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Part 2 Ujjwal kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College,Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Desktop Environment & Windows Manager GUI Application Shell Daemon Kernel (Linux) Hardware Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Interface Metaphor : It is a set of user interface visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains Desktop Metaphor:- It is an interface metaphor which is a set of unifying concepts used by graphical user interfaces to help users interact more easily with the computer In computing, a desktop environment (DE) is an implementation of the desktop metaphor made of a bundle of programs running on top of a computer operating system that share a common graphical user interface (GUI), sometimes described as a graphical shell. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers and desktop widgets. A GUI might also provide drag and drop functionality and other features that make the desktop metaphor more complete. A desktop environment aims to be an intuitive way for the user to interact with the computer using concepts which are similar to those used when interacting with the physical world, such as buttons and windows. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya On systems running the X Window System (typically Unix-family systems such as Linux, the BSDs, and formal UNIX distributions), desktop environments are much more dynamic and customizable to meet user needs. In this context, a desktop environment typically consists of several separate components, including a window manager , a file manager , a set of graphical themes, together with toolkits and libraries for managing the desktop. All these individual modules can be exchanged and independently configured to suit users, but most desktop environments provide a default configuration that works with minimal user setup. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya A window manager is system software that controls the placement and appearance of windows within a windowing system in a graphical user interface Most window managers are designed to help provide a desktop environment. Every graphical user interface based on a windows metaphor has some form of window management. Elements usually associated with window managers allow the user to open, close, minimize, maximize, move, resize, and keep track of running windows, including window decorators. Many window managers also come with various utilities and features: e.g. docks, task bars, program launchers, desktop icons, and wallpaper. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Stacking (aka floating) window managers : Provide the traditional desktop metaphor used in commercial operating systems like Windows and OS X. Windows act like pieces of paper on a desk, and can be stacked on top of each other. For eg: ▪ KWin —The standard KDE window manager ▪ Metacity — Used by the legacy GNOME 2 and GNOME and superseded by Mutter. ▪ Mutter — Window and compositing manager for GNOME. ▪ Muffin — Window and compositing manager for Cinnamon, fork of Mutter. It cannot be used outside of Cinnamon. ▪ Xfwm — The Xfce window manager manages the placement of application windows on the screen, provides beautiful window decorations, manages workspaces or virtual desktops and natively supports multiscreen mode. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Tiling window managers :- "tile" the windows so that none are overlapping. They usually make very extensive use of key- bindings and have less (or no) reliance on the mouse. Tiling window managers may be manual, offer predefined layouts, or both. ▪ Bspwm — bspwm is a tiling window manager that represents windows as the leaves of a full binary tree. ▪ sway — Sway is a drop-in replacement for the i3 window manager Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Dynamic window managers can dynamically switch between tiling or floating window layout. For available Arch Wiki pages see Category:Dynamic WMs. For eg: dwm — Dynamic window manager for X. It manages windows in tiled, monocle and floating layouts. wmii — Small, dynamic window manager for X11. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders. The most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. viewing, playing, editing or printing), renaming, moving or copying, deleting and searching for files, as well as modifying file attributes, properties and file permissions. Folders and files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree based on their directory structure. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Konqueror : It is a powerful and great file manager for KDE desktop, it offers simple file management functionalities such as copying, moving, searching and deleting file plus some advanced features and functionalities Nautilus:- It is a simple and default file manager on GNOME desktop, it offers a user easy navigation and management of files on a Linux system. Nemo File Manager :- It is default file manager on Cinnamon desktop, Linux Mint users must be familiar with it, it is a fork of the more popular GNOME Files. Thunar File Manager :- It is a modern, lightweight file manager for Xfce desktop, designed to be fast, responsive and easy use. Caja :- It is the default file manager for the mate desktop and it enables you to explore directories, preview files and start programs connected with them. Dolphin:- It is a free, open source, lightweight file manager developed as part of KDE applications package. Designed for simplicity, flexibility and full customization, it allows users to browse, locate, open, copy and move files around a Linux system with a lot of ease. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya The desktop environment is usually the core of your Linux desktop system for how it looks/feels. If you don’t get a good user experience, it will be difficult to use a Linux distro on your desktop. Linux offers far more than one desktop environment. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya GNOME ( GNU Network Object Model Environment) KDE (K Desktop Environment) UNITY MATE CINNAMON XFCE Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya It is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix- like operating systems. GNOME is part of the GNU Project and developed by The GNOME Project which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat GNOME is currently the most popular Linux desktop environment. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya The GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) has been redesigned with the most recent GNOME 3.x and is a wide departure from the traditional GNOME 2.x desktop. The newly released GNOME 3.x with its GNOME Shell user interface is a drastic change from the “classic” GNOME 2.x shell. While the GNOME 3.x shell is fairly intuitive, for someone who is accustomed to GNOME 2.x, or any other desktop environment for that matter, there will be a considerable amount of adjustment. In the GNOME 3.x shell, there is only one panel located at the top of the desktop, and there is no longer a traditional menu. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya To open programs, users can either press the Windows key, or they can click on “Activities” found on the left side of the panel. This gives the options of a program launcher that appears on the left side of the desktop, an “Applications” option found on the upper left part of the desktop (which is the closest thing to a menu), or they can search for programs using the search box on the upper right of the desktop. Overall, the GNOME 3.x shell is a very simple, clean, and visually pleasing desktop. Debian, and Fedora are major distros which use some form of GNOME in their main edition Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Following are a few applications and components of GNOME: ▪ Window Manager: Mutter (GNOME 3.x shell) ▪ File Manager: Nautilus ▪ Office Suite: GNOME Office (which includes AbiWord and Gnumeric) ▪ Music Player: Rhythmbox ▪ Video Player:Totem ▪ CD/DVD Burner: Brasero ▪ Games: GnomeGames ▪ Widget Toolkit: GTK+ (GTK is a free and open-source cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces.) Recommended System Requirements for the GNOME 3.x shell in its default mode : Required RAM 768 MB, Required CPU 400 MHz Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya KDE stands for K Desktop Environment. It is a desktop environment for Linux based operation system. You can think KDE as a GUI for Linux OS. KDE has proved Linux users to make it use as easy as they use windows. KDE is an international free software community developing Free and Open Source software. As a central development hub, it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya KDE is arguably the most powerful, versatile, smoothly integrated, and visually pleasing of all the Linux desktops and has more point-and-click customization options and “eye candy” than any of the various GNOMEs, Xfce, LXDE or any other Linux desktop. With its Plasma Workspaces, users can easily add a variety of widgets to the desktop. While KDE is the most polished in appearance when compared to other Linux desktops, it can be quite resource-hungry with its many desktop effects. However, when the desktop effects are turned off, KDE is fairly energy efficient. Ujjwal Kumar Dept. of IT Gaya College, Gaya Typically, KDE requires less CPU resources than Ubuntu’s Unity and less RAM than the GNOME 3.x shell.
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