Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 116 207–246 Wien, Jänner 2014 Significant type collections of Lichinaceae and allied lichenized ascomycetes in the herbaria of the Natural History Museum, Vienna (W) and the Institute of Botany, Vienna University (WU) M. Schultz* Abstract The type material of the cyanobacterial lichen family Lichinaceae and allies (Lichinomycetes, lichenized ascomycetes) in the collections of the Natural History Museum, Vienna (W) and in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the University Vienna (WU) was searched and documented. Altogether 221 type spec- imens were located representing 156 taxa. Both collections are most valuable for the study of Lichinaceae and cyanobacterial lichens in general. Key words: lichenized ascomycetes, Lichinaceae, Heppia, type material. Zusammenfassung Das Typusmaterial von Flechten der Familie Lichinaceae und naher Verwandter (Lichinomycetes, flechten- bildende Ascomyceten) in den Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien (W) sowie im Her- barium des Botanischen Instituts der Universität Wien (WU) wurde gesichtet und dokumentiert. Insgesamt wurden 221 Typusbelege von 156 Taxa nachgewiesen. Beide Sammlungen sind von höchstem Wert für das Studium der Lichinaceae und Cyanoflechten im Allgemeinen. Introduction The Lichinaceae (Lichinomycetes, lichenized ascomycetes) is a notoriously neglected family of inconspicuous, small and blackish coloured lichens which obligatory asso- ciate with various symbiotic cyanobacteria. Lichinaceae are generally rarely collected and often poorly represented in botanical collections. The family is not particularly rich in species but has a worldwide distribution, and species occur in nearly all kinds of habitats that are typically colonized by lichens. Although only some 250 species are currently accepted, the number of taxonomic and nomenclatural synonyms is enormous and adds to the on-going confusion around this family. Taxonomic and nomenclatu- ral problems are predominantly due to a history of multiple descriptions of species (especially in Europe) as well as an instable and inconsistent application of generic names. Most of the lichens currently treated in Lichinaceae have been described during the second half of the 19th and early 20th Century – a period characterized by a dis- proportion between the sheer number of new species erected and the persisting uncer- tainty about the generic placement and family classification of the taxa resulting in * Matthias Schultz, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten der Universität Hamburg, Abt. Biodiversität, Evolution und Ökologie der Pflanzen, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany. – [email protected] 208 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B, 116 repeated recombination of species names and a proliferating synonymy. This period came to a preliminary end with the publication of the 2nd edition of the lichen part of Engler & Prantl's "Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien" (ZAHLBRUCKNER 1926) and the monu- mental "Catalogus Lichenum Universalis" (ZAHLBRUCKNER 1921–1940), but – at the same time – resulted in a schematic and artificial classification of the Lichinaceae and lichen-forming fungi in general. Most types of Lichinaceae are deposited in major her- baria such as in Uppsala (UPS), Helsinki (H), Paris (PC), London (BM), Geneve (G), Munich (M), Leiden (L), Stockholm (S), Cambridge (FH), Turku (TUR) – and Vienna (W, WU). More recently, many species have been described by the monographer of the family, Aino Henssen (1925–2011) who published several monographic generic treat- ments (HENSSEN 1963a, 1977, 1986). A selection of other papers dealing with Lichi- naceae include HENSSEN (1963b, 1970, 1974, 1980, 1989), HENSSEN & BÜDEL (1984), HENSSEN et al. (1985), MORENO & EGEA (1992a, 1992b, 1992c), SCHULTZ (2005, 2006), SCHULTZ & BÜDEL (2002), SCHULTZ & VAN DEN BOOM (2007), SCHULTZ et al. (1998, 2000, 2001). Most of the holotypes of species described by Henssen were designated to the herbarium of the University of Marburg (MB) or to her private herbarium (now in H, and made available only very recently). The author of the present paper described a number of Lichinaceae during the past couple of years, and types have been deposi- ted in ASU, B, BM, GZU, HBG, M, MIN, RB, UPS, VEN, the herbarium of B. Büdel (Kaiserslautern) and the herbarium of the author. Some iso- and paratypes have been presented to W in 2012. In the efforts towards a monographic treatment of the family the author received an EU-SYNTHESYS grant for registering the Lichinaceae type holdings in W and WU with most of the emphasis placed on the former collection. The aim of the visit was twofold: 1) the actual study of type material of critical taxa as part of the ongoing taxo- nomic and systematic studies of the author, and 2) the production of a Lichinaceae type registry for W and WU. Whereas the latter goal is achieved with the present paper, the former will require much more work. Nonetheless, the results obtained from studies of the Vienna type material so far proved to be very useful in this process and will be incor- porated into forthcoming papers. Material and method During a two weeks stay at the Natural History Museum Vienna in January 2009 type material was traced in both the lichen type herbarium and in the general herbarium as it was anticipated that the general herbarium was likely to contain a number of unmarked types. Additionally, the separately kept lichen exsiccate "Flechten Europas" issued by HEPP (1853–1867) was checked for types which were otherwise not found in the type and general herbarium. The basis for type material detection were, if pre- sent, corresponding annotations by describing authors or later specialists. However, it was important to refer to the original literature in order to confirm the status of yet unmarked, putative type specimens. For this purpose the author used his own, nearly complete compilation of printed protologue information of taxa described in the Lichi- naceae (more than 1000 binomials). In some critical cases the original literature had to be checked either in the library or using electronic resources such as the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL). SCHULTZ: Significant type collections of Lichinaceae in the herbaria W and WU 209 W has unique specimen numbers (since 1881), whereas WU has one number for a com- plete accession. The latter is given here anyway since it may be helpful for identification of specimens. The W as well as WU specimens still lacking a number will get unique numbers during the databasing process. The reader is further referred to the Virtual Her- baria webpage (http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/search.php) which is now also presenting metadata and digital images of cryptogamic specimens. Results The lichen herbaria of the Natural History Museum, Vienna (W) and the Institute of Botany of the University Vienna (WU) contain type specimens of Lichinaceae descri- bed from pre-Acharian to current times. Both herbaria hold material collected or studied by various distinguished botanists and lichenologists, naturalists and travellers. The most important of these persons is perhaps the famous Austrian lichenologist Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860–1938), author of the monumental "Catalogus Lichenum Univer- sialis" (10 vols., 1921–1940) and the systematic part of the volume "Lichenes" of "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien" (eds. Engler & Prantl, st1 & 2nd. ed., 1906–1907, 1926) and director of the Natural History Museum, Vienna. Undoubtlessly, Zahlbruckner is one of the most influential lichenologists in history. For the purpose of the present paper it is perhaps sufficient to note that he described more than 20 species of Lichinaceae and allied groups based on material send to him from many parts of the world including Europe, China and Japan, south-western North America, the Caribbean, Kenya, South Africa and Java. The other famous Austrian lichenologist and contemporary of Zahl- bruckner was Julius Steiner (1844–1918), teacher at the Staatsgymnasium in Vienna. He made important contributions to the knowledge of cyanolichens in the Middle East, northern Africa, Canary Islands, south-eastern Europe. Other important collections pre- served in Vienna are those of Ferdinand Arnold (many types from Franconia and Tyrol; many duplicates from the herbarium of August v. Krempelhuber) and Abramo Bart- olomeo Massalongo (Lichenes Italici and Anzi, Lichenes rariores Veneti ex herbario Massalongo; mostly upper Italy). Among the many other names worth being mentioned are William Nylander (including material collected by Le Jolie, Pelvet, Norrlin), Jean Müller (Argoviensis), Martino Anzi, Jacob Friedrich Ehrhart, Gustav Wilhelm Körber, Thore Magnus Fries, Johan Petter Norrlin, Edvard August Vainio, Hugo Lojka, Henry Wiley, Adolf Hugo Magnusson, Antonin Vězda and Aino Henssen. Regionally import- ant collections with occasional Lichinaceae types are those of Heinrich Freiherr v. Handel-Mazzetti (China, Mesopotamia), Karl-Heinz Rechinger (Mesopotamia), Josef Brunnthaler (Dalmatia), Camile Flagey (Algeria), Yasuhiko Asahina (Japan), William Alfred Weber (North America), Arsene Brouard (New Mexico, Mexico), Johann Schu- ler (Croatia). A complete list of collectors treated in this inventory is given following the taxonomic enumeration. For biographic details the reader is referred to GRUMMANN (1974). The following list enumerates all types of Lichinaceae and of the closely related genus Heppia which is traditionally placed in its own family Heppiaceae.