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University College University of New South Wales UNIVERSITY COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES DEFENCE FORCE ACADEMY COMMANDER IN THE SHADOW AIR VICE MARSHAL W.D. BOSTOCK 1942 - 1945 DAVID JOSEPH WILSON STUDENT NUMBER 9196522 A SUB-THESIS PREPARED US PARTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES FEBRUARY 1997 1 hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contams no material published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment is made in the text of the thesis. David Wilson /Z Februarv 1997 ABSTRACT The operational units of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in the South West Pacific Area from 1942 until 1945 were under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur delegated control of the Allied Air Forces to his Air Commander firstly Lieutenant General George H. Brett, then Lieutenant General George C. Kenney. Kenney, in turn established a RAAF organisation within Headquarters Allied Air Force to control all Australian operational activity. This organisation became Headquarters RAAF Command, under the control of Air Vice Marshal W.D. Bostock. The Australian Government had agreed to all the operational elements of the Australian Service to be assigned to the Commander-in-Chief However, administrative control was, in the case of the RAAF, still vested m the Chief of the Air Staff and the Air Board. This division of responsibility was to be the cause of animosit>' between the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones and the Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command, Air Vice Marshal W. D. Bostock, and had the potential to seriously inhibit RAAF operations in the theatre. This thesis will argue that the attitude of the Chief of the Air Staff, and therefore of his Headquarters, was responsible for many of the administrative problems which the operational units had to face. The Chief of the Air Staff did not recognise the right of the Commander, Allied Air Force, to establish RAAF Command and initiated administrative procedures and organisations which filtered mfonnation to and from RAAF Command. The Chief of the Air Staff also interpreted the pressure being placed on him by the Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command as a direct threat to his, and the Air Board's authority. The high level consideration of this matter is discussed and it will be evident that the Australian Government was inept in handling the situation and overly sensitive to the opinions of the Commander-in Chief. Air Vice-Marshal Bostock had operational control of all units based in Australia and, in 1944 and later, those in Papua New Guinea, Bougainville and Borneo. His responsibilities covered anti-submarine patrols, convoy escort duties, air defence of vital Australian areas, aggressive operations from the Darwin area, and the planning and controlling of Australian offensive operations against Borneo. To undertake these duties, he was given control of Australian, New Zealand, Dutch and, from time to time, American air resources. The responsibilities covered, taking the example of Royal Air Force wartime organisation, elements of Coastal, Bomber and Fighter Commands, as well as that of a Tactical Air Force (each of which were commanded by an officer of equivalent rank, but only responsible only for his specific command) in an area larger than the whole European theatre. To be the successful commander he was, Bostock gained the respect of his American and New Zealand peers. He had to react within the somewhat restricted policy of the Australian Government, as well as fight a continual battle for resources with Air Force Headquarters to enable him to undertake his operational commitments. Truly, Bostock worked in the shadow of the Commander, Allied Air Forces, the ineptitude of his political masters and the potentially destructive animosity and operational ignorance of the Chief of the Air Staff CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. The Road to ComiTiand 1 2. The Battle for Authority 7 3. Conflict Between RAAF Command and RAAF 27 Headquarters 4. RAAF Command Operations 38 5. Bostock as a Commander 1942 - 1945 46 Appendix Air Vice Marshal Bostock to the 57 Air Board. 12 December 1942 Appendix 2. Air Vice Marshal Jones to Mmister 60 for Air. 16 December 1942 Appendix 3. RAAF Command Operational 64 Instruction No. 164/44. 16 December 1944 Appendix 4. Air Staff Policy Directive. 27 67 December 1944 Bibliography 69 Commander in the Shadow 1 Chapter 1 The Road to Command William Dowling Bostock was bom at Sydney on 5 February 1892. Prior to joining the 2nd Signal Troop, Australian Imperial Force on 23 November 1914, he completed a two and a half year apprenticeship as a radio telegraphist with the Marconi Company. After service at Anzac Cove, from where he was evacuated due to sickness on 28 August 1915, Bostock was promoted to the rank of Sergeant on 1 April 1916. On 13 January 1917 he was accepted as a student pilot at No.3 School of Military Aeronautics, Royal Flying Corps, Aboukir. After discharge from the Australian Imperial Force on 14 April 1917 he was appointed a second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps (Special Reserve).' Bostock served between 1 February 1917 and 31 August 1919, on active service m France from 20 February 1918^ with 48 Squadron flying Bristol Fighters. The squadron was involved in heavy fighting at the Somme where, foregoing long range reconnaissance patrols, it flew in support of the hard pressed troops. ' On 15 April 1918, Bostock was awarded the Belgium Croix-de-Guerre.^ Bostock joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as a Flying Officer on 14 September 1921. After completing training at Flying Training School (FTS), Point Cook, Victoria, he was posted to 3 Squadron on 1 January 1922, before returning to FTS on 1 July. While serving at FTS Bostock was twice promoted: to Flight Lieutenant on 31 March 1923 and Squadron Leader exactly four years later. He assumed command of the unit on 22 April 1924 and attended the 1926 - 1927 Royal Air Force Staff College ' Soldier Career Management Agency, Service Documents, 540 Sergeant William Dowling Bostock ^ Career Brief, Personal file. Air Vice Marshal W D. Bostock [RAAF Historical] (Hereafter Personal File) An Illmtrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, Orbis Publishing Ltd, London ND. p.3 756 "" Career Brief, Personal File Commander in the Shadow 2 Course at Andover." One mcidenl which look place during his service in England indicates his individuality. When chastised in writing by the Commandant in regard to doing his own gardening and sending his daughter to the "wTong ^ school, Bostock allegedly replied 'noted and ignored.'^' The directing staff assessed Bostock as having 'a reser\'ed demeanour covering a thoughtful and practical mind...Although lacking in personality and presence, he has marked individuality, a clear head, and plent>' of ideas and originality.' Staff college gave him the opportunit>' to develop the full range of comm.unications skills. A.lthough assessed as father !ack[ing] in [a] sense of hum.our and [as] not [being] ver}' sociable , he worked hard and conscientiously to gam an overall assessment as a reliable and capable officer.' More importantly, Bostock was exposed to noted theorists and practitioners in his profession. There is no reason to doubt that the 1926 - 1927 Course was not addressed by m.en of similar stature - Air Marshal Sir John Salmond, Air Vice Marshal H.R.M. Brooke-Popham. and Colonel j .F.C. Fuller, for example - as was the subsequent year's course. ^ Bostock assumed the appointment as Director of Training at Air Force Headquarters on 2 December 1929. He sen/ed until 24 Novemiber 1931 when he took over command of 3 Squadron at Richmond, New South Wales, from Squadron Leader A.H. Cobby. Bostock was promoted to the rank of Wing Commander on 1 July 1934 and combined the functions of squadron commander and officer commanding RAAF Base Richmond from 20 March 1933 until 19 April 1936. Career Brief, Personal File C D. Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother. Allen and IJnwin, Sydney 1991. p 90 Report on William DoM'ling Bostock, Staff College. Andover, Hants. England 1926-1927 in AWnVI PR 00580 Papers of Air Vice Marshal W.D. Bostock [Hereafter Bostock Papers] Stephens, A. Power Plus Attitude - Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force 1921 - 199T Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1992 p 42 Career Brief, Personal File RAAF Historical, Units of the Royal Australian Air Force - A Concise Histoiy. Volume 2 Fighter Units., Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra., 1995. p 6 Career Brief, Personal File Commander in the Shadow 3 Wing Commander Bostock served on the air staff of 1 Group Headquarters, Royal Air Force, from July 1935 until July 1938. On his return to Air Force Headquarters, he was appointed Director of Intelligence on 27 August 1938 and promoted to the rank of Group Captain on I September. Still a Group Captain, Bostock was appointed Deputy Chief of the Air Station 1 September 1939 and attended the London Defence Conference between 23 October and 20 December 1939 as the air adviser to the Australian overseas mission.'' He was promoted to Acting Air Commodore rank on 1 June 1940 and to that of substantive Air Vice Marshal on 1 October 1941.'' During this period the hierarchy of the RAAF was in disarray. Air Vice Marshal Richard Williams had been replaced as Chief of the Air Staff (CAS ) by Air Vice Marshal S.J. Goble on 28 February 1939.
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