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Home , Compiz, Desktop environment, Desktop metaphor, Dolphin (file manager), Dragon Player, Dwm

Part 2

Ujjwal kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College,Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya & Windows Manager GUI Application Kernel () Hardware

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  : It is a set of visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains  :- It is an interface metaphor which is a set of unifying concepts used by graphical user interfaces to users interact more easily with the computer  In computing, a desktop environment (DE) is an implementation of the desktop metaphor made of a bundle of programs running on top of a computer that share a common (GUI), sometimes described as a graphical shell.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, , folders, wallpapers and desktop widgets.  A GUI might also provide functionality and other features that make the desktop metaphor more complete.  A desktop environment aims to be an intuitive way for the user to interact with the computer using concepts which are similar to those used when interacting with the physical world, such as buttons and windows.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  On systems running the X System (typically -family systems such as Linux, the BSDs, and formal UNIX distributions), desktop environments are much more dynamic and customizable to meet user needs.  In this context, a desktop environment typically consists of several separate components, including a , a , a set of graphical themes, together with toolkits and libraries for managing the desktop.  All these individual modules can be exchanged and independently configured to suit users, but most desktop environments provide a default configuration that works with minimal user setup.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  A window manager is system that controls the placement and appearance of windows within a in a graphical user interface  Most window managers are designed to help provide a desktop environment.  Every graphical user interface based on a windows metaphor has some form of window management.  Elements usually associated with window managers allow the user to , close, minimize, maximize, , resize, and keep track of running windows, including window decorators.  Many window managers also come with various utilities and features: e.g. docks, task bars, program launchers, desktop icons, and .

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Stacking (aka floating) window managers : Provide the traditional desktop metaphor used in commercial operating systems like Windows and OS X. Windows act like pieces of paper on a desk, and can be stacked on top of each other. For eg: ▪ KWin —The standard KDE window manager ▪ — Used by the legacy GNOME 2 and GNOME and superseded by . ▪ Mutter — Window and compositing manager for GNOME. ▪ Muffin — Window and compositing manager for Cinnamon, fork of Mutter. It cannot be used outside of Cinnamon. ▪ Xfwm — The window manager manages the placement of application windows on the screen, provides beautiful window decorations, manages or virtual desktops and natively supports multiscreen mode.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Tiling window managers :- "tile" the windows so that none are overlapping. They usually make very extensive use of key- bindings and have less (or no) reliance on the mouse. Tiling window managers may be manual, offer predefined layouts, or both. ▪ Bspwm — bspwm is a that represents windows as the leaves of a full binary tree. ▪ — Sway is a drop-in replacement for the window manager

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Dynamic window managers can dynamically switch between tiling or floating window layout. For available Arch Wiki pages see Category:Dynamic WMs. For eg:  — Dynamic window manager for X. It manages windows in tiled, monocle and floating layouts.  wmii — Small, dynamic window manager for X11.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders.  The most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. viewing, playing, editing or printing), renaming, moving or copying, deleting and searching for files, as well as modifying file attributes, properties and file permissions.  Folders and files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree based on their structure.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  : It is a powerful and great file manager for KDE desktop, it offers simple file management functionalities such as copying, moving, searching and deleting file plus some advanced features and functionalities  Nautilus:- It is a simple and default file manager on GNOME desktop, it offers a user easy navigation and management of files on a Linux system.  File Manager :- It is default file manager on Cinnamon desktop, users must be familiar with it, it is a fork of the more popular GNOME Files.  File Manager :- It is a modern, lightweight file manager for Xfce desktop, designed to be fast, responsive and easy use.  Caja :- It is the default file manager for the desktop and it enables you to explore directories, preview files and start programs connected with them.  :- It is a free, open source, lightweight file manager developed as part of KDE applications package. Designed for simplicity, flexibility and full customization, it allows users to browse, , open, copy and move files around a Linux system with a lot of ease.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  The desktop environment is usually the core of your Linux desktop system for how it looks/feels. If you don’t get a good user experience, it will be difficult to use a Linux distro on your desktop.  Linux offers far more than one desktop environment.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  GNOME ( GNU Network Object Model Environment)  KDE (K Desktop Environment)   MATE  CINNAMON  XFCE

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  It is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix- like operating systems.  GNOME is part of the GNU Project and developed by The GNOME Project which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being  GNOME is currently the most popular Linux desktop environment.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  The GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) has been redesigned with the most recent GNOME 3.x and is a wide departure from the traditional GNOME 2.x desktop.  The newly released GNOME 3.x with its GNOME Shell user interface is a drastic change from the “classic” GNOME 2.x shell.  While the GNOME 3.x shell is fairly intuitive, for someone who is accustomed to GNOME 2.x, or any other desktop environment for that matter, there will be a considerable amount of adjustment.  In the GNOME 3.x shell, there is only one panel located at the top of the desktop, and there is no longer a traditional .

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  To open programs, users can either press the , or they can click on “Activities” found on the left side of the panel.  This gives the options of a program launcher that appears on the left side of the desktop, an “Applications” option found on the upper left part of the desktop (which is the closest thing to a menu), or they can search for programs using the search box on the upper right of the desktop.  Overall, the GNOME 3.x shell is a very simple, clean, and visually pleasing desktop. , and Fedora are major distros which use some form of GNOME in their main edition

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Following are a few applications and components of GNOME: ▪ Window Manager: Mutter (GNOME 3.x shell) ▪ File Manager: Nautilus ▪ Office Suite: GNOME Office (which includes AbiWord and ) ▪ Player: ▪ Video Player:Totem ▪ /DVD Burner: ▪ Games: GnomeGames ▪ : GTK+ (GTK is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces.)  Recommended System Requirements for the GNOME 3.x shell in its default mode : Required RAM 768 MB, Required CPU 400 MHz

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  KDE stands for K Desktop Environment.  It is a desktop environment for Linux based operation system.  You can think KDE as a GUI for Linux OS.  KDE has proved Linux users to make it use as easy as they use windows.  KDE is an international community developing Free and Open Source software.  As a central development hub, it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  KDE is arguably the most powerful, versatile, smoothly integrated, and visually pleasing of all the Linux desktops and has more point-and-click customization options and “eye candy” than any of the various , Xfce, LXDE or any other Linux desktop.  With its Plasma Workspaces, users can easily add a variety of widgets to the desktop.  While KDE is the most polished in appearance when compared to other Linux desktops, it can be quite resource-hungry with its many desktop effects.  However, when the desktop effects are turned off, KDE is fairly energy efficient.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Typically, KDE requires less CPU resources than ’ Unity and less RAM than the GNOME 3.x shell.  OpenSUSE, PCLinuxOS, SolydXK, , and Chakra are some major Linux distros running KDE in their main editions.  is the KDE version of Ubuntu.  In summary, KDE is an outstanding desktop environment that is most definitely worth consideration. Pictured above is KDE PC LinuxOS.  Like GNOME, KDE includes a large number of applications which are designed to be used in its desktop, many of which have a name that begins with the letter “K.” For example, Konqueror is a and file manager, and KStars is a desktop planetarium.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Following are a few applications and components of KDE: ▪ Window Manager: KWin ▪ File Manager: Dolphin ▪ Office Suite: KOffice ▪ Music Player: ▪ Video Player: ▪ CD/DVD Burner: ▪ : ▪ Games: The KDE Games Center ▪ Education: KDE Edu ▪ Widget Toolkit: (Qt is the faster, smarter way to create innovative devices, modern UIs & applications for multiple screens. Cross-platform software development at its best.)  Recommended System Requirements for KDE :- Required RAM 615 MB, Required CPU 1 GHz

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Originally designed by for use on , Unity has (beginning with Ubuntu 11.04) replaced GNOME 2.x as the default desktop shell in Ubuntu.  Starting with Ubuntu 11.10, Unity runs on top of GNOME 3.x.  Unity requires more system resources than the GNOME 3.x shell or KDE.  In Unity, there is one panel and it is always at the top of the desktop.  Additionally, there is a -like program called the “launcher” which is always on the left side of the desktop.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Unity has excellent compatibility with touch screen technology and seems to be the way things are going in computing.  While there are many people who have criticized Unity, the direction Canonical has taken with it makes sense in light of such endeavours as Ubuntu for Android, which is available with the release of Ubuntu 12.04.  Basically, Ubuntu for Android is an app for dual core Android phones, which allows users to dock their phones to a keyboard and monitor to have the full Ubuntu desktop.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  UNITY generally use Nautilus file manager  Its default windows manager is windows manager  It is the default desktop environment on ubuntu

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Following are a few applications and components of GNOME: ▪ Window Manager: Compiz ▪ File Manager: Nautilus ▪ Office Suite: Libre Office ▪ Music Player: Rhythmbox ▪ Video Player: Totem  Recommended System Requirements for the GNOME 3.x shell in its default mode : Required RAM 1GB, Required CPU 1 GHz

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  A fork of GNOME 2.x, MATE looks and acts just like the traditional GNOME 2.x shell which was replaced with the release of GNOME 3.x.  MATE is essentially a return to the much loved desktop found in older versions of Linux.  MATE seems much more like the old GNOME 2.x than Cinnamon.  Currently, MATE, along with Cinnamon are the default desktop choices for Linux Mint beginning with version 13.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Linux Mint, Ubuntu MATE, Fedora, Linux, Sabayon, and Salix OS include MATE in their official repositories, and MATE packages are available to be installed into , Debian, Linux, OpenSUSE, and Ubuntu by adding repositories.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Following are a few applications and components of MATE: ▪ Window Manager: Marco ▪ File Manager: Caja ▪ : ▪ Graphics Viewer: Eye of MATE ▪ Document Viewer: Atril ▪ Archive Manager: Engrampa ▪ Terminal Emulator: MATE Terminal  Recommended System Requirements for MATE :- Required RAM512 MB , Required CPU 800 MHz

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  After the change from GNOME 2.x to 3.x, Cinnamon was forked from GNOME 3.x as a desktop which is more traditional and truly in line with the essence of older Linux Mint desktops, while utilizing the newer technologies found in GNOME 3.x.  Unlike MATE, which is a fork of GNOME 2.x, Cinnamon is based on GNOME 3.x.  In a relatively short period of , Cinnamon has quickly become a very solid desktop and a major force in the world of Linux.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Currently, Cinnamon along with MATE are the default desktop choices for Linux Mint.  Also, Cinnarch uses Cinnamon as its default.  Cinnamon is available to be installed on Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSUSE, Arch Linux, , Manjaro Linux, Sabayon, and Snowlinux.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Following are a few applications and components of Cinnamon: ▪ Window Manager: Muffin ▪ File Manager: Nemo  Recommended System Requirements for Cinnamon (probably similar to Linux Mint’s requirements) :- Required RAM512 MB, Required CPU 1 GHz

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Less resource-hungry than GNOME or KDE, Xfce is a great for older computers and it is still a full-fledged desktop environment that offers a great deal to the user.  Xfce provides a nice balance between functionality and conservation of system resources, while still having a beautiful desktop.  In its default appearance, Xfce very much resembles Mac OS X with its dock-like panel found at the bottom of the desktop.  Users can drag their favourite applications from the menu and place them on the bottom dock/panel in a similar manner as can be done in Mac OS X.  Just like GNOME 2.x and KDE, Xfce may easily be customized to more closely resemble Windows, or to be configured otherwise as desired.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  SolydX is the Xfce version of SolydXK.  Also, is the Xfce version of Ubuntu, and has Xfce as its desktop.  VectorLinux uses Xfce as its default desktop, and many other Linux distros offer Xfce versions as well.  In many ways, Xfce looks and acts much like GNOME 2.x, and for those who like the GNOME 2.x desktop

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  Following are a few applications and components of Xfce: ▪ Window Manager: Xfwm ▪ File Manager: Thunar ▪ Media Player: Parole ▪ CD/DVD Burner: Xfburn ▪ Task Manager: Xfce Task Manager ▪ Widget Toolkit: GTK+  Recommended System Requirements for Xfce :- Required RAM192 MB , Required CPU 300 MHz

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Name of Desktop Environment / Window % of CPU (2.6 GHz Manager In Parenthesis: Operating System RAM used Type total) used Used for Testing desktop shell (GNOME GNOME 3.x shell (Fedora 17) 248 MB 1-2 % 3.x-based) desktop shell (GNOME Unity (Ubuntu 12.04 LTS) 218 MB 1-4 % 3.x-based) MATE (Linux Mint 13) 205 MB 9-10 % desktop environment desktop shell (GNOME GNOME 2.x shell ( 11.04) 191 MB 1 % 2.x-based) desktop shell (GNOME Cinnamon (Linux Mint 13) 175 MB 11-12 % 3.x-based) GNOME 3.x Classic (Fallback Mode) (Lubuntu desktop shell (GNOME 141 MB 1-2 % 12.04) 3.x-based)

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Name of Desktop Environment / % of CPU (2.6 Window Manager In Parenthesis: RAM used Type GHz total) used Operating System Used for Testing KDE 4.8.2 (Lubuntu 12.04) 131 MB 1-3 % desktop environment Razor-qt (Lubuntu 12.04) 117 MB 1-2 % desktop environment Xfce 4.8 (Lubuntu 12.04) 106 MB 1-2 % desktop environment LXDE (Lubuntu 12.04) 82 MB 1-2 % desktop environment (E17 Standard) 72 MB 1-14 % desktop environment (Lubuntu 12.04) JWM (Lubuntu 11.04) 58 MB 1 % window manager (Lubuntu 12.04) 55 MB 1-3 % window manager IceWM (Lubuntu 12.04) 53 MB 3 % window manager

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya  One great feature of Linux is that programs / applications that are made to run in any one of these desktop environments will normally work in the others.  For example, GNOME Games can also run in KDE, Xfce, or LXDE while KDE Games can likewise run in GNOME, Xfce, and LXDE.  It should also be mentioned that many major Linux distros offer versions in multiple desktop environments / window managers and it is even possible to have any combination of GNOME, KDE, Xfce, LXDE, Enlightenment, or other desktop environments / window managers installed simultaneously on your Linux system.  However, when installing multiple Linux desktop environments / window managers on the same computer, it is important to know that there will be may redundancies between similar applications (system tools, games, etc.) found within each.

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Desktop EnvironmentLinux & Distribution Windows Manager Red Hat GUI Application Ubuntu Shell DaemonLinux Mint Kernel Kali Debian

Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya