Formation and Disintegration of the Balkan Refugee Corridor: Camps, Routes and Borders in Croatian Context Edited by Emina Bužinkić and Marijana Hameršak
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Pitanje izbjegličke krize jedno je od ključnih političkih pitanja u RH u zadnje dvije godine, a ovaj zbornik predstavlja jedan od pionirskih radova koji nude znanstveno utemeljen, a opet široj javnosti blizak pristup navedenoj temi. Vjerujem da će ovaj zbornik postati neizostav- na literatura svima zainteresiranima za doga- đaje od rujna 2015. do travnja 2016. godine, kao i za istraživače koji postupno, ali sigurno grade i šire akademsku disciplinu studija prisil- FORMATION AND nih migracija u Hrvatskoj. DISINTEGRATION OF THE Viktor Koska Centar za istraživanje etničnosti, državljanstva BALKAN REFUGEE CORRIDOR i migracija, Fakultet političkih znanosti Emina Bužinkić i Marijana Hameršak i Marijana Bužinkić Emina CAMPS, ROUTES Zbornik Kamp, koridor, granica važan je ana- AND BORDERS IN litički dokument koji pruža uvid u artikulacije globalnog fenomena (tzv. izbjegličke krize) na Uredile CROATIAN CONTEXT mikrorazini u određenom vremenskom trenut- ku: u Hrvatskoj kao najnovijoj državi članici EU i u razdoblju u kojem su tzv. zapadnobalkan- skom rutom upravljale države, a ne krijumča- ri ljudi. Središnja tema ove knjige jedna je od najrelevantnijih tema suvremenih istraživanja migracija i izbjeglištva ne samo u nacionalnoj Edited by Emina Bužinkić and Marijana Hameršak (hrvatskoj) akademskoj sredini nego i u među- narodnoj znanstvenoj areni. dr. sc. Julija Sardelić Sveučilište u Liverpoolu Ovaj zbornik predstavlja izuzetan doprinos ne samo proučavanju hrvatske deonice migracij- skog koridora u 2015. – 2016. godini, već i bal- kanske rute uopšte, ali i evropskih migracijskih politika i njihovih posledica. Pored ovoga, rado- vi okupljeni u ovom zborniku, koji se zasnivaju na empirijskim istraživanjima, uspešno obrađu- KORIDOR,KAMP, GRANICA ju ključne teorijske probleme, ali imaju i praktič- ni potencijal budući da problematizuju načine na CIJENA: 100 kn koje se kreira, transformiše i regularizuje migra- cijska praksa i koncepti s njom u vezi. dr. sc. Marta Stojić Mitrović Etnografski institut SANU Formation and Disintegration of the Balkan Refugee Corridor: Camps, Routes and Borders in Croatian Context Edited by Emina Bužinkić and Marijana Hameršak Formation and Disintegration of the Balkan Refugee Corridor: Camps, Routes and Borders in Croatian Context Edited by Emina Bužinkić and Marijana Hameršak Edition: Nova etnografija Editors: Marijana Hameršak, Renata Jambrešić Kirin and Iva Pleše Originally published in 2017 by Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research, Centre for Peace Studies, Faculty of Political Science University of Zagreb – Centre for Ethnicity, Citizenship and Migration, Zagreb, as Kamp, koridor, granica: studije izbjeglištva u hrvatskom kontekstu, eds. Emina Bužinkić and Marijana Hameršak. Translators: Mateusz-Milan Stanojević, Juraj Šutej, Julija Veble Mikić and Nikolina Vujnović Publishers: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research (Zagreb), Centre for Peace Studies (Zagreb), Faculty of Political Science University of Zagreb – Centre for Ethnicity, Citizenship and Migration, bordermonitoring.eu e.V. (München) Reviewers: Viktor Koska, Julija Sardelić and Marta Stojić Mitrović Graphic design and layout: Vesna Beader Cover page design: Lilipop design ISBN 978-953-8089-34-3 Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Zagreb-München, 2018 Contents Introduction 7 Marijana Hameršak and Iva Pleše Confined in Movement: The Croatian Section of the Balkan Corridor 9 Duško Petrović Humanitarian Exceptionalism: Normalization of Suspension of Law in Camp and Corridor 43 Iva Grubiša Us and Them? Cultural Anthropological Rethinking of the Fieldwork Experience in Slavonia 63 Tea Škokić and Renata Jambrešić Kirin The Shopping Center of Abnormal Normality: Ethnography of the Distribution Tent in the Refugee Camp in Slavonski Brod 87 Marijana Hameršak and Iva Pleše Winter Reception and Transit Center in the Republic of Croatia: An Ethnographic Research in the Slavonski Brod Rrefugee Camp 109 Emina Bužinkić Welcome to vs. Welcome Through: Crisis Mobilization and Solidarity with Refugees in Croatia as a Transit Country 143 Katarina Peović Vuković “Refugee Crisis” and the Speech of the Unconscious 169 Introduction This book gathers chapters derived from the papers presented at the conference about Balkan refugee corridor held on 14 and 15 June 2016 in Zagreb, Croatia. The conference was organized by the Center for Peace Studies, Center for Ethnicity, Citizenship and Migration of the Faculty of Political Science of the University of Zagreb, Welcome! Initiative / Inicijativa Dobrodošli! and the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research. The intention of the conference was to open up space for pre- senting and connecting disciplinary and thematically diverse empirical re- search on various aspects of mass transcontinental migration across the Balkans towards Europe in 2015. The conference was focused on, till then unprecedented, movement of people which was blocked several months earlier as a result of numerous political decisions, agreements, and stra- tegic, physical and technological interventions. During the conference, twelve studies in different research phases were presented, as well as an artistic project. Moreover, a panel on comparative integration policies with four presentations was held. Detailed summaries of the panel pres- entations were distributed over the volunteers’ platform of the Welcome! Initiative. Ongoing research studies that had been presented at the con- ference were written in the upcoming months and prepared for this book first published in Croatian language in 2017. This book, now also in English translation, is our common attempt to describe and critically rethink Balkan refugee corridor and the ways in which global migration policies and practices have been adapted, established and collapsed in a specific time and space. Editors Marijana Hameršak and Iva Pleše Confined in Movement: The Croatian Section of the Balkan Refugee Corridor The continual fencing off of the European Union, the many that have died at its borders and en route to them, as well as the many marginalised and disenfranchised waiting for admission or a chance to continue their life in the EU at the edges of its territory or far from it, understandably evoke images of solid borders and a compact outer shield, i.e. a “Fortress Europe” (cf. e.g. Amnesty International 2014).1 However, as critics of the term Fortress Europe point out (e.g. Höning 2014: 132; Walters 2002: 567– 568), the borders of Europe in question – unlike the impenetrable walls of some imaginary fortress – are porous and in flux, selectively restrictive, dispersed, and not only robust and circumferential. They are a product of the interaction of practices, tactics and strategies employed by the people on the move, legal frameworks, political and other arrangements, military and police forces, technology, the media and public opinion. These bor- ders are constantly being relocated, established and abolished, abandoned and determined, materialised and de-materialised. Even in an ideal type form they overlap, complement and cancel each other out. By going into the territories of individual countries or transcending them on several lev- els, these diffuse and stratified borders form a sort of constantly changing and frightening live trap for the undesirables. 1 For estimates on the number of deaths en route to Europe in 2015 see, e.g. Brian and Laczko et al. 2016: 5–12, for estimates of the status on the edges of the EU, e.g. in Greece in October 2016, see http://www.refworld.org/country,COI,UNHCR,,GRC,,57f397094,0.html. Also see map: http://15years.morizbuesing.com/. Overview of the number of people flee- ing from Syria, for instance, to countries in the Middle East and North Africa in May of 2015, see: http://www.refworld.org/country,,UNHCR,,LBN,,56e7ba714,0.html. MARIJANA HAMERŠAK AND IVA PLEŠE CONFINED IN MOVEMENT For us, as well as countless others, this trap has been basically invis- branching out towards the Croatia-Hungary and Croatia-Slovenia border, ible in our daily lives until recently. Before the long summer of migration was at that time, as well as afterwards, followed by different types of state in 2015 (cf. e.g. Kasparek and Speer 2015), it was not apparent in its true of emergency at the border. Several hundreds of people, and at times more meaning even in those rare instances where we witnessed its activation, than a thousand, were stopped at the Croatia-Slovenia border, which we for instance, when a few years ago one of us was on a train headed for ourselves witnessed, and at the same time a significant number of po- Ljubljana (Slovenia) and one dark skinned young man was escorted out of lice officers were deployed, communal services were mobilised and local the car by the border police “for additional checks”. Instead of some sort solidarity networks emerged. On no man’s land at the Bregana-Obrežje of direct or at least postponed reaction, this event in its de-contextualised crossing, near the official ramps at the entrance to Slovenia, colorful tents form elicited only a vague feeling that the incident was in fact an encoun- were pitched, improvised stands erected, mobile sanitary units and ad- ter with something that could be recognised as a European apartheid (cf. ditional fences set up, food and clothes were distributed. The media re- Balibar 2004: 121–122). Therefore our review of the events that took place ported that one “man fainted from exhaustion and dehydration” at the in the fall