Conversation Analysis of Repair in Fox News Sunday

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CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF REPAIR IN FOX NEWS SUNDAY

INTERVIEW BETWEEN CHRIS WALLACE AND DONALD TRUMP

A THESIS

BY:

CUT NADIA MUJI RAHMAH

REG. NO. 150705074

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF REPAIR IN FOX NEWS SUNDAY INTERVIEW BETWEEN CHRIS WALLACE AND DONALD TRUMP

A THESIS BY CUT NADIA MUJI RAHMAH REG. NO. 150705074

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

The examination is held in Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on July 8th, 2019.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, CUT NADIA MUJI RAHMAH, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE

AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN

THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL

PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART

FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED

ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED

WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS

THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD

OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Date : July 8th, 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : CUT NADIA MUJI RAHMAH

TITLE OF THESIS : CONVERSATION ANALYSIS OF REPAIR IN FOX

NEWS SUNDAY INTERVIEW BETWEEN CHRIS

WALLACE AND DONALD TRUMP

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Date : July 8th, 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara

DEDICATION PAGE

This thesis is specially dedicated to my beloved parents, Teuku S. Agustiar and Herlina. Their love, prayers and supports always strengthen me all the time.

I pray that Allah SWT will always bless us forever. I love you wholeheartedly, Ma, Yah.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, in the name of Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds, for all His blessings and miracles in giving the author health and capability to complete this thesis as one of the requirements to finish her study from English Department,

Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. Blessing, salutation and peace be upon the most honourable prophet and messenger, Muhammad SAW., his relatives and his followers.

In accomplishing this thesis, the author would like to thank Karya Salemba

Empat (KSE) and Ikatan Keluarga Sarjana Aceh (IKSA) for scholarships that the author has had during the completion of her bachelor degree in University of

Sumatera Utara. Special thank also goes to the Rector of University of Sumatera

Utara, Prof. Dr. Runtung Sitepu, M.Hum., for giving the author an opportunity and facilities to complete the degree. The author also would like to give her greatest and sincerest gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera

Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., to the Head of Department of English, Prof. Hj.

Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D., to the Secretary of the study program,

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., to the staff of the study program, Mr. Kirno, and to all the lecturers of English Department for giving and sharing all their assistances, valuable knowledges and supports during the author‘s academic years.

The author also would like to give her greatest gratitude and appreciation to her supervisor, Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed.TESP. and co-supervisor, Dr. Alemina br.

Perangin-angin, S.S., M.Hum, for their extraordinary help, guidance, patience and

Universitas Sumatera Utara supports in the process of conducting this thesis without which this thesis would not have been possible.

Deepest, warmest and sincerest gratitude is also dedicated to the author‘s beloved mother, Herlina, and her beloved father, Teuku S. Agustiar, for all of their endless love, prayers, attentions, supports and everything they give to her. The author thanks them very much for always being her strength and best supporters in her life.

Deepest and warmest gratitude also goes to the author‘s beloved aunts, Cut

Lelawati and Zainar, her beloved uncles, Dadang Suardi, A.P., and Lukman, and her beloved cousins, Dissie Nolanda, S.Pd., Saifan Marzuki, A.Md., Ichsan

Abdurrahman, and all families and relatives for their supports and love to the author.

To the author‘s dearest friends, Rizka Fatihah, Dalilah Fathma, Yolanda

Enditha Monique, Diana Rahma Putri, Ahsanulhaq, Sri Hadriani Nababan, Desvita

Sari, Noverawati, Jaka Dara, Rara Tri Antika Pulungan, Marinie Yolanda, Dinda and

Raja Fanny Fatahillah, the author feels blessed and thanks them very much for all the love and supports they give to her. The author also wants to thank them for all of the experiences and memories that have been shared together during their journeys in college. Special thanks and love also goes to the author‘s amazing best friends since she was a kid, Novita Enzi, Winda Ermiati, A.Md., Suci Azzura Khairuna, S.E. and many more, for all the supports and love they always give to her. The author also would like to express her warmest gratitude to all of her friends in English Literature,

University of Sumatera Utara, especially her classmates in Class B of 2015 and her seniors, that cannot be mentioned one by one, for the supports, moments and best memories that have been shared together.

Universitas Sumatera Utara In compiling this study, the author admits that it is still far from being perfect.

Therefore, suggestions and criticisms are needed. Without any helps and supports from the others, this study would not be completed well. Hopefully, may this study be advantageous for the readers and next researchers in the future. May the blessing and love of the Almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever. Aamiin.

Medan, July 8th, 2019

Cut Nadia Muji Rahmah

Reg. No. 150705074

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled ―Conversation Analysis of Repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump‖ is a study about types of conversational repair and conversational repair operations in a television talk show news program named Fox News Sunday. The participants in the talk show were Chris Wallace, as the host, and Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States of America. The objectives of this study are: (1) to find out the types of repair found in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump, (2) to find out the repair operations found in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump. The main theory used in supporting this study are a theory of types of repair proposed by Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007) and a theory of repair operations proposed by Schegloff in Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013). In conducting this study, the researcher employed a descriptive qualitative method since the data of this study are in the forms of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. The results of this study found that there are two types of repair occured in the talk show. They are self-initiated self-repair (SISR) and self-initiated other-repair (SIOR). SISR is the most dominant types of repair found in the data. There are 45 occurrences of SISR (92%) and 4 occurrences of SIOR (8%). The results of this study also found that there are four repair operations employed in the talk show, which are inserting, parenthesizing, aborting and recycling. Aborting is the most dominant repair operation found in the data. There are 28 occurrences of aborting (63%), 2 occurrences of inserting (4%), 5 occurrences of parenthesizing (11%), and 10 occurrences of recycling (22%).

Keywords: Conversation Analysis, Conversational Repair, Repair, Types of Repair, Repair Operations.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul ―Conversation Analysis of Repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump‖ ini adalah sebuah kajian tentang jenis-jenis perbaikan percakapan dan operasi-operasi perbaikan percakapan di dalam sebuah program berita bincang-bincang televisi yang bernama Fox News Sunday. Turut mengambil bagian dalam acara bincang-bincang tersebut adalah Chris Wallace, si pembawa acara, dan Donald Trump, Presiden ke-45 Amerika Serikat. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis perbaikan yang ditemukan di dalam wawancara Fox News Sunday antara Chris Wallace and Donald Trump, (2) untuk mengetahui operasi-operasi perbaikan yang ditemukan di dalam wawancara Fox News Sunday antara Chris Wallace and Donald Trump. Teori utama yang digunakan dalam mendukung kajian ini adalah teori mengenai jenis-jenis perbaikan percakapan yang dikemukakan oleh Schegloff et al. di dalam Liddicoat (2007) dan teori mengenai operasi-operasi perbaikan percakapan yang dikemukakan oleh Schegloff di dalam buku Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013). Dalam mengerjakan kajian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena seluruh data yang digunakan berupa kata, frasa, klausa dan kalimat. Hasil dari kajian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat dua jenis perbaikan percakapan yang terjadi di dalam acara bincang-bincang tersebut, yaitu self-initiated self-repair (SISR) dan self-initiated other-repair (SIOR). SISR adalah jenis perbaikan yang paling mendominasi di dalam percakapan. SISR terjadi sebanyak 45 kali (92%) dan SIOR terjadi sebanyak 4 kali (8%). Hasil dari kajian ini juga menemukan bahwa terdapat empat operasi perbaikan percakapan yang digunakan di dalam acara bincang-bincang tersebut, yaitu inserting, parenthesizing, aborting dan recycling. Aborting adalah operasi perbaikan percakapan paling dominan yang ditemukan di dalam data. Operasi aborting terjadi sebanyak 28 kali (63%), inserting terjadi sebanyak 2 kali (4%), parenthesizing terjadi sebanyak 5 kali (11%), dan recycling terjadi sebanyak 10 kali (22%).

Kata Kunci: Analisis Percakapan, Perbaikan Percakapan, Perbaikan, Tipe-tipe Perbaikan, Operasi-operasi Perbaikan.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

DEDICATION PAGE ...... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS ...... xii

LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 5

1.5 Significances of the Study ...... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Conversation Analysis ...... 7

2.1.1 Repair ...... 9

2.1.1.1 Types of Repair ...... 10

2.1.1.2 Repair Operations ...... 14

2.2 Relevant Studies ...... 22

2.3 Conceptual Framework ...... 29 ix

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design ...... 30

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 31

3.3 Data Collection ...... 32

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ...... 32

CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1 Data Description ...... 37

4.1.1 Types of Repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW

and DT ...... 37

4.1.1.1 Self-initiated Self-repair ...... 38

4.1.1.2 Self-initiated Other-repair ...... 40

4.1.1.3 Other-initiated Self-repair ...... 41

4.1.1.4 Other-initiated Other-repair ...... 41

4.1.2 Repair Operations in Fox News Sunday Interview between

CW and DT ...... 41

4.1.2.1 Replacing ...... 42

4.1.2.2 Inserting ...... 42

4.1.2.3 Deleting ...... 43

4.1.2.4 Searching ...... 44

4.1.2.5 Parenthesizing ...... 44

4.1.2.6 Aborting ...... 45

4.1.2.7 Sequence-jumping ...... 47

4.1.2.8 Recycling ...... 47

4.1.2.9 Reformatting ...... 49

4.1.2.10 Reordering ...... 49

4.2 Findings ...... 50

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 52

5.2 Suggestion ...... 53

REFERENCES ...... 55

APPENDICES

1. Tabulation of All Analysis of Types of Repair and Repair Operations in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump 2. The Transcript of Conversation between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump in Fox News Sunday

Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS

MEANING OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS CW Chris Wallace DT Donald Trump SISR Self-initiated Self-repair SIOR Self-initiated Other-repair OISR Other-initiated Self-repair OIOR Other-initiated Other-repair RP Replacing IN Inserting DL Deleting SR Searching PR Parenthesizing AB Aborting SJ Sequence-jumping RC Recycling RF Reformatting RO Reordering Code 08 / 00:00:42 - 00:00:44 *08 *Turn of the utterance/data *00:00:42 - 00:00:44 *Time of the data

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Universitas Sumatera Utara LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.2.1 Table of Occurrences of Types of Repair in Fox News Sunday

Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump ...... 51

Table 4.2.2 Table of Occurrences of Repair Operation in Fox News Sunday

Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump ...... 51

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Universitas Sumatera Utara LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework ...... 29

Figure 3.1 Miles, Huberman and Saldaña Interactive Models (2014: 33) ...... 33

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Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Human beings are born social. As social creatures, humans interact with each other in their life. Those interactions can be seen in daily activities, such as in negotiating business, in shopping centres, in public transportations, at homes, at schools, etc. Through those interactions, humans create communication in their life and through the communication, they make conversations in which language is used.

Conversation and language are two inseparable things. When people make conversations, they use language to facilitate it. Conversation is an act where two or more people do a talk or exchange informations to interact with each other. As

Paltridge (2006: 107) in Zaferanieh (2012: 2) states that conversation is the main way in which people come together, exchange information, negotiate and maintain social relations. It is through conversations that humans use language to interact with each other orally. This is in line with what Hall (1968) described in International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies (2016) that language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Therefore, as a means of communication, language plays important role in humans‘ life.

As language is used most prevalently in conversation, it is very important to make a conversation runs well. It is because through conversation people exchange informations and deliver their ideas, thoughts, beliefs, emotions or feelings to the others. Delivering messages and informations clearly in conversation will lead to a

Universitas Sumatera Utara good conversational interaction. However, sometimes obstructions appear in the middle of a conversation. It makes the speakers have to revise their utterances in order to make the conversation runs well. If a conversation runs well, then the messages conveyed in the conversation will be delivered clearly. On the contrary, if a conversation does not run well or there are problems arise in it, the messages conveyed in the conversation will not be delivered clearly. It is a phenomenon occured in a conversation that most people do not realize. The conversational phenomena may happen due to a hearing, speaking or understanding problem. Yet, those problems can be resolved by performing repair. The following example shows the repair phenomena.

Client: because he‘s got a girlfriend – oh, a woman and a... (O‘Shannessy in Paltridge, 2012: 101)

The example above shows an instance of performing repair. In the example, the speaker gets an obstruction in his utterance since he mispronounces a word of what he actually intends to say. Therefore, the speaker revises his utterance by substituting the word ―girlfriend‖ into ―woman‖ to make the information in the utterance conveyed clearly as it should be.

Repair or conversational repair is part of conversation analysis, which is an approach to the study of human conversational interaction. Through the collaboration of Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson in the 1960s the conversation analysis emerged. Conversation analysis is an approach to the analysis of spoken discourse that looks at the way in which people manage their everyday

Universitas Sumatera Utara conversational interactions (Paltridge, 2012: 90). Conversation analysis aims to describe how daily verbal interaction is organized by the participants.

The term repair in conversation analysis is referred to a process where participants in a conversation recognize a speech error, problems or difficulties which arise in their talks and resolve the problems themselves. As Liddicoat (2007:

171) states that repair refers to the processes available to speakers through which they can deal with the problems which arise in talk. Repair is an important strategy used in conversations in which the speaker or interlocutor can correct or revise their utterances in order to deal with the sorts of difficulties which emerge in the conversation.

The reason why the researcher conducts a study about repair in conversation analysis is because of the phenomena that people must have been encountering obstructions or difficulties in their daily conversations due to a hearing problem, a misunderstanding problem or a speaking problem which can lead to an unsuccessful conversation. Regarding this, performing repair is needed to solve the conversational problems. By performing repair, utterances which contains a misunderstanding or an error arise in a conversation can be revised or corrected to create a successful conversation.

The data of this research are utterances uttered by Chris Wallace (CW) and

Donald Trump (DT) in a television talk show news program named Fox News

Sunday on November 18, 2018. CW of Fox News interviewed DT in the Roosevelt

Room at The White House. The sources of the data are the video of Fox News

Sunday Interview between CW and DT on November 18, 2018 which was downloaded from Factbase Videos youtube channel https://youtu.be/BuovphjWz0c

Universitas Sumatera Utara on January 29, 2019 and the transcription text of the interview which was taken from https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-chris-wallace-fox-news- november-18-2018 on January 29, 2019. The interview lasted for 30 minutes.

The researcher chooses the Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and DT as the source of the data because the researcher intends to investigate the conversation analysis of repair in a television talk show news program to see if the repair phenomena can be found in a conversation of such talk show. The interview in the talk show discusses DT‘s reactions and policies in several issues, including divided congress, Mueller, foreign policy, fake news and more. Cited from wikipedia.org, Fox News Sunday is a Sunday morning talk show airing on the broadcast Fox network since 1996, as a presentation of Fox News Channel. It is a television talk show news program which originates in the United States of America and hosted by CW. Meanwhile, DT is the 45th and current president of the United

States. DT is also known for his controversial policies and rules as a president.

Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.

This study analyzed the types of repair in conversation analysis based on a theory proposed by Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007: 173) and the repair operations in self-initiated same-turn repair based on a theory proposed by Schegloff in Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013: 43). According to

Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007: 173), there are four types of repair, which are self-initiated self-repair (SISR), self-initiated other-repair (SIOR), other-initiated self-repair (OISR) and other-initiated other-repair (OIOR). According to Schegloff

(2013: 43), there are ten operations in self-initiated same-turn repair, which are

Universitas Sumatera Utara replacing, inserting, deleting, searching, parenthesizing, aborting, sequence-jumping, recycling, reformatting and reordering.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the researcher formulates questions about the investigated problems as follows:

1. What are the types of repair found in Fox News Sunday Interview between

CW and DT?

2. What repair operations are used in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW

and DT?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems of the study, this study attempts to fulfill the following objectives:

1. To find out the types of repair found in Fox News Sunday Interview between

CW and DT.

2. To find out the repair operations used in Fox News Sunday Interview

between CW and DT.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study is focused on the analysis of the types of conversational repair found in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and DT on November 18, 2018 based on a theory proposed by Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007: 173) and the repair operations in self-initiated same-turn repair used in Fox News Sunday

Universitas Sumatera Utara Interview between CW and DT on November 18, 2018 by using Schegloff‘s theory in

Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013: 43).

1.5 Significances of the Study

This study is expected to give contribution theoretically and practically for the development of literary field which are as follows:

1. Theoretically, this study is expected to enrich the study of conversation

analysis, especially dealing with repair or conversational repair.

2. Practically, this study is expected to be useful for anyone. For the students,

this study is expected to enrich their knowledges in understanding the types

of repair and the repair operations in conversation analysis. This study is also

expected to be useful for lecturers as a reference in lecturing conversation

analysis. In addition, this study can also be used as a reference to those who

are interested in the study of repair in conversation analysis.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter contains the review of related literature which describes repair in conversation analysis. In this chapter, the researcher elaborates some theories related to conversation analysis as a basic of the study. The researcher used some information from books, internets (websites) and previous researches (relevant studies) to support the idea of the analysis as explained below.

2.1 Conversation Analysis

Conversation analysis is originated from the ethnomethodological tradition in sociology developed by Harold Garfinkel in the late 1960s and the study of social interaction by Erving Goffmann in the early 1970s. Ethnomethodology has a core focus on small-scale social order which is seen through the common social knowledge of members of society of the forces that influence how individuals interpret the situations and messages they encounter in their social world (Liddicoat,

2007: 2). Following on from Garfinkel and Goffman‘s works, Harvey Sacks, a

Sociologist from the University of California, Los Angeles, examined a corpus of recorded telephone calls to the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center as a pioneering research of conversation analysis.

Sacks began his study in conversation analysis by examining the problem faced by the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center‘s staff in getting callers to reveal their names. Cited in Wooffitt (2005: 5), one of the tasks of the Center‘s staff was to try to obtain the caller‘s name; and on many occasions, if they gave their

Universitas Sumatera Utara name, they found that the callers would then identify themselves in reply. However, in many cases, the Center‘s staff had difficulty in getting the callers to state their name. Although the Center‘s staff had introduced themselves, the callers would not always say their name and though the Center‘s staff asked for the caller‘s name explicitly, they still would not state their name. Regarding this, Sacks began to wonder where in the course of the conversation could you tell that somebody would not give their name (Wooffitt, 2005: 5). After his death, Sacks‘ work in conversation analysis was further developed by Emanuel Schegloff, Gail Jefferson and other researchers.

Conversation analysis has been an interesting study to many researchers.

Sidnell (2011: 20) states that conversation analysis, at its core, is a set of methods for working with audio and video recordings of talk and social interaction. Paltridge

(2012: 90) defines conversation analysis as an approach to the analysis of spoken discourse that looks at the way in which people manage their everyday conversational interactions. Then, Wooffitt (2005: 1) gives a definition to conversation analysis as one of the key methodological approaches to the study of verbal interaction. From these three definitions of conversation analysis, it can be concluded that conversation analysis is an approach or set of methods which aims to describe and examine how daily verbal interaction is organized by the participants in their social life.

In the study of conversation analysis, there are several aspects. According to

Paltridge (2012: 93), the aspects of conversational interactions include conversational openings and closings, turn taking, sequences of related utterances

(adjacency pairs), preferences for particular combinations of utterances (preference

Universitas Sumatera Utara organization), feedback and repair or conversational repair. However, in this study, the researcher is interested only in analyzing repair as one of the aspects in conversation analysis. This study analyzed the types of repair in conversation analysis based on a theory proposed by Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007: 173) and the repair operations in conversation analysis based on a theory proposed by

Schegloff in Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013: 43). The theories or studies of the conversational repair are explained below.

2.1.1 Repair

Repair is the processes available to speakers through which they can deal with the problems which arise in talk (Liddicoat, 2007: 171). Liddicoat also added that repair is like a set of practices designed for dealing with the sorts of difficulties which emerge in talk. In accordance with Liddicoat‘s definition of repair, it can be concluded that repair in conversation analysis refers to a process where participants in a conversation recognize a speech error, problems or difficulties which arise in their talks and resolve the problems themselves.

In the study of repair in conversation analysis, there are two main terms. The first one is the term repair itself which indicates the overall phenomenon of dealing with problems in talk and the second term is repairable item or trouble source which indicates the thing in talk which needs to be repaired (Schegloff et al., 1977: 363) in

(Liddicoat, 2007: 171).

Liddicoat in his book An Introduction of Conversation Analysis (2007) categorises repair in conversation analysis into four types based on a model of the mechanism for repair in conversation proposed by Schegloff et al. (1977). Those

Universitas Sumatera Utara types of repair are self-initiated self-repair (SISR), self-initiated other-repair (SIOR), other-initiated self-repair (OISR) and other-initiated other-repair (OIOR).

2.1.1.1 Types of Repair

According to Schegloff et al. (1977) in Liddicoat (2007: 173), there is a model of the mechanism for repair in conversation which makes a central distinction between who initiates repair and who makes the repair. Repair can be initiated by the speaker of the repairable (self-initiated repair) or it may be initiated by its recipient

(other-initiated repair). In addition, a repair can be made by the speaker of the repairable item (self-repair) or it may be made by the recipient of the item (other- repair). In combination, those possibilities allow for four types of repair namely:

a) Self-initiated Self-repair (SISR)

According to Liddicoat (2007: 173), SISR refers to the type of repair in which the speaker of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem. In SISR, the trouble source is the utterance produced by the speaker and he/she repairs it. For instance, as mentioned by Schegloff, Jefferson, and

Sacks (1977: 367) in Rheisa (2014), when the speaker of the trouble source cuts off the talk to replace a word uttered in error with a correct wording, she/he is at the same time indicating and resolving the error. The examples are as follow:

B : -then more people will show up. Cuz they won‘t feel obligated to sell, to buy. (Schegloff et al., 1977 in Liddicoat, 2007: 174)

In the utterance above, the speaker (B) immediately repairs his utterance after he realizes that he makes an error in the utterance. In this case, the speaker himself

Universitas Sumatera Utara produces the trouble source in his utterance. He initiates the error in his utterance and then he resolves it by himself without a help from others. It is clearly seen in the word ―sell‖ when he actually wants to say ―buy‖, then he corrects it to ―buy‖. This is what is called as SISR.

Anna : Oh so then he is coming back on Thur- on Tuesday (Liddicoat, 2007: 175)

Another example of SISR is seen from the utterance above. The speaker of the trouble source, Anna, immediately repairs her utterance without a help from others after she realizes an error in her utterance. She cuts off her utterance, then she resloves the error in the utterance. She completes the repair at once by replacing the repairable item ―Thur‖ with a correct word ―Tuesday‖. It is a typical of an SISR, where the speaker repairs his/her own utterance without a help from others.

b) Self-initiated Other-repair (SIOR)

SIOR occurs when the speaker of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk, but the recipient or interlocutor resolves the problem (Liddicoat, 2007: 173).

In SIOR, the trouble source is produced by the speaker and the one who resolves the problem is the interlocutor. SIOR may occur when people forget something essential that needs to be mentioned in the middle of their utterances, such as name of people, place or time. Thus, they ask for help to their interlocutor to find a correct word that they need. People frequently employ question words what, where, when to get an answer from their interlocutor, such as ‗what is that?‘, ‗who discover the…‘, or

‗when will…‘ (Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks, 1977: 367) in (Rheisa, 2014).

An example of SIOR can be seen below.

B : He had this uh Mistuh w- whatever k- I can' t think of his name, 11

Universitas Sumatera Utara Watts on, the one that wrote [that] piece, A : [Dan Watts] (Schegloff et al., 1977 in Liddicoat, 2007: 180)

There are two participants involve in the conversation above. B is the first speaker and A is the interlocutor. In the middle of his utterance, B is having difficulty on finding a name. He gets lost of words by saying the phrase ―I can‘t think of his name,‖. The phrase is an indirect signal for A to help B resolving the trouble source in his utterance. By the word ―watts on‖, B is trying to show his effort to remember the name and giving a clue to A by providing an identity, ―Watts on, the one that wrote that piece‖. At this point, the speaker (B) wants the interlocutor

(A) to mention a correct name of a person whom they both know. Then, A resolves the problem in B‘s utterance by saying ―Dan Watts‖. In this case, an SIOR.

c) Other-initiated Self-repair (OISR)

OISR is the type of repair in which the recipient of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk and the speaker resolves the problem (Liddicoat,

2007: 173). In OISR one common way for the interlocutor or recipient to initiate the repair is to use ‗huh?‘ or ‗what?‘ or by repeating the repairable item as seen in the examples below.

D : Would... did he ever get married or anything? C : Huh? D : Did he ever get married? C : I have no idea (Schegloff et al., 1977 in Liddicoat, 2007: 189)

In the conversation above, D, the speaker of the trouble source is asking the interlocutor (C) if someone they are talking about ever get married. However, instead of giving a direct answer, the interlocutor indicates a problem in the talk by saying

Universitas Sumatera Utara the word ―huh?‖. It can happen because of mishearing. Then, D realizes the problem in his utterance and resolves it by reasking the utterance he asked before. After the repair solution is uttered, the frst speaker D gets an answer from C. An OISR emerges in the talk above.

Harry : Aren’t you suppose to go up there with John though? Joy : What? Harry : Aren’t you going up there with John. Joy : No, that fell through weeks ago. (Schegloff et al., 1977 in Liddicoat, 2007: 189)

In the conversation above, Harry, the speaker of the trouble source, wants to know whether the interlocutor, Joy, is going up to a place with someone or not.

However, because of mishearing, the answer of the question is delayed by the inserted repair sequence. The interlocutor initiates the repairable item by saying the word ―what?‖. Then, the first speaker realizes the problem in his utterance and resolves it. After the repair solution is uttered, the first speaker obtains an answer.

This is another example of OISR.

A : Hey the first time they stopped me from selling cigarettes was this morning. B : From selling cigarettes? A : From buying cigarettes. They said uh (Schegloff et al., 1977 Liddicoat, 2007: 174)

In the conversation above, A, the speaker of the trouble source is having a problem in his utterance. The interlocutor (B) indicates the problem by repeating the repairable item, ―selling‖. B‘s initiation about the problem makes A realized that he/she is having a problem in his/her utterance and repairs it immediately by changing the word ―selling‖ to ―buying‖. This is known as OISR.

d) Other-initiated Other-repair (OIOR)

Universitas Sumatera Utara Liddicoat (2007: 173) states that OIOR refers to the type of repair in which the recipient of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem. An example of OIOR is seen below.

Joy : Kerry is no good. She is having a fight with Sally. Harry : You mean Sarah, don’t you? Those two are always fighting. Joy : Yeah..... (Liddicoat, 2007: 190)

In the conversation above, Joy produces the trouble source. He mentions the name of a girl, Sally, which is indicated as an error by the interlocutor, Harry. Harry notices the error and tries to repair it. Harry provides an initiation about the problem in the talk and resolves it by saying ―You mean Sarah, don‘t you?‖. This correction is accepted by the speaker of the trouble source, Joe, as seen in the word ―Yeah‖.

2.1.1.2 Repair Operations

In performing repair, there is a term named operation which indicates a certain strategy of how participants in a conversation initiate and complete the repair.

Schegloff in Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013) states that there are ten main types of operations in self-initiated same-turn repair which speakers employ to deal with some putative trouble-source in an ongoing turn-at-talk conversation. Self-initiated same-turn repair is closest in meaning to self-initiated self-repair (SISR). Therefore, these operations are only applicable for the occurrences of SISR. The ten repair operations proposed by Schegloff are replacing, inserting, deleting, searching, parenthesizing, aborting, sequence-jumping, recycling, reformatting and reordering. The ten repair operations are explained below. a) Replacing

Universitas Sumatera Utara The first type of repair operation proposed by Schegloff in Conversational

Repair and Human Understanding (2013: 43) is replacing. Replacing is a repair operation in which the speaker of the trouble source substitutes the whole or only a part of articulated elements in his/her utterance. In substituting the whole or some elements of the trouble source, the speaker needs to retain the sense that ―this is the same utterance‖ (Schegloff, 2013: 43). Replacing does not only require the same sort of linguistic or grammatical object as the trouble source being replaced. In replacing, the speaker of the trouble source can substitute or replace the trouble source with a synoym or antonym or he/she may change a word into a phrase and a phrase into a word.

For instance:

Bee : so I don‘t know I haven‘t you know, she wasn‘t home by the t- you know when I left for school today Ava : Mmm… Bee : So uh I don‘t know (Schegloff, 2013: 44)

In the utterance above, Bee, the speaker of the trouble source, substitutes the phrase ―by the t[ime]‖ with the word ―when‖ which indicates that the speaker does a replacing in her utterance. In this case, to complete the repair, a phrase is replaced by a word.

b) Inserting

The second repair operation proposed by Schegloff (2013) is inserting. In inserting, a speaker inserts one or new more elements into his/her utterance, but still maintains the original formulation of the utterance. When initiating repair, the speaker of the toruble source has articulated the first sound of the element before

Universitas Sumatera Utara inserting the new element by cutting-off the word or making a sound stretch.

Kitzinger (2012: 237) in Saputri (2015) states that inserting material can modify the talk or the utterance in two ways. The first one is the speaker of the trouble source inserts a new element such as, word, term, phrase, etc., to specify the original reference and the second one is the inserted materials aim to intensify the meaning of the original formulation.

For instance:

Mom : What is the- in the world‘s the matter with you? I don‘t read her mail. Wes : Oh, you don‘t? Schegloff (2013: 46)

In the example above, mom, as the speaker of the trouble source inserts ―in the world‖ before ―is the matter‖. When the speaker initiating the repair, she cuts- off the sound of ―is the matter‖ to insert the new element ―in the world‖. Then, she completes her repair by saying ―What in the world‘s the matter with you?‖.

c) Deleting

Deleting is the third repair operation. In deleting, the speaker of the trouble source tends to delete one or more elements which has been articulated partially or fully in his/her utterance.

For instance:

Bee : So she told me of a place on Madison Avenue and Sevendy Ninth Street Ava : Mmm Bee : Go and try there. Because I als- I tried Barnes and Nobles and, they didn‘t have anything. They don‘t have any art books she told me Ava : Mmm (Schegloff, 2013: 48)

Universitas Sumatera Utara In the example above, Bee, the speaker of the trouble source, deletes the production of the word ―also‖ before it is uttered completely. Then, the speaker completes the repair by recycling the word preceding the deleted word and continues the utterance.

d) Searching

The fourth repair operation is searching. Searching refers to a repair operation which is employed by the speaker of the trouble source to produce a precise term which does not have an easy substitute, such as names of people, places, business, etc.

For instance:

Joy : Why don‘t you go into Westwood, and go to Bullocks. Stan : Bullocks? You mean that one right umm, tch! Right by the umm, what is the Plaza? Theater. Joy : Uh huh. (Schegloff, 2013: 49)

In the example above, Stan, the speaker of the trouble source wants to mention a name of a Plaza, but he forgets the name of it. Therefore, in the middle of his talk, he pauses the production of his utterance twice by saying ―that one right umm, tch! Right by the umm,‖. By the time he is doing so, he manages to recall the name of the Plaza and finally finds it.

e) Parenthesizing

The next repair operation proposed by Schegloff (2013) is parenthesizing.

Parenthesizing is a repair operation which has similarity with inserting. Both parenthesizing and inserting add a new element into the utterance of the trouble

Universitas Sumatera Utara source, but they also have differences. The inserted element in parenthesizing has different function from the inserted element in inserting. In inserting, it is a word or phrase which is added to the utterance, but in parenthesizing, it is a clause which is added to the ongoing utterance. Parenthesizing aims to give more impact to the thing described by the speaker (Schegloff, 2013:52) in Saputri (2015).

For instance:

Debbie : It‘s not the case. Mark‘s not going. Shelley : No- well that was initially and then I‘m like no I‘ll just go and then uhm you know this- this two bandit thing I have, that were doing, he wants me, I- I don’t know if I told you this, Debbie : mmm Shelley : he wants us to come out to his house and do, like spend a whole day on putting everything ‗cause we don‘t get the shit done while were at work. (Schegloff, 2013: 51)

In the example above, the parenthesizing is done by Shelley, the speaker of the trouble source, where she inserts a clause ―I don‘t know if I told you this‖ into her ongoing utterance. From the parenthesizing done by Shelley, we can see that

Shelley shows awareness whether she may be telling something that she has already told to her interlocutor, Debbie, about the thing she is going to say.

f) Aborting

The sixth repair operation is aborting. Aborting is a repair operation where the speaker of the trouble source abandons his/her ongoing utterance and leave it incomplete. Schegloff (2013) in saputri (2015) states that there are two ways how abandoning in aborting can work. The first one is that, abandoning is followed by another attempt to achieve completion and the second one is that speaker abandons the whole utterance and gives up the production without achieves completion. 18

Universitas Sumatera Utara For instance:

Sherrie : Who was the girl that was outside? Mark : Debbie. Sherrie : Who‘s Debbie? Mark : She‘s just that girl that, uh, I met her through uhm, I met her in Westwood. I remember I went to see the premiere of Lost Horizon. Sherrie : I didn‘t know you did. (Schegloff, 2013: 53)

In the example above, Mark‘s answer to Sherrie‘s question contains aborting.

Mark, the speaker of the trouble source aborts his utterance twice, even without achieving completion. At first, Mark tries to describe who Debbie is to his interlocutor by saying ―she‘s just that girl that‖, but then he aborts the utterance.

Then, he wants to say how he met Debbie by saying ―I met her through uhm,‖, but he aborts the utterance again. Finally, he completes the repair to tell his interlocutor where he met Debbie by saying ―I met her in Westwood‖.

g) Sequence-jumping

Sequence-jumping is the seventh repair operation. Sequence-jumping is similar to aborting. Both in sequence-jumping and aborting, the speaker of the trouble source abandons his/her ongoing utterance, but they also have a difference. In sequence-jumping, the abandoning is followed by a different and unrelated utterance from the previous one. In other words, the speaker of the trouble source may launch a new sequence as the act of repair (Saputri, 2015).

For instance:

Frieda : You know what we‘re gonna- in fact I‘m- she I haven‘t seen her since I spoke to you but I’m going to talk to- what are you making? Kathy : It‘s a blanket. Frieda : Did you weave that yourself? Kathy : I wove this myself. 19

Universitas Sumatera Utara (Schegloff, 2013: 56)

From the example above, it can be seen that Frieda, the speaker of the trouble source, abandons her ongoing utterance ―but I‘m going to talk to‖ and launches a new utterance ―what are you making?‖ which is different from her previous utterance. This is what is called as sequence-jumping.

h) Recycling

Recycling is the eighth repair operation which is also called as repetition. In recycling, the speaker of the trouble source re-says some parts of the previous utterance.

For instance:

Rubin : Well thee.. uhm they must have grown a culture. You know they must‘ve I mean how lo- he‘s been in the hospital for a few days, right? Takes about a week to grow a culture Kathy : I don’t think they grow a, I don’t think they- grow a culture to do a biopsy. Rubin : No. They did the biopsy while he was on the- table. (Schegloff, 2013: 59)

In the example above, kathy, the speaker of the trouble source, is resaying some parts of her utterance as an act of recycling. She repeats ―I don‘t think they grow a‖ in order to complete the repair.

i) Reformatting

Reformatting is a repair operation which is related to grammatical issue. In reformatting, the speaker of the trouble source may change the format of the utterance, such as changing the WH question into yes/no question, changing the declarative sentence into negative interrogative, vice versa. Reformatting also allows

Universitas Sumatera Utara the speaker of the trouble source to reverse the reformed utterance which means that the speaker once reforms the utterance and later reverses it and reforms it back into the previous form (Saputri, 2015).

For instance:

Mom : Oh, Virginia, we‘ve been through this. When you‘re old enough, you can work on the store. Virginia : Well Beth didn’t- Beth get to work before she was sixteen? Mom : No. I‘d- I would let her wrap presents and packages at Christmas and sometimes we needed somebody. But people just don‘t want children waiting on. (Schegloff, 2013: 62)

The example above is a conversation between Virginia and her mom. In the middle of the conversation, Virginia, reformates her grammatically declarative sentence ―Well Beth (got to work...)‖ into negative interrogative ―Didn‘t Beth get to work‖. This example shows a reformatting.

j) Reordering

The last repair operation is reordering. Reordering refers to an operation where the speaker of the trouble source reorder the elements in his/her ongoing utterance. Reordering may occur when the speaker or the interlocutor notices that the utterance does not come up as it should be.

For instance:

Bea : Oh- he‘s still hopeful Rose : The husband Bea : Ah hah, and you never just- you just never saw such devotion in your life (Schegloff, 2013: 65)

In the example above, Bea as the speaker of the trouble source, is about to say

―you just never saw‖ when she realizes that she is saying ―you never just‖ instead. 21

Universitas Sumatera Utara Therefore, she performs reordering in order to make her utterance appears as it should be.

2.2 Relevant Studies

In conducting this study, the researcher uses some references from two journals and three thesis about conversation analysis and conversational repair to support and supply relevant informations to the topic of the study. The relevant studies are shown below.

1) Ali (2018) analyzes the structural units of interaction in American and Iraqi TV

talk show: The Doctors and Shabab Wbanat. This research investigates how turn

taking behaviour and interaction pattern help the participants in the talk show to

interpret each other‘s meanings and to compare the interaction strategies occured

between The Doctors and Shabab Wbanat. The research is conducted using both

qualitative and quantitative methods. The source of the data are videos and

transcription texts of the American TV talk show The Doctors and the Iraqi TV

talk show Shabab Wbanat. The results of the research show two main points.

The first one is that both The Doctors and Shabab Wbanat shows are sharing

several characteristics of ordinary conversation in spite of being conducted in

institutional setting. The second one is that The Iraqi TV show is closer to

institutional talk than the American TV show.

The journal above is contributing in helping the researcher of this study to

understand types of repair in conversation analysis proposed by Schegloff et al

(1977). The differences between the research above and this study are the

research problems, the source of the data and the method of the study. The

Universitas Sumatera Utara research above aims at investigating the way in which turn taking behaviour and

interaction pattern help the participants to interpret each other‘s meanings, and

comparing between The Doctors and Shabab Wbanat in interaction strategies

which are examined qualitatively and quantitatively. Meanwhile, this study aims

at investigating the types of repair based on a theory proposed by Schegloff et al.

in Liddicoat (2007) and the the repair operations based on a theory proposed by

Schegloff (2013). The source of the data is the video and transcription text of an

interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on November 18, 2018.

This study used a descriptive qualitative method by Miles, Huberman and

Saldaña (2014).

2) Mabruroh (2017) investigates three problems in the talk show Anderson Cooper

360: Donald Trump, CNN Milwaukee Republican Presidential Town Hall

Episode. The first one is to identify the types of repair employed by the

participants in the talk show, the second one is to explain the patterns of repair

completion uttered by the participants in the talk show and the third one is to

describe the factors which initiate the repair in the talk show. The research is

conducted using a descriptive qualitative method. The source of the data are

videos and transcription texts of the talk show Anderson Cooper 360: Donald

Trump, CNN Milwaukee Republican Presidential Town Hall Episode. The

results of the research are as follows: First, it is only two out of four types were

found in the research, they were self-initiated self-repair and other initiated self-

repair. Second, only eight out of ten patterns were found in the research

including replacement, modification, abandonment, reorganization,

specification, elaboration, exemplification, rewording, repetition and

Universitas Sumatera Utara completion. Third, in the talk show, there were ten factors initiating repairs i.e. misheard utterance, misunderstanding, unclear intention, changes in the discussed topic, attempt to take a floor, blank ideas, attempt to give details, emphasis on a statement, wrong choice constituent, and incorrect information delivery.

The journal above is contributing in helping the researcher of this study to understand types of repair in conversation analysis proposed by Schegloff,

Jefferson, and Sacks in Liddicoat (2007: 173). The similarity between the research above and this study is the first research problem which is to anaylze the types of repair in conversation analysis using the same theory proposed by

Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007). The differences between the research above and this study are another research problems, the source of the data and the method of the study. For another research problems, the research above aims at explaining the patterns of repair completion uttered by the participants in the talk show and describing the factors which initiate the repair in the talk show.

Meanwhile, this study aims at identifying and describing the repair operation.

The research above was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative method by

Bungin (2007) and uses the talk show of Anderson Cooper 360: Donald Trump,

CNN Milwaukee Republican Presidential Town Hall Episode as the source of the data. Meanwhile, this study used a descriptive qualitative method by Miles,

Huberman and Saldaña (2014) and the source of the data is the video and transcription text of an interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on

November 18, 2018.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3) Saputri (2015) analyzes types of repair in the interview session in the first five

episodes of Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11 using Schegloff et al. (1977)

theory and identifies the repair operation using Zhang (1998) and Schegloff

(2013) theory. The research is conducted using descriptive qualitative method

and quantitative methiod. The source of the data is the video and transcription

texts of the interview session in the first five episodes of Ellen DeGeneres Show

season 11. The research shows two results. First, all types of repair occur in the

talk show. Self-initiated self-completed repair has the highest frequency of

occurrence since the trouble sources mostly occurred inside the speaker‘s mind.

On the other hand, other-initiated other-completed repair is the most rarely

employed repair because this type is often perceived as threatening the speaker‘s

face. Second, among 16 repair operations, there are only 12 repair operations

occurred in the first five episodes of Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11. They are

replacing, inserting, deleting, aborting, searching, parenthesizing, recycling,

reformatting, reordering, confirmation, explanation, and combination. Replacing

is the most often occurring repair operation, while sequence-jumping, repeat,

rephrasing, and rejection never occurred in the show.

The research above is contributing in helping the researcher of this study to

understand types of repair in conversation analysis proposed by Schegloff et al.

in Liddicoat (2007) and the repair operations proposed by Schegloff (2013). The

similarity between the research above and this study is the research problems.

The first research problem is to anaylze the types of repair in conversation

analysis using the same theory proposed by Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007).

The second research problem is to identify and describe the repair operations,

Universitas Sumatera Utara but there is a difference. The research above used Schegloff (2013) and Zhang

(1998) theory to identify the repair operations, but this study only used the

Schegloff (2013) theory in identifying the repair operations. The differences

between the research above and this study are the source of the data and the

method of the study. The research above was conducted by using descriptive

qualitative method and quantitative method, whilst this study was conducted

using a descriptive qualitative method by Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014).

Then, the source of the data of the research above is the video and transcription

texts of the interview session in the first five episodes of Ellen DeGeneres Show

season 11. Meanwhile, the source of the data of this research is the video and

transcription text of the interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on

November 18, 2018. Another difference is the research above used a celebrity

talk show as the source of the data, whilst this research used a television talk

show news program as the source of the data.

4) Rheisa (2014) analyzes the types of repair and pattern of repair found in the talk

show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, a special episode with Michael Jackson. This

research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The data source of the

research are a transcript of conversation and the video of the special episode of

the talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show. The result of the research shows that

there are four types of repair found in the talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, a

special episode with Michael Jackson, i.e. SISR, SIOR, OISR and OIOR. Then,

there are ten patterns applied to deliver repair completions. Reorganization is the

most-often pattern occur in the talk show, i.e. 13 times.

Universitas Sumatera Utara The research above is contributing in helping the researcher of this study to

understand types of repair in conversation analysis proposed by Schegloff,

Jefferson and Sacks in Liddicoat (2007: 173). The differences between the

research above and this study are the second research problem, the source of the

data and the method of the study used to analyze the data. The second research

problem of the research above is to identify the pattern of repair, while the

second research problem of this study is to identify and describe the repair

operations. The research above was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative

method by Bungin (2007) and used the Oprah Winfrey Show: A Special Episode

with Michael Jackson as the source of the data. Meanwhile, this study used a

descriptive qualitative method by Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014) and the

source of the data is the video and transcription text of the interview between

CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on November 18, 2018.

5) Pamungkas (2012) analyzes the type of conversation aspects found in the

interview between presenter Oprah Winfrey and facebook founder Mark

Zuckerberg. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method. The data

source of the research was a transcript of interview between presenter Oprah

Winfrey and facebook founder Mark Zukerberg. The researcher analyzed

adjacency pairs, topic management, preference organization, and turn taking that

found in the conversation. The results of the research shows that there were 8

adjacency pairs, 3 topics managements, 8 preference organizations and 18 turns

found in the conversation.

The research above is contributing in helping the researcher of this study to

understand aspects of conversation analysis. The differences between the

Universitas Sumatera Utara research above and this study are the research problems and the source of the data. The research above has one objective that is to find out the type of conversation aspects found in the conversation. The study focuses on 4 aspects of conversation those are adjacency pairs, topic management, preference organization and turn – taking. Meanwhile, this study focuses in conducting a deep analysis of one aspect of conversation analysis, which is the repair phenomena in the interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on

November 18, 2018. The data source of the research above is a transcript of interview between presenter Oprah Winfrey and facebook founder Mark

Zukerberg. Meanwhile, this study used the video and the transcription text of the interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on November 18, 2018 as the source of the data.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.3 Conceptual Framework

Conversation Analysis

Repair

1. Types of Repair 2. Repair Operations

Schegloff et al.'s Theory (1977) in Schegloff's Theory in Conversational Liddicoat (2007) Repair and Human Understanding (2013)

1. Replacing 2. Inserting 3. Deleting 1. Self-initiated self-repair 4. Searching 2. Self-initiated other-repair 5. Parenthesizing 3. Other-initiated self-repair 6. Aborting 4. Other-initiated other-repair 7. Sequence-jumping 8. Recycling 9. Reformatting 10. Reordering

Drawing conclusion

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Following the previous chapter, this chapter discusses the information on the side of research method. Within this chapter, there are four main subchapters, those are (i) research design, (ii) data and source of data, (iii) data collection, (iv) technique of data analysis. The first subchapter describes what types of research is used in this study. The second subchapter describes what kinds of data is analyzed in this study and what source of data is used. The third subchapter describes how the researcher collected the data. Then, the fourth subchapter describes how the researcher analyzed the data.

3.1 Research Design

In conducting this study, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze the conversational repair in the interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on November 18, 2018. A qualitative approach is a research method used to analyze non-numerical data. According to Miles, Hubberman and

Saldaña (2014), qualitative data are a source of well-grounded, rich descriptions and explanations of processes in identifiable local contexts. Qualitative data are usually in the form of words. The data of this study are all the utterances of DT and CW which are transcribed into text. Thus, the data of this study is classified into a qualitative data.

The researcher chooses the qualitative approach because it can systematically and factually describe and illustrate the characteristics of the data and the connection

Universitas Sumatera Utara between the phenomena studied. The qualitative approach is descriptive because the analyzed data and its findings are in descriptions. Therefore, based on the explanations of qualitative data by Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014), the descriptive qualitative approach is appropriate to use in conducting this study.

This study is also a part of library reseacrh. Library research is a method of analysis of document/historical records which uses techniques of recording notes, content analysis, tape and film listening and analysis, statistical compilations and manipulations, reference and abstract guides (Khotari 2004: 7) in Nazela (2019: 33).

This study aims to analyze the conversational repair in the interview between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday on November 18, 2018.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The data of this study are all the utterances in the conversation between an

American news anchor, Chris Wallace (CW) and the current president of the United

States of America, Donald Trump (DT) in Fox News Sunday television talk show news program on November 18, 2018. The data was taken from the video of conversation between CW and DT and transcribed into text. The video interview was downloaded from Factbase Videos youtube channel, https://youtu.be/BuovphjWz0c on January 29, 2019. The interview was held on November 16, 2018 and published on November 18, 2018. The transcription of the interview was taken from https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-chris-wallace-fox-news- november-18-2018 on January 29, 2019.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.3 Data Collection

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014: 46), data collection is divided into 4 types, those are observation, questionaire, interview and study of document. In this study, the researcher chooses the study of document. Steps in collecting the data are as follow:

1. Downloading the interview from the internet

The researcher downloaded the video of Fox News Sunday Interview

between CW and DT from Factbase Videos youtube channel,

https://youtu.be/BuovphjWz0c on January 29, 2019.

2. Downloading the transcription text of the interview from

https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-chris-wallace-fox-news-

november-18-2018 on January 29, 2019.

3. Reading the full transcription text

4. Checking the accuracy of the transcription text and the video of the interview

5. Understanding the contents of the transcription text

6. Listing all the utterances of the interviewer and the interviewee to be

analyzed later on

7. Collecting all the data needed

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

As this study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, so the data of this research were analyzed based on interactive models proposed by Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014) with four phases of data analysis. The four phases of data

Universitas Sumatera Utara analysis are data collection, data condensation, data display and conclusion which is to draw or verify.

Figure 3.1 Miles, Huberman and Saldaña Interactive Models (2014: 33) Source: google

3.4.1 Data Collection

Data collection means that in this study the data is collecting by doing the steps as explained in the subchapter 3.3.

3.4.2 Data Condensation

According to Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014), data condensation refers to the process of selecting data, focusing, abstracting, simplifying and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcription. In this study, the data condensation are elaborated as follow:

a. Selecting

Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014) state that in choosing the data for the research, a researcher should do it selectively, which determines which dimensions

Universitas Sumatera Utara are more important, which relationships may be more meaningful and consequently, what information can be collected and analyzed. For this study, the researcher only selected the data related to the research problems, which are all the utterances of CW and DT in Fox News Sunday interview on November 18, 2018.

b. Focusing

Miles, Huberman and Saldaña (2014) stated that focusing data is a form of pre-analysis. This step is a continuation of the data selection. In this step, the researcher limits the data and focuses only on the selected data, which are all the utterances of CW and DT in Fox News Sunday interview on November 18, 2018 as the object of the data. In other words, in this step, the utterances of CW and DT which contain the conversational repair were identified.

c. Abstracting

Abstracting aims to summarise the selected data of the research to get the important part of it. In abstracting, the selected data of this research are extracted with suitable qualities to be analyzed based on the theory of Schegloff et al. in

Liddicoat (2007) about the types of repair and a theory proposed by Schegloff (2013) about the repair operations in conversation analysis. Therefore, the other informations in the data which do not relate to the theory used to analyze the research problems are removed.

Universitas Sumatera Utara d. Simplifying Transforming

Simplifying and transforming means that the data of the study is further simplified and transformed in various ways, such as through rigorous selection, by summary or short description and transforming the data into a broader pattern. In this study, the utterances which have been identified then coded into specified classification of conversational repair. The data of this study is classified into four types of repair based on Schegloff et al.‘s theory in Liddicoat (2007) and ten operations of repair based on Schegloff (2014) theory and then, all the conversational repairs in the conversation were coded by tabulating.

3.4.3 Data Display

After condensing all the data of the study, the data were displayed. Data display is used to draw conclusion from the mass of data. Miles and Huberman suggest that to have a good display of data, it is essential to present the data in the form of tables, charts, networks and other graphical formats. In this study, the data were transferred into tables. The data display of this study is presented in tables such as:

Table 3.1 Data Display of Occurrences of Types of Repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump

No. Types of Repair Occurrences Percentage (%) 1. Self-initiated Self-repair 2. Self-initiated Other-repair 3. Other-initiated Self-repair 4. Other-initiated Other-repair Total

Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 3.2 Data Display of Occurrences of Repair Operations in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump

No. Repair Operations Occurrences Percentage (%) 1. Replacing 2. Inserting 3. Deleting 4. Searching 5. Parenthesizing 6. Aborting 7. Sequence-jumping 8. Recycling 9. Reformatting 10. Reordering Total

3.4.4 Verification and Data Drawing

Having done the data collection and data condensation which are in the forms of phrases, clauses and sentences, then the data of this study were verified and drawn to be analyzed by the researcher with the steps as follows:

1. Reading the clauses or sentences

2. Identifying the clauses or sentences

3. Analyzing the clauses or sentences based on Schegloff et al.‘s theory in

Liddicoat (2007) about the types of repair and Schegloff (2014) theory

about the repair operations

4. Classifying the clauses or sentences into four types of repair based on

Schegloff et al.‘s theory in Liddicoat (2007)

5. Classifying the clauses or sentences into ten patterns of repair based on

Schegloff (2014) theory about the repair operations

6. Making conclusion

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION AND FINDINGS

This chapter presents the description and finding of conversation analysis of repair in a television talk show news program. This chapter describes the data analysis and reveals the answers of the research problems. The data was taken from a script of interview in Fox News Sunday between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump on November 18, 2018. There are two speakers in the conversation, namely the interviewer and the interviewee. The interviewer is an American television anchor,

Chris Wallace, which is symbolized by letters ‗CW‘ and the interviewee is the 45th president of the United States of America, which is symbolized by letters ‗DT‘. This chapter consists of two main parts, they are data description and finding.

4.1 Data Description

This part provides a deep explanation and the examples of each phenomenon of conversational repair found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT.

This part is divided into two sections, they are types of repair and repair operations in

Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT.

4.1.1 Types of Repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and DT

This section discusses the types of conversational repair found in Fox News

Sunday interview between CW and DT. The identification of the types of repair is based on a theory proposed by Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat (2007: 173). Those types are self-initiated self repair (SISR), self-initiated other-repair (SIOR), other-initiated

Universitas Sumatera Utara self-repair (OISR) and other-initiated other-repair (OIOR). Based on the data of this study, the researcher found that there are 49 conversational repairs in Fox News

Sunday interview between CW and DT. The type of repair which is used most dominantly is SISR which appears 45 times. Then, there is SIOR, appearing 4 times.

Meanwhile, OISR and OIOR are not found at all in this research.

4.1.1.1 Self-initiated Self-repair (SISR)

SISR is the type of repair that most frequently appears in the conversation between CW and DT in Fox News Sunday. The SISR occurs when the speaker of the trouble source recognizes making errors in their own utterances and try to repair the errors by themselves. The speaker of the trouble source acts as the repair initiator as well as the repair completer. The following examples show some occurrences of

SISR in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT.

CW : We‘ll get in to all the details later but how dark is your mood? (7) DT : It‘s very light, it‘s fake news, it‘s disgusting fake news...... …..(8) (08 / 00:00:42 - 00:00:44)

From the dialogue above, in turn 8, DT acts as the speaker of the trouble source. He initiates the repair in his own utterance and completes it by himself. The SISR done by DT is marked with bold letters. In the utterance, Trump recognizes making an error after he utters the clause ―it‘s fake news‖. Then, in completing the repair, DT adds an adjective ―disgusting‖ into the clause, that it becomes ―it‘s disgusting fake news‖ in order to answer CW‘s question about his mood as well as to emphasize what the news passes on him means to him.

Another example of SISR found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT is shown below. 38

Universitas Sumatera Utara CW : ...... Are you comfortable with the way that went down where it kind of looked like your wife was firing one of your advisors? (11) DT : ...... But, frankly, she is not -- she’ll never be put in the United Nations, let me put it that way. (12) (12 / 00:02:30 - 00:02:32)

From the dialogue above, in turn 12, it can be seen that an SISR emerges. The repair is marked with bold letters. The speaker of the trouble source, DT, immediately repairs his utterance after he realizes making an error in the utterance. He cuts off his sentence ―she is not --‖, then completes the repair at once by saying another sentence, ―she’ll never be put in the United Nations, let me put it that way.‖ The repair occurs because the sentence ―she is not...‖ is not what DT means to say.

Another occurrence of SISR found in Fox News Sunday interview between

CW and DT can also be seen below.

CW : What are your rules going to be? What is it that you‘re saying this is over the line and you lose your press pass – (110) DT : ...... You have – we had a lot of reporters in that room, many, many reporters in that room ...... (111) (111 / 00:15:08 – 00:15:09)

From the dialogue above, in turn 111, it can be seen that DT immediately cuts off his talk after saying ―You have...‖ because he realizes making an error in it. Then, DT resolves the error. He completes the repair by saying a new complete sentence, ―we had a lot of reporters in that room, many, many reporters in that room ...... ‖

For further occurrences of SISR found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT, see appendix 1 (number 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42,

43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 and 49).

4.1.1.2 Self-initiated Other-repair (SIOR)

Universitas Sumatera Utara SIOR is the type of repair which only occurs four times in the Fox News

Sunday interview between CW and DT. In SIOR, the speaker of the trouble source is the one who initiates the repair, but the interlocutor is the one who completes it.

Some occurrences of SIOR in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT are shown below.

CW : Your team is preparing written answers to questions about-- (48) DT : No, no, no, not my team. I‘m preparing written answers. My-- I – I‘m the one that does the answering. Yes, are they writing them out? (49) CW : Yes. (50) (48-49 / 00:06:46 – 00:06:51)

From the dialogue above, it can be seen that CW (in turn 48) is the speaker of the trouble source and DT (in turn 49) is the interlocutor. In his talk, CW gives a statement that it is DT‘s team who prepares the written answers to any questions addressed for DT, but DT denies it. CW‘s utterance is indicated as an error in the talk and DT as the interlocutor resolves it. Therefore, DT says, ―No, no, no, not my team.

I‘m preparing written answers...‖ to repair CW‘s utterance. So, an SIOR occurs in the talk.

CW : You‘ve talked a lot already about the cemetery and the fact that you didn’t go because it was a security concern and you did go the next day. Here‘s the thing -- (191) DT : No, excuse me. Not security concern, they wouldn‘t allow me to go (192) DW : I understand. (193) (191-193 / 00:22:25 – 00:22:39)

The dialogue above is another example of SIOR found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT. From the dialogue, CW‘s utterance (turn 191) is indicated as a problem. CW, in turn 191, says that DT didn‘t go to the American cemetry because of a security concern, but DT denies it. Then, DT repairs CW‘s

Universitas Sumatera Utara utterance by saying, ―No, excuse me. Not security concern, they wouldn‘t allow me to go‖ in turn 192.

For further occurrences of SIOR found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT, see appendix 1 (number 19 and 33).

4.1.1.3 Other-initiated Self-repair (OISR)

OISR is the third type of conversational repair proposed by Schegloff et al.

(1977) in Liddicoat (2007: 173). It occurs when the act of the repair initiation is done by the interlocutor, while the act of the repair completion is done by the speaker. One common way for the interlocutor to initiate the repair in OISR is to use the word

―huh?‖ or ―what?‖ or by repeating the trouble source. However, the type of OISR was not found at all in this study.

4.1.1.4 Other-initiated Other-repair (OIOR)

OIOR is the last type of conversational repair proposed by Schegloff et al.

(1977) in Liddicoat (2007: 173). In OIOR, it is the interlocutor who indicates a problem in the talk and resolves it. However, the type of OIOR was also not found at all in this study.

4.1.2 Repair Operations in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and DT

This section discusses the repair operations found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT. The identification of the repair operations is based on a theory proposed by Schegloff in Conversational Repair and Human

Understanding (2013: 43). Those repair operations are replacing, inserting, deleting,

Universitas Sumatera Utara searching, parenthesizing, aborting, sequence-jumping, recycling, reformatting and reordering. Based on the data of this study, the researcher found that there are 45 occurrences of repair operations in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and

DT. The repair operation which is used most dominantly is aborting which appears

28 times. Then, there is recycling, appearing 10 times. Parenthesizing, appearing 5 times and inserting which appears 2 times. Meanwhile, replacing, deleting, searching, sequence-jumping, reformatting and reordering are not found at all in this study.

4.1.2.1 Replacing

Replacing is the first type of repair operation proposed by Schegloff in

Conversational Repair and Human Understanding (2013). Replacing occurs when the speaker of the trouble source substitutes the whole or only a part of articulated elements in his/her utterance. Yet, in this study, it was not identified any repair operation which belongs to replacing.

4.1.2.2 Inserting

Inserting occurs when the speaker of the trouble source inserts one or new more elements such as word, term, phrase into his/her ongoing utterance, but still maintain the original formulation of the utterance. Some occurrences of inserting in

Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT are shown below.

CW : We‘ll get in to all the details later but how dark is your mood? (7) DT : It‘s very light, it’s fake news, it’s disgusting fake news...... (8) (08 / 00:00:42 - 00:00:44)

Universitas Sumatera Utara From the dialogue above, in turn 8, it shows that DT, as the speaker of the trouble source, employs inserting in his ongoing utterance. After uttering the phrase ―fake news‖, the word ―disgusting‖ is inserted and the complete noun phrase turned out to be ―disgusting fake news‖. Thus, the repair operation in DT‘s utterance here belongs to inserting.

Another occurrence of inserting found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT can also be seen below.

DT : .....You‘d have to say, excuse me, a man named Ron DeSantis is now your governor -- your new governor of Florida. A wonderful man named DeWine is your governor of the great state of Ohio...... (105) CW : But if you can't carry -- and you certainly didn't carry it two weeks ago -- Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania -- you're not going to get reelected. (106) (105 / 00:13:35 – 00:13:37)

From the dialogue above, in turn 105, it can be seen that DT, as the speaker of the trouble source, also employs inserting in his ongoing utterance. After saying the clause ―...a man named Ron Desantis is now your governor--‖, the phrase ―your new governor of Florida‖ is inserted to intensify the meaning of DT‘s utterance before.

The utterance turns out to be ―You‘d have to say, excuse me, a man named Ron

DeSantis is now your governor -- your new governor of Florida.‖.

4.1.2.3 Deleting

Deleting occurs when the speaker of the trouble source tends to delete one or more elements which has been articulated partially or fully in the speaker‘s utterance.

However, the repair operation which belongs to deleting is not found at all in this study.

4.1.2.4 Searching 43

Universitas Sumatera Utara Searching is employed by the speaker of the trouble source to produce a precise term which does not have an easy substitute, such as names of people, places, business, etc. Nevertheless, the repair operation which belongs to searching is not found at all in this study.

4.1.2.5 Parenthesizing

Parenthesizing occurs when the speaker of the trouble source adds a new element, which is a clause, into the ongoing utterance as the act of completing the repair. Parenthesizing gives more impact to the thing described by the speaker. Some occurrences of parenthesizing in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT are shown below.

DT : OK, but how long have I been looked at? You know when I‘ve been looked at? From the day I… (45) CW : Since July of 2016. (46) DT : From the day I announced. I was looked at as a candidate with nothing, no proof, with phony people like McCabe and Strzok and his lover – you had Lisa Page, his lover...... (47) (47 / 00:06:31 – 00:06:33)

From the dialogue above, in turn 47, it shows that the parenthesizing is done by DT.

He inserts a clause ―you had Lisa Page‖ into his ongoing utterance. From the parenthesizing done by DT, it can be seen that DT gives more explanation about the the thing he describes before which is the lover of Strzok.

Another occurrence of parenthesizing found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT can also be seen below.

CW : But if you can't carry -- and you certainly didn't carry it two weeks ago -- Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania -- you're not going to get reelected. (106) DT : I didn't run. I wasn't running. My name wasn't on the ballot...... (107) (106 / 00:13:58 – 00:14:01) 44

Universitas Sumatera Utara From the dialogue above, in turn 106, CW employs the parenthesizing as the repair operation. CW adds a clause ―...and you certainly didn‘t carry it two weeks ago...‖ into his ongoing utterance to emphazise the statement he says to DT about his reelection.

For further occurrences of the repair operation belongs to parenthesizing in

Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT, see appendix 1 (number 7, 34 and

45).

4.1.2.6 Aborting

Aborting is the most dominant repair operation found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT. In aborting, the speaker of the trouble source abandons the ongoing utterance and leaves it incomplete. The abandoning can be followed by an attempt of the speaker to achieve completion or without achieving completion. Some occurrences of parenthesizing in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT are shown below.

CW : We‘ll get in to all the details later but how dark is your mood? (7) DT : ...... You know, they hear -- I don’t even think they have sources I think they just make it up like it‘s fiction...... (8) (08 / 00:00:51 - 00:00:52)

From the dialogue above, in turn 8, it shows that DT, as the speaker of the trouble source, employs aborting as the repair operation. He intends to give respond about the Washington Post story, but in the middle of his talk, he abandons his utterance.

Instead of finishing his ongoing utterance ―they hear...‖, he aborts it and completes the repair by saying another utterance, which is ―...I don‘t even think they have sources.‖

Universitas Sumatera Utara The second occurrence of aborting found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT is shown below.

CW : What are the chances she‘ll be DHS Secretary-- (17) DT : Well there‘s a chance. But there’s a chance everybody -- I mean that’s what happens in government you leave, you make a name, you go...... (18) (18 / 00:02:55 – 00:02:56)

From the dialogue above, in turn 18, the aborting is done by DT. DT aborts his ongoing utterance, ―But there‘s a chance everybody...‖ and leaves it incomplete as the act of aborting. Then, he completes the repair by saying, ―I mean that‘s what happens in government you leave, you make a name, you go‖.

CW : I -- I’m -- let me -- if I might, sir, just ask— (62) DT : I think they‘d probably agree with me. (63) CW : If I may ask the question-- (64) (62 / 00:07:37 – 00:07:39)

From the dialogue above, in turn 62, CW, the speaker of the trouble source, aborts his utterance thrice, those are ―I--‖, ―I‘m--‖ and ―let me--‖. Then, the aborting is followed by achieving completion. Trump resolves the problem of the repair by saying a complete utterance ―if I might, Sir, just ask--‖.

Another occurrence of aborting found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT can also be seen below.

CW : What are your rules going to be? What what is it that you‘re saying this is over the line and you lose your press pass -- (110) DT : Yeah, they‘re doing them now. I mean, we‘ll have rules of decorum, you know, you can‘t keep asking questions. You have – we had a lot of reporters in that room, many, many reporters in that room ...... (111) (111 / 00:15:08 – 00:15:09)

From the dialogue above, in turn 111, DT‘s answer to CW‘s question contains aborting. DT aborts his utterance once. After saying ―You have--‖, he leaves it incomplete as it is not what he actually intends to say. Therefore, the aborting of his 46

Universitas Sumatera Utara utterance is followed by achieving completion which is a new complete utterance,

―we had a lot of reporters in that room, many, many reporters in that room and they were unable to ask questions because this guy gets up and starts, you know, doing what he‘s supposed to be doing for him and for CNN and, you know, just shouting out questions.‖

For further occurrences of the repair operation belongs to aborting in Fox

News Sunday interview between CW and DT, see appendix 1 (number 3, 6, 8, 9, 10,

12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 31, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47 and 49).

4.1.2.7 Sequence-jumping

Sequence-jumping occurs when the speaker of the trouble source abandons his/her ongoing utterance and the abandoning is followed by a different and unrelated utterance from the previous one. Yet, the repair operation which belongs to sequence-jumping is not found at all in this study.

4.1.2.8 Recycling

Recycling occurs when the speaker of the trouble source re-says or repeats some parts of their previous utterance. Some occurrences of recycling in Fox News

Sunday interview between CW and DT are shown below.

CW : What are the chances she‘ll be DHS Secretary-- (17) DT : Well there‘s a chance. But there‘s a chance everybody -- I mean that‘s what happens in government you leave, you make a name, you go. The people that have left have done very well. The people that have left have done very well -- from my White House...... (18) (18 / 00:03:01 - 00:03:04)

From the dialogue above, in turn 18, it shows that DT, as the speaker of the trouble source, is resaying some parts of his ongoing utterance as an act of recycling. He 47

Universitas Sumatera Utara repeats ―The people that have left have done very well...‖ twice in order to complete the repair.

The second occurrence of recycling found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT is shown below.

DT : Excuse me, I won the Senate. (97) CW : I understand that but-- (98) DT : I think they said 88 years. (99) CW : But this was a -- this was a historically big defeat in the House. You lost 36, maybe 40 seats. Some would argue that it was a thumping...... (100) (100 / 00:11:29 – 00:11:30)

From the dialogue above, in turn 100, it shows that CW, as the speaker of the trouble source, is resaying some parts of his ongoing utterance as an act of recycling. He repeats ―this was a...‖ twice in order to complete the repair.

Another occurrence of recycling found in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT can also be seen below.

CW : But, sir leaders in authoritarian countries like Russia, China, Venezuela, now repress the media using your words. (142) DT : I can‘t talk for other people, I can only talk for me. I will tell you – (143) CW : But you’re -- but you’re seen around the world as a beacon for repression, not for -- ...... (144) (144 / 00:18:13 – 00:18:14)

From the dialogue above, in turn 144, it can bee seen that CW, as the speaker of the trouble source, is resaying some parts of his ongoing utterance as an act of recycling.

He repeats ―But you‘re...‖ twice in order to complete the repair.

For further occurrences of the repair operation belongs to recycling in Fox

News Sunday interview between CW and DT, see appendix 1 (number 11, 28, 32,

35, 40, 44 and 48).

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.1.2.9 Reformatting

Reformatting emerges when the speaker of the trouble source change the format of the utterance, such as changing the WH question into yes/no question, the declarative sentence into negative or interrogative, vice versa. Yet, the repair operation which belongs to reformatting is not found at all in this study.

4.1.2.10 Reordering

Reordering occurs when the speaker of the trouble source realizes that his/her ongoing utterance does not come up as it should be, so the speaker reorders the elements in the utterance as the act of repair. However, the repair operation which belongs to reordering is not found at all in this study.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2 Findings

The researcher found two types of conversational repair in the data, which are self-initiated self-repair (SISR) and self-initiated other-repair (SIOR). SISR is the most dominant types of repair found in the data. There are 45 occurrences of SISR

(92%) and 4 occurrences of SIOR (8%). The researcher also found four repair operations, which are inserting, parenthesizing, aborting and recycling. Aborting is the most dominant repair operation found in the data. There are 2 occurrences of inserting (4%), 5 occurrences of parenthesizing (11%), 28 occurrences of aborting

(63%) and 10 occurrences of recycling (22%).

To make it more complete, the researcher counted the dominant types of conversational repair and repair operations found in the data by putting them into percentage using the general formula of percentage (Bungin, 2001: 188) as follows:

N : the percentage result

f(x) : total type of the sub category

n : total type of all categories

As what is stated above in the data display section, so the findings of the data analysis or data description is presented in the tables below.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 4.2.1 Table of Occurrences of Types of Repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump

No. Types of Repair Occurrences Percentage (%) 1. Self-initiated Self-repair 45 92% 2. Self-initiated Other-repair 4 8% 3. Other-initiated Self-repair - - 4. Other-initiated Other-repair - - Total 49 100%

Table 4.2.2 Table of Occurrences of Repair Operations in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump

No. Repair Operations Occurrences Percentage (%) 1. Replacing - - 2. Inserting 2 4% 3. Deleting - - 4. Searching - - 5. Parenthesizing 5 11% 6. Aborting 28 63% 7. Sequence-jumping - - 8. Recycling 10 22% 9. Reformatting - - 10. Reordering - - Total 45 100%

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the research description and findings of types of repair and repair operations in Fox News Sunday interview between CW and DT, the researcher draws two conclusions as follows:

1. In accordance with the first objective of the study, that is to find out the types

of repair in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and DT, there are only

two types of repair found in the talk show. They are self-initiated self-repair

(SISR) and self-initiated other-repair (SIOR). Between the two types of repair

occuring in the talk show, SISR is the most often occurring type of repair.

The massive use of SISR in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and

DT is because the trouble sources or repairable items mainly comes from the

speakers themselves and they also the ones who complete it. Therefore, SISR

occurs most dominantly in the talk show. In contrast to SISR, SIOR has the

lowest number of occurence. SIOR is employed by the interlocutor or

recipient in the talk show when they notice an error or a wrong information is

uttered by the speaker.

2. In accordance with the second objective of the study, that is to find out the

repair operations used in Fox News Sunday Interview between CW and DT,

there are four repair operations employed by the participants in the talk show.

The repair operations are inserting, parenthesizing, aborting and recycling.

Among the four repair operations occuring in the talk show, aborting is the

Universitas Sumatera Utara most often occurring repair operation. Aborting is often employed by the

participants in the talk show when they experience a misinformation in their

utterances or in other words, when they notice that what they have said is not

what they actually intend to say. Therefore, the participants usually abort or

leave their utterance incomplete when they realize that it is not what they

actually want to say and then achieve the repair completion by saying the

next utterance. In contrast to aborting, recycling, parenthesizing and inserting

have the lower number of occurrences. Recycling is employed by the

participants in the talk show when they repeats some parts, such as words,

phrases or clauses, in their utterances. Parenthesizing is employed by the

participants in the talk show when they insert an additional clause in their

ongoing utterances in order to give more impact to the thing they describe in

the utterances. Meanwhile, inserting is employed by the participants in the

talk show when they notice that they need to add a new element, such as

word or phrase, in their ongoing utterances.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the results of the research, the researcher would like to give some suggestion as follows:

1. To the Students of English Department

It will be better if the students of English Department pay more attention to

conversation analysis deeply because there are a lot of phenomena in human

daily conversations that can be studied and analyzed. By learning the

conversation analysis, the students‘ conversation skills will be improved.

Universitas Sumatera Utara They are not only able in using spoken or written language, but also in

understanding the conversation structures and its occurrences.

2. To the English Department of University of Sumatera Utara

It is suggested that the English Department of University of Sumatera Utara

can add Conversation Analysis as a new subject to be studied to improve the

students‘ knowledge and skills in understanding not only the spoken and

written language, but also its phenomena and structure.

3. To the Other Reasearchers

To the next researchers who want to conduct the similar research, it is

suggested that they should understand all of the conversation analysis aspects

and the conversational repairs, so that they will not face any significant

problem in the future in conducting the research. This research is focused

only in the types of repair and repair operations in self-initiated self-repair.

So, the next researcher is suggested to analyze the repair phenomena in other

perspectives.

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Universitas Sumatera Utara APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Tabulation of All Analysis of Types of Repair and Repair Operations in Fox News Sunday Interview between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump

Types of Repair Repair Operations No. Code Utterances SI OI R I D S P A S R R R Explanation SR OR SR OR P N L R R B J C F O In the utterance, DT is the one who initiates the repair and completes it by himself. Therefore, 08 / DT : It's very DT employs an SISR in his utterance. After he 00:00: light, it's fake uttered the phrase ―fake news‖, the word 1. 42 - news, it's   ―disgusting‖ was added and the complete noun 00:00: disgusting fake phrase turned out to be ―disgusting fake news‖. 44 news. Thus, the repair operation in DT‘s utterance here belongs to inserting. In the utterance, DT, as the speaker of the trouble source, employs an SISR as the type of DT : You know, repair and aborting as the repair operation. DT 08 / they hear – I initiates the repair and completes it by himself. 00:00: don’t even think He intends to give respond about the 2. 51 - they have sources   Washington Post story, but in the middle of his 00:00: I think they just utterance, he interrupts it before completing it. 52 make it up like it‘s Instead of finishing his ongoing utterance ―they fiction...... hear...‖, he aborts it and completes the repair by saying another utterance, which is ―...I don‘t even think they have sources.‖ 12 / DT : But, frankly, In the utterance, DT employs an SISR. In 3.   00:02: she is not -- she’ll completing the repair, he employs aborting as

Universitas Sumatera Utara 30 - never be put in the repair operation. DT aborts his utterance, 00:02: the United ―she is not...‖ and leaves it incomplete. Then, 32 Nations, let me he repairs the utterance by saying, ―she‘ll never put it that way. be put in the United Nations, let me put it that way.‖ DT : Well there‘s In the utterance, DT, as the speaker of the a chance. But trouble source, employs an SISR as the type of 18 / there’s a chance repair and aborting as the repair operation. DT 00:02: everybody -- I aborts his ongoing utterance, ―But there‘s a 4. 55 – mean that’s what   chance everybody...‖ and leaves it incomplete 00:02: happens in as the act of aborting. Then, he completes the 56 government you repair by saying, ―I mean that‘s what happens leave, you make a in government you leave, you make a name, you name, you go. go‖. DT : The people Here, the trouble source is the utterance that have left produced by DT and he also the one who 18 / have done very repairs it. DT employs an SISR as the type of 00:03: well. The people repair and recycling as the repair operation. He 5. 01 -   that have left repeats some parts of his ongoing utterance 00:03: have done very ―The people that have left have done very 04 well -- from my well...‖ twice as an act of doing a White House. conversational repair. In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the DT : We -- I 22 / type of repair and aborting as the repair wouldn’t -- look, 00:03: operation. DT as the speaker of the trouble we get along well. 6. 23 –   source aborts his ongoing utterance twice ―We-- There are certain 00:03: ― and ―I wouldn‘t--― and completes the repair things I love what 25 of his utterance by saying ―look, we get along he does. well...‖. DT : ...... In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 22 / And there are type of repair and parenthesizing as the repair 00:03: certain things that operation. He adds a clause ―that aren‘t his 7. 32 –   I don‘t like that strength‖ to his ongoing utterance, so that the 00:03: he does – that complete utterance becomes ―And there are 34 aren’t his certain things that I don‘t like that he does—

Universitas Sumatera Utara strength. that aren‘t his strength.‖ 22 / DT : It‘s not that In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the he doesn’t do – 00:03: type of repair and aborting as the repair you know he operation. He aborts his ongoing utterance ―It‘s 8. 36 – works so hard.   not that he doesn‘t do--‖ and completes the He‘s doing an 00:03: repair of his utterance by saying ―you know he excellent job in works so hard.‖ 37 many ways ...... In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 26 / DT : I have not -- type of repair and aborting as repair operation. 00:03: look, I have three After saying, ―I have not--‖, DT leaves it 9. 59 – or four or five   incomplete as the act of aborting and completes 00:04: positions that I‘m the repair of his utterance by saying ―look, I 01 thinking about. have three or four or five positions that I‘m thinking about.‖ In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 26 / type of repair and aborting as the repair 00:04: DT : Maybe, but I operation. After saying, ―Maybe, but I want to-- 10. 08 - want to -- I need   ‖, DT leaves it incomplete as the act of aborting 00:04: flexibility. and completes the repair of his utterance by 09 saying ―I need flexibility.‖ DT : I don‘t think it had any effect. If you look at 33 / those statements Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair 00:04: those statements and recycling as the repair operation. DT 11. 56 – that can -- they   repeats some parts of his utterance, which is 00:04: really can be ―those statements‖ twice. It indicates he does a 57 viewed either recycling in the repair completion. way, but I don‘t think it will have any impact-- 33 / DT : If you look at In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 12.   00:04: those statements type of repair and aborting as the repair

Universitas Sumatera Utara 57 – those statements operation. After saying, ―If you look at those 00:04: that can -- they statements those statements that can--‖, DT 58 really can be leaves it incomplete as the act of aborting and viewed either way, completes the repair of his utterance by saying but I don‘t think it ―they really can be viewed either way...‖ will have any impact Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair 41 / and aborting as the repair operation. He aborts 00:05: DT : Look he -- his ongoing utterance ―Look he--‖, leaves it 13. 52 – it’s going to be up   incomplete and completes the repair of his 00:05: to him. utterance by saying ―it‘s going to be up to 53 him.‖ DT : From the day I announced. I was looked at as a Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair 47 / candidate with and parenthesizing as the repair operation. In 00:06: nothing, no proof, completing the repair, he adds a clause ―you 14. 31 – with phony people   had Lisa Page,..‖ into his ongoing utterance to 00:06: like McCabe and give more impact to the thing he describes in 33 Strzok and his the utterance which is Strzok‘s lover. lover -- you had Lisa Page, his lover...... CW : Your team is preparing written answers 48-49 / to questions There is an OISR emerges here. CW, as the 00:06: about-- interlocutor of DT, gives a statement which is 15. 46 – DT : No, no, no,  indicated as an error by DT, so that DT resolves 00:06: not my team. I’m the error. 51 preparing written answers. My -- I - - I‘m the one that does the

Universitas Sumatera Utara answering. Yes, are they writing them out? W : Yes. DT : No, no, no, not my team. I‘m In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 49 / preparing written type of repair and aborting as the repair 00:06: answers. My -- I - operation. DT aborts his utterance twice, 16. 52 – - I’m the one that   ―My...‖ and ―I...‖ and finally completes the 00:06: does the repair of his utterance by saying ―I‘m the one 53 answering. Yes, that does the answering.‖ are they writing them out? In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the DT : By the way, 55 / type of repair and aborting as the repair it wasn‘t a big 00:07: operation. In the middle of his ongoing deal. The answers 17. 08 –   utterance, after saying ―The answers...‖, DT -- the questions 00:07: leaves it incomplete as the act of aborting and were asked and 09 completes the repair of his utterance by saying answered. ―the questions were asked and answered.‖ In the utterance, CW (the host) is the speaker of 62 / the trouble source. CW employs an SISR as the CW : I -- I’m -- 00:07: type of repair and aborting as the repair let me -- if I 18. 37 –   operation. He aborts his ongoing utterance ―I -- might, sir, just 00:07: I‘m -- let me --‖ and resolves the problem of the ask— 39 repair by saying a complete utterance ―if I might, Sir, just ask--‖. CW : When Here, an SIOR emerges. DT, as the interlocutor Democrats flipped of CW in the conversation, recognizes an error 94-98 / the House back in in CW‘s utterance. CW does not mention that 00:10: 2006 and picked DT won the Senate, thus DT repairs the error in 19. 58 –  up 30 seats, CW‘s utterance by saying ―I won the Senate. 00:11: President Bush 43 Excuse me, I won the Senate.‖ 26 had a news It indicates that DT recognizes the error in conference the CW‘s utterance and repairs it. However, this

Universitas Sumatera Utara next day and said, type of conversational repair does not belong to ―We had a any ten repair operations based on Schegloff‘s thumping.‖ Last (2013) theory, as they are only for self-initiated week, in this self-repair. election, the House picked up, so far it‘s 36 seats, it may be on the way to 40 seats and your reaction was that it was almost a complete victory. DT : I won the Senate, you don’t mention that. CW : But, well – I-- DT : Excuse me, I won the Senate. CW : I understand that but-- CW : But this was 100 / a -- this was a In the utterance, CW employs an SISR as the 00:11: historically big type of repair and recycling as the repair 20. 29 – defeat in the   operation. Here, CW repeats some parts of his 00:11: House. You lost utterance, which is ―this was a‖ twice as the act 30 36, maybe 40 of doing recycling for the repair completion. seats. DT : We won -- Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair 101 / we now have 53 and aborting as the repair operation. After 00:12: as opposed to 51 saying, ―We won...‖, DT leaves the utterance 21. 19 –   and we have 53 incompletely as the act of aborting and resolves 00:12: great Senators in the problem of the repair by saying a new 20 the U.S. Senate. complete utternace ―we now have 53 as

Universitas Sumatera Utara We won. That‘s a opposed to 51 and we have 53 great senators in tremendous the U.S. Senate.‖ victory. 102 / Here, CW employs an SISR as the type of CW : Wait -- wait 00:12: repair and aborting as the repair operation. He a minute you said 22. 36 –   aborts his ongoing utterance ―wait a minute, -- you kept 00:12: you said--― and completes the repair by saying saying-- 37 ―you kept saying‖. DT : But I have people and you see the polls, how In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the good they are, I type of repair and aborting as the repair 105 / have people that operation. In the middle of his ongoing 00:12: won‘t vote unless utterance, after saying ―And almost everybody 23. 50 – I‘m on the ballot,   that I won--‖, DT leaves it incomplete as the act 00:12: OK? And I wasn‘t of aborting and completes the repair of his 51 on the ballot. And utterance by saying a new complete utterance almost everybody ―I think they said it was 10 out of 11.‖ that I won -- I think they said it was 10 out of 11. DT : You‘d have to say, excuse me, 105 / In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the a man named 00:13: type of repair and inserting as the repair Ron DeSantis is 24. 35 –   operation. DT, as the speaker of the trouble now your 00:13: source inserts a phrase ―your new governor of governor – your 37 Florida‖ into his ongoing utterance. new governor of Florida...... CW : But if you Here, CW employs an SISR as the type of 106 / can't carry – and repair and parenthesizing as the repair 00:13: you certainly operation. CW adds a clause ―...and you 25. 58 –   didn't carry it certainly didn‘t carry it two weeks ago...‖ into 00:14: two weeks ago -- his ongoing utterance, to give more impact to 01 Michigan, the thing he described for DT.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania -- you're not going to get reelected. In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 109 / type of repair and aborting as the repair 00:14: DT : I -- it’s fine, operation. After saying ―I..‖, he leaves it 26. 44 – I mean it‘s not a   incomplete and launches new utterance ―...it‘s 00:14: big deal. fine, I mean it‘s not a big deal,‖ to complete the 45 repair. DT : You have – Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair 111 / we had a lot of and aborting as the repair operation. After 00:15: reporters in that saying ―You have...‖, he leaves it incomplete as 27. 08 – room, many,   the act of aborting and laucnhes new utterance 00:15: many reporters in ―...we have a lot of reporters in that room,...‖ 09 that room to complete the repair...... CW : But there have been people 134 / who have been Here, CW employs an SISR as the type of 00:16: critical of other repair and recycling as the repair operation. CW 28. 56 – presidents,   repeats some parts of his ongoing utterance 00:16: they’re they’re -- ―...they‘re‖ twice as an act of doing recycling in 57 no president has conversational repair. liked his press coverage. CW : But there In the utterance, CW employs an SISR as the have been people type of repair and aborting as the repair 134 / who have been operation. After saying ―But there have been 00:16: critical of other people who have been critical of other 29. 57 – presidents, they‘re   presidents, they‘re...‖, he leaves it incomplete 00:16: they’re -- no as the act of aborting and complete the repair of 58 president has his utterance by saying ―no president has like liked his press his coverage.‖. coverage.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CW : But you’re 144 / Here, CW employs an SISR as the type of -- but you’re seen 00:18: repair and recycling as the repair operation. CW around the world 30. 13 –   repeats some parts of his ongoing utterance as a beacon for 00:18: ―But you‘re‖ twice as an act of doing recycling repression, not for 14 in conversational repair. -- DT : The news -- In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 145 / Chris, Chris, I’m type of repair and aborting as the repair 00:18: not talking about operation. After saying ―The news...‖ in his 31. 13 – you, but you   ongoing utterance, he leaves it incomplete as 00:18: sometimes maybe. the act of aborting and complete the repair of 14 But I‘m not his utterance by saying ―Chris, Chris, I‘m not talking about you. talking about you, but yous sometimes maybe.‖. In the utterance, CW employs an SISR as the 148 / CW : Can I just type of repair and recycling as the repair 00:18: bring the -- can I operation. CW repeats some parts of his 32. 36 –   just bring the ongoing utterance ―Can i just bring the...‖ twice 00:18: bigger issue -- as an act of doing recycling in conversational 37 repair. CW : Bill McRaven, Retired Here, an SIOR emerges. After CW describes Admiral, Navy Bill McRaven as former head of U.S. Special Seal, 37 years, Operations, DT gives an explanation regarding 152- former head to CW‘s utterance that McRaven is not only a 155 / of U.S. Special former head of U.S. Special Operation, but also 00:18: Operations -- a Hillary Clinton fan. It occures twice. It 33.  48 – DT : Hillary indicates that DT recognizes an error in CW‘s 00:18: Clinton fan. utterance, and he manages to resolve the 51 CW : Special problem. However, this type of conversational Operations -- repair does not belong to any ten repair DT : Excuse me, operations based on Schegloff‘s (2013) theory, Hillary Clinton as they are only for self-initiated self-repair. fan. 159 / DT : Wouldn‘t it In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 34.   00:19: have been nice if type of repair and parenthesizing as the repair

Universitas Sumatera Utara 15 – we got Osama Bin operation. In the middle of his ongoing 00:19: Laden a lot sooner utterance, DT adds a clause ―...think of this...‖ 17 than that, to give more impact to the thing he described wouldn‘t it have before. The repair completion of the utterance been nice? You becomes ―You know living – think of this – know, living – living in Pakistan,...‖ think of this – living in Pakistan, beautifully in Pakistan in what I guess they considered a nice mansion, I don‘t know, I‘ve seen nicer. 163 / DT : They took In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 00:19: him down but – type of repair and recycling as the repair 35. 36 – look, look, there‘s   operation. DT repeats a word of his ongoing 00:19: news right there, utterance which is ―look‖ twice as an act of 37 .... doing recycling in conversational repair. DT : When you do something very Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair good and they 167 / and aborting as the repair operation. After write it badly and 00:20: saying ―this is consistently when you...‖ in his this is 36. 09 –   ongoing utterance, he leaves it incomplete as consistently when 00:20: the act of aborting and complete the repair by you -- as an 10 saying ―as an example, rarely do they talk example, rarely about...‖. do they talk about -- 170 / In the utterance, CW employs an SISR as the 00:20: type of repair and aborting as the repair CW : I -- look -- I 37. 49 –   operation. He does the aborting twice. After think -- 00:20: saying ―I..‖ and ―look...‖ in his ongoing 50 utterance, he leaves it incomplete as the act of

Universitas Sumatera Utara aborting and launches the next utterance, ―I think...‖ to complete the repair. Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair DT : Just won‘t 190 / and aborting as the repair operation. After happen, it’s not – 00:22: saying ―Just won‘t happen, it‘s not...‖ in his I think the eight 38. 20 –   ongoing utterance, he leaves it incomplete and year limit is a 00:22: launches new utterance ―I think the eight year good thing, not a 21 limit is a good thing, not a bad thing.‖ to bad thing. complete the repair. CW : You‘ve talked a lot already about the cemetery and the fact that you Here, an SIOR emerges. CW says that DT didn’t go because didn‘t go to a cemetry because of security 191- it was a security concern, but DT denies it. It indicates that DT 193 / concern and you recognizes an error in CW‘s utterance, and he 00:22: 39. did go the next  manages to repair it. However, this type of 25 – day. Here‘s the conversational repair does not belong to any ten 00:22: thing -- repair operations based on Schegloff‘s (2013) 39 DT : No, excuse theory, as they are only for self-initiated self- me. Not security repair. concern, they wouldn’t allow me to go. CW: I understand. 202 / In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 00:23: DT : But I would type of repair and recycling as the repair 40. 37 – have -- I would   operation. DT repeats some parts of his ongoing 00:23: have done it. utterance ―I would have...‖ twice as an act of 38 doing recycling in conversational repair. 206 / DT : ...On top of Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair 00:24: which -- I mean, and aborting as the repair operation. After 41.   27 – we’ve just been saying ―On top of which...‖ in the middle of his 00:24: very busy. But I ongoing utterance, he leaves it incomplete as

Universitas Sumatera Utara 28 will be doing that. the act of aborting and launches new utterance ―I mean, we‘ve just been very busy.‖ to complete the repair. DT : We got the biggest tax cuts in history, we got Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair ANWR approved, 209 / and aborting as the repair operation. After we have -- we got 00:25: saying ―we got ANWR approved, we have...‖ in rid of the 42. 58 –   the middle of his ongoing utterance, he leaves it individual 00:25: incomplete as the act of aborting and launches mandate, which 59 new utterance ―we got rid of the individual was the most mandate,.....‖ to complete the repair. unpopular thing you can imagine -- ...... DT : With that being said, other In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the than you have to type of repair and aborting as the repair have a certain operation. After saying ―With that being said, 209 / ability to fight other than you have to have a certain ability to 00:26: back and, as you fight back and, as you know, people have...‖ in 43. 25 –   know, people the middle of his ongoing utterance, he leaves it 00:26: have -- you know, incomplete as the act of aborting and launches 26 they take strong new utterance ―you know, they take strong stands on me both stands on me both ways, you know, love and ways, you know, hate‖ to complete the repair. love and hate. DT : We have a In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 209 / lot of victories type of repair and recycling as the repair 00:26: coming and I operation. In the middle of his ongoing 44. 52 – think if I -- if I go   utterance, DT repeats some parts of his ongoing 00:26: too low key we‘re utterance ―if I...‖ twice as an act of doing 53 not going to have recycling in conversational repair. those victories. 45. 225 / CW : How, when   In the utterance, CW employs an SISR as the

Universitas Sumatera Utara 00:28: you’re sitting at type of repair and parenthesizing as the repair 14 – the desk, how do operation. CW as the speaker of the trouble 00:28: you make source, inserts a clause ―when you‘re sitting at 15 decisions? the desk,‖ into his ongoing utterance to give more impact to the thing he describes in the utterance. DT : They‘ve very competitive In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the people and at the type of repair and aborting as the repair end I make a operation. After saying ―They‘ve very 226 / decision and it‘s competitive people and at the end I make a 00:28: certainly on the decision and it‘s certainly on the economy, a lot 46. 48- economy, a lot of   of things we‘ve been...‖, he leaves it incomplete 00:28: things we’ve as the act of aborting and launches new 49 been – we’ve utterance ―we‘ve made a lot of good decisions made a lot of and I want to keep it that way.‖ to complete the good decisions repair. and I want to keep it that way. Here, DT employs an SISR as the type of repair DT : ...... And 234 / and aborting as the repair operation. After you know could 00:29: saying ―...And you know could which is, if it...‖, which is -- if it -- 47. 35 –   he leaves it incomplete as the act of aborting if that’s the way it 00:29: and launches new utterance ―...if that‘s the way goes, that’s the 37 it goes, that‘s the way it goes.‖ to complete the way it goes. repair. 234 / In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the DT : ...if that’s 00:29: type of repair and recycling as the repair the way it goes, 48. 37 –   operation. DT repeats some parts of his ongoing that’s the way it 00:29: utterance ―that‘s the way it goes‖ twice as an goes. 38 act of doing recycling in conversational repair. 234 / DT : It's not like In the utterance, DT employs an SISR as the 00:29: we’re -- we type of repair and aborting as the repair 49.   57 – should put -- and operation. After saying ―It‘s not like we‘re...‖, 00:29: everybody else he leaves it incomplete as the act of aborting

Universitas Sumatera Utara 58 should be second and launches new utterance ―...we should put to us, no. and everybody else should be second to us, no.‖ to complete the repair. TOTAL : 45 4 - - - 2 - - 5 28 - 10 - -

Universitas Sumatera Utara Appendix 2. The Transcript of Conversation between Chris Wallace and Donald Trump in Fox News Sunday

Notes: CW = Chris Wallace, Fox News Anchor DT = Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States

Transcript:

*PART 1*

CW : Mr. President, thank you for talking with us. (1)

DT : Thank you Chris, very much. (2)

CW : Let‘s start with the state of Donald Trump. (3)

DT : Right. (4)

CW : There are a number of stories out there that you‘re angry about the mid terms, about your treatment in the media, about the way you were treated when you were in Paris. One story even said that you were in a ―cocoon of bitterness and resentment.‖ (5)

DT : Right. (6)

CW : We‘ll get in to all the details later but how dark is your mood? (7)

DT : It‘s very light, it‘s fake news, it‘s disgusting fake news. I read a front page story in the Washington Post, they never even called me, nobody ever calls me. You know, they hear – I don‘t even think they have sources I think they just make it up like it‘s fiction. And I will tell you I‘m extremely upbeat, the

Universitas Sumatera Utara White House is running like a well-oiled machine, it‘s doing really well, I have great people. I will make some changes but not very many. I‘m very happy with my cabinet, other than, you know a couple of exceptions and even there I‘m not unhappy. And I will tell you that it‘s so wrong, the reporting about me is so wrong. I‘m loving what I‘m doing, I did well in France, I did have a problem where I wasn‘t able to go to a cemetery because the Secret Service would not let me do it. (8)

CW : We‘ll get in to all of this sir-- (9)

DT : No, but I‘m just saying the Secret Service would not let me do it and they made it a big deal. (10)

CW : You‘ve said a lot of things there, let‘s try to unpack them. There‘s a lot of talk about staff changes, your deputy national security advisor was moved out after your wife did something I‘ve never heard of a first lady doing before publicly calling for her removal. Are you comfortable with the way that went down where it kind of looked like your wife was firing one of your advisors? (11)

DT : Well I didn‘t know the advisor well, really, and I know they had a lot of problem. My wife did a great job in Africa and she was not treated properly by the press, she really worked so hard. They came to me. They wanted to go a little bit public because that‘s the way they felt and I thought it was fine. I met with Mira two days ago and we‘re going to move her around. She was with me for a long time, although I don‘t know her. She‘s really somebody I don‘t know very well. But we‘re going to move her around because she‘s got certain talents. But, frankly, she is not -- she‘ll never be put in the United Nations, let me put it that way. (12)

Universitas Sumatera Utara CW : Meaning she‘s not too diplomatic? (13)

DT : She‘s not too diplomatic, but she‘s talented. (14)

CW : Are you happy with Kirstjen Nielsen at DHS? (15)

DT : Well, I like her a lot. I respect her a lot. She‘s very smart. I want her to get much tougher and we‘ll see what happens there. But I want to be extremely tough. (16)

CW : What are the chances she‘ll be DHS Secretary-- (17)

DT : Well there‘s a chance. But there‘s a chance everybody -- I mean that‘s what happens in government you leave, you make a name, you go. The people that have left have done very well. The people that have left have done very well -- from my White House. I like her very much, I respect her very much, I‘d like her to be much tougher on the border -- much tougher, period. (18)

CW : Back in July you said that Chief of Staff John Kelly will be here through 2020. (19)

DT : Well-- (20)

CW : Can you still say that? (21)

DT : We -- I wouldn‘t -- look, we get along well. There are certain things I love what he does. And there are certain things that I don‘t like that he does – that aren‘t his strength. It‘s not that he doesn‘t do – you know he works so hard. He‘s doing an excellent job in many ways. There are a couple of things where it‘s just not his strength. It‘s not his fault, it‘s not his strength. (22)

Universitas Sumatera Utara CW : Such as? (23)

DT : But I haven‘t even thought about John in terms of this. But John, at some point, is going to want to move on. John will move on. (24)

CW : So 2020 is no longer written in stone? (25)

DT : It could happen. Yeah, it could -- I mean it could be. But let‘s see what happens. I have not -- look, I have three or four or five positions that I‘m thinking about. Of that, maybe it‘s going to end up being two. Maybe, but I want to -- I need flexibility. (26)

CW : You have already made at least one big change, naming Matt Whitaker as your acting-- (27)

DT : Yeah. (28)

CW : --Attorney General. He has a long record of speaking out against the Special Counsel and his probe. (29)

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) Matt Whitaker, Acting Attorney General: I could see a scenario where Jeff Sessions is replaced, in a recess appointment, and that attorney general doesn't fire Bob Mueller but he just reduces the budget so low that his investigation grinds to almost a halt. The truth is there was no collusion with the Russians and the Trump campaign. (END VIDEO CLIP)

CW : Did you know, before you appointed him, that he had that record and was so critical of Robert Mueller? (30)

DT : I did not know that. I did not know he took views on the Mueller

Universitas Sumatera Utara investigation as such. (31)

CW : And when you found that out? (32)

DT : I don‘t think it had any effect. If you look at those statements those statements that can -- they really can be viewed either way, but I don‘t think it will have any impact-- (33)

CW : Well, he said there‘s no collusion, he says-- (34)

DT : Chris, I‘ll tell you what-- (35)

CW : --he said you can starve the investigation— (36)

DT : He‘s right. What do you do when a person‘s right? There is no collusion. He happened to be right. I mean, he said it. So if he said there is collusion, I‘m supposed to be taking somebody that says there is? Because then I wouldn‘t take him for two reasons, but the number one reason is the fact that he would have been wrong. If he said that there‘s no collusion, he‘s right. (37)

CW : He is going to have to make or could potentially make a lot of big calls in the Mueller investigation. If Mueller decides that he wants to subpoena you, the Attorney General Whitaker can block that. If Mueller issues a final report, he can decide how much goes to Congress or doesn‘t go to Congress. You tweeted this week about, quote, ―Bob Mueller and his gang of Democrat thugs.‖ (38)

DT : Right. (39)

CW : If Whitaker decides in any way to limit or curtail the Mueller investigation, are you OK with that? (40)

Universitas Sumatera Utara DT : Look he -- it‘s going to be up to him. I think he‘s very well aware politically. I think he‘s astute politically. He‘s a very smart person. A very respected person. He‘s going to do what‘s right. I really believe he‘s going to do what‘s right. (41)

CW : But you won‘t overrule him if he decides to curtail-- (42)

DT : I would not get involved. And all these people that say I‘m going to end the investigation, you know, they‘ve been saying that now for– how long has this witch hunt gone on? It‘s gone on for, what? (43)

CW : Since May of ‘17. (44)

DT : OK, but how long have I been looked at? You know when I‘ve been looked at? From the day I… (45)

CW : Since July of 2016. (46)

DT : From the day I announced. I was looked at as a candidate with nothing, no proof, with phony people like McCabe and Strzok and his lover -- you had Lisa Page, his lover. These people were looking at me, they wanted an insurance policy just in case I won or Hillary lost, and this was the insurance policy. It‘s a scam. There was no collusion whatsoever, and the whole thing is a scam. (47)

CW : Your team is preparing written answers to questions about-- (48)

DT : No, no, no, not my team. I‘m preparing written answers. My -- I -- I‘m the one that does the answering. Yes, are they writing them out? (49)

CW : Yes. (50)

Universitas Sumatera Utara DT : Yeah. They‘re writing what I tell them to write. (51)

CW : Are they going to be submitted? (52)

DT : At some point very soon, yes. I‘ve completed them. (53)

CW : So you‘re -- you are submitting--- (54)

DT : And it wasn‘t a big deal. By the way, it wasn‘t a big deal. The answers – the questions were asked and answered. It wasn‘t a big deal. You know, they make it like I had meetings for many, many hours -- I got the questions, I responded, we wrote them out, I read them once, I read them a second time, we made some changes, that‘s it. They‘re very simple. (55)

CW : OK. (56)

DT : You know why? I did nothing wrong. (57)

CW : Here‘s my question, though. You are submitting written answers-- (58)

DT : Yes. (59)

CW : --to the special counsel about the issue of collusion but not on obstruction of justice? (60)

DT : Well there was no obstruction of justice. (61)

CW : I -- I‘m -- let me -- if I might, sir, just ask-- (62)

DT : I think they‘d probably agree with me. (63)

CW : If I may ask the question-- (64)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

DT : And all you have to do is look at Article II. (65)

CW : Is that your final position, that there‘s going to be no sit-down interview and nothing written or in person on obstruction? (66)

DT : I would say probably. Probably. I mean, I can change my mind, but probably. I think we‘ve-- (67)

CW : No interview? (68) DT : I think we‘ve wasted enough time on this witch hunt and the answer is probably, we‘re finished. (69)

CW : What are the odds? One in a hundred? What--What? (70)

DT : I don‘t do odds, I gave very detailed-- (71)

CW : You ran a casino sir. (72)

DT : You‘re right, and very successfully actually. We gave very, very complete answers to a lot of questions that I shouldn‘t have even been asked and I think that should solve the problem, I hope it solves the problem, if it doesn‘t, you know, I‘ll be told and we‘ll make a decision at that time. But probably this is the end. (73)

CW : Turkish President Erdogan says that he has shared a tape with the U.S. and other countries that is of the killing of Jamal Khashoggi inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. (74)

DT : Right. (75)

CW : Have you one, either heard the tape yourself or been briefed on it and if so,

Universitas Sumatera Utara to your mind what does it show? (76)

DT : We have the tape, I don‘t want to hear the tape, no reason for me to hear the tape. (77)

CW : Why don‘t you want to hear it sir? (78)

DT : Because it‘s a suffering tape, it‘s a terrible tape. I‘ve been fully briefed on it, there‘s no reason for me to hear it, in fact I said to the people should I? They said: ―you really shouldn‘t, there‘s no reason.‖ I know exactly – I know everything that went on in the tape without having to hear it. (79)

CW : And what happened? (80)

DT : It was very violent, very vicious and terrible. (81)

CW : A month ago you said you had spoken with Saudi crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman and that he had told you directly that he had no knowledge of this. (82)

DT : That‘s right, that‘s right and still says that. (83)

CW : But we now know that some of the people closest to him, some of his closest advisors were part of this. Question, did MBS lie to your sir? (84)

DT : I don‘t – I don‘t know, you know who could really know but I can say this he‘s got many people now that say he had no knowledge. (85)

CW : What if the Crown Prince speaking to you, the President of the United States directly lied to you about-- (86)

DT : Well, he told me that he had nothing to do with it, he told me that I would

Universitas Sumatera Utara say maybe five times at different points. (87)

CW : But what if he‘s lying? (88)

DT : As recently as a few days ago. (89)

CW : Do you just live with it because you need him? (90)

DT : Well, will anybody really know? All right, will anybody really know? But he did have certainly people that were reasonably close to him and close to him that were probably involved. You saw we put on very heavy sanctions, massive sanctions on a large group of people from Saudi Arabia. But at the same time we do have an ally and I want to stick with an ally that in many ways has been very good. (91)

CW : So, if Congress were to move to either try to cut off any U.S. involvement in the war in Yemen or to block any arms sales you won‘t go along with it? (92)

DT : Well I want to see Yemen end but it takes two to tango. Iran has to end it also. And Iran is a different country than it was when I took over, it‘s far weakened because of what I did with the Iran – so called Iran deal, Iran nuclear deal, which was one of the great rip offs of-- of all time. But I want Saudi to stop but I want Iran to stop also. (93)

CW : When Democrats flipped the House back in 2006 and picked up 30 seats, President Bush 43 had a news conference the next day and said, ―We had a thumping.‖ Last week, in this election, the House picked up, so far it‘s 36 seats, it may be on the way to 40 seats and your reaction was that it was almost a complete victory. (94)

DT : I won the Senate, you don‘t mention that. (95)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CW : But, well – I-- (96)

DT : Excuse me, I won the Senate. (97)

CW : I understand that but-- (98)

DT : I think they said 88 years. (99)

CW : But this was a -- this was a historically big defeat in the House. You lost 36, maybe 40 seats. Some would argue that it was a thumping. And I want to talk about some of the ways in which you lost. You lost in traditionally Republican suburbs, not only around liberal cities like Philadelphia and D.C. but also red-state big cities like Houston and Oklahoma City. You lost among suburban women. You lost among independents and, in three key states that I think you remember pretty well -- Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan – you lost both the governor seats and the senate seats. (100)

DT : Are you ready? I won the Senate, and that‘s historic too, because if you look at presidents in the White House it‘s almost never happened where you won a seat. We won -- we now have 53 as opposed to 51 and we have 53 great Senators in the U.S. Senate. We won. That‘s a tremendous victory. Nobody talks about that. That‘s a far greater victory than it is for the other side. Number two, I wasn‘t on the ballot. I wasn‘t-- (101)

CW : Wait -- wait a minute you said -- you kept saying-- (102)

DT : I said look at me -- I said look at me. (103)

CW : You said, ―Pretend I‘m on the ballot...‖ (104)

DT : But I have people and you see the polls, how good they are, I have people

Universitas Sumatera Utara that won‘t vote unless I‘m on the ballot, OK? And I wasn‘t on the ballot. And almost everybody that I won -- I think they said it was 10 out of 11. And I won against President Obama and Oprah Winfrey and Michelle Obama in a great state called Georgia for the governor. And it was all stacked against Brian and I was the one that went for Brian and Brian won. Look at Florida. I went down to Florida. Rick Scott won and he won by a lot. I don‘t know what happened to all those votes that disappeared at the very end. And if I didn‘t put a spotlight on that election before it got down to the 12,500 votes he would of lost that election, OK? In my opinion he would have lost. They would have taken that election away from him. Rick Scott won Florida. You‘d have to say, excuse me, a man named Ron DeSantis is now your governor -- your new governor of Florida. A wonderful man named DeWine is your governor of the great state of Ohio. Remember what they used to say before my election? You cannot win unless you win Ohio. I won Ohio. We had a tremendous set of victories. You look at the victories-- (105)

CW : But if you can't carry -- and you certainly didn't carry it two weeks ago – Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania -- you're not going to get reelected. (106)

DT : I didn't run. I wasn't running. My name wasn't on the ballot. There are many people that think, ―I don't like Congress,‖ that like me a lot. I get it all the time; ―Sir, I will never vote unless you were on the ballot.‖ I get it all the time. People are saying, ―Sir, I will never vote unless you're on the ballot.‖ I say, ―No, no, go and vote.‖ ―Well, what do you mean?‖ As much as I try and convince people to go vote, I'm not on the ballot. (107)

*PART 2*

CW : A federal judge who you appointed has just ruled that you must give CNN reporter Jim Acosta his press pass back. Your reaction to the ruling, sir.

Universitas Sumatera Utara (108)

DT : I -- it‘s fine, I mean it‘s not a big deal. What they said, though, is that we have to create rules and regulations for conduct et cetera, et cetera, we‘re doing that. We‘re going to write them up right now, it‘s not a big deal. And if he misbehaves, we‘ll throw him out or we‘ll stop the news conference. Actually – (109)

CW : What are your rules going to be? What what is it that you‘re saying this is over the line and you lose your press pass -- (110)

DT : Yeah, they‘re doing them now. I mean, we‘ll have rules of decorum, you know, you can‘t keep asking questions. You have – we had a lot of reporters in that room, many, many reporters in that room and they were unable to ask questions because this guy gets up and starts, you know, doing what he‘s supposed to be doing for him and for CNN and, you know, just shouting out questions. But but I will say this, look, nobody believes in the First Amendment more than I do and if I think somebody‘s acting out of sorts, I will leave, I‘ll say thank you very much everybody, I appreciate you coming and I will leave. And those reporters will not be too friendly to whoever it is that‘s acting up. (111)

CW : Why did you call on Acosta in the first place? I mean, it seems to me there‘s a simple solution here, just don‘t call on him. (112)

DT : Actually, I like to do it, but in many cases I don‘t. He‘ll stand up, he‘s unbelievably rude to Sarah Huckabee, who‘s a wonderful woman, unbelievably rude and I see that and I actually ask her the same. Why do you call on these people that are so nasty? I think one of the things we‘ll do is maybe turn the camera off that faces them because then they don‘t have any air time, although I‘ll probably be sued for that and maybe, you know, win or lose it, who knows. I mean, with with this stuff you never know

Universitas Sumatera Utara what‘s going to happen. (113)

CW : Let‘s get to the bigger issue. In 2017, last year, you tweeted this, and I want to quote it accurately, ―The fake news media is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American people.‖ (114)

DT : That‘s true, 100 percent. Not the media. (115)

CW : I -- (116)

DT : I‘m glad you‘re finally quoting it correctly because they like to leave the fake news out -- (117)

CW : OK, but that‘s what you said. (118)

DT : The fake news – so – (119) CW : But here‘s here‘s – (120)

DT : The people that are supporting me in particular, they‘re very smart people. They‘re hard working, brilliant, great people. They know when the news is fake and they get angry when they see all of the fakeness -- (121)

CW : But but -- (122)

DT : At, frankly, the networks – (123)

CW : But there have been people who have been critical of other presidents, they‘re they‘re -- no president has liked his press coverage. John Kennedy, in your Oval Office, canceled the subscription to the New York Herald Tribune. Nobody called it the enemy of the American people. (124)

DT : Chris, I‘m calling the fake news is the enemy -- it‘s fake, it‘s phony. (125)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CW : But a lot of times, sir, it‘s just news you don‘t like – (126)

DT : No it‘s not, no. No. I don‘t mind getting bad news if I‘m wrong. If I do something wrong – like, for instance, the cemetery. I was not allowed to go because of the Secret Service. Because they expected to take a helicopter – (127)

CW : OK. (128)

DT : They had zero visibility. They said, ―Sir, we are totally unequipped for you to go.‖ In addition to that, the cemetery was far too far away from Air Force One, which is sort of like a control center, where you had to be near. Not one paper that I saw wrote it that way. They said I stayed out of it because of the rain. And yet, the following day, I made a speech at the American cemetery-- (129)

CW : I understand. (130)

DT : It was pouring. It wasn‘t even really raining the first day but the fog was tremendous. OK? (131)

CW : But, sir leaders in authoritarian countries like Russia, China, Venezuela, now repress the media using your words. (132)

DT : I can‘t talk for other people, I can only talk for me. I will tell you -- (133)

CW : But you‘re -- but you‘re seen around the world as a beacon for repression, not for -- (134)

DT : The news -- Chris, Chris, I‘m not talking about you, but you sometimes maybe. But I‘m not talking about you. The news about me is largely phony.

Universitas Sumatera Utara It‘s false. Even sometimes they‘ll say, uh, ―Sources say.‖ There is no source, in many cases – in many cases there is -- (135)

CW : But -- I understand you don‘t like your coverage -- (136)

DT : No, no, no. It‘s not a question -- (137)

CW : Can I just bring the -- can I just bring the bigger issue -- (138)

DT : Ninety-four percent negative. (139)

CW : Can I bring the -- the bigger issue up -- (140)

DT : Yeah. (141)

CW : Bill McRaven, Retired Admiral, Navy Seal, 37 years, former head of U.S. Special Operations -- (142)

DT : Hillary Clinton fan. (143)

CW : Special Operations -- (144)

DT : Excuse me, Hillary Clinton fan. (145)

CW : Who led the operations, commanded the operations that took down Saddam Hussein and that killed Osama bin Laden says that your sentiment is the greatest threat to democracy in his lifetime. (146)

DT : OK, he‘s a Hilary Clinton, uh, backer and an Obama-backer and frankly -- (147)

CW : He was a Navy Seal 37 years -- (148)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

DT : Wouldn‘t it have been nice if we got Osama Bin Laden a lot sooner than that, wouldn‘t it have been nice? You know, living – think of this – living in Pakistan, beautifully in Pakistan in what I guess they considered a nice mansion, I don‘t know, I‘ve seen nicer. But living in Pakistan right next to the military academy, everybody in Pakistan knew he was there. And we give Pakistan $1.3 billion a year and they don‘t tell him, they don‘t tell him (149)

CW : You‘re not even going to give them credit -- (150)

DT : For years -- (151)

CW : for taking down Bin Laden? (152)

DT : They took him down but – look, look, there‘s news right there, he lived in Pakistan, we‘re supporting Pakistan, we‘re giving them $1.3 billion a year, which we don‘t give them anymore, by the way, I ended it because they don‘t do anything for us, they don‘t do a damn thing for us. I‘m totally in favor of the media, I‘m totally in favor of free press, got to be fair press. When it‘s fake -- (153)

CW : But but the President gets to decide what‘s fair and what‘s not. (154)

DT : I can tell what‘s fair and not and so can my people and so can a lot of other people. (155)

CW : I understand that but but -- (156)

DT : When you do something very good and they write it badly and this is consistently when you -- as an example, rarely do they talk about -- (157)

Universitas Sumatera Utara CW : Barack Obama whined about Fox News all the time but he never said we were the enemy of the people. (158)

DT : Well, no, he didn‘t talk about the news, he didn‘t talk about anything, I‘m only saying it very differently than anyone‘s ever said it before, I‘m saying fake news, false reporting, dishonest reporting, of which there is a lot, and I know it. See, I know it because I‘m a subject of it. A lot of people don‘t know it. But when I explain it to them, they understand it. And, Chris, you know that better, you don‘t have to sit here and act like a perfect little, wonderful, innocent angel, I know you too well, I knew your father too well, that‘s not your gene. But let me tell you-- (159)

CW : I -- look -- I think -- (160)

DT : Fake news -- (161)

CW : I think some of the coverage of you sir and I‘ve said it on the record is bias, but I don‘t think that there is -- (162)

DT : Most of it is bias, most of it is bias. (163) CW : I don‘t know, but the idea that you call us the enemy of the people. (164)

DT : I‘m not calling you that. (165)

CW : I‘m talking about, we‘re all together. (166)

DT : I‘m not calling you -- you don‘t understand it. (167)

CW : We‘re all together. (168)

DT : No, no, no, I‘m not calling you -- (169)

Universitas Sumatera Utara CW : It doesn‘t matter whether you call, but when you call CNN and the New York Times and -- we, we‘re in solidarity, sir. (170)

DT : I am calling fake news, fake reporting, is what‘s tearing this country apart because people know, people like things that are happening and they‘re not hearing about it. (171)

CW : Where do you rank yourself in the pantheon of great Presidents? There‘s Lincoln and Washington, there‘s FDR and Reagan, do you make the top 10? (172)

DT : I think I‘m doing a great job. We have the best economy we‘ve ever had. (173)

CW : So where do you rank yourself? (174)

DT : We‘re doing really well. We would have been at war with North Korea if, let‘s say, that administration continued forward. (175)

DT : I would give myself, I would – look, I hate to do it, but I will do it, I would give myself an A+, is that enough? Can I go higher than that? (176)

CW : Can you envision a situation, you talk about six more years. Can you envision a situation well into your second term where you think that you‘re\ so good for the country and so essential for the progress of the country that you would try to amend the Constitution so you could serve a third term? (177)

DT : No, no. (178)

CW : Why not? (179)

Universitas Sumatera Utara DT : Just won‘t happen, it‘s not -- I think the eight year limit is a good thing, not a bad thing. (180)

CW : You‘ve talked a lot already about the cemetery and the fact that you didn‘t go because it was a security concern and you did go the next day. Here‘s the thing -- (181)

DT : No, excuse me. Not security concern, they wouldn‘t allow me to go -- (182)

CW : I understand. (183)

DT : They said, ―Sir,‖ Secret Service said, ―Sir, you cannot go. We are not prepared. You cannot go.‖ Because it was supposed to be helicopter, but the helicopter couldn‘t fly because of zero visibility. (184)

CW : OK. (185)

DT : They said, ―Sir, you cannot go.‖ (186)

CW : But here‘s the question, you‘re back in Washington on Monday, Veterans Day, why don‘t you go across the river to Arlington for that ceremony? Barack Obama went every year he was here in D.C. (187)

DT : I should have done that. I was extremely busy on calls for the country, we did a lot of calling, as you know -- (188)

CW : But this is Veterans Day -- (189)

DT : I probably, you know, in retrospect I should have and I did last year and I will virtually every year. But we had come in very late at night and I had just left, literally, the American cemetery in Paris and I really probably assumed that was fine and I was extremely busy because of affairs of state

Universitas Sumatera Utara doing other things. (190)

CW : Why haven‘t -- (191)

DT : But I would have -- I would have done it. (192)

CW : Why haven‘t you visited our troops serving in war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan in the two years you‘ve been in office as Commander-in-Chief? (193)

DT : Well, I think you will see that happen. There are things that are being planned. We don‘t want to talk about it because of – obviously because of security reasons and everything else. But there are things that are planned. As you know, I was very much opposed to the war in Iraq. I think it was a tremendous mistake, should have never happened -- (194)

CW : But this is about the soldiers, sir. (195)

DT : You‘re right. I don‘t think anybody‘s been more with the military than I have, as a president. In terms of funding, in terms of all of the things I‘ve been able to get them, including the vets. I don‘t think anybody‘s done more than me. I‘ve had an unbelievable busy schedule and I will be doing it. On top of which you have these phony witch hunts. On top of which -- I mean, we‘ve just been very busy. But I will be doing that. (196)

CW : Just before the midterms you said your biggest regret is that perhaps you should have had a softer tone in your two years as president. But since then, some could argue, you‘ve been on a tear. At the press conference the day after the election you mocked some of the Republican congressmen who lost not embracing you. (197)

Universitas Sumatera Utara [TAPE: President Trump: ―Mia Love gave me no love and she lost. Too bad. Sorry about that Mia.‖] You went after two African-American reporters and basically said that they were dumb. [TAPE: President Trump: ―The same thing with April Ryan. I watch her get up. I mean, you talk about somebody that's a loser, she doesn't know what the hell she's doing.‖ QUESTION: ―Do you want him to rein in Robert Mueller?‖ President Trump: ―What a stupid question that is. What a stupid question. But I watch you a lot. You ask a lot of stupid questions.‖]

CW : Question. I was in Saint Joe‘s, Missouri this last week and I was talking to a lot of loyal Republicans. They love what you‘ve done to the economy. They love the fact that you have basically put ISIS out of business. The one thing they say is, why do you have to be so divisive? Why don‘t you do more to bring the country together? (198)

DT : I think that if I was very different I wouldn‘t have gotten what we had to get. We got the biggest tax cuts in history, we got ANWR approved, we have – we got rid of the individual mandate, which was the most unpopular thing you can imagine -- health care -- I got rid of it, everybody said it would be impossible to get rid of it. And many many -- you know, the regulations. I think if I was a more modified, more moderate, in that sense, I don‘t think I would have done half of the things that I was able to get completed. With that being said, other than you have to have a certain ability to fight back and, as you know, people have -- you know, they take strong stands on me both ways, you know, love and hate. I‘d like to see it a little bit, maybe, more right down the middle. But tone is something that is important to me. But a lot of times you can‘t practice tone because you have people coming at you so hard that if you don‘t fight back in a somewhat vigorous way you‘re not going to win. And we have to win. This country has to win. We have a lot of victories coming and I think if I -- if I go too

Universitas Sumatera Utara low key we‘re not going to have those victories. (199)

CW : Mr. President, thank you. (200)

DT : Thank you. Thank you very much, Chris. (201)

CW : Very much appreciate it, sir. (202)

*PART 3*

CW : So have you gotten comfortable with the place yet, sir? (203)

DT : I have, I feel very comfortable. It took me a little while. You know, it‘s sort of incredible. You say you‘re the President of the United States, and I say, wow, and it takes a little while to get over that. (204)

CW : I was going to ask you, the first time -- (205)

DT : Yeah. (206)

CW : -- that you‘re in the Oval Office -- (207)

DT : Right. (208)

CW : -- by yourself, everybody‘s gone, you‘re looking around the room, the iconic room, the most famous -- (209)

DT : Here we are. You know, I‘ve had people come into this -- the biggest people in the world, presidents, prime ministers, the heads of the biggest companies in the world and they always stop and they say, this is the Oval Office. (210)

CW : Yes. (211)

Universitas Sumatera Utara

DT : This is the Oval Office. There is nothing like it in the world. This is the Resolute Desk, very famous. This is where John John, at the time, right? (212)

CW : Right. (213)

DT : John Kennedy was right here, that‘s a little door that opens up and that was the famous picture, I could show you that picture, in fact, I‘ll give it to you. But this is a very important desk – FDR, John Kennedy, you know, we have seven desks and as president you can choose any one of the desks. This is to me, I think the most beautiful, in terms of its carving. I also think in many respects it‘s just some people that I respect. (214)

CW : How, when you‘re sitting at the desk, how do you make decisions? I mean do you agonize over them, do you second guess yourself? How does? (215)

DT : I don‘t think about it, I don‘t think about, you know, how I make them. I make what I consider the right decision, I have great people working at the White House, they don‘t get enough credit. I have some tremendously talented people and I will talk to them and sometimes I‘ll have them go at each other, I do like that, you know let them go at each other. And they do. They‘ve very competitive people and at the end I make a decision and it‘s certainly – on the economy, a lot of things we‘ve been – we‘ve made a lot of good decisions and I want to keep it that way. (216)

CW : Do you ever second guess yourself? Do you ever -- (217) DT : Yes, oh, all the time. (218)

CW : And do you sometimes change your – (219)

DT : I‘ve done things where I wished I went a different route but then what you

Universitas Sumatera Utara do is you change course and you--you bring it back, you stabilize it out. But – (220)

CW : Toughest decision you‘ve had to make as President? (221)

DT : Well, I think North Korea‘s been very tough because you know we were very close. When I took that over President Obama right in those two chairs, we sat and talked and he said that‘s by far the biggest problem that this country has. And I think we had real decision as to which way to go on North Korea and certainly at least so far I‘m very happy with the way we went. I have a very good relationship with – (222)

CW : Even though there was talk that they putting up new sites? (223)

DT : Maybe they are, maybe they‘re not, I don‘t believe that, I don‘t. And you know could which is -- if it -- if that‘s the way it goes, that‘s the way it goes. You know, I go with the way we have to go but so far it‘s been good, we have a very good relationship. We‘ve made I think some great decisions for the people of this country and I do, you know I put America first and other countries should put themselves first. It's not like we‘re -- we should put – and everybody else should be second to us, no. Other countries are proud of their countries and their leadership put their countries first. But we were putting our country in many cases last. We were more worried about the world than we were worried about the United States, that's not going to happen with me. (224) ***

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