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The Elections of Our Youth: Presidential Elections 1960-72

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The Elections of Our Youth: Presidential Elections 1960-72 TheThe ElectionsElections ofof OurOur Youth:Youth: PresidentialPresidential ElectionsElections 19601960 --7272 Fourth Lecture ( 10 & 11 Oct 2016) Election of 1972 GregGreg Cleva,Cleva, PhdPhd GeorgeGeorge MasonMason University/OLLIUniversity/OLLI FallFall 20162016 1 ““TheThe SolitarySolitary ManMan ”” 2 The Washington Post columnist David Broder commented on the failure of American politics in the 1960s: “ In a real sense, Nixon is the symbol as well as the victim of our long period of political impasse. Our sense that we are trapped on a single spool of film, constantly being rerun on the projector of history, is heightened by the fact that every episode seems to end with Richard Nixon. No matter how many events or personalities intervene, it is always NixonNixon ’’ss face that we see as the scene fades.” The Party’s Over, 1971 3 The Elections of Our Youth: Presidential Elections 1960 -72 First Lecture ( 3&4 Oct 2016 ) Election of 1972 •• ClassClass OverviewOverview •• GeneralGeneral PointsPoints •• TheThe 19721972 ElectionElection •• TheThe PrePre-Election-Election PeriodPeriod •• TheThe Primaries/CaucusesPrimaries/Caucuses •• TheThe ConventionsConventions •• TheThe ElectionElection •• FactFact Sheets—suchSheets—such asas CampaignCampaign FinancingFinancing •• Portraits—Journalist/Historians/Influentials/Portraits—Journalist/Historians/Influentials/ PartyParty Leaders/PollstersLeaders/Pollsters •• ElectionElection 20162016 •• TheThe PostPost 20162016 PoliticalPolitical Realignment—Realignment—PossiblePossible ScenariosScenarios •• BibliographyBibliography 4 GeneralGeneral 5 GeneralGeneral Points:Points: VoterVoter TurnoutTurnout RatesRates inin AmericanAmerican ElectionsElections 19161916 --20122012 57.2% Approximately 60% in Presidential Elections Approximately 40% in Off -year Elections 35% 6 GeneralGeneral Points:Points: U.SU.S VoterVoter TurnoutTurnout RelativeRelative toto OtherOther CountriesCountries (elections(elections 20012001 --02)02) Country % Turnout Greece 89% Italy 85% Belgium 83% Australia 82% France 72% Japan 59% Canada 55% U.S. 51% Switzerland 35% 7 PostPost --Watergate/VietnamWatergate/Vietnam ““DemocratizationDemocratization ”” ofof PresidentialPresidential CandidateCandidate SelectionSelection Year Democratic % of Republican % of Primaries Delegates Primaries Delegates 1960 16 38.3% 15 38.6% 1980 35 71.8% 42 82.7% 2016 50 85% 50 85% (approx.) 8 VoterVoter PParticipationarticipation inin PresidentialPresidential PrimariesPrimaries Average is 22% 9 ObservingObserving ElectionsElections :: ““BattlegroundBattleground StatesStates ”” 20162016 OH PA NC FL GA TX AR WI MI AZ NV MS Tot 20 21 15 29 16 38 6 10 10 11 6 6 178 10 (66%) ObservingObserving ElectionsElections SomeSome OtherOther ConsiderationsConsiderations • Is there a dominant concern or group of concerns that can be described as the “VoterVoter Issue?”Issue • Has this issue translated into a tide?tide? •• SplitSplit --ticketticket --votingvoting •• FramingFraming thethe opponentopponent • The rationration actoractor modelmodel of American politics versus repeated examples of its opposite • The mosaicmosaic view of American politics versus the 11 jigsawjigsaw view RuleRule #1#1 inin AmericanAmerican PoliticsPolitics “Always Run as a “Washington Outsider ” even if your were born and lived your entire life in DC ” 12 PoliticalPolitical NewsNews ProgramsPrograms 13 TheThe 19721972 ElectionElection TheThe PrePre --ElectionElection PeriodPeriod 14 TheThe 1960s:1960s: aa SociologicalSociological PerspectivePerspective Social Upheaval can often have the force of an epidemic And like any force, it ultimately weakens and ceases “It has spent its fury” Just as often, the effect of people involved in such an upheaval is “immunological” 15 16 TheThe 70s70s 17 TheThe ““MeMe Decade,Decade, ”” andand thethe ““ThirdThird GreatGreat AwakeningAwakening ”” The term "'Me' Decade" describes a general new attitude of Americans in the 1970s, in the direction of atomized individualism and away from communitarianism , in clear contrast with social values prevalent in the United States during the 1960s. [3] Wolfe asserts the disappearance of the socioeconomic class he calls the " proletariat ", in parallel with the concurrent appearance of an American " lower middle class ". He cites the economic boom of postwar America as affording the average American a new sense of self- determination and individuation associated with the widespread economic prosperity. Wolfe describes the resulting abandoning of communal , progressive , and New Deal-style politics as "taking the money and running". He traces the preoccupation with self and self- development back to the aristocratic European gentry . Wolfe states that the " chivalric tradition" and the philosophy behind "the finishing school " are inherently dedicated to the building and forming of personal character and conduct. [1] Wolfe believes that the counterculture of the 1960s and the New Left school of thought promoted a recovery of the self in a flawed and corrupt America, a philosophy extended in the 1970s with a spreading idea that use of the drug LSD , commonly known as "acid", would unveil a true and real self . He describes the revelatory experience of hallucinogens as similar to, even competitive with, religious ecstasy , transforming the religious climate in America. Wolfe chronicles the American periods of Christian revival known as the First and Second Great Awakenings , to which he analogizes the 1970s and their dominant social trends. He [1] argues that the "Me" Decade of the 1970s is a "Third Great Awakening". 18 TheThe 19721972 ElectionElection TheThe Primaries/CaucusesPrimaries/Caucuses 19 TheThe NewNew GenreGenre inin CampaignCampaign ReportingReporting 20 TheThe DemocraticDemocratic CandidatesCandidates 21 22 GeorgeGeorge McGovernMcGovern George Stanley McGovern (July 19, 1922 – October 21, 2012) was an American historian, author, U.S. Representative , U.S. Senator , and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election . McGovern grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota , where he was a renowned debater. He volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Forces upon the country's entry into World War II and as a B-24 Liberator pilot flew 35 missions over German-occupied Europe . Among the medals bestowed upon him was a Distinguished Flying Cross for making a hazardous emergency landing of his damaged plane and saving his crew. After the war he gained degrees from Dakota Wesleyan University and Northwestern University , culminating in a PhD , and was a history professor. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956 and re- elected in 1958. After a failed bid for the U.S. Senate in 1960, he was a successful candidate in 1962. As a senator, McGovern was an exemplar of modern American liberalism . He became most known for his outspoken opposition to the growing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . He staged a brief nomination run in the 1968 presidential election as a stand-in for the assassinated Robert F. Kennedy . The subsequent McGovern–Fraser Commission fundamentally altered the presidential nominating process, by greatly increasing the number of caucuses and primaries and reducing the influence of party insiders. The McGovern–Hatfield Amendment sought to end the Vietnam War by legislative means but was defeated in 1970 and 1971. McGovern's long-shot, grassroots-based 1972 presidential campaign found triumph in gaining the Democratic nomination but left the party badly split ideologically, and the failed vice-presidential pick of Thomas Eagleton undermined McGovern's credibility. In the general election McGovern lost to incumbent Richard Nixon in one of the biggest landslides in American electoral history. Re-elected Senator in 1968 and 1974, McGovern was defeated in a bid for a fourth term in 1980. 23 HubertHubert HumphreyHumphrey Hubert Humphrey made another run at the nomination, in an era when previous nominees were considered legitimate contenders even after losing a general election (Adlai Stevenson had been successful at being re-nominated by Democrats in 1956, and Nixon by the GOP in 1968). He fell just short in delegates, despite winning the popular vote, and his bid to contest the results of the California winner-take-all primary failed. Humphrey, like Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson , was considered the favorite of the party establishment after Muskie's withdrawal. 24 EdmundEdmund MuskieMuskie But then prior to the New Hampshire primary, the " Canuck Letter " was published in the Manchester Union-Leader . The letter, later revealed to have been a forgery produced as part of the "dirty tricks" campaign by Richard Nixon's staff members, [citation needed ] claimed that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French- Canadians . Subsequently, the paper published an attack on the character of Muskie's wife Jane , reporting that she drank and used off-color language. Muskie made an emotional defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper's offices during a snowstorm. Though Muskie later stated that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried. [3] Muskie did worse than expected in the primary, while McGovern came in a surprisingly close second. McGovern now had the momentum, which was well orchestrated by his campaign manager, Gary Hart . 25 HenryHenry ““ScoopScoop ”” JacksonJackson Washington Senator Scoop Jackson was little known nationally when he first ran for President in 1972. McGovern accused
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