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Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay Daphne G

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Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay Daphne G Sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay Daphne G. FAUTIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA. Email: [email protected]. Andrea L. CROWTHER Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA; Museum of Tropical Queensland, 70–102 Flinders St, Townsville, Qld, Australia, 4812. Carden C. WALLACE Museum of Tropical Queensland, 70–102 Flinders St, Townsville, Qld, Australia, 4812. Citation: Fautin, D.G., Crowther, A.L. & Wallace, C.C., 2008 12 01. Sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay. In, Davie, P.J.F. & Phillips, J.A. (Eds), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum — Nature 54(1): 35–64. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. ABSTRACT Nineteen species of sea anemones sensu stricto (Anthozoa: Zoantharia: Actiniaria) are documented from the Moreton Bay region in eastern Australia, based primarily on specimens observed and collected during the Moreton Bay International Marine Biological Workshop in February 2005. Each species is taxonomically diagnosed, and information on the distribution of these species elsewhere in Australia is provided based on new field observations and museum records. Three species (Anthopleura handi, A. buddemeieri and Verrillactis paguri) were not previously recorded from Australia. Actinia australiensis was previously known only from south of Moreton Bay, and Gyractis sesere was recorded from eastern Australia for the first time. An unidentified species of Diadumene was found, providing the first record of the genus from Australia. A key to the 18 fully identified species is included. The sea anemone fauna reported in this paper is predominantly tropical to subtropical, with 14 species known primarily from the tropics, and four known primarily from the temperate zone; the other was not identified to species. q Australia, biogeography, new records, taxonomy. The Moreton Bay International Marine Biological & Abal 1999). The envir onment is in fluenced by Workshop, held in February 2005, provided us an outflows from several rivers, and proximity to opportunity to study species composition and Greater Brisbane, a large and rapidly growing distribution of sea anemones (cnidarian order city. The offshore region is still relatively pristine Actiniaria) within and adjac ent to Moreton Bay. and is affected by the tropical East Austr alian We review the fauna from this region, and pro- Current, as well as intermittent northerly flowing vide an account of 19 species, based mainly on currents. Rainfall is variable in the region, typi - external features of live animals, and update cally being high during the summer months (Dec - Australian distribution records for those species. em ber to February). Episodic fresh water flooding A key that can be used to identify the 18 fully may profoundly influence the fauna of inner identified species in life is included. Moreton Bay: such events have led to tempo- rary extirpation of corals at the family level This subtropical location in southeast Queens- (Lovell 1989). All these factors, as well as the land has a marine biota with both temperate and risk of introduction of invasive species, are poten - tropical elements, including corals and associated tially relevant to the sea anem one fauna of coral reef organisms (Tibbetts et al. 1998; Dennison Moreton Bay. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum — Nature 2008 54(1) www.qm.qld.gov.au 35 Fautin, Crowther & Wallace FIG. 1. Map of the Moreton Bay region, indicating locations of specimens reported in this account. MBRS = Moreton Bay Research Station of the University of Queensland, base for The Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop. Two locations not shown, Caloundra and Point Cartwright lie just to the north. Australia’s sea anemones have had scant Richardson et al. 1997), but some smaller, cryptic, atten tion in comparison with other members of or deeper water species may have been over- Anthozoa (especially scleractinian corals and looked. Eight species of Actiniaria are men- octocorals). The 110 species of anemones re - tioned in a guide to the Moreton Bay biota (Davie corded from Australia, including its Antar ctic et al. 1998): Actinia tenebrosa, Oulactis muscosa, waters (Fautin 2008), have been estimated to and Aulactinia veratra (rocky shores), the swim - represent perhaps half of Australia’s actiniarians ming anemone Boloceroides mcmurrichi (coastal (Wolsten holme & Wallace 2004). As is true for wetlands), and anemonefish hosts Stichodactyla sea anemones in most parts of Australia, large- haddoni and Macrodactyla doreensis (sand, mud, to medium-sized shallow-water species of Moreton and seagrass), and Entacmaea quadricolor and Bay have been documented (e.g. Hadley 1973; Heteractis crispa (coral reefs). 36 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum — Nature 2008 54(1) Moreton Bay Sea Anemones MATERIALS AND METHODS (RWB), Andrea L. Crowther (ALC), Daphne G. SITES, HABITATS, AND COLLECTING METHODS Fautin (DGF), Michela Mitchell (MM), Paul R. Sites sampled during the Moreton Bay Inter - Muir (PRM), and Carden C. Wallace (CCW). national Marine Biological Workshop were with- Specimens were photographed live in the field in and immediately outside Moreton Bay (approx. wherever possible, and most were returned to the 26°50’ to 27°50’S and 153°13' to 153°26'E) (Fig. 1). laboratory where they were examined alive and/or Habitats included intertidal mud and sand flats preserved for taxonomically imp ortant details. For (Fig. 2A), rocky reefs, platforms, and outcrops most specimens, nematocysts from tent acles, actino - adjacent to sandy beaches (Fig. 2B), and sub- pharynx, mesenterial fila ments, col umn, and, if tidal fringing coral reefs. Collecting was done present, acrorhagi and acontia were measured. mainly by hand, either at low tide or by SCUBA Spec imens to be deposited in museums were relaxed diving, although some specimens were obtain - in isotonic magnesium chlor ide/sea water solution, ed from samples taken during the dredging and fixed in 10% formalin. Histological sections program of the Workshop. were cut from some specimens, and stained with TAXONOMIC INFORMATION Mallory Heidenhain Trichrome. Appearance in life is described from spec- Our report does not include members of the imens from Moreton Bay and surrounding family Edwardsiidae — worm-like, burrowing waters. Terminology follows Carlgren (1949); anemones. Specimens of this family were sent explanations and illustrations of most terms can to Marymegan Daly, who is revising the family be found in Fautin & Mariscal (1991) and Tang- and will include the Moreton Bay material in ney et al. (2007). Bibliographic and published her study. distributional information comes from the data - MUSEUMS base `Hexacorallians of the World’ (Fautin 2008). Museums from which type material was exam - Definitions of higher taxa are taken from Carl- ined by DGF, in addition to those listed above, gren (1949) or published up dates, some reworded are: American Museum of Natural History, New or reformatted for con sistency; nomenclatural York, New York, USA (AMNH); Bernice P. Bishop and type specimen data are from Fautin et al. Museum, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA (BPBM); Natural (2007b). History Museum, London, UK (BMNH); MATERIAL EXAMINED California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Specimens collected during the Workshop were California, USA (CAS); Canterbury Museum, deposited in the Museum of Tropical Queensland Christchurch, New Zealand (CM); Museum für (MTQ), Townsville, a campus of the Queensland Naturkunde der Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Museum. Additional specimens from Moreton Germany (MNB); Museum of Zoology, Lund Bay were examined in the collections of the University, Sweden (LO); Natural History Queensland Museum, Bris bane (QM) and the Museum, Göteborg, Sweden (NHMG); Australian Museum, Sydney (AM). Previously Phyletisches Museum, Jena, Germany (PMJ); unpublished occurrence records from elsewhere Senckenberg Museum, Frank furt am Main, in Australia come from specimens collected by us Germany (SMF); Swedish Mus eum of Natural and others during 2005 and 2006 from Queens- History, Stockholm, Sweden (SMNH); land, North ern Territory, and around Sydney, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, New South Wales, and specimens we examined Lawrence, Kansas, USA (KUNHM); University in the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, UK (UMZ); Territory, Darwin (NTM), MTQ, South Australian Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut, Museum (SAM), Queen Victoria Mus eum and USA (YPM); and Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Art Gallery, Laun ceston (QVM), and Western Germany (ZMH). Australian Museum (WAM). Type spec i mens exam ined by Daphne G. Fautin in mus eums RESULTS AND DISCUSSION worldwide (abbreviations below) are mentioned in Eighteen species of Actiniaria were recorded the text. Those who assisted in collecting the in and around Moreton Bay (Table 1), and an material reported here are: Robert W. Buddemeier additional species identified only to the genus Memoirs of the Queensland Museum — Nature 2008 54(1) 37 Fautin, Crowther & Wallace Diadumene. This is not a complete inventory of dom inantly temperate species (Table 1). The pres - Moreton Bay sea anemones. Aside from the ence of these two faunal types is a characteristic edwardsiids,
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