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Analýza Povstalectví V Kamerunu

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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sociálních studií Katedra politologie Analýza povstalectví v Kamerunu Bakalářská práce Michaela Kouřilová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Josef Kraus Ph.D. UČO: 455871 Obor: Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Imatrikulační ročník: 2017/2018 Brno, 2020 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Michaela Kouřilová Fakulta sociálních studii, Masarykova univerzita Katedra politologie Název práce: Analýza povstalectví v Kamerunu Studijní program: Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Josef Kraus Ph.D. Akademicky rok: 2019/2020 Počet stran: 64 Klíčová slova: Kamerun, Ambazonia, povstalectví, secese, ozbrojený konflikt Bibliografic record Author: Michaela Kouřilová Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University Department of Political Science Title of Thesis: Analysis of the Insurgency in Cameroon Degree Programme: Security and strategic studies Supervisor: Mgr. Josef Kraus Ph.D. Academic Year: 2019/2020 Number of Pages: 64 Keywords: Cameroon, Ambazonia, insurgency, secession, armed conflict Anotace Předložená bakalářská práce se zabývá secesionistickým konfliktem v Kamerunu započatým v roce 2017. S využitím konceptuálního rámce Setha G. Jonese si klade za cíl představení konfliktu v celé jeho šíři, a to skrze analýzu jeho příčin, charakteristik povstaleckých skupin i proti-povstalecké strategie kamerunské vlády. Klíčová slova Kamerun, Ambazonia, povstalectví, secese, ozbrojený konflikt Abstract This bachelor thesis focuses on the secessionist conflict in Cameroon, which started in 2017. Using the conceptual framework of Seth G. Jones, it aims to present the conflict in its entirety, through an analysis of its causes, characteristics of insurgent groups and counter-insurgent strategy of the Cameroonian government. Key words Cameroon, Ambazonia, insurgency, secession, armed conflict Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci na téma „Analýza povstalectví v Kamerunu“ vypracovala samostatně a pouze s použitím v práci uvedených zdrojů. V Brně, dne 31. 8. 2020 ……………………………………… Michaela Kouřilová Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala vedoucímu bakalářské práce Mgr. Josefu Krausovi Ph.D. za velmi cenné rady a vždy rychlou a věcnou zpětnou vazbu. SEZNAM ZKRATEK ACT Ambazonia Coalition Team ADC Ambazonia Defence Council ADF Ambazonia Defence Forces AGovC Ambazonia Governing Council APLM African People´s Liberation Movement ARCC Ambazonia Recognition Collaborative Council ASDC Ambazonia Self-Defence Council BEPC Brevet d´Etudes du Premier Cycle BIR Rapid Intervention Battalion CACSC Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium CAM Cameroon Anglophone Movement CDC Cameroon Development Corporation CISAC Center for International Security and Cooperation EU Evropská Unie GCE General Certificate of Education HRW Human Rights Watch ICG International Crisis Group IG Interim Government of Ambazonia IPOB Indigenous People of Biafra MASSOB Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra OSN Organizace spojencýh národů SCACUF Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front SCBC Southern Cameroons Broadcasting Corporation SCLC Southern Cameroons Liberation Council SCNC Southern Cameroons National Council SOCADEF Southern Cameroons Defence Forces UNESCO Organizace OSN pro vzdělání, vědu a kulturu UNICEF Dětský fond Organizace spojených národů UNPO Organizace nezastoupených států a národů USA Spojené státy americké OBSAH 1) Úvod .........................................................................................................................................1 2) Metodologie .............................................................................................................................3 3) Konceptualizace ......................................................................................................................4 3.1. Insurgency .................................................................................................................................4 3.2. Separatismus, secesionismus, iredentismus ..............................................................................5 3.3. Analytický rámec povstalectví ..................................................................................................6 4) Faktory přispívající ke vzniku povstání ............................................................................ 11 4.1. Polarizace společnosti ............................................................................................................ 11 4.2. Socioekonomické faktory ...................................................................................................... 13 4.3. Přítomnost přírodních a jiných zdrojů ................................................................................... 14 4.4. Slabé vládnutí ........................................................................................................................ 15 5) Myšlenka secese v anglofonním odboji a počátek tzv. anglofonní krize ......................... 18 6) Povstalecké skupiny ............................................................................................................. 21 6.1. Organizační struktura ............................................................................................................. 21 6.1.1. Skupiny .................................................................................................................................. 21 6.1.2. Vzájemné vztahy mezi skupinami ......................................................................................... 25 6.2. Strategie a taktika .................................................................................................................. 26 6.3. Informační kampaň a propaganda .......................................................................................... 31 6.4. Vnější podpora ....................................................................................................................... 33 7) Protipovstalecká strategie ................................................................................................... 35 7.1. Strategie a taktika .................................................................................................................. 35 7.2. Informační kampaň a propaganda .......................................................................................... 39 7.3. Vnější podpora ....................................................................................................................... 41 8) Závěr ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Celkový počet znaků: 99 9041 1 Povolený rozsah práce byl překročen se souhlasem vedoucího práce. 1) Úvod Kamerun, země ležící v oblasti rovníkové Afriky na pobřeží Guinejského zálivu, čelí v současnosti řadě politických a bezpečnostních výzev. Nejenže v tomto státě panuje napětí mezi opozičními stranami a prezidentem vládnoucím již 38 let, v rámci jeho nejsevernějšího regionu přetrvává ohrožení ze strany nigerijské skupiny Boko Haram a bezpečné nejsou ani jeho hranice se Středoafrickou republikou. Hlavní hrozbu pro samotnou existenci státu však představuje již čtyři roky trvající ozbrojený konflikt mezi kamerunskou vládou a povstaleckými skupinami, které se snaží o odtržení dvou anglofonních regionů země a vytvoření nezávislého státu s názvem Ambazonia. Tento konflikt si dosud vyžádal přes 3000 obětí a zapříčinil vážnou humanitární krizi v rámci anglofonní části země, kdy jsou na vnější pomoci závislé více jak 2 miliony obyvatel (OCHA, 2020: 18), 679 000 anglofonních Kameruňanů má status vnitřně vysídlené osoby (UNHRC, 2020) a 52 000 kamerunských uprchlíků je registrováno v sousední Nigérii (OCHA, 2020: 12) Nestabilita Kamerunu, který hraje stěžejní roli při zajišťování bezpečnosti Guinejského zálivu a představuje klíčovou transportní zemi pro sousední státy ve vnitrozemí, může mít velice negativní dopad na již tak závažnou situaci celého regionu (ICG, 2010a: 1). Boj na dvou frontách oslabuje kamerunské ozbrojené složky, jež jsou zásadním spojencem Nigérie a USA při potlačení Boko Haram, a příliv uprchlíků do příhraničních regionů sousedních zemí narušuje jejich vnitřní bezpečnost. Tato bakalářská práce v následujícím textu analyzuje kamerunský secesionistický konflikt, jenž se svými závažnými důsledky představuje velmi relevantní a aktuální téma, které doposud nebylo v českém prostředí podrobněji zpracováno. Pro účely analýzy je využit konceptuální rámec Setha G. Jonese, jehož aplikací na vybranou případovou studii bude dosaženo výzkumných cílů, mezi něž patří 1) identifikace faktorů vedoucí ke vzniku konfliktu; 2) nalezení znaků vykazovaných povstaleckými skupinami; a také 3) znaků vykazovaných proti-povstaleckou strategií. V teoretické části dochází k osvětlení metodologie, která je v práci použita; konceptualizaci stěžejních pojmů, a sice anglického termínu insurgency a vymezení zásadních rozdílů mezi separatismem, secesionismem a iredentismem; a představení analytického rámce. V praktické části práce je poté využit zmíněný analytický přístup, 1 kdy se první kapitola zabývá příčinami konfliktu souvisejícími s problematikou polarizace kamerunské společnosti, mimo jiné v kulturních liniích, špatnou socio- ekonomickou situací secesionistického regionu, přítomnosti celé řady vzácných surovin či slabými institucemi v rámci státu jako celku. Následující část práce stručně pojednává o separatistických a secesionistických požadavcích anglofonního odboje, příčinách
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