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Dissertation 4 Copyright © 2012 Christopher Wade Cowan All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. “CONFIDENT OF BETTER THINGS”: ASSURANCE OF SALVATION IN THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Christopher Wade Cowan December 2012 APPROVAL SHEET “CONFIDENT OF BETTER THINGS”: ASSURANCE OF SALVATION IN THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS Christopher Wade Cowan Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Thomas R. Schreiner (Chair) __________________________________________ Robert L. Plummer __________________________________________ Stephen J. Wellum Date______________________________ To Dawn, my friend, my love, and my coheir of the grace of life (1 Pet 3:7) To Zachary, Maggie, Molly Jane, and Jack Henry, may you approach the throne of grace with boldness (Heb 4:16) and run to win the prize (1 Cor 9:24) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . vii PREFACE . viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 Thesis . 3 History of Research . 4 William L. Lane . 6 David A. deSilva . 8 Craig R. Koester . 12 F. F. Bruce . 15 Donald A. Hagner . 18 Gerald L. Borchert . 20 Randall C. Gleason . 21 Thomas R. Schreiner and Ardel B. Caneday . 23 Buist M. Fanning . 26 Conclusion . 30 2. PERFECTION AND THE NEW COVENANT PROMISES. 33 Introduction . 33 The Perfection of Christ . 35 Moral View . 35 Cultic View . 38 Heavenly Exaltation View . 39 iv Chapter Page Vocational View . 40 The Perfection of Believers . 51 Hebrews 3:7-4:13 . .. 52 Hebrews 7:11-28 . 56 Hebrews 8:1-13 . 63 Hebrews 9:6-14 . 80 Hebrews 10:1-18, 22 . 90 Hebrews 11:39-40, 12:2 . 105 Hebrews 12:18-24 (5:14; 6:1) . 109 Hebrews 13:20-21 . 115 Conclusion . 119 3. THE AUTHOR’S CONFIDENCE, GOD’S OATH, AND THE BELIEVER’S HOPE: HEBREWS 6:9-20 . 122 Context, Structure, and Function . 123 Hebrews 6:9-12 . 126 Hebrews 6:13-20 . 136 Hebrews 6:13-15 . 136 Hebrews 6:16-20 . 140 Conclusion . 153 4. THE WARNING PASSAGES . 156 Introduction . 156 Three Common Interpretations of the Warning Passages . 157 Loss-of-Rewards View . 158 False-Believer View . 175 Loss-of-Salvation View . 199 The Warnings as a Means of Salvation . 201 v Chapter Page Explanation of the Means-of-Salvation View . 201 Criticisms of the Means-of-Salvation View . 207 Conclusion . 225 5. CONCLUSION . 228 Appendix PAST ADVOCATES OF THE MEANS-OF-SALVATION VIEW . 234 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 243 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BDAG Walter Bauer, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, ed. 3rd ed. BDF F. Blass, A. Debrunner, Robert W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature BSac Bibliotheca Sacra EDNT Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament ICC International Critical Commentary JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament NAC New American Commentary NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament NIGTC New International Greek Testament Commentary NIVAC NIV Application Commentary NTS New Testament Studies PNTC Pillar New Testament Commentary RTR The Reformed Theological Review TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament TynBul Tyndale Bulletin WBC Word Biblical Commentary WTJ Westminster Theological Journal vii PREFACE This work started and reached completion through the influence and support of many. My interest in Hebrews began with a class on the letter with George H. Guthrie in 2002 and was nourished when I served as his assistant for the same class in 2004. My desire to study the specific topics of warnings and assurance in Hebrews was fed by the writings of my doctoral supervisor, Thomas R. Schreiner. The ways he has influenced and encouraged me are numerous. Through his writings and classroom instruction, he has both taught and modeled for me careful, rigorous exegesis as the foundation for interpreting texts and building a New Testament theology. As my pastor, he preached the Scriptures with humility, conviction, and clarity, and I am a grateful recipient of his pastoral counsel and compassion. As my doctoral supervisor, he has shown me abundant patience, guided me with wise feedback, and encouraged my perseverance to the end. I could not have run the race without him. I am also grateful for Professors Robert Plummer, Brian Vickers, and Stephen Wellum, teachers and friends whose instruction and conversations have helped shape my thinking on New Testament Greek, hermeneutics, and biblical theology, and whose encouragement has kept me going. I cannot express high enough praise and thanks to my wife, Dawn. For nearly all of our thirteen years of marriage, I have been a graduate student. In that time, I have worked multiple jobs, we have gained four beautiful children, and the length of my graduate studies has grown. Through it all, her love and support have never failed. She has been tirelessly devoted to our family, and I cannot imagine life without her. Thanks are also due to our children, Zachary, Maggie, Molly Jane, and Jack Henry, for their love and patience. Dad’s dissertation is finally finished. viii “Now to Him who is able to do above and beyond all that we ask or think according to the power that works in us—to Him be glory in the church and in Christ Jesus to all generations, forever and ever. Amen” (Eph 3:20, HCSB). Christopher W. Cowan Louisville, Kentucky December 2012 ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION From early church history, the strong warning passages against apostasy in the Letter to the Hebrews (2:1-4; 3:12-4:13; 6:4-8; 10:26-31; 12:12-29)1 have prompted heated controversy.2 Luther described the difficulty raised by the passages as “a hard knot,”3 and, judging by the volume of modern-day literature debating the texts, one must conclude that his appraisal is justified.4 Some scholars have even credited the warnings as 1Though scholars have differed over where exactly each warning begins and ends, there is general agreement in identifying some portion of these five passages as warnings. 2The Western church resisted acceptance of the letter because it seemed to support the teachings of the Montanists (who permitted no second repentance for serious sins after baptism) and the Novatians (who permitted no restoration for those who lapsed under persecution). See Craig R. Koester, Hebrews, AB (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 23, 25; Hans von Campenhausen, The Formation of the Christian Bible, trans. J. A. Baker (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972), 232, also n. 120; Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: It s Origins, Development, and Significance (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987), 105. 3Martin Luther, “Preface to the Epistle to the Hebrews,” in Word and Sacrament, vol. 35 of Luther’s Works, ed. E. Theodore Bachman (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 394. 4See, e.g., J. Cruvellier, “Impossible de ramener à la repentance! (à propos de deux passages difficiles de l’Épître aux Hébreux),” Études Evangéliques 12 (1952): 135-40; Ceslas Spicq, “La penitencia impossible,” Ciencia Tomista 244 (1952): 353-68; Charles Edwin Carlston, “Eschatology and Repentance in the Epistle to the Hebrews,” Journal of Biblical Literature 78 (1959): 296-302; P. E. Hughes, “Heb 6:4-6 and the Peril of Apostasy,” WTJ 35 (1972-73): 137-55; J. C. McCullough, “The Impossibility of a Second Repentance in Hebrews” Biblical Theology 20 (1974): 1-7; Roger Nicole, “Some Comments on Hebrews 6:4-6 and the Doctrine of the Perseverance of God with the Saints,” in Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation, ed. G. F. Hawthorne (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), 355-64; Leopold Sabourin, “‘Crucifying Afresh for One’s Repentance’ (Heb 6:4-6),” Biblical Theology Bulletin 6 (1976): 264-71; David G. Peterson, “The Situation of the ‘Hebrews’ (5:11-6:12),” RTR 35 (1976): 14-21; Noel Weeks, “Admonition and Error in Hebrews,” WTJ 39 (1976): 72-80; J. K. Elliott, “Is Post-Baptismal Sin Forgivable?” Biblical Theology 28 (1977): 330-32; Verlyn Verbrugge, “Towards a New Interpretation of Hebrews 6:4-6,” Calvin Theological Review 15 (1980): 61-73; Stanley D. Toussaint, “The Eschatology of the Warning Passages in the Book of Hebrews,” Grace Theological Journal 3 (1982): 67-80; A. Mugridge, “Warnings in the Epistle to the Hebrews: An Exegetical and Theological Study,” RTR 46 (1987): 74-82; Thomas Kem Oberholtzer, “The Warning Passages in Hebrews Part 1: The Eschatological Salvation of Hebrews 1:5-2:5,” BSac 145 (1988): 83-97; idem, “The Warning Passages in Hebrews Part 2: The Kingdom Rest in Hebrews 3:1-4:13,” BSac 145 (1988): 185-96; idem, “The Warning Passages in Hebrews Part 3: The Thorn-Infested Ground in Hebrews 6:4-12,” BSac 145 (1988): 319-28; idem, “The Warning Passages in Hebrews Part 4: The Danger of Willful Sin in Hebrews 10:26-39,” BSac 145 (1988): 410-19; idem, “The Warning Passages in Hebrews Part 5: The Failure to Heed His Speaking in Hebrews 12:25-29,” 1 the primary cause for necessitating them to rethink their position on apostasy and finally accept the view that genuine believers can apostatize.5 Given this focus on the “rigorism” of Hebrews, one finds few works examining assurance of salvation in the letter.6 However, given the author’s confidence in his recipients and his discussion of themes related to what Christ’s sacrifice has accomplished for believers, it seems that many interpreters may have underestimated this topic in Hebrews.
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