International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 8 Issue 4, April- 2018 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939 |

Regional Gradient Model of Development Potential and Household Level Development of Settlementsin -II Block, District (W.B.)

Mohidur Rahaman Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata Abstract Knowledge of regional patterns of development potential and factors that control them is largely conceptual. Regional distribution of infrastructure facilities leadsto regionalvariation in the level of development potential. Maximum infrastructure facilities are found in higher order growth centre resulting higher level development potential. There is gradual decrease of development potential from higher order growth centre to lower order growth centre and dependent settlements.The present work attempts to determine regional gradient of development potential and factors associated with them.

Key Words: Infrastructure facility, growth centre, development potential, regional gradient, zone of influence.

1. Introduction Infrastructure facilities of settlements are major determinant of levels of development potential. Infrastructure facilities help in tapping development potential available in remote and backward regions of a country. Infrastructure promotes development of regions by utilizing its development potential (Rekhi, 2018). The settlements availing more infrastructure facilities and can serve own as well as surrounding areas is termed as growth centre. Each growth centre covers a definite area to interact with surrounding area upto certain distance in terms of demand and supply of goods and services. Growth centre provides services and functions to the people of surrounding settlements too. The area over which such an interaction of the growth centre is observed, known as the zone of influence or service area of the growth centre. In other word, the area from where people interact with a particular focal point or growth centre is the service area of the respective growth centre. The term service area is also known by different name like, zone of influence. The zone of influence or service area is the product of centrality score of the growth centre (Wanmali 1972). The delineation of service area of the growth centresrequires the estimation of population and area that depend on it. Such estimation requires a study of the consumers’ traveling behaviour and their preference for a specific growth centre.The consumers have to travel longer distance to avail the basic infrastructure facilities because they have lack of infrastructure facilities. This fact leads the regional gradient of development potential of settlements.From geographic point of view one of the most important common features of development of the country is a significant sharpening of regional disparities in achieved level of socio-economic development (Hampl et al. 2001; Bachtler et al. 2000; Blazek, et al. 2005). Many studies on regional development focused that one of the key factors of regional development in the period of transition is the geographic position of the regions (Blazek, 2004; Dostal and Hampl, 2002; Illner, 2001; Bachtler et al. 2000; Gorzelak, 1996 etc.).Some studies (Fleisher

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and Chen 1997, Mody and Wang 1997, and Demurger 2001) have found an indirect route to assess the role of geography in regional growth by focusing on policy measures that are undertaken to overcome geographical obstacles to trade, notably differences such as infrastructure investment in communications, e.g., roads, railway, waterways, and telephones. These studies found that infrastructure investment has a statistically significant positive impact on growth. Improving infrastructure to overcome geographic barriers is fundamental to increasing growth, but increasing human capital formation (education and medical care) is also crucial because only it can come up with new better ideas to solve centuries-old problems like unbalanced growth (Demurger et. al. 2002). The present work attempts to determine the factors of regional gradient and levels of development potential of settlements in the study area. 2. Database and Methodology The present work has been made by both primary and secondary sources of data. The secondary data has been collected from Census of 2011 and primary data has been collected through well designing survey schedule. Field survey method is more reliable, rational and authentic method for ground truth of level of development potential of settlements. After an intensive empirical observation and analysis regarding the distribution of facility and potential of development, it has come to be true that Suti-II block is the least developed block in the district. The levels of development potential measured through the composite development index.The development potential index has been constructed as a composite index of each variable under study (Ali et. al. 2009). The model of measuring composite index of development potential is as follows: 푋 1 푋 2 푋 푛 퐶퐼 =X + X ………X 1훿1 2훿2 n훿푛 Where, CI refers to the Composite Index, X is the weighted value of variables 푋 is the mean of variables δ denotes standard deviation of variables. On the basis of composite index, the raw data of each variable has been transferred into standard value and their composite index has been taken to examine the index of development of each settlement. 3. Study Area Suti-II block is located in the north of the , at about 75 km. road distance from i.e., district headquarters. It extends from 24°35′53″ N to 88°02′02″ E. It is noteworthy that this block is located near to Ganga River and near to Bangladesh boarder. The block is entirely rural area consisting of 37 inhabited and 11 uninhabited settlements. It has a total population of 278922 persons i.e., 4.26 percent population of the district (Census of India 2011).

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Discussion and Analysis 4. Spatial analysis of infrastructure facilities The level of development potential is largely depends on availability of infrastructure facility. There is only 34facilities are found in the case study block. Spatial analysis of existing facilities is based on the standard statistical techniques i.e., Mather's model of mean spacing. Table 1 reveals that primary school is closely located to each other with mean spacing 1.13km. of the settlements. In Suti-II block 83 primary schools are distributed among 36 inhabited settlements,and each unit provides primary education facility to the average population of 3361 persons. Total 10 higher secondary schools are located in the block serving to the average population of 27892 persons. It is located at the mean spacing of 3.26 km. The block has one degree college. Medical facilities are few in number i.e. why people travel a long distance to avail health facility. Total 03 hospitals and 39 dispensaries provide health facility in Suti-II block. They are located at the mean spacing of 5.96 km. and 1.65 km. apart from each other respectively. Table 1 further reveals that total 14 post offices are distributed in 14 inhabited settlements facilitating to the average population of 19923 persons in the block. The settlements having post office are located at the mean spacing of 2.76 km. In the block 28 settlements have pucca road facility with their mean spacing 1.95 km. The regular market is located at 2.25 km. of mean spacing of settlements. Each regular market serves to 13,282 persons on an average (Table 1). Total 9 commercial banks are distributed in 6 settlements, serving an average population of 30991 persons in the block. Each commercial bank is located at the mean spacing of 3.44 km. (Table 1). Agricultural marketing and credit societies are located at 3.90 km. and 3.11 km. apart from each other respectively.Three public library serves to an average population of 92,974 persons in the case study block. Each public library is located at the mean spacing of 5.96 km. It is also found from the Table 1 that the block has one unit of each TB clinic, veterinary hospital, degree college, police station and block head quarter. 5. Levels of development potential of settlements in Suti-II block Levels of development potential have been measured in Suti-II block (case study block) of Murshidabad district. Here in case study block too, the development potential has been measured on the basis of availability of infrastructure facilities. Regional disparities in the levels of development potential have been examined at village level or micro-level. Existing 35 socio-economic variables have been taken for the analyses are density of population (‘000 persons per sq. km.) (X1), number of primary school per 1,000 persons (X2), upper primary school per 1,000 persons (X3), secondary school per 1,000 persons (X4), senior secondary school per 1,000 persons (X5), college per 1,000 person (X6), others academic institution (X7), hospital per 1,000 persons (X8), dispensary per 1,000 persons (X9), primary health centre per 1,000 persons (X10), primary health sub centre per 1,000 persons (X11), maternity and child welfare centre per 1,000 persons (X12), TB clinic per 1,000 persons (X13), nursing home per 1,000 persons (X14), veterinary hospital per 1,000 persons (X15), settlement having tap water to total settlement (X16), proportion of settlement having electricity for commerce to total settlement

(X17) post office per 1,000 persons (X18), sub-post office per 1,000 persons (X19), proportion of settlement having bus service to total settlement (X20), proportion of settlement having railway station to total settlement (X21), proportion of settlements connecting pucca road to other settlements (X22), proportion of settlement having automated teller machine to total settlement (X23), commercial bank per 1,000 persons (X24), public distribution system per 1,000 persons (X25), regular market per 1,000

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persons (X26),Weekly Haat per 1,000 persons (X27), agricultural marketing societies per 1,000 persons

(X28), agricultural credit societies per 1,000 persons (X29) proportion of settlements having electricity for agriculture to total settlements (X30), sports field per 1,000 persons (X31), cinema hall per 1,000 persons (X32), public library per 1,000 persons (X33), block headquarter per 1,000 persons (X34) and police station per 1,000 persons (X35). In present analysis, it reveals that Aurangabad is having the highest development potential settlement of the block with development potential index 18.91, while Bhairabpur is having least development settlement with development potential index 0.39. Table 1 Distribution of infrastructure facility, Suti-II block, 2018 Sl. Name of facility (in No. of Settlement having Average population Mean spacing of No. Abbreviation)** facility facility per facility settlement (sq.km.) 1 PS 83 36 3361 1.13 2 UPS 20 16 13946 2.31 3 SS 10 8 27892 3.26 4 SSS 10 9 27892 3.26 5 Col. 2 2 139461 7.30 6 Others 21 11 13282 2.25 7 Hosp. 3 3 92974 5.96 8 Disp. 39 13 7152 1.65 9 PHC 20 14 13946 2.31 10 PHSC 34 21 8204 1.77 11 MCWC 7 6 39846 3.90 12 TB Clin. 1 1 278922 10.32 13 NH 4 4 69731 5.16 14 Vhosp. 1 1 278922 10.32 15 TW * 3 92974 5.96 16 EFC * 13 21456 2.86 17 PO 14 14 19923 2.76 18 SPO 24 21 11622 2.11 19 BS * 13 21456 2.86 20 RWS * 2 139461 7.30 21 PR * 28 9962 1.95 22 ATM 27 12 10330 1.99 23 CB 9 6 30991 3.44 24 PDS 25 22 11157 2.06 25 RM 21 12 13282 2.25 26 WH 7 7 39846 3.90 27 AMS 7 6 39846 3.90 28 ACS 11 6 25357 3.11 29 EFA * 10 27892 3.26 30 SF 17 12 16407 2.50 31 CH 3 2 92974 5.96 32 PL 3 3 92974 5.96 33 BHQ 1 1 278922 10.32 34 PStn. 1 1 278922 10.32 Source: Field Survey, 2018 * Facility is not counted in number rather settlement having this facility. **PS- Primary School, UPS- Upper Primary School, SS- Secondary School, SSS- Senior Secondary School, Col.- College, Others- Others Academic Institution, Hosp.- Hospital, Disp.- Dispensary, PHC- Primary Health Centre, PHSC- Primary Health Sub Centre, MCWC- Maternity and Child Welfare Centre, TB Clin.- TB Clinic, NH- Nursing Home, Vhosp.- Veterinary Hospital, TW- Tap Water, EFC- Electricity for Commerce, PO- Post Office, SPO- Sub-Post Office, BS- Bus Service, RWS- Railways Station, PR- Pucca Road, ATM- Automated Teller Machine, CB, Commercial Bank, PDS- Public Distribution System, RM- Regular Market, WH- Weekly Haat, AMS, Agricultural Marketing Society, ACS- Agricultural Credit Society, EFA- Electricity for Agriculture, SF- Sports Field, CH- Cinema Hall, PL- Public Library, BHQ- Block Headquarter, PStn.- Police Station

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5.1 High level of development potential (> 12.74) Annexure-I reveals that 06 settlements have obtained index value more than 12.74 and as a result they come under the category of high level of development potential. These settlements are Aurangabad,Debipur, Jagtai, Kayadanga, Madhupur and (Map 1). Aurangabad stood at first rank in the development potential in Suti-II block. Sufficient availability of educational facility, better transportation and communication and market facility are the causative factors of its high level of development potential. 5.2 Medium level of development potential (6.56 to 12.74) It is found that 09 settlements of case study block lie under the category of medium level of development potential. The range of development potential for this category is 6.56 to 12.74. The settlements of this category are Chakmeghaon, , Faridpur, , Ichhlampur, Kakramari, Khidirpur, Lakhsmipur and Paschim Punropara (Map 1).

Map 1 5.3 Low level of development potential (<6.56) Annexure-I exposes that 22 settlements are in this group. The lowest development potential score i.e., 0.39 has been determined in Bhairabpur settlement (Map 1). All settlements of this group lie in western and south-western side of the block. Physical constraints are one of the major factors of this side. Existing canal in western part of the block poses certain constraints in the resource allocation and utilization. Likewise, Low level of development potential is due to the insufficient facility like transportation, communication, drinking water, education, health and agro-economic facilities. The index value of this group is below 6.56. Political biasness in the allocation of developmental facilities is an important cause of low level of

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development potential in this area. People of these settlements have to travel longer distance to avail most of the basic infrastructure facilities. Therefore, it needs special attention to recover the situation for achieving balanced regional development. It is found from theanalysis that a wide regional disparity in development potential exists even at the micro- level too. 6. Delineation of service area of growth centres based on field survey As per field investigation and centrality score of the settlements, there are only first, second and third order growth centres are exists in the case study area. On the basis of consumer’s traveling pattern, dependent population and area have been estimated to analyze the actual spatial interaction of growth centres in the block. Table 2 reveals the dependent settlements of first order, second order and third order growth centres. The first order growth centre with its dependent settlements come under the nesting pattern of next higher order i.e., second order growth centre. Same Table 2 exhibits that the second order growth centres firstly make a first order service area by providing lower order functions of lower market range, and then make a service area of second order. Market range of lower order functions are smaller and make a smaller service area, while higher order functions with higher market range make a larger service area. Therefore, a higher order growth centre that provide functions of different order firstly makes a lower order service area and then a higher order service area. In the present analysis the dependent population and area has been estimated according to the population and area data of census of India 2011. Table 2 Dependent settlements of growth centres, Suti-II block (2018) Third order growth Second order growth First order growth Dependent settlement centre centre centre 1. Aurangabad Aurangabad, Kayadanga 1. Aurangabad 2. Mahendrapur Mahendrapur 3. Mahesail, Faridpur, Parulia 4. Dafahat Dafahat, Madhupur, Gazipur 5. Amuha Amuha, Kadamtala 2. Dafahat 6. Bhabki Bhabki 7. Bazegazipur Bazegazipur, Nezampur, Baliaghati Ichhlampur, Lakhsmipur, 8. Ichhlampur 1. Aurangabad Chakmegaon, P. Punropara (Part) 9. Bamuha Bamuha, Hazipur, Bhairabpur 3. Ichhlampur 10. Kakramari Kakramari 11. Khanpur Khanpur, Prasadpur 12. Khidirpur Khidirpur 13. Jagtai Jagtai, Paschim Punropara (Part) 4. Jagtai 14. Debipur Debipur 15. Hafania Hafania, Manikpur 16. Ahiron Basantapur, Kisorpur, Umrapur (Part) 5.Ahiron** − 17. Amarpur* Lokaipur, Umrapur (Part), Bauripuni 6. ** 18. Basudebpur Sankarpur, Bahagalpur Source: Compiled by author, based on field survey 2018. * and ** First and Second order growth centres respectively, lie outside the case study area.

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7. Regional gradient of development potential Level of development is not same everywhere neither development begins equally at once everywhere. It is more occurred in the heart of the region. The level of development decreases with the increase of distance from the growth centre. Development atmaximum scale is observed at higher order growth centre than the lower order, further its magnitude declines while move outward from it. This conception can better be explained with the terminology of Table 3 Regional gradient of development potential of settlement in Suti-II block, 2018 Number of Development potential index Distance from growth centre (km.) settlement (Average) 0 4 14.39 0.1-1 8 11.87 1.1-2 6 5.08 2.1-3 6 4.25 3.1-4 5 3.94 > 4 8 2.94 Total 37 6.803 Source: Field Survey, 2018

Fig. 1

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Regional Gradient of Development Potential Suti-II block, 2018

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2 index potential Development 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance from growth centre (km.) Fig. 2 regional gradient of development potential. For the better understanding and comprehending the ground reality of this concept, the magnitude of development potential and its variation has been examined at certain distance from each higher order (i.e., 2nd and 3rd order) growth centre outward. Settlements located within the zone of distance of higher order growth centre have been identified and their level of development potential has been estimated as an average figure. Figure 2 shows that the level of development potential decreases gradually from the growth centres. The lowest development potential has been estimated at the remote areas. The people of remote areas from higher order growth centre have to travel a longer distance to avail the goods and services. Their travelling is time consumption and costly and therefore they can’t get all benefits frequently from the growth centre. It is also found that Aurangabad, Dafahat, Ichhlampur and Jagtai (14.39) are more developed than other settlements of the block (Table 3). Low level of development prevails in the settlements lying outside the outermost distance zone (Fig 1). There are scanty of infrastructure facilities at the remote areas. 8. Household level development status in Suti-II block Livelihood status of household has become a crucial aspect to secure a sustainable way of human living. It is considered as an adequate and sustainable access to drinking water, health facility, education opportunities, housing status, income and expenditure ratio and asset etc. to meet the basic requirement of people. All such parameters of household reflect the standard of living of people, which intern help in assessing the level of development at household level. 8.1 Household levels development in Suti-II block Suti-II block is the case study block in Murshidabad district. Regional inequalities in household levels development have been examined at village level or micro-level. A total17

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variables have been taken for the analysis are, percentage of persons with higher education like graduation, post-graduation and professional degree to total surveyed population (X1), households with any of its members in government job as dominant occupation to total surveyed households (X2), households with Above Poverty Line (APL) to total surveyed households (X3), households with pucca house to total surveyed households (X4), households with three or more bed rooms to total surveyed households (X5), households with cemented roof to total surveyed households (X6), households with concrete floor to total surveyed households (X7), households with separate living room for married couple to total surveyed households (X8), households with separate kitchen room for cooking to total surveyed households (X9), households with fuel for cooking as gas to total surveyed households (X10), households having bathing facility within own house premises to total surveyed households

(X11), households having septic tank (with flush & without flush) facility within housing premises to total surveyed households (X12), households having own tube well as source of drinking water to total surveyed households (X13), householdshave accessed to ante natal health care of pregnant women to total surveyed household (X14), households with more than Rs. 2000 monthly average per capita income to total surveyed households (X15), households with Rs. 1000 to 2000 monthly average per capita expenditure to total surveyed households

(X16), and households having more than Rs. 3,00,000 asset value to total surveyed households (X17).Table 4 reveals that Aurangabad is having the highest household level development status of the block with development index 26.68, while Kisorpur is having the least household level development status with development index 10.23. 8.1.1 High level of household development (>21.19) Table 4 reveals that 12 settlements have obtained index value more than 21.19 and as a result they come under the category of high level of household development. These settlements are Aurangabad (26.68), Bamuha (21.61), Dafahat (24.35), Debipur (22.29), Ichhlampur (22.57), Jagtai (22.88), Kayadanga (22.34),Khanpur (22.19), Khidirpur (21.97), Madhupur (22.72), Mahendrapur (22.41) and Manikpur (21.86)(Map 2). Aurangabad stood at first rank in the household development in Suti-II block. Sufficient availability of household amenities, drinking water, bathing, toilet facility, housing quality, high per capita income and expenditure and better standard of living are the causative factors of its high level of household development. 8.1.2 Medium level of household development (15.71 to 21.19) Total 12settlements of case study block lie under the category of medium level of household development. The range of development index for this category is 15.71 to 21.19. The settlements of this category are Amuha (17.58), Basantapur (18.93), Bazegazipur (20.76), Bhabki (18.46), Faridpur (15.98), Gazipur (17.87), Hafania (18.50), Kadamtala (17.76), Kakramari (20.42), Lakhsmipur (19.82), Mahesail (21.13) and Sankarpur (16.90)(Map 2).

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Map 2

8.1.3 Low level of household development (<15.71) Table 4reveals that 13 settlements are in this group with development index less than 15.71. The lowest household development index i.e., 10.23 has been positioned in Kisorpursettlement. All settlements of this group are Bahagalpur (13.08), Baliaghati (11.10), Bauripuni (12.76), Bhairabpur (12.37), Chakmeghaon (15.58), Hazipur (14.21), Kisorpur (10.23), Lokaipur (11.78), Nezampur (12.28), Parulia (15.60), Paschim Punropara (15.53), Prasadpur (12.37) and Umrapur (14.51)(Map 2).Most of the villages lying at higher distance from the growth centres, which result in the limited accessibility to facilities and amenities. These settlements are lack of all the household amenities like bed room, kitchen, drinking water, toilet, cattle keeping place and low per-capita income etc. The households of these settlements are unable to purchase sufficient amount of basic requirements due to low per- capita income and fewer amounts of assets. The people of this regionare mainly engaged in agriculture activities. Their income level is very low. If infrastructure facilities can be availed sufficiently as well as adequately in this region; their level of development will be increased. Therefore, it needs specialattention to improve standard of living by providing infrastructure facilities at optimal location for achieving balanced regional development.

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8.2 Regional gradient of household level development Regional inequality of development is a general and a common term. There is a wide regional disparity is evident in the study area. Here, an attempt has been made for the measurement of household level development status. Household level development is more occurred in the heart of the region i.e., at the higher order growth centres. The higher order growth centres having location of important facilities, are capable of driving the regional economy and also inflict developmental benefits to the surrounding areas. Table 5 reveals the household level development in average of settlements inSuti-II block. The highest (26.68) level of household development has been recorded in third order growth centre i.e., Aurangabad. The household level development decreases from higher order growth centres towards the dependent settlements in remote areas (Fig 3). The dependent settlements are the least position in household level development status withaverage development index 15.71. The first order and second order growth centres are at the middle position in household level development status with average development index 20.67 and 23.27 respectively. The households of dependent settlements are not sufficient with their facilities. They are dependent on higher order settlements or growth centres. On the other hand, development is estimated to be the highest at higher order growth centre then medium level development is occurred at near to higher order growth centre. The household level development decreases with increase of distance from the higher order growth centre to lower order growth centre or remote areas(Fig 4). Furthermore, low level of household development is noticed at larger distance from higher order growth centre. The households of remote areas are not sufficient with the amenities and facilities like bed room, toilet, bath room, kitchen, drinking water, health care, education etc. People have to travel longer distance to avail the facilities. For the purpose, their expenditure is more as a travel cost. But, their per-capita income is low. As a result, household level development is low at the remote areas. It is also found that Aurangabad, Dafahat, Ichhlampur and Jagtai (24.12) are more developed than other settlement of the block (Table 6). Low level of development of sample households are recorded in out of zone of distance of growth centres. It is established that the region with higher availability of infrastructure facility leads to higher levels of livelihood status as well as higher development

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Table 4 Composite index of household development based on household level variables, Suti-II block

Settlement X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 Dev. Index Amuha 0.15 0.16 0.95 1.39 0.32 1.87 0.44 0.41 1.16 2.10 1.90 2.43 2.18 0.62 0.00 1.11 0.40 17.58 Aurangabad 0.16 0.21 1.28 2.00 0.87 2.21 1.82 3.70 1.13 2.59 2.40 2.75 2.06 1.79 0.27 0.88 0.57 26.68 Bahagalpur 0.01 0.00 0.81 1.19 0.62 0.80 0.57 2.64 0.50 1.03 0.95 1.04 0.93 0.66 0.00 1.04 0.28 13.08 Baliaghati 0.00 0.07 1.28 0.50 1.30 0.72 0.20 1.85 0.45 0.81 0.57 0.94 0.74 0.84 0.00 0.60 0.24 11.10 Bamuha 0.07 0.00 0.61 2.14 0.00 2.41 0.57 3.70 0.42 0.77 2.85 3.12 2.45 0.80 0.00 1.71 0.00 21.61 Basantapur 0.17 0.19 0.53 2.50 0.36 1.20 0.99 2.77 0.74 1.35 1.43 1.56 2.45 0.70 0.00 1.99 0.00 18.93 Bauripuni 0.00 0.00 1.19 1.66 0.32 0.53 0.22 2.47 0.00 0.90 1.27 1.39 1.09 0.62 0.00 1.11 0.00 12.76 Bazegazipur 0.00 0.00 0.53 1.66 0.48 1.60 1.32 3.08 0.87 1.57 2.14 2.60 1.84 0.93 0.00 1.83 0.30 20.76 Bhabki 0.13 0.05 1.42 1.66 0.97 1.76 1.45 2.71 0.79 0.90 1.71 0.83 1.47 0.93 0.05 1.06 0.55 18.46 Bhairabpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70 0.00 2.70 2.85 3.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.37 Chakmegaon 0.11 0.00 1.07 1.50 0.29 1.44 0.99 2.59 0.00 0.81 1.14 1.25 0.98 1.39 0.07 1.59 0.36 15.58 Dafahat 0.08 0.09 2.05 1.60 1.04 1.83 1.51 3.25 0.95 2.48 2.28 2.00 1.67 1.56 0.14 1.12 0.71 24.35 Debipur 0.15 0.00 1.25 2.08 1.33 2.41 0.50 2.39 0.62 2.47 2.38 2.86 2.25 1.16 0.06 0.00 0.40 22.29 Faridpur 0.00 0.00 1.07 1.25 0.36 1.20 0.99 2.77 0.00 1.35 1.43 1.56 0.61 1.39 0.00 1.99 0.00 15.98 Gazipur 0.00 0.00 1.33 1.56 0.18 1.50 1.24 3.24 0.74 1.35 1.07 1.56 0.92 1.05 0.09 1.74 0.30 17.87 Hafania 0.05 0.05 1.20 1.09 0.72 1.05 0.25 3.00 0.46 1.35 2.32 2.15 1.99 1.22 0.04 1.24 0.30 18.50 Hazipur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 1.85 0.00 1.35 2.85 1.56 1.23 1.39 0.00 1.99 0.00 14.21 Ichhlampur 0.16 0.06 1.07 1.66 0.97 1.60 1.32 3.08 0.74 1.80 2.62 2.60 2.45 0.93 0.28 0.83 0.40 22.57 Jagtai 0.06 0.12 1.51 1.77 0.30 1.60 1.32 3.54 0.87 2.02 2.14 2.21 2.25 1.51 0.20 1.24 0.20 22.88 Kadamtala 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.62 0.72 2.41 0.50 2.77 0.74 1.35 1.43 2.34 2.45 1.39 0.00 0.50 0.00 17.76 Kakramari 0.01 0.00 1.07 1.94 0.56 1.60 0.88 3.08 0.50 1.65 2.54 2.26 1.77 1.39 0.04 1.00 0.13 20.42 Kayadanga 0.00 0.25 2.14 1.66 0.72 1.60 1.32 3.08 0.74 2.25 1.43 2.08 1.63 1.39 0.11 1.33 0.59 22.34 Khanpur 0.00 0.13 1.16 1.82 0.66 1.09 1.26 3.36 0.54 1.96 2.85 2.55 1.78 1.01 0.19 1.81 0.00 22.19 Khidirpur 0.00 0.07 1.36 1.82 0.92 1.75 1.44 3.36 0.68 1.23 2.08 2.27 1.78 1.01 0.00 1.99 0.22 21.97 Kisorpur 0.04 0.00 0.61 1.43 0.21 1.03 0.57 1.58 0.21 0.77 0.82 0.89 0.70 0.80 0.00 0.57 0.00 10.23 Lakhsmipur 0.00 0.09 1.33 1.56 0.72 1.50 0.99 3.24 0.74 1.35 1.78 1.95 1.53 1.05 0.09 1.74 0.15 19.82 Lokaipur 0.09 0.00 0.85 1.00 0.00 0.96 0.79 1.48 0.00 1.08 1.14 1.25 0.98 0.56 0.00 1.59 0.00 11.78 Madhupur 0.15 0.15 1.28 1.50 0.87 1.44 1.19 2.70 1.19 2.16 2.05 2.50 1.96 1.12 0.00 1.99 0.47 22.72 Mahendrapur 0.01 0.11 1.48 2.50 0.56 2.41 1.52 2.70 0.80 2.28 2.42 2.16 2.45 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.36 22.41 Mahesail 0.05 0.03 1.28 2.30 0.70 1.44 1.11 3.25 0.71 1.29 1.94 2.25 1.86 1.34 0.03 1.35 0.19 21.13 Manikpur 0.31 0.00 1.42 2.50 0.48 1.60 1.32 3.70 0.50 1.80 1.90 2.08 1.63 0.93 0.23 0.66 0.79 21.86 Nezampur 0.05 0.00 0.85 1.50 0.29 0.96 0.40 1.48 0.00 1.08 1.14 1.25 0.49 0.56 0.00 1.99 0.24 12.28 Parulia 0.28 0.00 0.53 0.62 0.00 1.80 0.99 2.77 0.74 1.35 1.43 1.56 1.23 0.70 0.00 1.00 0.59 15.60 P. Punropara 0.00 0.06 1.03 1.20 0.46 1.16 0.40 2.22 0.18 1.19 1.48 1.75 1.27 1.00 0.05 1.75 0.33 15.53 Prasadpur 0.12 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.00 1.20 0.99 1.85 0.00 1.35 1.43 1.56 1.23 1.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.37 Sankarpur 0.08 0.00 0.95 1.39 0.48 1.07 0.88 2.88 0.66 1.20 1.59 1.73 1.36 0.62 0.08 1.55 0.40 16.90 Umrapur 0.00 0.00 0.68 1.20 0.35 0.96 0.55 2.96 0.24 0.75 1.26 1.25 1.08 1.00 0.03 1.91 0.28 14.51 Source: Field Survey, 2018

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Table 5Household level developmentsin average of settlements, Suti-II block Development index Growth centre/Settlement No. of settlements (Average) Third order growth centre 1 26.68 Second order growth centre 3 23.27 First order growth centre 11 20.67 Dependent settlement 22 15.71 Total 37 18.09 Source: Computed by author based on field survey, 2018

Household Level Development in Average of Settlements, Suti-II Block, 2018 30

25

20

15

10 Development index Development 5

0 Third order growth Second order First order growth Dependent centre growth centre centre (Lowest settlement order)

Fig. 3

Table 6 Regional gradient of household level development, Suti-II block Distance from growth centre (km.) Number of household Development index (Average) 0 86 24.12 0.1-1 89 21.34 1.1-2 68 18.17 2.1-3 52 16.75 3.1-4 29 15.22 > 4 88 14.58 Total 412 18.09 Source: Computed by author based on field survey, 2018 status. It is also determined that remote areas are lacking of infrastructure facility leads to their low levels of household level development.

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Regional Gradient of Household Level Development Suti-II block, 2018 30

25

20

15

10

5 Development potential index potential Development

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance from the growth centre (k.m) Fig. 4

Table 5 and 6, and Figure 3 and 4 clears an idea that the development status is higher at the growth centres from where its magnitude declines outward. Further it is clear that among the growth centres itself, higher order growth centre score a quite higher magnitude of development and lower order growth centres shows lower developmental status. The analysis and discussion supports that growth centres has a significant impact upon the regional development. 9. Relationship between development potential and household level development For the inquiry of causal relationship between the development potential and household level development, settlements have been taken as the units of study. The relationship has been made to understand how far the development potentialaffects the development status of sample households. The household level development status reflects on the inhabitants’ quality of living in the case study area. Table 7 and Map 3 reveal the diagrammatic representation of relationship between the development potential (independent variable) and household level development (dependent variable).In this analysis, total 06 settlements (16.22 %) fall under the high development potential with high level of household development (Aurangabad, Debipur, Jagtai, Kayadanga, Madhupur, and Mahendrapur). On the other hand,

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low level development potential of settlement lead to low level of household development which is observed in 11 settlements (29.73 %) are as; Bahagalpur, Baliaghati, Bauripuni, Bhairabpur, Hazipur, Kisorpur, Lokaipur, Nezampur, Parulia, Prasadpur and Umrapur. Whereas, Bamuha, Khanpur, Manikpur settlements fall under the high level of household development but low development potential due to the influence of higher order growth centres. No settlement is found in the category of high development potential with medium and low level of household level development. It is clearly revealed that high level of development potential of settlements results in the high level household development and vise-versa. Therefore, a positive relationship between the development potential and household level development can be established. This analysis proves the hypothesis i.e., the gradient of regional development from the growth centre has a unidirectional association with the gradient of potential for regional development.

Table 7 Relationship between development potential and household development of the settlements, Suti-II block, 2018 Development Potential (DP)

High Medium Low

Aurangabad,

Debipur, Jagtai, (HD)

Dafahat, Ichhlampur, Kayadanga, Bamuha, Khanpur, Manikpur

High Khidirpur Madhupur,

Mahendrapur

Amuha, Basantapur, Bazegazipur, Faridpur, Hafania, - Bhabki, Gazipur, Kadamtala, Kakramari, Lakhsmipur

Mahesail, Sankarpur Medium Bahagalpur, Baliaghati, Bauripuni, Chakmeghaon, P. Bhairabpur, Hazipur, Kisorpur,

- Household Development Low Punropara Lokaipur, Nezampur, Parulia, Prasadpur, Umrapur Source: Computed by author

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Map 3 10. Model of gradient of regional development The development always comes out of a positive growth. But, development level is uneven throughout the world. The level of development takes place in any particular area on the basis of various parameters. The level of development potential is the maximum at growth centre which is accounted on the location and concentration of multiple facilities. Then, it decreases with increasing distance from growth centre (Fig. 5). The above said analysis of development potential of the case study region also follows the rule of gradual decrease of development potential. On the other hand, it is found that the level of household development status of the case study region also follows the same rule of gradual decrease of developmentpotential. The livelihood status or the household level development is high at the growth centre then it decreases with increasing distance. From the above analysis, it can be inferred that if the potential ofgrowth centre is increased at any region or between the region by providing infrastructure facility then household level development would be increased subsequently. There is positive relationship between the household level development and infrastructure facility. The region with maximum of infrastructure facility leads the high level of household development. The high level of household developmentresults in the high level of living standard.

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Fig. 5 Source: Model developed by author Conclusion From this model, it can be simplified that the region located in remote areas, needs more infrastructure facilities for their standard of living. More infrastructure leads high level of growth and development potential. High level of development potential of settlement can raise the standard of living. This model proves that higher order growth centres possess all the facilities i.e. why their living standard is also high. But, it has few demerits like distance always not the factor for particular region of under development. Some regions are located far away from growth centres but, their income level is higher. As a result, their living standard is also high. Though, most of the regions located in remote areas are lacking of infrastructure facilities and therefore depriving in development potential and results in the low level of household development. In the same way, higher order growth centres possess high level development. According to population size, all the infrastructure facilities should be provided to the remote area which is located far away from the higher order growth centres. It is responsible of respective government to manage infrastructure facility accordingly. Appropriate location of infrastructure facility should be maintained in the deprived areas which are located in remote areas.

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Annexure-I Settlement wise composite index of development potential in Suti-II block, 2018

Settlement X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 Amuha 1.97 0.32 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aurangabad 17.06 0.63 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.17 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 Bahagalpur 1.60 0.36 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Baliaghati 2.92 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bamuha 2.24 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Basantapur 0.64 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bauripuni 4.62 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bazegazipur 3.91 0.63 0.08 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bhabki 2.60 0.35 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.09 Bhairabpur 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chakmeghaon 5.15 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 Dafahat 9.35 0.35 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.32 0.08 0.17 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 Debipur 15.40 0.21 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.19 0.28 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.10 Faridpur 6.86 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 Gazipur 5.46 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hafania 8.67 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 Hazipur 0.32 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ichhlampur 9.45 0.23 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.11 Jagtai 14.90 0.37 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.10 0.06 0.16 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.06 Kadamtala 4.09 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kakramari 7.64 0.29 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.07 Kayadanga 12.57 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 Khanpur 4.05 0.25 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.40 0.23 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.12 Khidirpur 6.33 0.25 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.11 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.12 Kisorpur 1.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lakshmipur 9.18 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 Lokaipur 0.67 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madhupur 13.39 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mahendrapur 12.74 0.39 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.18 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 Mahesail 1.98 0.51 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 Manikpur 1.29 1.07 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nezampur 3.56 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Parulia 1.62 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. Punropara 6.34 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 Prasadpur 0.99 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sankarpur 5.74 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Umrapur 1.82 0.35 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (Cont…Page 22) (Cont…Annexure-I)

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International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 8 Issue 4, April- 2018 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939 |

Settlement X19 X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 X25 X26 X27 X28 X29 X30 X31 X32 X33 X34 X35 Dev. Index Amuha 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.37 Aurangabad 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 18.91 Bahagalpur 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 Baliaghati 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.56 Bamuha 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.41 Basantapur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 Bauripuni 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.62 Bazegazipur 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 5.15 Bhabki 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.99 Bhairabpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 Chakmeghaon 0.15 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.60 Dafahat 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 11.14 Debipur 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.97 Faridpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 Gazipur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.11 Hafania 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.16 Hazipur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.36 Ichhlampur 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 11.09 Jagtai 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.42 Kadamtala 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.69 Kakramari 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.71 Kayadanga 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.20 Khanpur 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.76 Khidirpur 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.91 Kisorpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 Lakshmipur 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.36 Lokaipur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 Madhupur 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.46 Mahendrapur 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.35 Mahesail 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 Manikpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.93 Nezampur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.09 Parulia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 P. Punropara 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.69 Prasadpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 Sankarpur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.52 Umrapur 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.41 Source: Computed by author

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences776 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)