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3B. Chapter 3 Kusakabe, T.; Abe, T. 1995. Research on wide area migratory resources and natural resources (sand lances). Osaka Furitsu Suisan Shikenjo Jigyo Hokoku. 1993: 71-74. “The above research for operation of boat trawling fishery was started jointly with a Hyogo prefecture organization, to make a management model adaptable for sand lances fishery in Osaka Bay and the east area in the Inland Sea, and to collect parameters needed for fishing simulation based on the above model. ‘Catch quantity and cost model program,’ ‘catch quantity calculation result printing program’ as a peripheral program and ‘past stock biomass esti- mation model’ were prepared in fiscal 1993.” Keywords: A. personatus; Japan; catch; fisheries; model. Kusakabe, T.; Nakajima, M. 1995. Ecological research on sand lance as natural resources. Osaka Furitsu Suisan Shikenjo Jigyo Hokoku. 1993: 109-116. “To contribute to fishing forecast and to collect knowledge of proper resource management, through clarification and grasp of ecological conditions of sand lance, which was placed as one of important aquatic resources by the Osaka prefectural government, horizontal and vertical distribution survey was conducted at 12 points in the Osaka Bay, for three times during the term from January to February. In 1993, young fish appeared early unusually, in larger quanti- ties compared with the previous year. It was also known that sand lance ranged mainly in water area of 5-10 m in depth.” Keywords: A. personatus; Japan; distribution; habitat; fisheries; larvae. Kusakabe, T.; Nakajima, M. 1996. Sandeel resource ecological research. Osaka Furitsu Suisan Shikenjo Jigyo Hokoku. 1994: 130-134. Keywords: A. personatus; Japan; distribution; habitat; fisheries; larvae. Laakso, P.; Christie, W.W.; Pettersen, J. 1990. Analysis of North Atlantic and Baltic North Atlantic ocean fish oil triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography with a silver ion column. Lipids. 25(5): 284-291. “Triacylglycerols from Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), sandeel (Ammodytes sp.) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) have been fractionated by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. An ion exchange column loaded with silver ions was the stationary phase, and a gradient in the mobile phase from 1,2—dichloroethane/ dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) to acetone and then to acetone/acetonitrile 2:1, v/v) was used to effect the separation with light-scattering (i.e., mass) detection. Fractions were collected via a stream-splitter, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by transesterification in the presence of an internal standard for identification and quantification by gas liquid chromatography. Triacylglycerols were separated according to the number of double bonds in the fatty acyl residues. Resolution was excellent at first, when the least unsaturated molecules eluted (trisaturated to dimono- ene-monodiene fractions). Base-line resolution could no longer be achieved when molecules containing trienoic or more highly-unsaturated fatty acids began to elute because of overlapping components. Nonetheless, some valuable separations of species containing two saturated and/or monoenoic fatty acids and one polyenoic fatty acid were achieved. Double bond indices (average number of double bonds in each triacylglycerol molecule) were calculated to estimate the separations possible. Fractions containing at least 11-14 double bonds per molecule were obtained.” Keywords: Ammodytes; composition; oil; tryglycerol. Labetskij, A.S. 1981. Ammodytes hexapterus in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Rybnoe Khozyaistvo. 1981(4): 40. Keywords: A. hexapterus; Japan; abundance; density; distrbution; sex ratio. 182 Ladle, M. 1985. Fish. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings. 107: 197. Keywords: A. tobianus; English Channel; annual variation. Lagardere, F.; Chaumillon, G. 1988. Effects of delayed initial feeding on the growth of sole, Solea vulgaris larvae, and on the incremental pattern of their otoliths. C R Academy of Science III. 306(20): 601-607. Keywords: Ammodytes; larvae; starvation. Lagler, K.F.; Wright, A.T. 1962. Predation of the Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma, on young salmon Oncorhynchus spp., in an estuary of southeastern Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 91: 90-93. It was found in one southeastern Alaskan estuary that Dolly Varden char fed mostly on capelin, sand lance, and herring. Keywords: A. hexapterus; Alaska; predators (fish, Dolly Varden). Lahn-Johannessen, J.; Jakupsstovu, S.H.; Thomassen, T. 1978. Changes in the Norwegian mixed fisheries in the North Sea. In: Symposium on North Sea fish stocks–recent changes and their causes; [dates of meeting unknown]; Århus, Denmark. [Place of publication unknown]: [publisher unknown]. 172: 31-38. “The resources exploited by the Norwegian mixed trawl fisheries in the North Sea, including the Skagerrak, may be divided into 4 categories: deep-water prawn, herring, Norway pout, and sand-eel. This paper describes the develop- ment of the mixed fisheries and discusses the main changes in number and size of fishing vessels and in quantities landed, as well as fishing power, fishing effort and catch per unit effort. It further deals with the species composition in industrial landings of Norway pout and shows how new year classes of Norway pout and blue whiting have entered the fishery in recent years.” Keywords: Ammodytes; Norway; annual variation; catch; fisheries. Lamb, A.; Edgell, P. 1986. Coastal fishes of the Pacific Northwest. [City unknown], BC: Harbour Publishing. Keywords: A. hexapterus. Lambert, T.C. 1987. Duration and intensity of spawning in herring Clupea harengus as related to the age structure of the mature population. Marine Ecology–Progress Series. 39(3): 209-220. Keywords: Ammodytes; spawning. Langham, N.P.E. 1968. The comparative biology of terns, Sterna spp. Durham, [Country unknown]: University of Durham. Ph.D. dissertation. Keywords: Ammodytes; predators (birds). Langham, N.P.E. 1971a. The distribution and abundance of larval sand-eels (Ammodytidae) in Scottish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 51: 697-707. Keywords: A. lanceolatus; A. marinus; Gymnammodytes immaculatus; Gymnammodytes lancea; Gymnammodytes semisquamatus; Scotland; abundance; distribution; larvae; spawning. Langham, N.P.E. 1971b. Sandeels. Scottish Fisheries Bulletin. 35: 29-31. “Sandeels or ‘sile’ are amongst the most abundant fish in the seas around Britain, yet their life history is not very well known. Until the 1950’s, sandeels were looked upon as suitable bait for angling and line fishing, or as a rather obscure continental dish for less conservative palates that the British. Yet, the advent of industrial fishing by various 183 European countries, notably Denmark, Norway and Germany has dramatically changed the importance of sandeels. In recent years, landings of sandeels, taken mostly by Danish boats over a two to three months season, have exceeded 200,000 tons annually. “The various species of sandeel have distinctive spawning times, with Ammodytes marinus spawning in February and Gymnammodytes semisquamatus, the smooth sandeel, in May to July; the inshore species A. lancea, has two spawning season, one in spring and one in the autumn; and of the greater sandeels, A. immaculatus spawns mainly in May and A. lanceolatus in July. It appears that the eggs of all five species are attached to sand grains since they are rarely caught in plankton nets. When the eggs hatch, the young larvae move up into the plankton before their yolk sac is used up. In march, the larvae of A. marinus are the dominant fish larvae in the plankton, often with several hundred per cubic metre. The young larvae consitute an important food item for various pelagic species, especially the herring. “After metamorphosis, the young sandeels assume a diurnal feeding and migration pattern feeding during the day- light and spending the night burrowed into the sea bed, safe from predation. However, in the northern North Sea, during June and July, the period of darkness is very short, so that young sandeels are, on occasion, caught in mid- water even at midnight. “Adult sandeels are an important link in many marine food chains. Most of the important fish caught by Scottish fish- ermen for human consumption feed on sandeels at some stage of their life history and they often form a major item in their diet.” Keywords: A. immaculatus; A. lancea; A. lanceolatus; A. marinus; Gymnammodytes semisquamatus; Britain; commercial fishery; behavior; illustration; importance; predators (fish, cod, haddock, herring, whiting, saithe, plaice); spawning. Lapin, Y.E. 1978. Ecology of the White Sea fishes. Nauka; Moskva (USSR). 199: [pages unknown]. “The monograph deals with theoretical and methodological problems of the study of the population structure and dynamics of herring, sand lance, gobies, stickleback and whitefish during ontogenesis. Adaptations of these species to the widely fluctuating hydrological conditions of the White Sea are shown, and the fish producing capacity of this arcto-boreal basin is discussed.” Keywords: A. hexapterus; USSR; White Sea; distribution; ecology. Larimer, S. 1992. Aspects of the bioenergetics and ecology of sand lance of Georges Bank. [City unknown], Rhode Island: University of Rhode Island. 300 p. Ph.D. dissertation. “The sand lance, Ammodytes dubius, occupies the critical niche of planktivore off the northeast United States. Recent fluctuations of their population size raise the question
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