." ment” E-mail: [email protected] - Lower case "St. Martyr Mina "," St. Christopher" Frescos recorded in 1899-1900.
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2.4.18 Photo Frescos of the 1959 V.Chuma- JSC “Tatar JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes north wall of the kov Special Management” church near the Scientific Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Str., Kazan, altar. Frescos from Restoration 420043 the top down: Manage- tel/f. 212-51-84 "Nativity of the ment” E-mail: [email protected] Virgin." "Washing the baby Mary." "Caressing the baby Mary." "Anna the maid." "Blessing of Mary." In the window opening - Sera- phim, Sergius of Radonezh, and Nikon Above the north- ern gate - "Holy Face" Right fresco fragment "cutting off" the left - a fragment of the fresco "The Flight into Egypt" Frescos recorded in 1899-1900. 2.4.19 Photo «Ivan the Terri- 1950s V.Chuma- Science Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Yes ble». A fragment from the kov Founda- Sciences of the RT named after A. Khalikov of the fresco «The photo- tion of the Address: 30 Butlerov Str., Kazan, 420012 Adoration of the graph of Museum of tel/fax: 8-(843)-236-55-42; victim» 1927 Archaeol- E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ogy of the Republic of Tatarstan of the Institute of Archae- ology of the Academy of Sciences of the RT named after A. Khalikov Part V. Modern images of the Assumption Cathedral Complex 2.5.1 Photo The ensemble of D. Karpov Regional Foundation of Revival of Histori- Yes the Assumption cal and Cultural Monuments of Republic of monastery. Gen- Tatarstan, NGO eral view from Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Troitskaya Str. Kazan, 420111 tel: (84356) 7-87-07 fax: 2920874 E-mail: [email protected] 2.5.2 Photo General view of V. Chuma- Regional Foundation of Revival of Histori- Yes the ensemble of kov cal and Cultural Monuments of Republic of the Assumption Tatarstan, NGO monastery with Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, equestrian yard Kazan, 420111 and south-western tel: (84356) 7-87-07 part of Sviyazhsk fax: 2920874 E-mail: [email protected]
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2.5.3 Photo The ensemble of V. Bezmen- Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the Assumption ov tarstan monastery. Gen- Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street eral view from the Kazan, 420015 south-eastern side Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 of the island Svi- Fax: 292-07-26 yazhsk E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru Part VI. Historical photographs of the Assumption Monastery Complex 2.6.1 View of the As- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes sumption monas- Nizhny Novgorod Region tery. Sviyazhsk Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod Russian Federation tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; E-mail: [email protected] 2.6.2 View of the M. Dmi- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes Church of the triev Nizhny Novgorod Region Ascension (in the Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod background) and Russian Federation the Church of St. tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Herman (fore- E-mail: [email protected] ground) 2.6.3 View of the As- JSC “Tatar Special Scientific Restoration Yes sumption monas- Management” tery. Sviyazhsk Address: 26 Vishnevskogo Street, Kazan, 420043, tel/fax: 212-51-84 E-mail: [email protected] Part VII. Assumption Monastery Complex 2.7.1 Photo St. Nicholas 09.2013 I. Kuzmina State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Church getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.7.2 Photo View of the As- 1894 M. Dmi- State Ar- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes sumption monas- triev chive of Nizhny Novgorod Region tery. The bell tow- Audiovisual Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod er of the church. Documents Russian Federation Sviyazhsk of Nizhny tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Novgorod E-mail: [email protected] Region
2.7.3 Photo Archimandrite’s 05.2011 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes house ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
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2.7.4 Photo Monastic school 05.2011 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.7.5 Photo Fraternal house 06.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes with the Church of Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of St. Herman of Ka- Revival of Tatarstan, zan and Mitrofan Historical a non-profit organization Voronezh and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.7.6 Photo Fraternal house. 06.2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes View from the Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of northwest Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.7.7 Photo Fraternal house 19th c. State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture of Yes getary In- Republic of Tatarstan stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- Culture of seum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” Republic of Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Tatarstan village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, “State Republic of Tatarstan, Historical, Russian Federation Architectural tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 and Art Mu- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 seum-Re- E-mail: [email protected] serve “Os- Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ trov-Grad Sviyazhsk”
2.7.8 Photo The Gate Church 10.2011 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes of the Ascension Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
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2.7.9 Photo The Gate Church late 19th State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture of Yes of the Ascension – early getary In- Republic of Tatarstan 20th cc. stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- Culture of seum-Reserve “ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” Republic of Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Tatarstan village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, “State Republic of Tatarstan, Historical, Russian Federation Architectural tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 and Art Mu- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 seum-Re- E-mail: [email protected] serve “Os- Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ trov-Grad Sviyazhsk” 2.7.10 Photo The fence of the Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Assumption Mon- Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of astery Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 2.7.11 Photo The fence of the 11.2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Assumption mon- Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of astery. View from Revival of Tatarstan, the south side Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
Part VIII. John the Baptist Monastery 2.8.1 Photo General view of 06.2013 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes John the Baptist ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Convent from Revival of Tatarstan, Troitskaya Street Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 2.8.2 Photo General view of early State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture of Yes John the Baptist 20th c. getary In- Republic of Tatarstan Convent from stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- Troitskaya Street Culture of seum-Reserve “ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” Republic of Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Tatarstan village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, “State Republic of Tatarstan, Historical, Russian Federation Architectural tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 and Art Mu- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 seum-Re- E-mail: [email protected] serve “ Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”
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2.8.3 Photo Church of the 06.2013 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Holy Trinity (Trin- ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of ity Church). View Revival of Tatarstan, from the south- Historical a non-profit organization west. and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.8.4 Photo Church of the 06.2013 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Holy Trinity ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of (Trinity Church). Revival of Tatarstan, Northern eleva- Historical a non-profit organization tion. View from and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, the northeast along Monuments Kazan, 420111 Troitskaya Street of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.8.5 Photo Church of the 07.2014 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes Holy Trinity (Trin- LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, office ity Church). East- 312, Kazan, 420111, ern elevation tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 E-mail: [email protected]
2.8.6 Photo Church of the 01.2015 D. Karpov Glavdizayn Glavdizayn LTD Yes Holy Trinity (Trin- LTD Address: 6 Dzerzhinskogo Street, office ity Church). West- 312, Kazan, 420111, ern elevation tel/fax:+7(843)2921620 E-mail: [email protected] 2.8.7 Photo Church of the 08.2013 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Holy Trinity (Trin- ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of ity Church). Interi- Revival of Tatarstan, or, iconostasis. Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.8.8 Photo Church of the late 19th State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture of Yes Holy Trinity (Trin- c. getary In- Republic of Tatarstan ity Church). Interi- stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- or, iconostasis. Culture of seum-Reserve “ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk ” Republic of Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Tatarstan village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, “State Republic of Tatarstan, Historical, Russian Federation Architectural tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 and Art Mu- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 seum-Re- E-mail: [email protected] serve “ Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”
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2.8.9 Photo Trinity Church 1894 State Ar- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes chive of Nizhny Novgorod Region Audiovisual Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod Documents Russian Federation of Nizhny tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Novgorod E-mail: [email protected] Region 2.8.10 Photo Church of St. Ser- 12.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes gius of Radonezh Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Wonderworker Revival of Tatarstan, (Sergius Church) Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 2.8.11 Photo Church of St. Ser- 2010 I. Kuzmina State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes gius of Radonezh getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” Wonderworker Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, (Sergius Church). “Centre of 420015 Mural "St. Trinity Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 "with the upcom- Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 ing St. Sergius Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected] of Radonezh and Nikon of Radone- zh, and stone with an inscription about the con- secration of the church in the inte- rior of the Church of St. Sergius. 2.8.12 Photo General view of 1894 State Ar- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes the church. chive of Nizhny Novgorod Region Sviyazhsk Audiovisual Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod (Sergius Church) Documents Russian Federation of Nizhny tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Novgorod E-mail: [email protected] Region 2.8.13 Photo Cathedral of the 2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Icon of the Mother Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of of God Joy of Revival of Tatarstan, All Who Sorrow Historical a non-profit organization (Cathedral of Holy and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Virgin). The West- Monuments Kazan, 420111 ern elevation of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 2.8.14 Photo Cathedral of the 01.2015 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Icon of the Mother Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of of God Joy of Revival of Tatarstan, All Who Sorrow Historical a non-profit organization (Cathedral of Holy and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Virgin). Northern Monuments Kazan, 420111 elevation of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
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2.8.15 Photo Cathedral of the 01.2015 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Icon of the Mother Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of of God Joy of Revival of Tatarstan, All Who Sorrow Historical a non-profit organization (Cathedral of Holy and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Virgin). Southern Monuments Kazan, 420111 elevation of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.8.16 Photo Cathedral of the 11.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Icon of the Mother Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of of God Joy of Revival of Tatarstan, All Who Sorrow Historical a non-profit organization (Cathedral of Holy and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Virgin). Interior Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.8.17 Photo Cathedral of the early State Bud- State Budgetary Institution of Culture of Yes Icon of the Mother 20th c. getary In- Republic of Tatarstan of God Joy of stitution of “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- All Who Sorrow Culture of seum-Reserve “ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” (Cathedral of Holy Republic of Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Virgin) Tatarstan village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, “State Republic of Tatarstan, Historical, Russian Federation Architectural tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 and Art Mu- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 seum-Re- E-mail: [email protected] serve “ Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”
2.8.18 Photo Brethren’s house 09.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes at 12 Troitskaya Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Street Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.8.19 Photo View of Ivanovsky 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Convent. South- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” bound aerial pho- Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, to of Sviyazhsk “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
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2.8.20 Photo Constantine and 09.2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Helen Church Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
Part IX. Historical Civil Buildings 2.9.1 Photo A complex of 06.2012 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes buildings of ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of stables of the Revival of Tatarstan, Assumption Mon- Historical a non-profit organization astery and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.2 Photo A complex of 05.2011 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes state-owned fa- ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of cilities (Treasury Revival of Tatarstan, official place, the Historical a non-profit organization prison, the prison and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, premises, hospi- Monuments Kazan, 420111 tals, bath) at 15 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 Uspenskaya Street public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.3 Photo Engineers’ Bar- 07.2011 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes racks (one-storey ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of building) at 12 Us- Revival of Tatarstan, penskaya Street Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.4 Photo Engineers’ Bar- 07.2011 F. Tukhvat- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes racks (two-storey ullin Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of building) at 22 Us- Revival of Tatarstan, penskaya Street Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
310 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.9.5 Photo Engineers’ Bar- 04.2015 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes racks (two-storey Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of building) at 22 Us- Revival of Tatarstan, penskaya Street. Historical a non-profit organization South-Eastern and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, view Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.6 Photo Residential 10.2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes building (Med- Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of vedev-Brovkina) Revival of Tatarstan, with a pillared Historical a non-profit organization portico and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, at 8 Moskovskaya Monuments Kazan, 420111 / Schuka River of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 Bank Str. public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.7 Photo The complex of 11.2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes buildings of the Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of district hospital Revival of Tatarstan, (10, 18 Nikolska- Historical a non-profit organization ya Str., 13, 11 As- and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, sumption Str.) Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.8 Photo The complex of 04.2015 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes buildings of the Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of district hospital Revival of Tatarstan, (10, 18 Nikolska- Historical a non-profit organization ya Str., 13, 11 As- and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, sumption Str.) Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.9 Photo Almshouse (hotel, 10.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes museum and cafe) Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of at 6 Moskovskaya Revival of Tatarstan, Str. Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
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2.9.10 Photo The complex of 12.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes buildings of the Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of lower craft schools Revival of Tatarstan, and fire wagon Historical a non-profit organization train at 1, 1a and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Rozhdestvenskaya Monuments Kazan, 420111 Square of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.11 Photo Building of the ar- 06.2015 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes chive of Sviyazhsk Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of district council Revival of Tatarstan, 27 Schuka River Historical a non-profit organization Bank and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.12 Photo The building is a 04.2015 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes former water tow- Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of er of Sviyazhsk Revival of Tatarstan, (Rozhdestvensky Historical a non-profit organization Lane) and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.13 Photo Merchant Kame- 06.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes nev’s Mansion (2 Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Rozhdestvenskaya Revival of Tatarstan, Sq.) Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.14 Photo The building of 07.2012 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes the bakery (2 Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Rozhdestvenskaya Revival of Tatarstan, Sq. / Uspenskaya Historical a non-profit organization Str.) and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
312 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.9.15 Photo Agafonov’s House 09.2012 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes with shops (4 Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Moskovskaya Str.) Revival of Tatarstan, Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.16 Photo Mayor Polyako- 2014 J. Zainul- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes va’s House (4 Ele- lina getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” ninskaya Str.) Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.9.17 Photo Timofeev-Ter- 07.2014 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes entiev-Brovkin’s Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of House (Konstanti- Revival of Tatarstan, novskaya / Rozh- Historical a non-profit organization desvenskaya Str.) and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
2.9.18 Photo Residential build- 05.2010 I. Kuzmina State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes ing (4 Troitskaya) getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.9.19 Photo Residential build- 05.2010 I. Kuzmina State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes ing (10 Nikolska- getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” ya ) Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.9.20 Photo Administration 10.2013 D. Karpov Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Building (City Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of College) Revival of Tatarstan, 19th c. Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
313 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Part X. General images of Sviyazhsk, Sviyazhsk Creek and natural surroundings 2.10.1 Photo General view of 2011 Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the island of Svi- Culture of tarstan yazhsk the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.10.2 Photo The waters of Svi- 2011 Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes yaga bay Culture of tarstan the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.10.3 Photo Natural surround- 2011 Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes ings of the island Culture of tarstan of Sviyazhsk the RT Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.10.4 Photo General view of 1894 State Ar- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes the town of Svi- chive of Nizhny Novgorod Region yazhsk Audiovisual Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod Documents Russian Federation of Nizhny tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Novgorod E-mail: [email protected] Region
2.10.5 Photo the Sviyaga Creek 1894 State Ar- State Archive of Audiovisual Documents of Yes chive of Nizhny Novgorod Region Audiovisual Address: 63 Svoboda Square, N. Novgorod Documents Russian Federation of Nizhny tel: +7(831) 248-18-19; Novgorod E-mail: [email protected] Region
2.10.6 Photo Aerial photo of 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes the island of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.7 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in western Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.8 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in western Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
314 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.10.9 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in northern Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected] 2.10.10 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in northern Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.11 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in eastern Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.12 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in eastern Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: + 7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.13 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in southern Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.14 Photo Aerial photo of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes buffer zone of Svi- ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” yazhsk in southern Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, direction “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.15 Photo Aerial photo of 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Sviyazhsk. ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” View of Sviyazhsk Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, at point Т.3 “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.16 Photo Aerial photo of 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Sviyazhsk. ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” View of Sviyazhsk Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, at point Т.4 “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
315 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.10.17 Photo Aerial photo of 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Sviyazhsk. ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” View of Sviyazhsk Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, at point Т.5 “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.18 Photo Aerial photo of 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Sviyazhsk. ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” View of Sviyazhsk Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, at point Т.11 “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.19 Photo Aerial photo of 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- Yes Sviyazhsk. ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” View of Sviyazhsk Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, at point T.13 “Centre of 420015 Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
2.10.20 Scheme The scheme of the 08.2015 V. Bezmen- State Bud- State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cul- points from which ov getary tural Heritage of Tatarstan” panoramic and Institution Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, single photos were “Centre of 420015 taken Cultural tel: +7 (84356) 264-74-39 Heritage of fax: 292-75-10 Tatarstan” E-mail: [email protected]
Part XI. Video 1 Video The Assumption 09.2015 Aleksey Aleksey Mr. Aleksey Barykin,52, Tatarstan st., apt. Yes Cathedral of the Barykin Barykin 300, Kazan, Russia, 420021 Town-Island of tel.+79172784829 Sviyazhsk
316 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
3. The Assumption Cathedral in paintinngs and drawings
3.1 Painting “The Church of 2007 R. Gazeev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes the Assumption of SHAAMR yazhsk” the Virgin” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk Canvas, oil. trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.2 Painting "Sviyazhsk." Can- 2009 R. Gazeev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes vas, oil. SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.3 Painting "Autumn". Part 2011 R. Safiullin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes of polyptych "The SHAAMR yazhsk” Seasons." Oil on “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk canvas, acrylic. trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.4 Painting "Procession", Oil 2011 A. Egorov SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes on canvas. SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.5 Painting "Revival. Island 2015 A. Krylov SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Sviyazhsk on the SHAAMR yazhsk” Volga. "Canvas, “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk oil. trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.6 Painting "The iconostasis 1993 N. Arta- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes of the Assump- monov SHAAMR yazhsk” tion Cathedral “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk (study)." Canvas, trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- oil Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/
317 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
3.7 Painting “On St. Nicho- 2011 N. Arta- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes las’s Hill in Svi- monov SHAAMR yazhsk” yazhsk." “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk Wood, acrylic. trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.8 Water- "Sviyazhsk. As- 2010 K. Kuzy- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes color sumption Monas- oma SHAAMR yazhsk” tery. " “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk Watercolor on trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- paper. Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.9 Graph- “Red Monastery”. 2012 I. Vishnya SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes ics Paper, mixed SHAAMR yazhsk” method “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.10 Graph- "Desecration of 2012 I. Vishnya SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes ics the relics of St. SHAAMR yazhsk” Herman, Arch- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk bishop of Kazan." trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- Paper, mixed Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation method tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.11 Graph- "The Spirit of 2015 M. Min- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes ics Sviyazhsk." Print- galiev SHAAMR yazhsk” ed graphics. Cop- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk ies 2 \ 6. Paper; trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- mixed media. Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 3.12 Etching "Night Adven- 2015 G. Nigmat- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes tures of Sera- ullina SHAAMR yazhsk” phim." Copies 2 “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Str., Sviyazhsk \3. Paper; etching, trov-Grad village, Zelenodols district, Republic of Ta- drypoint. Sviyazhsk” tarstan, Russian Federation tel: (84371) 264-74-62 fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web address: http://ostrovgrad.org/
318 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Materials of the Nomination
Volume I. Photographs.
Part I. Activity of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”
Facilities of the Museum-Reserve Id. Format Date Photogra- Copyright Contact information of the copyright Non- No (slide/ Name (month, pher/ holder (if holder exclu- photo/ year) Video film different (name, address, sive video) director from the tel/fax, e-mail) as- photogra- sign- pher/ ment Video film of director) rights 1.1 Photo The History 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Museum of Svi- SHAAMR yazhsk” yazhsk. Frontage, “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Uspenskaya Street trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 1.2 The History 2011 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes Museum of Svi- vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of yazhsk. Aerial Revival of Tatarstan, view Historical a non-profit organization and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 1.3 The buildings 2014 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes of the Museum SHAAMR yazhsk” Depository and “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk the Conference trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Center of the Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Museum-Reserve Russian Federation “Ostrov-Grad Svi- tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 yazhsk” fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.4 “Old Water Tow- 2015 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes er” Exhibition Hall 1.5 Restoration Cen- 2015 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes tre and employ- er-rented housing for the staff of the Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Svi- yazhsk” 1.6 Children's Muse- 2015 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes um Center “Push- kin’s Tales”
319 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Exhibitions of the History Museum of Sviyazhsk 1.7 The signing of 2011 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes the Agreement vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of between the Min- Revival of Tatarstan, istry of Culture Historical a non-profit organization of the Republic and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, of Tatarstan, Monuments Kazan, 420111 the Revival of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 Foundation and public of fax: 2920874 TAIF Group on a Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] 50-million-rouble a non-profit donation for cre- organization ating a permanent exposition of the History Museum of Sviyazhsk 1.8- Main building, 2014 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.11 ground floor. Dis- SHAAMR yazhsk” play “The founda- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk tion of Sviyazhsk” trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.12- Main building, 2014 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes 1.14 ground floor. Dis- play “Sviyazhsk. Residents and Their Occupation. 16th – 17th centu- ries”
1.15- Main building, 2014 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes 1.16 ground floor. Dis- play “Religious Life of Sviyazhsk. Monasteries. 16th – 17th Centuries”
1.17- Main building, 2014 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes 1.22 first floor. Frag- ments of “Svi- yazhsk in the 18th – Early 20th Cen- turies” Exhibition
1.23 Main building, 2014 S. Frolova _ “_ _ “_ Yes first floor. Display “Educational Institutions of Sviyazhsk”
1.24 Main building, 2014 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes first floor. Display vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of “Spiritual Time in Revival of Tatarstan, Sviyazhsk”. Historical a non-profit organization R. Minnikhanov, and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, President of the Monuments Kazan, 420111 Republic of Ta- of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 tarstan, having a public of fax: 2920874 tour Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
320 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.25- Building No 2. A 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.27 fragment of “Svi- SHAAMR yazhsk” yazhsk in Soviet “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Times” Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.28 A visit of the 2015 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes first President vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of of the Republic Revival of Tatarstan, of Tatarstan, M. Historical a non-profit organization Shaimiev to the and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Museum Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 1.29 Building No 2. A 2014 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes fragment of “The SHAAMR yazhsk” Artist’s Veranda” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.30 Painting A. Egorov “Svi- 2013 A. Egorov SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes yazhsk artists”, SHAAMR yazhsk” canvas, oil, 2013. “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk A fragment of the trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, display “An Art- Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, ist’s Veranda” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.31- A prison building. 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.34 A fragment of SHAAMR yazhsk” the display on the “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk prisons of Svi- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, yazhsk in the 16th Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, – 19th centuries Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.35 A prison building. 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Reconstruction SHAAMR yazhsk” of a ward of a “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk of the trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, early 20th century Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
321 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.36- A prison building. 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.37 Reconstruction SHAAMR yazhsk” of a ward of an “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk NKVD prison in trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk, 1945 Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.38 “Exhibition 2015 A. Silkin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes comes to life” SHAAMR yazhsk” in the Museum “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk of Sviyazhsk on trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, the International Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Museum Day. Russian Federation A lecture on the tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 political prisoners fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 of the camp at the E-mail: [email protected] Assumption Mon- Web Address: http://ostrovgrad astery 1.39 A prison building. 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes A display devoted SHAAMR yazhsk” to the period of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk political repres- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, sions Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.40 A prison building. 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes A display devoted SHAAMR yazhsk” to the victims of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk political repres- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, sions Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.41 A prison building. 2015 A. Silkin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes A display devoted SHAAMR yazhsk” to the victims of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk political repres- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, sions Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.42 A fragment of the 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes exhibition on the SHAAMR yazhsk” work of the Re- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk vival Foundation trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
322 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Exhibition activities of the Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” 1.43- “Secrets of Svi- 2011 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.46 yazhsk Land” SHAAMR yazhsk” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.47- “The Children of 2011 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.50 Sviyazhsk draw- SHAAMR yazhsk” ing Sviyazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.51- “Once upon a 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.53 time there were SHAAMR yazhsk” Sviyazhsk resi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk dents…” Exhi- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, bition Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.54 An invitation to 2013 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes the opening of sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” “Path of the Tile” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.55- The opening of 2013 Ju. Eliseev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.57 “Path of the Tile” SHAAMR yazhsk” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.58- A fragment of 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.60 “Path of the Tile” SHAAMR yazhsk” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
323 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.61 “Romanovsky 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Bridge over the SHAAMR yazhsk” Volga. 100 years” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.62- “Man-Made Mir- 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.63 acle” Exhibition SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.64- The fragments of 2014 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.67 “Sviyazhsk Heav- ov SHAAMR yazhsk” enly Patrons” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.68 Icon “Our Lady 2014 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes of Joy of All ov SHAAMR yazhsk” Who Sorrow”. “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Oil on wood. trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Museum-Reserve Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Russian Federation yazhsk tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.69 Icon “Herman of 2014 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Sviazhsk”. 19th ov SHAAMR yazhsk” century. Wood “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk carving. State Mu- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, seum of Fine Arts Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, of the RT Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.70 Icon “Herman of 2014 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Sviazhsk”. 19th ov SHAAMR yazhsk” century. Wood “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk carving. State Mu- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, seum of Fine Arts Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, of the RT. Russian Federation The inscription on tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 the back side of fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 the icon: E-mail: [email protected] “Brought from Web Address: http://ostrovgrad Sviyazhsk from the relics of Her- man of Sviyazhsk. 1873”
324 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.71 A poster for “Svi- 2014 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes yazhsk in the Civ- sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” il War” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.72- The opening of 2014 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.73 “Sviyazhsk during SHAAMR yazhsk” the Civil War” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.74- The fragments of 2014 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.75 “Sviyazhsk in the ov SHAAMR yazhsk” Civil War” Exhi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk bition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.76 The opening of 2014 Ju. Eliseev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes “The Last War of SHAAMR yazhsk” the Empire. Svi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk yazhsk. Life on trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, the Home Front” Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Exhibition with Russian Federation the participation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 of the President fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 of the Republic of E-mail: [email protected] Tatarstan R. Min- Web Address: http://ostrovgrad nikhanov 1.77 A poster of “The 2014 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Last War of the sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” Empire. Svi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk yazhsk. Life on trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, the Home Front” Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Exhibition Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.78- Fragments of 2014 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.80 “The Last War of sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” the Empire. Svi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk yazhsk. Life on trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, the Home Front” Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Exhibition Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
325 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.81- The grand open- 2015 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes 1.82 ing of the “The vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Ancient Town of Revival of Tatarstan, Bolgar and the Historical a non-profit organization town-island of and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, Sviyazhsk: Past Monuments Kazan, 420111 and Present” of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 Exhibition at the public of fax: 2920874 Kazan Kremlin Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 1.83 A poster of A. 2015 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Egorov’s “A sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” Window to Svi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk yazhsk” Exhibi- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, tion Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 1.84 A poster of the 2015 R. Safiullin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Safiullins’ “Svi- SHAAMR yazhsk” yazhsk Enamel. “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Fiery Letters” trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Exhibition Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.85- The opening of 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.86 the Safiullins’ SHAAMR yazhsk” “Sviyazhsk Enam- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk el. Fiery Letters” trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Exhibition Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.87 A fragment of the 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes installation “The SHAAMR yazhsk” Island”. R. and “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Ch. Safiullins trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.88 R. Safiullin 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes “Darling, I’m SHAAMR yazhsk” back inspired”. “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk 2014. Copper, hot trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, enamel. Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, 20x25 Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
326 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.89 “Night. Svi- 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes yazhsk”. 2014. SHAAMR yazhsk” Copper, hot “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk enamel. trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, 20x25. Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Museum “Os- Russian Federation tro-Grad Svi- tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 yazhsk fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.90- The showcase 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.91 “Oh, Volga, You SHAAMR yazhsk” Know the Fate of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Many” trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.92- The “Sviyazhsk 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.96 during the Great SHAAMR yazhsk” Patriotic War” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Exhibition dedi- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, cated to the 70th Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, anniversary of the Russian Federation Victory. Installed tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 next to the monu- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 ment to the fallen E-mail: [email protected] soldiers. Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.97 A poster of the 2015 A. Arta- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes III Internation- monov SHAAMR yazhsk” al Biennale of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Printmaking in trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.98 The opening of 2015 A. Abdullin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes the III Interna- SHAAMR yazhsk” tional Biennale “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk of Printmaking in trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.99 A poster of the 2015 I. Artamon- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes exhibition dedi- ov SHAAMR yazhsk” cated to the 85th “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk anniversary of N. trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Artamonov Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
327 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.100- The fragments of 2015 M. Ob- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.104 N. Artamonov’s shivalkina SHAAMR yazhsk” exhibition show- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk ing his works trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.105 A poster of the “I 2015 A. Arta- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Believe” Exhi- monov SHAAMR yazhsk” bition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.106- The opening of 2015 A. Entalt- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.107 the “I Believe” sev SHAAMR yazhsk” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.108 A poster of “The 2015 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Sviazhsk Furnace sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” Tile” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.109- The fragments of 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.111 “The Sviazhsk SHAAMR yazhsk” Furnace Tile” Ex- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk hibition trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.112 A reconstructed 2015 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes red (terracotta) ov SHAAMR yazhsk” furnace at the “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk exhibition, the trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, History Museum Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, of Sviyazhsk Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
328 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.113- Showcases with 2015 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.118 the exhibits of SHAAMR yazhsk” “The Sviazhsk “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Furnace Tile" Ex- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, hibition Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.119 Reconstruction of 2015 A. Bogdan- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes the furnace with ov SHAAMR yazhsk” smooth painted “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk tiles from the trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, exhibition of the Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, History Museum Russian Federation of Sviyazhsk tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.120 “Holy Warrior 2015 “Aibat” De- SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Christopher” Ex- sign Studio SHAAMR yazhsk” hibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.121- Opening of “Holy 2015 M. SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.124 Warrior Christo- Makhanko SHAAMR yazhsk” pher” Exhibition “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.125 The first President 2015 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes of the RT M. vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Shaimiev visiting Revival of Tatarstan, “Holy Warrior Historical a non-profit organization Christopher” Ex- and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, hibition Monuments Kazan, 420111 of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization Events 1.126- The opening of 2012 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical 1.128 the museum's vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of garden with the Revival of Tatarstan, participation of Historical a non-profit organization the first President and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, of the RT M. Monuments Kazan, 420111 Shaimiev of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 public of fax: 2920874 Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization
329 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.129 The participants 2012 Ju. Eliseev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes of the All-Rus- SHAAMR yazhsk” sian Conference “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk “Sviyazhsk: Past, trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Present and Fu- Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, ture” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 1.130- A traditional bow 2012 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.132 and crossbow SHAAMR yazhsk” shooting tourna- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk ment trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.133- A traditional bow 2014 Ju. Eliseev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.134 and crossbow SHAAMR yazhsk” shooting tourna- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk ment trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.135- A traditional bow 2015 Ju. Kalinina SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.136 and crossbow SHAAMR yazhsk” shooting tourna- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk ment trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.137- Shrovetide Folk- 2012 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.139 lore Festival at SHAAMR yazhsk” the Museum of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.140- Shrovetide Folk- 2014 A. Silkin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.141 lore Festival at SHAAMR yazhsk” the Museum of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
330 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.142- Shrovetide Folk- 2015 Ju. Kalinina SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.149 lore Festival at SHAAMR yazhsk” the Museum of “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.150- “Island-Brawler” 2012 Ju. Kalinina SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.154 Tournament SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.155- “Island-Brawler” 2013 Ju. Kalinina SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.158 Tournament SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.159- “Island-Brawler” 2014 Ju. Kalinina SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.162 Tournament SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.163- Night at the His- 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.164 tory Museum of SHAAMR yazhsk” Sviyazhsk “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.165- Night at the His- 2014 Ju. Eliseev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.168 tory Museum of SHAAMR yazhsk” Sviyazhsk “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
331 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.169- Night at the His- 2015 Ju. Kalinina SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.174 tory Museum of SHAAMR yazhsk” Sviyazhsk “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.175 “SviyazhskFish 2012 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Soup” Festival SHAAMR yazhsk” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.176- The winning team 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.177 of the “Sviyazh- SHAAMR yazhsk” skFish Soup” “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Festival trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.178- Theatre Labora- 2014 R. Nazmiev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.191 tory. Sketches of SHAAMR yazhsk” the plays based “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk on the stories told trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, by Sviyazhsk Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, dwellers Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.192 A poster of the 2015 R. Nazmiev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Theatre Labora- SHAAMR yazhsk” tory in Sviyazhsk “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.193- Theatre Labora- 2015 R. Nazmiev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.194 tory. The sketch SHAAMR yazhsk” of the play based “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk on A. Pushkin’s trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, “The Tale of Tsar Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Saltan” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
332 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.195- Theatre Labora- 2015 R. Nazmiev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.202 tory. The sketch of SHAAMR yazhsk” the play based on “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk A. Pushkin’s “The trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Tale of the Priest Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, and His Workman Russian Federation Balda” tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.203- Theatre Labora- 2015 R. Nazmiev SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.206 tory. The sketch of SHAAMR yazhsk” the play based on “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk A. Pushkin’s “The trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Tale of the Golden Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Cockerel” Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.207 “Bird” Studio 2011 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Theater. The play SHAAMR yazhsk” "Run, baby, do not “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk complain," based trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, on the stories of Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, the Sviyazhsk Or- Russian Federation phanage tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.208- “Bird” Studio 2013 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.210 Theatre. A theatre SHAAMR yazhsk” season in Svi- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk yazhsk trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.211- “Bird” Studio 2014 S. Frolova SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.216 Theatre. A play SHAAMR yazhsk” “The Japanese old “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk lady and demons” trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.217- “Bird” Studio 2015 A. Silkin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes 1.222 Theatre. A play SHAAMR yazhsk” based on the rec- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk ollections of Svi- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, yazhsk residents. Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad
333 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.223- The opening of 2015 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes 1.224 the Children's vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Museum Center Revival of Tatarstan, “A. Pushkin’s Historical a non-profit organization Tales” with the and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, participation of Monuments Kazan, 420111 the first President of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 of the RT M. public of fax: 2920874 Shaimiev Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] a non-profit organization 1.225 Фото Methodological 2014 A. Silkin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes Council at the SHAAMR yazhsk” Assumption Ca- “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk thedral trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ 1.226 Participants of 2015 A. Silkin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes the International SHAAMR yazhsk” Seminar “The “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Assumption Ca- trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, thedral and the Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, frescoes”. Speak- Russian Federation er - Rector of the tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 Kazan Theologi- fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 cal Seminary, Fa- E-mail: [email protected] ther Euthymios Web Address: http://ostrovgrad 1.227 The participants 2015 M. Kozlo- Republican Republican Fund of Revival of Historical Yes of the Interna- vsky Fund of and Cultural Monuments of the Republic of tional Seminar Revival of Tatarstan, “Protection and Historical a non-profit organization management of and Cultural Address: 18/23 Chernyshevskogo Street, the Assumption Monuments Kazan, 420111 Cathedral and the of the Re- tel: (84356) 7-87-07 Trinity Church in public of fax: 2920874 Sviyazhsk, Svi- Tatarstan, E-mail: [email protected] yazhsk area and a non-profit the buffer zone” organization 1.228 The participants of 2015 R. Galiullin SBIC RT SBIC RT SHAAMR “Ostrov-Grad Svi- Yes the Round Table SHAAMR yazhsk” “The Assumption “Os- Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk Cathedral and the trov-Grad village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Trinity Church: Sviyazhsk” Republic of Tatarstan, Characteristics Russian Federation and Attributes of tel: +7(84371) 264-74-62 the Outstanding fax: +7(84371) 264-75-03 Universal Value” E-mail: [email protected] held at the Inter- Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org/ national Congress of “The Historical, Cultural and Spir- itual Heritage of Sviyazhsk”
334 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Part II. Spiritual life of Sviyazhsk
Id. Format Caption Date of Photog- Copyright Contact details of copyright owner (Name, Non No (slide/ Photo rapher/ owner (if Address, tel/fax, and e-mail) exclu- print/ (mo/yr) Director of different sive video) the video than pho- ces- tographer/ sion of director of rights video) 2.1 Photo Feast of the Holy 05.2015 Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes Trinity Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- in the Trinity (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; Church of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church 2.2 Photo Feast of the Holy 05.2015 Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes Trinity Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- in the Trinity (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; Church of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church 2.3 Photo Feast of the As- 08.2015 Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes sumption Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- in the Cathedral (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; of the Icon of the of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Mother of God Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia Joy of All Who of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 Sorrow sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church 2.4 Photo Feast of the As- 08.2015 Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes sumption Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- in the Cathedral (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; of the Icon of the of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Mother of God Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia Joy of All Who of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 Sorrow sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church 2.5 Photo Feast of the As- Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes sumption Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- in the Cathedral (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; of the Icon of the of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Mother of God Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia Joy of All Who of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 Sorrow sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church 2.6 Photo Feast of the As- 08.2015 Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes sumption Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- in the Cathedral (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; of the Icon of the of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Mother of God Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia Joy of All Who of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 Sorrow sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church 2.7 Photo Service at the 08.2015 Deacon Diocese of Kazan Diocese Yes Cathedral of the Dmitry Kazan and of Tatarstan Archdiocese of the Russian Or- Icon of the Mother (Alikin) Tatarstan thodox Church; of God Joy of All of Tatarstan Address: 15/9 Mislavskogo Str., Kazan, Who Sorrow Archdiocese 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia of the Rus- tel: (843) 292-02-13 sian Ortho- E-mail: [email protected] dox Church
335 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Materials of the Nomination Volume II. Photographs.
Interdisciplinary study of the Assumption Cathedral of the town-island of Sviyazhsk and other monuments that make up the attributes of its outstanding universal value, 2015
Part I. Assumption Cathedral
Id. Format Date of Photog- Copyright Contact details of copyright owner (Name, Non No (slide/ Caption photo rapher/ owner (if Address, tel/fax, and e-mail) exclu- print/ (mo/ Director of different sive video) yr) the video than pho- ces- tographer/ sion director of of video) rights 1.1 Photo X-ray fluores- 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes cence analysis of chenkova Culture of tarstan the frescoes of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 thedral Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 1.2 Photo X-ray fluores- 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes cence analysis of chenkova Culture of tarstan the frescoes of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 thedral Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 1.3 Photo X-ray fluores- 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes cence analysis of chenkova Culture of tarstan the frescoes of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 thedral Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 1.4 Photo Electron mi- 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes croscopy of the chenkova Culture of tarstan frescoes of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 thedral Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 1.5 Photo Preliminary 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes studies. Electron chenkova Culture of tarstan microscopy of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street the fresco “The of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Unknown Saints” Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 of the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Cathedral E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
336 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
1.6 Photo Red paint – 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes minium used in chenkova Culture of tarstan the frescoes of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Assumption Ca- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 thedral Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
1.7 Photo Study of the gesso 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes of the Assumption chenkova Culture of tarstan Cathedral the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
1.8 Photo Gesso structure, 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the Assumption chenkova Culture of tarstan Cathedral. (ESM the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street image) Magne- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 sium-Calcium Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
1.9 Photo Sources of the 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes building stones chenkova, Culture of tarstan used for the con- P. Kaplan, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street struction of the A. Sitdikov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 XVI-century ca- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 thedrals in Kazan Fax: 292-07-26 city and the town E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- of Sviyazhsk. tarstan.ru Samples of the building materials from the Assump- tion Cathedral of Sviyazhsk
1.10 Photo Sources of the 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes building stones chenkova, Culture of tarstan used for the con- P. Kaplan, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street struction of the A. Sitdikov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 XVI-century ca- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 thedrals in Kazan Fax: 292-07-26 city and the town E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- of Sviyazhsk. tarstan.ru Samples of the building materials from Kazan city. The Khan’s Pal- ace. First half of the XVI century
337 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
1.11 Photo Sources of the 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes building stones chenkova, Culture of tarstan used for the P. Kaplan, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street construction of A. Sitdikov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 the XVI-century Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 cathedrals in Fax: 292-07-26 Kazan city and E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- the town of Svi- tarstan.ru yazhsk. Samples of the building materials from the area around the Makarievsky Monastery (Verkhneuslonsky district, Republic of Tatarstan) 1.12 Photo Sources of the 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes building stones chenkova, Culture of tarstan used for the P. Kaplan, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street construction of A. Sitdikov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 the XVI-century Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 cathedrals in Fax: 292-07-26 Kazan city and E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- the town of Svi- tarstan.ru yazhsk. Samples of the building materials from the area around the Makarievsky Monastery (Verkhneuslonsky district, Republic of Tatarstan) 1.13 Photo Sources of the 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes building stones chenkova, Culture of tarstan used for the con- P. Kaplan, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street struction of the A. Sitdikov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 XVI-century ca- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 thedrals in Kazan Fax: 292-07-26 city and the town E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- of Sviyazhsk. tarstan.ru Samples of the building materials from the village of Pechischi (Verkhneuslonsky district, Republic of Tatarstan) 1.14 Photo Sources of the 2015 R. Khram- Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes building stones chenkova, Culture of tarstan used for the con- P. Kaplan, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street struction of the A. Sitdikov of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 XVI-century ca- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 thedrals in Kazan Fax: 292-07-26 city and the town E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- of Sviyazhsk. tarstan.ru Samples of the building materials from the village of Pechischi (Verkhneuslonsky district, Republic of Tatarstan)
338 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Part II. Archaeological cultural layer of Sviyazhsk
Id. Format Date Photogra- Copyright Contact information of the copyright Non- No (slide/ Name (month, pher/ holder (if holder exclu- photo/ year) Video film different (name, address, sive video) director from the tel/fax, e-mail) as- photogra- sign- pher/ ment Video film of director) rights 2.1 Photo Archaeological in- 2013- A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes vestigations on the 2014 Culture of tarstan “Tatar Slobodka” the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street excavation site of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.2 Photo Archaeological in- 2013- A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes vestigations on the 2014 Culture of tarstan “Tatar Slobodka” the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street excavation site ” of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.3 Photo Investigation of 2013- A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the places of wor- 2014 Culture of tarstan ship – St. Nicolas the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Church (1734) of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.4 Photo Investigation of 2013- A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the places of wor- 2014 Culture of tarstan ship – St. Nicolas the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Church (1734) of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.5 Photo Investigation for 2013 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the infrastructure Culture of tarstan facilities – A the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street living house in of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Moskovskaya Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Street Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.6 Photo Investigation for 2013 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the infrastructure Culture of tarstan facilities – A the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street living house in of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Moskovskaya Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Street Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
339 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.7 Photo Archaeological in- 2014 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes vestigation of the Culture of tarstan John the Baptist the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Monastery of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.8 Photo Archaeological 2015 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities – admin- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 istrative building Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 in the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Monastery E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.9 Photo Archaeological 2015 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities – admin- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 istrative building Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 in the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Monastery E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.10 Photo Archaeological 2015 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation of Culture of tarstan Sviyazhsk fortifi- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street cations. Excava- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 tion site 1-2015. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.11 Photo Excavation site 2015 R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes 1-2015. Burial of Culture of tarstan the Bronze Age. the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.12 Photo Archaeological 2015 R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities – admin- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 istrative building Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 in the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Monastery E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.13 Photo Archaeological 2015 R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities – admin- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 istrative building Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 in the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Monastery. A E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- burial. tarstan.ru 2.14 Photo Archaeological 2015 R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities – admin- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 istrative building Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 in the Assumption Fax: 292-07-26 Monastery. A E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- vault. tarstan.ru
340 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
2.15 Photo Archaeological 2015 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigations of Culture of tarstan the Sviyazhsk the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street “Shopping Ar- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 cade”. Excavation Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 site 3-2015. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.16 Photo Archaeological 2015 A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in Svi- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 yazhsk. Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.17 Photo Archaeological in- 2015 R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes vestigation for in- Culture of tarstan frastructure facili- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street ties in Sviyazhsk. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 The common Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 grave, XX c. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.18 Photo Archaeological in- 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes vestigation for in- Culture of tarstan frastructure facili- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street ties in Sviyazhsk. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 The common Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 grave, XX c. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.19 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in Svi- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 yazhsk. The grave Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 hollows Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 2.20 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Assumption Mon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 astery. Brick floor, Fax: 292-07-26 lost Paraskeva E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- Church tarstan.ru 2.21 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Assumption Mon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 astery. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
341 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
2.22 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Assumption Mon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 astery. The ruins Fax: 292-07-26 of stone buildings E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- of the monastery , tarstan.ru XVII-XVIII cen- turies . The ruins of stone buildings of the monastery , XVII- XVIII centuries . 2.23 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Assumption Mon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 astery. Study the Fax: 292-07-26 territory of the E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- monastery XVI- tarstan.ru XX centuries 2.24 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Assumption Mon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 astery. Study the Fax: 292-07-26 territory of the E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- monastery XVI- tarstan.ru XX centuries 2.25 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.A. Starkov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes investigation for Culture of tarstan infrastructure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street facilities in the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Assumption Mon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 astery. Study the Fax: 292-07-26 territory of the E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- monastery XVI- tarstan.ru XX centuries 2.26 Photo Archaeological 2015 г.R. Khamzin Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes research of for- Culture of tarstan tifications of the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Sviyazhsk . Exca- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 vation 1-2015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
342 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
Part III. Studies of the Holy Trinity Church
Id. Format Date of Photogra- Copyright Contact details of copyright owner (Name, Non No (slide/ Caption photo pher/Direc- owner (if Address, tel/fax, and e-mail) exclu- print/ (mo/ tor of the different sive video) yr) video than pho- ces- tographer/ sion director of of video) rights 3.1 Figure Layout diagram 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes of gainers cut for Culture of tarstan scaffolds supports the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.2 Figure Scaffolds layout 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes diagram Culture of tarstan the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.3 Figure Layout diagram of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the southern wall Culture of tarstan windows of the re- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street fectory, notches of of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 the XVI and XVII Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 centuries Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.4 Figure Assembly of scaf- 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan Yes folds for cutting Culture of Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street the window the Republic Kazan, 420015 of Tatarstan Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.5 Figure The marking 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan Yes scheme of the Culture of Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street walls according the Republic Kazan, 420015 to cardinal direc- of Tatarstan Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 tions. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.6 Figure The scheme of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes placing ceiling Culture of tarstan boards in the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street beams. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.7 Photo Sampling from the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes outer wall of the Culture of tarstan refectory the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
343 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
3.8 Photo Selected core 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Culture of tarstan the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.9 Photo Coring in the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes basement. Culture of tarstan the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.10 Photo Coring upper logs 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Culture of tarstan the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.11 Photo The outer view of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes timber TR04-08 Culture of tarstan from the Northern the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street wall of the church of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 where borehole Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 samples were ex- Fax: 292-07-26 tracted E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.12 Photo The processed 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes sample, taken Culture of tarstan from timber of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street small octagonal of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 base Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.13 Figure Floating tree-ring 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes chronologies built Culture of tarstan using the receiv- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street ing data from the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 logs of the Trinity Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Church. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.14 Figure View from the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes south-west, recon- Culture of tarstan struction. Figure the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street 3.15. View from of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 the west, recon- Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 struction. Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.15 Figure View from the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes west, reconstruc- Culture of tarstan tion. the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
344 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
3.16 Figure View from the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes northwest, recon- Culture of tarstan struction the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.17 Figure View from the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes west, reconstruc- Culture of tarstan tion the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.18 Figure Appearance after 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the renovation. Culture of tarstan XVII century. Re- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street construction of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.19 Photo Traces of the ex- 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes tension wall cut in Culture of tarstan the northern wall the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of the refectory of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.20 Photo Western wall logs 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes marking (refec- Culture of tarstan tory) the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.21 Photo Northern wall logs 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes marking(refec- Culture of tarstan tory) the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.22 Photo Southern wall logs 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes marking (refec- Culture of tarstan tory) the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.23 Photo Eastern wall logs 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes marking (refec- Culture of tarstan tory) the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
345 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
3.24 Photo Gainer for scaf- 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes folding on the Culture of tarstan refectory southern the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street wall cut over the of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 floor Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.25 Photo Double window of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the XVII century Culture of tarstan in the southern the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street wall of the refec- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 tory Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.26 Photo Scaffolding gainer 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes under the southern Culture of tarstan window of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street refectory of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.27 Photo Logs marking 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes partially destroyed Culture of tarstan after the gainer for the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street scaffolding was of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 cut in the southern Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 window of the Fax: 292-07-26 refectory E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.28 Photo Remains of the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes sash window in Culture of tarstan the northern wall the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of the church of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.29 Photo The refectory 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes ceiling boards Culture of tarstan marking the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.30 Photo Gainers for the 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes refectory skids in Culture of tarstan the western wall the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of the church of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.31 Photo Secondary use 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes logs in the octago- Culture of tarstan nal structure of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street church of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
346 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
3.32 Photo Logs extension 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes affected by wood Culture of tarstan fretter the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.33 Photo Door jambs and 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes logs of the north- Culture of tarstan ern wall of the the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street church affected by of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 wood fretter Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.34 Photo The Church of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Lord's Robe Culture of tarstan Deposition, 1485. the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Photo of 1987 of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.35 Photo The Church of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Boris and Gleb- Culture of tarstan Trifon-Pechenga the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Monastery, 1565. of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.36 Photo Kazan Church of 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes the first third of Culture of tarstan the XVII century, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Yurino village, of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 Balakhna district, Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Nizhny Novgorod Fax: 292-07-26 Oblast. Modern E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- look tarstan.ru 3.37 Photo Cosmas and 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Damian Church, Culture of tarstan late XVII century the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street - early XVIII cen- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 tury, graveyard of Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Lezhdoma Volog- Fax: 292-07-26 da oblast E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.38 Photo Host Resurrection 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Church, Kre- Culture of tarstan menskaya village, the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street Kaluga Province, of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 late XVII century Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru 3.39 Photo St. George 2015 A.Popov Ministry of Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Ta- Yes Church, Vershina Culture of tarstan village, Volo- the Republic Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street godskaya Prov- of Tatarstan Kazan, 420015 ince, early XVIII Tel: +7(843) 264-74-01 century Fax: 292-07-26 E-mail:[email protected], www.mincult.ta- tarstan.ru
347 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
7b. Texts relating to protective designation, copies of property management plans or documented management systems and extracts of other plans relevant to the property
1. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 5. Regulations for the State Nature Reserve the Republic of Tatarstan of 16.07.2009 num- of Regional Importance of the comprehensive ber 497 “On regarding the site “Sviyazhsk pro le “Sviazhsky”, approved by the Resolu- Town Island” a cultural heritage site of re- tion of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Repub- gional (republican) importance thus giving lic of Tatarstan on January 14, 2005 number 1 it a status of a site of republican importance (as revised in the Resolutions of the Cabinet “(Annex, section 5). of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan of 25.07.2005 number 365, of 19.06.2009 num- 2. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of ber 406) (Materials for the Nomination, sec- the Republic of Tatarstan of 09.12.2010 num- tion 5). ber 1030 “On Amendments to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic 6. Laws and regulations that apply to the of Tatarstan of 16.07.2009 number 497 “On nominated world heritage site “Assumption regarding the site “Sviyazhsk Town Island” a Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Town Island: histori- cultural heritage site of regional (republican) cal, cultural and artistic complex” (Manage- importance thus giving it a status of a site of ment Plan, Annex 1). republican importance “(Annex, section 5). 7. System of indicators to analyze the im- 3. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of plementation of the Site Management Plan the Republic of Tatarstan “On approval of the nominated in the inclusion in the to the World boundaries of security zones of the cultural Heritage List (Management Plan, Annex 2). heritage site “ e Site “Sviyazhsk Town Is- land” of regional (republican) importance (of 8. Charter of the State Budgetary Institu- 02.07.2015 number 481) (Annex, section 5). tion of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, Architectural and Art Mu- 4. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers seum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”. of the Republic of Tatarstan of 24.08.2015 15.10.2015 (Annex, section 5). number 618 “On renaming the State Budget- ary Institution of Culture of the Republic of 9. Agreement № 703-c on co-operation Tatarstan “State Historical, Architectural and between the Cabinet of Ministers of the Re- Art Museum “Sviyazhsk Town Island” (An- public of Tatarstan and Tatarstan Metropolia nex, section 5). of Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patri- archate). 25.11.2015 (Annex, section 5).
7c. Form and date of most recent records or inventory of property
Concept of development of the State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Republic of Ta- tarstan “State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” approved by the decree of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan of 14.06.2011 by number 453.
348 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
7d. Address where inventory, records and archives are held
Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation 7/6 Maliy Gnezdnikovsky Lane, building 1, 2, 125993, OMP-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan 66/33 Pushkin Street, 420015, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
National Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism 19 Gorkiy Street, 420107, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Tatarstan 75 Pavlukhin Street, 420059, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
Likhachev’s Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage Kosmonavtov Street, 129366, Moscow, Russian Federation
Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences 19 D. Ulyanov Street, 117036, Moscow, Russian Federation
State budgetary organization “Centre of Cultural Heritage of Tatarstan” 66/33 Pushkin Street, 420107, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, Archi- tectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” 6 Moskovskaya Street, 420250, Sviyazhsk village, Zelenodolsk district, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
Institute of History named aer S. Mardzhani of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan Kremlin, entrance 5, 420014, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
State Unitary Enterprise “Tatinvestgrazhdanproekt” 28 Chekhov Street, 420043 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering KSUAE 1 Zelenaya Street, 420043 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
JSC “Tatar Special Scienti c Restoration Management” 26 Vishnevskogo Street, 420043, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
349 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
7e. Bibliography
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Шакиров З.Г. Новые данные по археологии острова Свияжска//Свияжские чтения. Сбор- ник докладов конференции. – Вып. 2. – Свияжск, 2010. – С.23–28. Шакиров З.Г., Тишин Д.В. Дендрохронологический анализ древесины с острова Свияжск (постановка проблемы) //Свияжские чтения. Сборник докладов конференции. – Вып. 2. – Свияжск, 2010. – С.37–38. Шафиков Я. Судьбы поселков – судьбы людей / Я. Шафиков // Татарстан. (на русском языке).–Б.м.–2006.–№5.–С.46–47. Штаден Г. Записки немецкого опричника о Москве Ивана Грозного. – Л., 1925. Шульгин П. М., Штеле О. Е. Вопросы управления достопримечательным местом «Остров-град Свияжск» //Историко-культурное наследие Свияжска: сборник материалов Международной научно-практической конференции «Историко-культурное и духовное наследие Свияжска» (г. Казань, с. Свияжск, 14-15 ноября 2014 г.)/Под общ. ред. Р.М. Валеева. – Казань: Центр инновационных технологий, 2015. – С. 37-55. Экологические особенности рыб и кормовых животных Куйбышевского водохранилища. – Казань: Изд–во Казан. ун–та, 1986. Юдин П.А. Свияжский Иоанно–Предтеченский девичий монастырь и его замечатель- ные святыни. – Казань, 1879. Яблоков А.Е. Город Свияжск Казанской губернии и его святыни. – Казань, 1907. Яблоков А.Е. Первоклассный мужской Успенско–Богородицкий монастырь.– Казань, 1907.
Archival documents:
Беляев А. Археологические исследования Свияжска 1979 г. Архив Института «Спец- проектреставрация». III, 227, 1982. Планировка г. Свияжска 1829 г. Российский государственный архив древних актов (да- лее – РГАДА), ф. 1356, оп.1, д. 1327. План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп.1, д. 1330. Генеральный план г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф.1356–1 к, оп. 1, д. 1329. План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356–1к,оп. 1, д. 1328. Геометрический специальный план г. Свияжска заселенной и незаселенной выгонной земли и принадлежащими к нему сенными покосами и прочими угодиями. 1841 г. РГАДА, ф. 1356–1к, оп. 1, д. 1326. Карта Казанской губернии. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1135. Карта Казанской губернии. 12 уездов после 1796 г. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1130. Карта Казанской губернии (до разделения с Тетюшинским уездом). РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1., д. 1200. Карта Свияжского уезда с дорогами (после разделения с Тетюшским уездом). РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп.1, д. 1198. Описание к карте Свияжского уезда. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1198. Карта Свияжского уезда. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1204/6. Карта Свияжского уезда. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1203/5. Карта Свияжского уезда 1798 г. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1196. Г. Свияжск. Конфирмованный регулярный план 1829 г. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1. План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, 9, д. 1323. План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1324. План г. Свияжска, конфирмованного в 1829 г. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1325.
364 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1327. План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1328. План г. Свияжска. РГАДА, ф. 1356, оп. 1, д. 1330. План уездному г. Свияжску, снятый по причине пожара 1795 г. Российский государ- ственный военно-исторический архив (далее –РГВИА), ф. ВУА, д. 22572. Атлас Казанской Губернии. Описание г. Свияжска 1793–1798 гг. РГВИА, ф. ВУА, д. 21552, л. 22. План г. Свияжска, 1829 г. РГВИА, ф. ВУА, д. 21553. О постройке школы для новокрещенных детей в г. Свияжске, 1742 г. Российский госу- дарственный исторический архив (далее – РГИА), ф. 796, оп. 23, д. 29. Планы и фасады казенных строений, находящихся в уездных городах Казанской губер- нии, 1800 г. РГИА, ф. 1399, оп. 1, д. 408. Проект расширения помещения для пересыльных в Свияжском уездном тюремном замке, 1826 г. РГИА, ф. 1488, оп. 1, д. 1265. О пожаре в Свияжском Богородицком монастыре, 1834 г. РГИА, ф. 796, оп. 115, д. 1109. Чертежи уездного училища в Свияжске, 1834 г. РГИА, ф. 1488, оп. 1, д. 1264. О постройке ограды вокруг Иоанно–Предтеченского монастыря. РГИА, ф. 796, оп.2, д. 5159. Планы г. Свияжска н. XIX в., 1867 и т.д. РГИА, ф. 1293, оп. 166, Казанская губерния, дд. 2, 25, 26 –28. Планы г. Свияжска н. XIX в. РГИА, ф. 1293, оп. 168, Казанская губерния, дд. 25–30. План г. Свияжска. РГИА, ф. 1293, оп. 168, д. 29. Статистическое описание г. Свияжска с объяснением проекта нового распланирова- ния (к плану 1869 г.). Национальный архив Республики Татарстан (далее – НА РТ), ф. 2, оп. 7, 9, д. 2422. Ведомость о числе зданий в г. Свияжске за 1894 г. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 1, д. 217. Ведомость о числе зданий в г. Свияжске за 1900 г. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 1, д. 349. Сведения Свижской городской управы для всеподданейшего отчета за 1911 г. НА РТ, ф. 539, оп. 1, д. 534, л. 140–141. Об условиях местной жизни городов Казанской губернии, 1904 г. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 1, д. 410, л. 74. Сведения о частных конских заводах в г. Свияжске, 1861 г. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 7, д. 9, л. 28. Ведомость о скотоводстве в г. Свияжске за 1900, 1907 гг. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 1, дд. 349, 464. Ведомость о промыслах в Свияжском уезде за 1894 г. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 1, д. 217. Сведения о количестве земель, находящихся во владении частных землевладельцев Свияжского уезда, 1884, 1885 гг. НА РТ, ф. 359, оп. 1., дд. 77, 217. План г. Свияжска состоящий внутриприусадебной земли съемки 1847 г. НА РТ, ф. 324, оп. 739, д. 284. План г. Свияжска 1847 г. НА РТ, ф. 324, оп. 739, д. 282. План г. Свияжска 1869 г. НА РТ, ф. 324, оп. 739, д. 282. О муниципализированных владениях г. Свияжска 1925 г. НА РТ, ф. Р-. 168, оп. 1, д. 184. Прошение о постройке 2–х этажного каменного корпуса в Иоанно–Предтеченском мо- настыре 1842 г. НА РТ, ф. 409, оп. 1, д. 1521. Планы и фасады присутственных мест г. Свияжска, 1835 г. НА РТ, ф. 408, оп. 4, д. 25. Смета и описание работ по тюремному замку г. Свияжска, 1838 г. НА РТ, ф. 409, оп. 7, д. 30.
365 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Описание домов г. Свияжска, 1866 г. НА РТ, ф. 474, оп. 1, дд. 289, 291. Об утверждении плана на постройку земской больницы, 1875 г. НА РТ, ф. 2, оп. 7, д. 297. Карта Свияжского кантона ТАССР 1923 г. НА РТ, ф. 324, оп. 723, д. 1305. Национальный состав населения Свияжска по переписи 1920 г. НА РТ, ф. Р-1296, оп. 2, д. 120, л. 37–39. О количестве рабочих г. Свияжска в 1920 г. НА РТ, ф. Р-1296. оп. 2, д. 102. О детских садах Свияжска, 1920–е гг. НА РТ, ф. Р-1296, оп. 18, д. 334. О муниципальном строительстве в г. Свияжске, 1920–е гг. НА РТ, ф. Р-168, оп. 1, д. 184. Списки муниципализированных строений в г. Свияжске, 1920–е гг. НА РТ, ф. Р-168, оп. 1, д. 213. Обследование школ, детских домов в г. Свияжске, 1920–е гг. НА РТ, ф. ф. Р-168, оп. 1, д. 203. Статистические данные по застройке Свияжска в 1920–х гг. НА РТ, ф. Р-1296, оп. 12, д. 61. Описание городских домовладений в 1920–х гг. НА РТ, ф. Р-1296, оп. 2, дд. 120, 133, 142. Об организации школы для девочек в Свияжске, 1926 г. НА РТ, ф. Р- 1568, оп. 1, д. 2. Национализированные и муниципализированные строения г. Свияжска, 1926 г. НА РТ, ф. Р-1249, оп. 1, д. 142. О занятости населения г. Свияжска на 1939 г. НА РТ, ф. Р-1296, оп. 1, д. 473. О переносе сооружений и линий связи из зоны затопления Куйбышевской ГЭС, 1952 г. НА РТ, ф. Р.- 5666, оп. 2, д. 229. Свияжский Иоанно–Предтеченский девичий монастырь. НА РТ, ф. 1264, ед. хр. 1–17. Троицкая церковь. Общий вид. Фото 1971 г. Государственный научно–исследователь- ский музей истории архитектуры г. Москвы. Фототека. Колл. XII, нег.4178. Троицкая церковь. Интерьер. Фото с картины маслом из коллекции П. Дульского. Государственный научно–исследовательский музей истории архитектуры г. Москвы. Фототека, б/нег. Иконостас церкви Троицы. Из коллекции П. Дульского. Государственный научно–ис- следовательский музей истории архитектуры г. Москвы. Фототека, б/нег. Картографические материалы Сената. Вид Свияжска при водополии к полудню. Гра- вировка, 1731 г. Ф.248, №9. Карта частей Казанского и Свияжского уездов, II пол. XIX в., Отдел рукописей и ред- ких книг Научной библиотеки им. Н.И. Лобачевского Казанского (Приволжского) феде- рального университета, ед. 3499.
366 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
8. CONTACT INFORMATION OF RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES
8а. Preparers
Rafael Valeev Director of the Volga branch of the UNESCO Chair for the Conservation of urban and architectural monuments, Vice-Rector of the Kazan State University of Culture and Arts, Doctor of Historical Sciences Address: 3 Orenburg Tract, apart. 10, Kazan, 420059, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7 (917)2645639 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Svetlana Persova Deputy Minister of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, 420015, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2647411 Fax: +7(843) 2920726, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Ayrat Sitdikov Director of the Institute of Archaeology named after A. Khalikov, Head of the Department of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies of Kazan Federal University, Doctor of Historical Sciences Address: 30 Butlerova Street, Kazan, 420015, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2365542 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Ramil Khairutdinov Director of the Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies of Kazan Federal University, Chairman of the Department of the Russian Historical Society in Kazan, Secretary of the Interdepartmental Scientific and Methodological Expert Council of the National Fund “Renaissance”, Ph.D. in History Address: 1/55 Pushkina Street, Kazan, 420015, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2922090 Fax: +7(843) 2922090, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Svetlana Frolova Deputy Director for the research work of the State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk”, Ph.D. in History Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7 (917)2206059, (84371) 264-74-62 Fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
367 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Artyom Silkin State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” Address: 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7 (917)2656472, (84371) 264-74-62 Fax: (84371) 264-75-03 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Ilzira Kuzmina Head of the State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cultural Heritage of Tatarstan” Address: 66/33 Pushkina Street, Kazan, 420015, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2647439 E-mail: [email protected]
Farida Zabirova Deputy Chairman of Tatarstan Republican Branch of the All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments, a member of the Board of the Union of Architects of Russia, Chairman of the Coordination Council for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Tatarstan, an adviser of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences Address: 30/16 Mayakovskogo Street, apart.17, Kazan, 420012, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7(903) 3409818, Fax: +7(843) 2385047, E-mail: [email protected]
Pavel Shulgin Head of the Department of Integrated Regional Programs for Socio-cultural Development Higher School of Economics National Research University, Moscow, Ph.D. of Economic sciences e-mail: [email protected] Address: Slavyanskaya sq. 4, 109074, Moscow, Russian Federation Tel:: +7(917) 5492490, Факс:- E-mail: [email protected]
8b. Official Local Institution/Agency
State Budgetary Institution of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan “State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Ostrov-Grad Sviyazhsk” 6 Moskovskaya Street, Sviyazhsk village, 420250, Zelenodolsk district, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Tel: +7 9172787663 E-mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://ostrovgrad.org 368 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
8c. Other Local Institutions
Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan (Minister - Ayrat Sibagatullin) 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2647401 Fax: +7(843) 2920726 E-mail: [email protected]
State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism (Chairman - Sergei Ivanov) 19 Gorky Street Kazan, 420107 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2229020 Fax: +7(843) 2229051 E-Mail: [email protected]
Ministry of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Tatarstan (Minister - Vladimir Leonov) 12 Peterburgskaya Street Kazan, 420107 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2643258 Fax: +7(843) 2643167, E-mail: [email protected]
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Tatarstan (Minister - Artem Sidorov) 75 Pavlukhina Street Kazan, 420059 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2676859 Fax: +7(843) 2676822 E-mail: [email protected]
State Budgetary Institution “Centre of Cultural Heritage of Tatarstan” (Head - Ilzira Kuzmina) 66/33 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420107 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2647439 E-mail: [email protected]
369 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Institute of History named after Sh. Mardzhani of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (Director - Rafael Khakimov) Entrance 5, Kremlin Kazan, 420014 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2928482, Fax: +7(843) 2928482 E-mail: [email protected]
Institute of Archaeology named after A. Khalikov (Director - Ayrat Sitdikov) 30 Butlerova Street Kazan, 420015 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2365542 E-mail: [email protected]
Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies of Kazan Federal University (Director - Ramil Khairutdinov) 1/55 Pushkina Street Kazan, 420015 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2922090 Fax: +7(843) 2922090, E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Kazan Kremlin” (Director - Zilya Valeyeva) Kremlin Kazan, 420014 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(8432) 5678002 Fax: +7(8432) 2920480 E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “Elabuga State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve” (Director - Gulzada Rudenko) 9 Gassara Street Elabuga, 423600 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(85557)78600 Fax: +7(85557) 78328 E-mail: [email protected]
370 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
State Institution “Bilyarsk State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve” (Director - Anas Kutuev) Bilyarsk village, 422920 Alekseevsky district Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(84341) 24567 Fax: +7(84341) 24567 E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “Iske-Kazan State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum- Reserve” (Director - Gabdelahmet Kotdusov) Kamaevo village, 422730 Vysokogorsky district Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(84365) 70278 E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve “Lenino- Kokushkino” (Director - Rustam Abdurahimov) 30 Tsentralnaya Street Lenino-Kokushkino, 422780 Pestrechinsky district Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(84367) 34132 Fax: +7(84367) 23019 E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan” (CEO - Gulchachak Nazipova) 2 Kremlevskaya Street Kazan, 420014 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(843) 2927162 Fax: +7(843) 2921484 E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “Bolgar State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve” (Director - Fargat Mukhametov) 67 Nazarovykh Street Bolgar, 422840 Spassky district Republic of Tatarstan
371 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
Russian Federation Tel: +7(84347) 30332, 30131, 39414 Fax: +7(84347) 30132 E-mail: [email protected]
State Institution “Chistopolsky State Historical-Architectural and Literary Museum -Reserve“ (Director – Alexander Petchenkin) 31 К. Mark Street Chistopol, 422980 Republic of Tatarstan Russian Federation Tel: +7(84342) 50636 Fax: +7(84347) 51100 E-mail: [email protected]
8d. Official Web Address
http://ostrovgrad.org/ Contact: Artem Silkin E-mail: [email protected]
9. SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY
Minister of Culture of the Republic Ambassador, Permanent Delegate of Tatarstan of Russia to UNESCO
А. Sibagatullin E. Mitrofanova
372 NOMINATION “THE ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF THE TOWN-ISLAND OF SVIYAZHSK”
373 Russian Federation, Republic of Tatarstan
374