DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Paper Volume 56 BGSG Research Paper THERMAL REMOTE SENSING FOR WATER OUTFLOWS Correspondence to: DETECTION AND DETERMINATION OF THE ROLE OF Laoura Athanasiadou [email protected] LINEAMENTS IN UNDERGROUND HYDRODYNAMICS OF EVIA ISLAND, CENTRAL GREECE DOI number: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ bgsg.20948 Laoura Athanasiadou1, Emmanouil Psomiadis1, Georgios Stamatis1. Keywords: karst, fresh water outflows, 1Laboratory of Mineralogy & Geology, Department of Natural Resources Management thermal image Landsat 8, Evia & Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, Greece, [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] . Citation: Athanasiadou L., Psomiadis E. and Stamatis G. (2020), Thermal Remote Sensing for Water Outflows Detection Abstract and Determination of the Role of Lineaments in Underground Hydrodynamics The coastal karst system of Evia Island is developed due to the extended presence of of Evia Island, Central Greece. Bulletin Geological carbonate formations, discharges into the sea either at the coastal zone or via Society of Greece, 56, 100- submarine springs, having a direct relation to the tectonic system of the area. Thermal 132. infrared remote sensing has been proved its capability in monitoring thermal Publication History: differentiations of coastal water plumes. This work aims to locate the freshwater Received: 31/07/2019 Accepted: 07/04/2020 outflows through remote sensing and specific with the use of Landsat’s 8 thermal Accepted article online: images and to reveal how the lineaments of the area control this karstification process. 16/04/2020 L8 contains two thermal bands (Band 10, high gain and Band 11, low gain) with The Editor wishes to thank resolution 30m which record the scattering of infrared radiation from the sea surface. two anonymous reviewers for their work with the Spectral Band 10 was selected due to the high gain characteristics which provide more scientific reviewing of the suitable radiometric resolution (sensitivity). Finally, combing thermal images with manuscript and Ms Emmanouela geological maps, sea surface temperature (SST) maps have been created. Konstantakopoulou for editorial assistance. Keywords: karst, fresh water outflows, thermal image Landsat 8, Evia ©2020. The Authors This is an open access article under the terms of Περίληψη the Creative Commons Attribution License, which Ένα τμήμα των ακτών της νήσου Ευβοίας καλύπτεται από ανθρακικά πετρώματα. Στους permits use, distribution and reproduction in any σχηματισμούς αυτούς, αναπτύσσονται υδροφόρα καρστικά συστήματα. Η medium, provided the καρστικοποίηση τους είναι συνέπεια του συνδυασμού των τελευταίων τεκτονικών original work is properly cited κινήσεων της Αλπικής ορογένεσης και των κατακόρυφων ευστατικών κινήσεων του Τεταρτογενούς, με αποτέλεσμα την εμφάνιση παράκτιων και υφάλμυρων καρστικών Geological Society of Greece 100 Volume 56 πηγών σε πολλές περιοχές της Εύβοιας. Το επιφανειακό νερό εισέρχεται στους βαθύτερους ορίζοντες και εμφανίζεται στη θάλασσα με τη μορφή παράκτιων ή υποθαλάσσιων πηγών. Η Θερμική Τηλεπισκόπηση έχει αποδείξει την ικανότητα της να παρακολουθεί τις θερμικές διαφοροποιήσεις των υδατοκηλίδων (water plumes). Σκοπός της εργασίας, είναι ο εντοπισμός των παράκτιων και υποθαλάσσιων πηγών, χρησιμοποιώντας θερμικές εικόνες από τον δορυφόρο Landsat 8, και η διερεύνηση της σύνδεσης της καρστικοποίηση με τις διακλάσεις που εμφανίζονται στην περιοχή και κατ’ επέκταση με το πως αυτές επηρεάζουν την διακίνηση του υπόγειου νερού. Ο δορυφόρος περιλαμβάνει δύο θερμικά (φασματικά κανάλια 10 και 11 με χωρική ανάλυση 30 m) τα οποία καταγράφουν την σκεδαζόμενη ακτινοβολία από την υδάτινη επιφάνεια. Στην παρούσα εργασία χρησιμοποιήθηκε το φασματικό κανάλι 10 (10.60 μm – 11.19 μm) το οποίο λόγω της υψηλής απολαβής λήψης παρέχει καλύτερα αποτελέσματα στην θερμική αποτύπωση των διαφυγών. Ο συνδυασμός των θερμικών εικόνων και των γεωλογικών χαρτών είχε σαν αποτέλεσμα τη δημιουργία θεματικών χαρτών που απεικονίζουν τα σημεία ενδιαφέροντος. Λέξεις κλειδιά: καρστ, εκφορτίσεις γλυκού νερού, θερμικές εικόνες Landsat 8, Εύβοια 1. INTRODUCTION The growing human (urban and rural) demands on freshwater in semi-arid regions, implies that the exploration of new locations of possible groundwater discharge and accumulation are critical for augmenting the limited water resources (Migiros et al., 2008). The geographical location of Greece, with its general geomorphological composition, and its climate and hydrological conditions, characterises it as an almost anhydrous country, which is often substantiated by the dry-warm climatic environment of most of the country (UNESCO, 1978). Ιn Greece, 30% of the land surface is covered by carbonate formations (Kallioras et al., 2016), having a numerous of water-rich karst resources that probably could solve the water supply and irrigation problem in coastal and island regions, even though most of them cannot be utilised due to their salinity. Brackish waters should be considered as available water resources, since desalination is regarded as one of humanity's earliest forms of water treatment, providing excessive solution throughout the world today. Nearly 70% of the world’s population lives in coastal areas, and most of these people depend on coastal aquifers for freshwater (Stefouli and Tsombos, 2004). Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) along coasts is a worldwide phenomenon that occurs where hydraulic gradients and permeability (hydraulic characteristics) are sufficiently large to cause lateral and upward flow of Geological Society of Greece 101 Volume 56 groundwater, primarily because of differences in density of groundwater with low salinity and seawater (Fleury et al., 2007; Meijerink et al., 2007). To detect and map this substantial groundwater outflows several advanced space-borne sensors with different spatial, spectral, temporal and thermal resolutions have been utilised aimed at monitoring the thermal aspect of coastal waters (Parcharidis et al., 1998; Migiros et al., 2008). The usage of modern technologies, such as remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS), has expanded the potential of temperature maps and fresh water outflows monitoring (Theilen-Willige et al., 2014). Thermal remote sensing based on recording the electromagnetic radiation in the thermal infrared region (TIR) emitted by surface objects as a function of their temperature in two spectral windows: 3 μm -4 μm and 10.5 μm - 12.5 μm (Meijerink et al., 2007). The thermal data of Landsat satellites provide information on surface temperature differentiation and can be used to detect and delineate freshwater discharges, and such contribute to hydrologic and geothermal studies (Ganas et al., 2003; Ganas & Lagios, 2003). The outflow of colder groundwater into warmer seawater results in plumes at sea surface in the zones of groundwater discharge (Tcherepanov et al., 2005). Thus, the colder the object, the lower the amount of electromagnetic radiation. Thermal Infrared images are used to evaluate large areas in a short time and acquire useful information and measurements of the Earth's land and sea surface temperatures (Stefouli et al. 2013). The Earth observation satellite that used in this study is LANDSAT 8 (L8). Data collected by the satellite system, are available to download free of charge from the United States Geological Survey website (USGS - https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). The thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) of L8 is ideal, having high spatial (30 m) and thermal (< 0.4° C) resolution for monitoring thermal plumes. TIRS has two thermal bands (10 and 11) in the range of 10.0–13.0 μm and according to the recommendations of USGS, only Band 10 was utilized, due to band 11 more significant calibration uncertainties. The goal of this work is to evaluate the capability of the remote sensing data and methods to detect the groundwater outflows in Evia island and to correlate these discharges with the geologic conditions and the role of the tectonics in the alimentation of the aquifer system of the study area (Ganas et al., 2005; Lancia et al., 2018; Kuz’mina and Novopashina, 2018). 1.1 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) The sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the important oceanic environmental factors in determining the change of marine environments and ecological activities Geological Society of Greece 102 Volume 56 (Kang et al, 2014). More specifically is a significant parameter for biological, chemical and physical processes occurring within water. The SST represents gradient in the first several centimeters of the water, which is usually sustained by the atmospheric heat flux (Donlon et al., 2002). There are various methods of estimating SST such as shipboard measurements, thermometers in drifting buoys and from thermal bands. First two, are time-consuming and expensive but the results are accurate. Thermal images from satellite or aircraft platforms provide a regular sampling of SST, improving measurement capability (Tang et al., 2003) but the radiation emanates from the top “skin” of the ocean approximately the top 0.01 mm or less, which may not represent the bulk temperature of the upper metre of sea due primarily to effects of solar surface heating during the daytime, reflected radiation, as well as sensible heat loss and surface evaporation. Also, it cannot be used if there are clouds in the area. SST measurements from thermal bands have been used to detect α) ground water discharge areas, based on the thermal anomalies that appear on sea surface (Parcharidis et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sterea Ellada / Griechenland
    tourismus Hamburg ist schön – aber waren Sie schon Wichtigkeit für die Gemeinschaft (SCI) Wildschweine und Füchse, vereinzelt auch heiß und trocken. Die jährlichen Niederschlä- und 202 spezielle Schutzzonen (SPA) auf. Wölfe und Bären. Die Fauna der Inseln ge schwanken zwischen 400 und 1000 mm. mal in Griechenland? Von den 5500–6000 Pflanzenarten und unterscheidet sich wesentlich von der des Da Griechenland sehr gebirgig ist, ist Winter- Unterarten in Griechenland sind 20 Pro- Festlandes, regional findet sich dort z.B. sport durchaus möglich, es existieren 19 Win- zent endemisch, die hohe Anzahl an Arten die Karettschildkröte auf Zakynthos, tersportgebiete unterschiedlicher Größe. Ein Griechenland liegt am östlichen Mittel- Größere Flüsse, die ganzjährig Wasser Flora und Fauna sind kulturell eng mit beinhaltet auch einen überdurchschnitt- sowie als eine der ende- kleiner Teil im Nordwesten des Fest- meer in Südeuropa und setzt sich geo- führen, gibt es überwiegend im Norden antiken Mythen verbunden, seltener lich hohen Anteil an Heilpflanzen. Sie mischen Arten die landes liegt in der graphisch aus dem griechischen Festland des griechischen Festlandes, die dort zur jedoch mit den Hauptgottheiten. Chloris bildeten einst die Grundlage für eine gemäßigten am südlichen Ende des Balkans, der Bewässerung der fruchtbaren Täler und war die Göttin der Blumen, die für Hera ausgeprägte Volksmedizin, aber auch für Wildziege auf Kreta. Klimazone. Halbinsel Peloponnes, die jedoch durch zum geringen Anteil der Energiegewin- die Pflanzen sprießen ließ, Nymphen die Asklepiaden. Den Großteil der Vegeta- Im Schmetterlingstal auf Rhodos ist die den Bau des Kanals von Korinth (einge- nung genutzt werden. Darunter der Pinios, waren für das Leben der Pflanzen verant- tion machen immergrüne Pflanzen (breit- seltene Schmetterlingsart Panaxia quadri- weiht 1893) vom Festland getrennt Axios, Strymonas, Nestos und Evros.
    [Show full text]
  • Dirfys-Messapia FY R O M
    Montenegro Bulgaria Dirfys-Messapia FY R O M Activation ID: EMSN-025 Albania Glide Number: N/A P roduct N.: 04DIR FY S, v1, English Legend Greece Hazard Level Points of Interest Transportation Hazard Level Fire Ex tent Greece LU/LC (sqkm) Turkey Dirfys - Greece Null IC H ospital Secondary V ery Low Very Low Low Medium High Very High Fire station Tertiary Soil Erosion Hazard Zones Low Places ×Ñ Medium !. Education Local and Service Detail Tile 4009 V illage IH Olive groves - 0,089 0,104 0,098 - H igh Track !. Toponym V ery H igh (!S Sports P roduction date: 27/7/2016 Bridge & overpass Pastures - Úð Industrial facilities - 0,022 - - Greece Mitigation Measures Utility network Buildings Electricity infrastructure !( ô!E Cartographic Information Mulch treatment H igh voltage grid Commercial, P ublic & Coniferous forest 0,213 0,476 0,339 0,006 - !n Dam P rivate Services 4009 Full color A1, high resolution (300dpi) 1:5.000 Physiography Hydrography Industry & U tilities Sclerophyllous vegetation - 0,069 0,008 - - 300 P rimary R iver P lace of worship 0 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 Secondary Stream Transitional woodland/shrub - 0,067 0,140 - - U nclassified Km # ± H eight spots Coastline Areas affected by fire - 0,047 0,709 0,287 0,309 Grid: GGR S87 (H ellenic Geodetic R eference System 1987) Tick marks: W GS 84 geographical coordinate system 476500 477000 477500 478000 478500 479000 23°44'0"E 23°44'30"E 23°45'0"E 23°45'30"E 0 0 0 0 5 5 6 6 7 7 2 2 4 4 N " N " 0 4 ' 0 0 0 ' 8 8 3 00 ° 5 5 3 ° 8 00 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 7 7 2 2 4 524m 4 0 0 5 400 M e
    [Show full text]
  • The August 9, 2020 Evia (Central Greece) Flood
    ISSN 2653-9454 Issue No.19 | August 2020 The August 9, 2020 Evia (Central Greece) Flood Prof. Efthymis Lekkas PhD c Nafsika-Ioanna Spyrou PhD c Evelina Kotsi PhD c Christos Filis Dr. Michalis Diakakis Prof. Contantinos Cartalis Ass. Prof. Emmanuel Vassilakis MSc Thalia Mavrakou BEng Panagiotis Sartabakos PhD c Marilia Gogou PhD c Kat.-Navs. Katsetsiadou MSc Vanessa Barsaki Dr. Kostis Lagouvardos Dr. Vassiliki Kotroni Dr. Athanasios Karagiannidis MSc Stavros Dafis Prof. Isaak Parcharidis MSc Andreas Karavias MSc Despoina Bafi MSc Ioannis Gougoustamos ISSN 2653-9454 Issue No. 19, August 2020 | 2 About Non-periodic publication of the Post-graduate Studies Publishers: Program “Environmental Disasters & Crises Dr. Efthymis Lekkas Management Strategies" of the National & Kapodistrian Dr. Nikolaos Voulgaris University of Athens, issued after significant events for Dr. Stylianos Lozios the immediate information of the scientific community and the general public. The publication includes also Technical Editing: scientific data from various research teams from PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis universities, organizations and research institutes. Communication: PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis ([email protected]) MSc Alexia Grambas ([email protected]) MSc Katerina-Nafsika Katsetsiadou ([email protected]) Scientific Mission Copyrights Of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology All copyrights of scientific data belong to their and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology respective owners, while the copyrights of this publication belong to the publishers. Contributors Dr. Efthymis Lekkas, Professor of Dynamic, Tectonic & Applied Geology & Natural Disaster Management Dr. Konstantinos Lagouvardos, Director of Research IERSD/National Observatory of Athens Cited as Dr. Constantinos Cartalis, Professor of Environmental Physics at the University of Athens Lekkas, E., Spyrou N-I., Kotsi E., Filis, Ch., Diakakis, M., Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Evia Island, Greece)
    geosciences Article Geomorphic Evolution of the Lilas River Fan Delta (Central Evia Island, Greece) Efthimios Karymbalis 1,* , Kanella Valkanou 1, Ioannis Tsodoulos 1,2, George Iliopoulos 3 , Konstantinos Tsanakas 1, Vasilis Batzakis 1, Giorgos Tsironis 1, Christina Gallousi 1, Konstantinos Stamoulis 2 and Konstantinos Ioannides 2 1 Department of Geography, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str., GR-17671 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (K.V.); [email protected] (I.T.); [email protected] (K.T.); [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (G.T.); [email protected] (C.G.) 2 Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (K.I.) 3 Department of Geology, University of Patras, GR-26504 Rio Achaia, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-954-9159 Received: 26 August 2018; Accepted: 25 September 2018; Published: 26 September 2018 Abstract: This paper presents the results of geomorphological investigations carried out on the Lilas River fan delta in central Evia Isl., Greece. A geomorphological map has been prepared using Digital Elevation Model analysis, aerial photos and Google Earth image interpretation, a reliable map of 1846, and extensive fieldwork. The Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the fan delta has been studied based on profiles of seven deep cores drilled by the municipal authorities. Two additional shallow boreholes were drilled with a portable drilling set and collected samples were analyzed using micropaleontological and grain size analysis methods while four sediment samples were dated using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques. During the early Holocene, most of the fan delta plain was a shallow marine environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Goldschmidt-2019 Argyrakietal
    GROUNDWATER PRESSURES IN Cr(VI) IMPACTED AQUIFERS OF CENTRAL GREECE Ariadne Argyraki1 ([email protected]), Konstantina Pyrgaki1, Efstratios Kelepertzis1, Ifigeneia Megremi1, Fotini Botsou1, Maria Hatzaki1, Dimitris Dermatas2 1 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece 2 National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece INTRODUCTION LAND USES & WATER DEMANDS Annual Water Demand of Loutraki- Annual Demand of Oinofyta Groundwater quantity and quality can be directly affected through changes in precipitation, PROPORTION OF LANDUSE TYPE IN THE STUDY AREAS Perachora Municipality (106 m3 ) (Asopos) Municipality (106 m3) (NUMBERS INDICATE AREA IN SQ. KM) evapotranspiration, recharge rates, and indirectly through changes in land use, irrigation and 1% 14% other human activities. Here we focus on the water quality of four groundwater bodies in 14% 45% 54% 5% central Greece. A common feature of the studied aquifers is the presence of geogenic Cr(VI), 350 67% linked to ophiolithic rock occurrences. Our data are interpreted within the frame of the ERANETMED CrITERIA project. 548 62 60 Irrigation Drinking Livestock Irrigation Drinking Livestock Industrial In CrITERIA, groundwater quality is assessed following a gradient from relatively wet to dry 406 Annual Demand of Thiva Average Annual Water Demand of conditions along the Tethyan Suture Zone that structurally defines locations of ophiolite Municipality (106 m3) Dirfys-Messapia Municipality (Evia) 22 1 6 3 occurrences, extending from the eastern Mediterranean to Oman. 13 106 6 (10 m ) 5 4% 49 4 5% 9% THIVA- ASOPOS EVIA LOUTRAKI SCHINOS 8% AIM Urban Industrial/ Mineral Extraction 91% 81% Irrigated agricultural Non-irrigated/ Forest/ Bare rocks Irrigation Drinking Livestock Industrial Irrigation Drinking Livestock Industrial We examine the linkage between the presence of mainly geogenic Cr(VI) in groundwater Estimated water demands in the study areas are driven by the current state of landuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Dirfys-Messapia FY R O M
    Montenegro Bulgaria Dirfys-Messapia FY R O M Activation ID: EMSN-025 Albania Glide N umber: N /A P roduct N.: 04DIR FY S, v1, English Legend Damage L evel Points of Interest Transportation Greece Greece Fire Ex tent Damage Level Turkey Dirfys - Greece Not burnt IC H ospital Secondary P artly Burnt Dyrfis No Data Ñ× Fire station Tertiary Fire Damage Assessment H eavily burnt Not burnt Partly burnt Heavily burnt Local and Service Delineation and Grading Map - Detail Tile 4009 IH Education Physiography Places Track Total area affected: 133,7 ha !(S Sports P roduction date: 27/7/2016 300 P rimary !. V illage Bridge & overpass Coniferous forest 0,8 31,0 65,8 Úð Industrial facilities Secondary !. Toponym Greece Buildings # H eight spots !ôE Electricity infrastructure Land Cover/ Olive groves 2,5 13,8 11,7 Cartographic Information Utility network Commercial, P ublic & !( H igh voltage grid !n Dam P rivate Services Use (ha) Sclerophyllous vegetation - 1,4 1,4 4009 1:5.000 Full color A1, low resolution (100dpi) Hydrography R iver Industry & U tilities Transitional woodland/shrub - 1,5 3,9 Stream P lace of worship 0 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 Coastline Km ± U nclassified Grid:GGR S87 (H ellenic Geodetic R eference System 1987) Tick marks: W GS 84 geographical coordinate system 476500 477000 477500 478000 478500 479000 23°44'0"E 23°44'30"E 23°45'0"E 23°45'30"E 0 0 0 0 5 5 6 6 7 7 2 2 4 4 N " N " 0 4 ' 0 0 0 ' 8 8 3 00 ° 5 5 3 ° 8 00 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 7 7 2 2 4 524m 4 0 0 5 400 M e sa p io s 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 7 7 2 2 4 4 400 0 0 3 479m N " N " 0 0 3
    [Show full text]
  • The Settlements of the Middle and Late Byzantine Period in Euboea
    The settlements of the Middle and Late Byzantine period in Euboea Pari KALAMARA Abstract Η διερεύνηση του θέματος των οικισμών της μέσης και ύστερης βυζαντινής περιόδου στην Εύβοια (από τα μέσα του 7ου αιώνα έως και το 1470: οθωμανική κατάληψη) ξεκίνησε από τη διαπίστωση ότι τα σωζόμενα στο πεδίο σαφώς οικιστικού χαρακτήρα κατάλοιπα είναι περιορισμένα (κυρίως πύργοι) και μεταξύ τους απομακρυσμένα, ενώ απουσιάζουν σχετικές συνθετικές μελέτες για την Εύβοια που συνεκτιμούν τεκμηριωμένα αρχαιολογικά δεδομένα και γραπτές πηγές. Η χωροθέτηση των οικιστι- κών πυρήνων, ο χρόνος δημιουργίας τους, η ταυτότητά τους (πόλεις-κάστρα, οχυρωμένοι οικισμοί, ατείχιστοι αγροτικοί οικισμοί κ.λπ.) καθώς και οι μεταξύ τους σχέσεις θεωρούνται ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά για την κατανόηση της ιστορίας του νησιού και του ρόλου του κατά τη μεσαιωνική περίοδο, λόγω και της σημασίας που το δίκτυο των πόλεων και των οικισμών είχε διαχρονικά στο Βυζάντιο για τον καθορισμό της επικράτειάς του και τον έλεγχο αυτής πολιτικά, στρατιωτικά και οικονομικά. Συνοψί- ζοντας τα δεδομένα παρατηρούνται τα ακόλουθα: Οι οικισμοί, πόλεις-κάστρα, οχυρωμένα πολίσματα και «χωρία», εντοπίζονται κατεξοχήν στις εύφορες περιοχές, σε παράλιες θέσεις που εξυπηρετούν και τη δια θαλάσσης επικοινωνία, όπως είναι η Κάρυστος, το Αλιβέρι, η Βάθεια κ.λπ., ή σε πεδιάδες ή οροπέδια της ενδοχώρας, όπως στις περιπτώσεις της περιοχής του Λίλλαντα ή της Δίρφυς, αλλά και στη ζώνη Αυλωναρίου – Κύμης. Εμφανής είναι, με βάση βέβαια τα έως σήμερα δεδομένα της έρευνας, η πυκνότητα των οικισμών στην κεντρική και νότια Εύβοια. Συνολικά σημειώνονται 25 οχυρωμένοι οικισμοί. Εξ αυτών, περίπου οι μισοί εμφανίζονται για πρώτη φορά στην ύστερη βυζαντινή περίοδο, όπως τα κάστρα Κλεισούρας, Μαντούκο, Argalia, Γιάλ- τρων (Β.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorpology 2006 Nileas Graben
    Geomorphology 76 (2006) 363–374 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Transverse fault zones of subtle geomorphic signature in northern Evia island (central Greece extensional province): An introduction to the Quaternary Nileas graben ⁎ Nikolaos Palyvos a, , Ioannis Bantekas b, Haralambos Kranis b a Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy b Faculty of Geology, Dynamic, Tectonic and Applied Geology Department, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 84, Athens, Greece Received 11 March 2004; received in revised form 29 September 2005; accepted 8 December 2005 Available online 20 January 2006 Abstract Reconnaissance level geomorphological observations in the northern part of Evia (Euboea) Island, suggest that a major topographic feature, the 17 km long and 15 km wide Nileas depression (NDpr), corresponds to a previously undetected graben structure, bounded by fault zones of ENE–WSW to NE–SW general strike. These fault zones have been active in the Quaternary, since they affect the Neogene deposits of the Limni–Histiaia basin. They strike transverse to the NW–SE active fault zones that bound northern Evia in the specific area and are characterised along most of their length by subtle geomorphic signatures in areas of extensive forest cover and poor exposure. The NDpr was formed during the Early–Middle Quaternary, after the deposition of the Neogene basin fill. During the Middle– Late Quaternary, the NW–SE fault zones that bound northern Evia have been the main active structures, truncating and uplifting the NDpr to a perched position in relation to the northern Gulf of Evia graben and the submarine basin on the Aegean side of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT for the Period
    TERNA ENERGY Industrial Commercial Technical Societe Anonyme 85 Mesogeion Ave., 115 26 Athens, Greece Societe Anonyme Reg. No. 318/06/Β/86/28 ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT for the period from 1st January to 31st December 2019 In accordance with Article 4, Law 3556/2007 and the relevant Executive Decisions of the Hellenic Capital Market Commission Board of Directors TERNA ENERGY GROUP Annual Financial Report for 2019 CONTENTS Ι. REPRESENTATIONS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ................................................................................ 4 ΙΙ. INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT ...................................................................................................................................... 5 ΙΙΙ. ANNUAL MANAGEMENT REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF “TERNA ENERGY S.A.” ON CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR FINANCIAL YEAR 2019 ........................................................................................... 10 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 30 ΙV. ANNUAL SEPARATE AND CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ............................................................................... 40 NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 51 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE GROUP ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transverse Fault Zones of Subtle Geomorphic Signature in Northern
    Geomorphology 76 (2006) 363–374 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Transverse fault zones of subtle geomorphic signature in northern Evia island (central Greece extensional province): An introduction to the Quaternary Nileas graben ⁎ Nikolaos Palyvos a, , Ioannis Bantekas b, Haralambos Kranis b a Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy b Faculty of Geology, Dynamic, Tectonic and Applied Geology Department, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 84, Athens, Greece Received 11 March 2004; received in revised form 29 September 2005; accepted 8 December 2005 Available online 20 January 2006 Abstract Reconnaissance level geomorphological observations in the northern part of Evia (Euboea) Island, suggest that a major topographic feature, the 17 km long and 15 km wide Nileas depression (NDpr), corresponds to a previously undetected graben structure, bounded by fault zones of ENE–WSW to NE–SW general strike. These fault zones have been active in the Quaternary, since they affect the Neogene deposits of the Limni–Histiaia basin. They strike transverse to the NW–SE active fault zones that bound northern Evia in the specific area and are characterised along most of their length by subtle geomorphic signatures in areas of extensive forest cover and poor exposure. The NDpr was formed during the Early–Middle Quaternary, after the deposition of the Neogene basin fill. During the Middle– Late Quaternary, the NW–SE fault zones that bound northern Evia have been the main active structures, truncating and uplifting the NDpr to a perched position in relation to the northern Gulf of Evia graben and the submarine basin on the Aegean side of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Region of Central Greece TOURISM  CULTURE  GASTRONOMY
    Region of Central Greece TOURISM CULTURE GASTRONOMY #heartofGreece VIOTIA Contents 4 Regional Unit of Viotia_Authentic & warm 12 Regional Unit of Euboea_A destination for every season! 24 Regional Unit of Evrytania_Life in the … heights! 30 Regional Unit of Phthiotis_The place of myths & history 42 Regional Unit of Phocis_The Place of Contrasts! 48 Products with Protected Designation of Origin 2 REGION OF CENTRAL GREECE REGION OF CENTRAL GREECE 3 VIOTIA [01] [02] Parnassus is also famous in the entire country for its Ski Resort, the largest and most organised in Greece, with 21 ski slopes, 7 ski routes, 5 connecting trails and 4 slopes suitable for beginners. It covers an area of 34 km. Start descending at an altitude of 2,260 meters until you reach the 1,640 meters! Explore the Viotian land! Viotia is an attraction not only for the winter months. With Arachova and the ski resort stealing the show, it is considered as one of the most popular all-year-round destinations in Greece. In an area of a few kilometers, the visitors can choose among mountain, sea, picturesque villages, hiking trails, tours in the area, historical and cultural monuments and everything else they wish for, from experiential activities in nature to nice family experiences! Of course, Arachova [02,03] has a prominent place in the area. It is the most famous and cosmopolitan village not only in Viotia but also in Greece, located in the foothills of mount Parnassus. Get lost in the quaint alleys of the area, enjoy your meal at the famous AUTHENTIC & WARM taverns and gourmet restaurants, drink a coffee, enjoy a drink or Viotia, on the southern part of Central Greece and brimming cocktail and have fun at its hangouts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ausgabe 2-2016 Privatpersonen in Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Handels- Und Handwerkskammer, Diplomatische Und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Und Niedersachsen
    Das Magazin MichelBlick wird kostenlos verteilt an: konsularische Vertretungen, Landesvertretung Ham- Tourismuszentren, Theater, Museen, Galerien, Universi- burg, Berlin, Hotels, Restaurants, Werbeträger und tätsbibliotheken, Behörden, Wirtschaftsverbände, Ausgabe 2-2016 Privatpersonen in Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Handels- und Handwerkskammer, diplomatische und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Niedersachsen Die Hauptverwaltung der Deutschen Bundesbank in Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Schleswig-Holstein Seite 6 residual aus eigener Kraft an die griechischen Küsten Elementarem wie ausreichend Fingerab- geschafft haben. In Griechenland lautet druck-Scannern fehlt. Die Scanner sind Erste Anlaufstellen residual 2 Service - Erste Anlaufstellen 3 Kolumne von Knut Fleckenstein, der einheitliche Tenor auf die Frage nach eines der wichtigsten Arbeitsinstrumente, Polizei 110 Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments der Grenzsicherung, dass nur die türkische denn 80 Prozent der Flüchtlinge kommen Feuerwehr und Rettungsdienst 112 4 Zu Gast beim MichelBlick: Seite dies ausreichend leisten könne. ohne Pass - sei es, weil sie ihn auf der Reise Krankenwagen 192 19 Peter Griep, Präsident, Hauptverwaltung der verloren haben oder sei es, weil sie sich Polizeikommissariat 14 / Neustadt 42 86-5 14 10 Deutschen Bundesbank in Hamburg, Mecklenburg- Kürzlich habe ich in Athen im Namen des Vorpommern und Schleswig-Holstein nicht zu erkennen geben wollen. 50 % aller ASBs fünf Krankenwagen für die Flücht- Aids-Seelsorge 280 44 62 6 Portrait der Hauptverwaltung der Deutschen Menschen, die zurzeit in Griechenland lingsarbeit in der Nordägäis und an der Aids-Hilfe 94 11 Bundesbank in Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpom- anlanden sind Nordafrikaner. Grund dafür mern und Schleswig-Holstein mazedonischen Grenze übergeben. Allgemeines Krankenhaus St. Georg 28 90-11 ist die Visafreiheit der Türkei mit den Ambulanz 31 28 51 10 Uni Hamburg baut internationales Apartmenthaus Flüchtlingskrise: Fraktionsübergreifend habe ich mich mit Maghreb-Staaten.
    [Show full text]