55170 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 172 / Tuesday, September 6, 2011 / Proposed Rules

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Species Information Loyal Mehrhoff, Field Supervisor, Overview of the Genus Hylaeus Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES); by telephone at 808– The seven species of bees described in 50 CFR Part 17 792–9400; or by facsimile at 808–792– this finding belong to the genus Hylaeus. Hylaeus is a large, globally [Docket No. FWS–R1–ES–2010–0012; MO 9581. If you use a telecommunications 92210–0–008] device for the deaf (TTD) please call the distributed genus comprised of over 500 Federal Information Relay Service species worldwide. In the Hawaiian Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. Islands, the genus Hylaeus is widespread and very diverse, with 60 and Plants; 12-Month Finding on Five SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Petitions To List Seven Species of native species, including 20 endemic to Hawaiian Yellow-faced Bees as Background single islands (Magnacca 2007a, p. 174). All 60 Hawaiian species are in the Endangered Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act (16 subgenus Nesoprosopis (Magnacca and U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) requires that, for AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Danforth 2006, p. 393). The Hawaiian any petition to revise the Federal Lists Interior. Hylaeus genus belongs to the Colletidae of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife ACTION: Notice of 12-month petition family of bees, also known as plasterer and Plants that contains substantial finding. bees due to their habit of lining their scientific or commercial information nests with salival secretions. The family SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and that listing a species may be warranted, is comprised of over 2,000 species, all Wildlife Service (Service), announce a we make a finding within 12 months of of which are solitary nesting (unlike 12-month finding on five petitions to the date of receipt of the petition. In this social wasps and bees), although a few list seven species of Hawaiian yellow- finding, we determine whether the do nest in close vicinity to each other. faced bees (Hylaeus anthracinus, H. petitioned action is: (a) Not warranted, The species of Hylaeus are commonly assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. (b) warranted, or (c) warranted, but known as yellow-faced bees or masked kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana) as immediate proposal of a regulation bees for their yellow-to-white facial endangered and to designate critical implementing the petitioned action is markings. All of the Hylaeus species habitat under the Endangered Species precluded by other pending proposals to roughly resemble small wasps in Act of 1973, as amended (Act). After determine whether species are appearance, due to their slender bodies review of all available scientific and endangered or threatened, and and their seeming lack of setae (sensory commercial information, we find that expeditious progress is being made to hairs). However, Hylaeus bees have listing these seven species of Hawaiian add or remove qualified species from plumose (branched) hairs on the body yellow-faced bees is warranted. the Federal Lists of Endangered and that are longest on the sides of the Currently, however, listing these seven Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Section thorax. To a discerning eye, it is these species of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees is 4(b)(3)(C) of the Act requires that we plumose setae that readily distinguish precluded by higher priority actions to treat a petition for which the requested them from wasps (Michener 2000, p. amend the Lists of Endangered and action is found to be warranted but 55). Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Upon precluded as though resubmitted on the A great deal of our knowledge on publication of this 12-month petition date of such finding, that is, requiring a Hawaiian Hylaeus bees is based upon finding, we will add these seven species subsequent finding to be made within surveys by Robert Cyril Layton Perkins, of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees to our 12 months. We must publish these 12- a distinguished British entomologist and candidate species list. We will develop month findings in the Federal Register. naturalist renowned for his pioneering a proposed rule to list these seven Previous Federal Actions work on the insects of the Hawaiian species of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees Islands, particularly the Hymenoptera as our priorities allow. We will make On March 23, 2009, we received five (sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants), in the any determinations on critical habitat petitions dated March 23, 2009, from early 20th Century. His surveys were during development of the proposed Scott Hoffman Black, Executive Director conducted between 1892 and 1906, and listing rule. In any interim period we of the Xerces Society, requesting that form the basis for most of the historical will address the status of the candidate seven species of Hawaiian yellow-faced records of Hylaeus in the Hawaiian taxa through our annual Candidate bees be listed as endangered under the Islands. According to Perkins, Hylaeus Notice of Review (CNOR). Act and critical habitat be designated. species were ‘‘almost the most DATES: The finding announced in this Each petition contained information ubiquitous of any Hawaiian insects’’ document was made on September 6, regarding the species’ taxonomy and (Perkins 1913, p. lxxxi). However, there 2011. ecology, historical and current are about 90 years between Perkins’ ADDRESSES: This finding is available on distribution, present status, and current surveys and the most recent surveys the Internet at http:// and potential threats. We acknowledged conducted in the late 1990s for Hylaeus www.regulations.gov at Docket Number the receipt of the petitions in a letter to bees in the Hawaiian Islands. FWS–R1–ES–2010–0012. Supporting Mr. Black, dated May 8, 2009. In that Surveys in more recent years (1998– documentation we used in preparing letter we also stated that issuing an 2010) for Hylaeus spp. in the Hawaiian this finding is available for public emergency regulation temporarily Islands have largely involved targeted inspection, by appointment, during listing the species under section 4(b)(7) collecting on specific flowering plants normal business hours at the U.S. Fish of the Act was not warranted at that (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–233; and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands time. We published the 90-day finding Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 5), rather than Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana in the Federal Register on June 16, 2010 survey methods such as pan trapping or Boulevard, Room 3–122, Honolulu, HI (75 FR 34077). This notice constitutes Pollard walks (see below). While this 96850. Please submit any new the 12-month finding on the March 23, means the numbers of individuals and information, materials, comments, or 2009, petitions to list the seven species species observed are not strictly questions concerning this finding to the of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees as quantifiable by effort, the probability of above street address. endangered. collecting species actually present is

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higher (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 5). underground. Like other Hylaeus, elevation from approximately 2,900 to Because the number and diversity of Hawaiian Hylaeus lack strong 7,900 feet (ft) (approximately 880 to Hylaeus spp. tend to be locally mandibles and other adaptations for 2,400 meters (m)). The study also found concentrated rather than widely digging and often use nest burrows the proportion of native pollinators distributed, randomized and more abandoned by other insect species (Daly changed along the elevation gradient; at quantifiable surveys such as pan and Magnacca 2003, p. 9). The female least 40 to 50 percent of visits were from trapping and Pollard walks are actually Hylaeus bee lays eggs in brood cells she nonnative pollinators at low elevation, less effective means of locating Hylaeus constructs in the nest and lines with a as opposed to 4 to 20 percent of visits spp. (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 5). Pan self-secreted, cellophane-like material. by nonnative pollinators at mid to high trapping involves the use of shallow Prior to sealing the nest, the female elevations. Hylaeus bees were less pans of fluid, and relies on the organism provides her young with a mass of abundant at lower elevations, and there falling or flying into the fluid semiliquid nectar and pollen left were lower visitation rates of any preservative. Pollard walks involve alongside her eggs. Upon hatching, the pollinators to native plants at lower observers walking along a fixed transect grub-like larvae eat the provisions left elevations, which suggest Hylaeus may route and recording the insects for them, pupate, and eventually emerge not be easily replaceable by nonnative observed. as adults (Michener 2000, p. 24). The pollinators (Sahli et al. 2008, p. 1). The recent Hylaeus spp. survey efforts adult male and female bees feed upon For some of the seven Hawaiian are not easily comparable to Perkins’ flower nectar for nourishment. Many yellow-faced bees addressed in this collections, which are considered now species, including the Hawaiian finding, we have information about the to have been conducted Hylaeus, lack an external structure for specific host plants they visit for nectar opportunistically. For example, Perkins carrying pollen, called a scopa, and and pollen. For some species, we have collected higher numbers of individuals instead internally transport collected also identified primary host plants and species in certain areas, including pollen, often mixed with nectar, within visited (see description of the species coastal areas that were much less their crop (stomach). where noted). However, for others, we disturbed at the time, and some species, lack detailed information on the specific such as H. facilis, were formerly very Recent studies of visitation records of host plants visited for foraging. common but have almost entirely Hawaiian Hylaeus bees to native flowers Nonetheless, researchers believe native disappeared (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 11) and plants both endemic and indigenous to 5). pollination studies of native plants (Sakai et al. 1995, pp. 2,524–2,528; Cox the Hawaiian Islands are essential to the Life History of Genus Hylaeus and Elmqvist 2000, p. 1,238; Sahli et al. survival of the Hylaeus species (Hopper The following discussion includes all 2008, p. 1) have demonstrated Hawaiian et al. 1996, pp. 8–9; Daly and Magnacca Hawaiian Hylaeus species, and specific Hylaeus species almost exclusively visit 2003, pp. 217–229; Magnacca 2007a, pp. information about the seven petitioned native plants to collect nectar and 185–186). Hylaeus species. pollen, pollinating those plants in the Hawaiian Island Ecosystems Hawaiian Hylaeus species are process. Hylaeus bees are very rarely grouped within two categories: Ground- found visiting nonnative plants for The five Hawaiian Island ecosystems nesting species that require relatively nectar and pollen (Magnacca 2007a, pp. that support the seven Hawaiian yellow- dry conditions, and wood-nesting 186, 188), and are almost completely faced bees addressed in this 12-month species that are often found within absent from habitats dominated by finding are described in the following wetter areas (Zimmerman 1972, p. 533; nonnative plant species (Daly and section. See Table 1 below for a list of Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 11). Nests Magnacca 2003, p. 11). Sahli et al. the ecosystems from which each species of Hylaeus species are usually (2008, p. 1) quantified pollinator is reported. Because Hawaiian Hylaeus constructed opportunistically within visitation rates to all of the flowering spp., including these seven, are believed dead twigs or plant stems, or other plant species in communities on a to be essential pollinators of the native similarly small natural cavities under Hawaiian lava flow dating from 1855 to Hawaiian plant fauna, we are providing bark or rocks (i.e., they seek out existing understand how pollination webs and this background information on the cavities that they suit to their own the integration of native and nonnative different ecosystems in which they needs). This is unlike the nests of many species changes with elevation. In that occur to better elaborate upon the other bee species, which are study, eight flowering plants were specific threats found in the five purposefully excavated or constructed observed at six sites, which ranged in ecosystem types.

TABLE 1—CURRENT (AND HISTORICAL) DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEVEN YELLOW–FACED BEES BY ECOSYSTEM TYPE AND ISLAND

Species and number of current Ecosystems populations Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane mesic Montane dry

H. anthracinus, 13 populations HI, MA, MO, HI, KAH, (*LA), N/A ...... N/A ...... HI. OA. MA, (*MO), (*OA). H. assimulans, 5 populations ... KAH, (*MA), LA, MA, (*OA) N/A ...... N/A ...... N/A. (*OA). H. facilis, 2 populations ...... (*MA), MO, (*LA), (*OA) ..... (*LA), (*MA), (*MA), OA ...... (*MO) ...... N/A. (*OA). (*OA). H. hilaris, 1 population ...... (*LA), (*MA), (*MA) ...... N/A ...... N/A ...... N/A. MO. H. kuakea, 2 populations ...... N/A ...... N/A ...... OA ...... N/A ...... N/A. H. longiceps, 6 populations ...... LA, MA, MO, LA, (*MA), N/A ...... N/A ...... N/A. OA. (*MO).

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TABLE 1—CURRENT (AND HISTORICAL) DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEVEN YELLOW–FACED BEES BY ECOSYSTEM TYPE AND ISLAND—Continued

Species and number of current Ecosystems populations Coastal Lowland dry Lowland mesic Lowland wet Montane mesic Montane dry

H. mana, 1 population ...... N/A ...... N/A ...... OA ...... N/A ...... N/A. HI = Hawaii (Island); KAH = Kahoolawe; LA = Lanai; MA = Maui; MO = Molokai; OA = Oahu; (*XX) denotes a historical population; N/A means no population records

Coastal Ecosystem elevation that receive less than 50 in Lowland Wet Ecosystem (127 cm) annual rainfall, or are in The coastal ecosystem is found on all The lowland wet ecosystem is otherwise prevailingly dry substrate of the main Hawaiian Islands, with the generally found below approximately conditions. Areas consisting of highest species diversity found in the 3,300 ft (1,000 m) in elevation on the predominantly native species in the least populated coastal areas of Hawaii, windward sides of the main Hawaiian lowland dry ecosystem are now rare. Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Islands, except Kahoolawe (Gagne and This ecosystem is found on the islands Kauai, and their associated islets, and Cuddihy 1999, p. 85; TNC 2006d). of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, extends from sea level to approximately These areas include a variety of wet Kahoolawe, Oahu, and Kauai, and is 1,000 ft (approximately 300 m) in grasslands, shrublands, and forests that best represented on the leeward sides of elevation. The coastal vegetation zone is receive greater than 75 in (191 cm) the islands (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. typically dry, with annual rainfall of annual precipitation, or are in otherwise 67). Biological diversity is low to less than approximately 20 inches (in) wet substrate conditions (TNC 2006d). moderate in this ecosystem, and (50.8 centimeters (cm)); however Biological diversity is high in this includes specialized animals and plants windward rainfall may be high enough system (TNC 2006d). The majority of such as the Hawaiian owl or pueo (Asio (up to approximately 40 in (1,000 mm)) lowland wet forests are dominated by flammeus sandwichensis) and Santalum to support mesic-associated and Metrosideros polymorpha, with ellipticum (iliahialoe) (Wagner et al. sometimes wet-associated vegetation understory trees such as Psychotria spp. 1999, pp. 1,220–1,221; TNC 2006b). (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, pp. 54–66). (kopiko) and Antidesma platyphyllum Compared to dry and mesic ecosystems, Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, (hame) (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. biological diversity (number of species) H. facilis, and H. longiceps are known 87). Currently, Hylaeus facilis is known is low to moderate in the coastal from lowland dry forests. These forests from lowland wet forest (Daly and ecosystem, but may include some are typically dominated by Diospyros Magnacca 2003, p. 81). specialized plants and animals such as sandwicensis (lama), Erythrina nesting seabirds and the rare native sandwicensis (wiliwili), Nestegis Montane Dry Ecosystem plant Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) (The sandwicensis (olopua), or Metrosideros The montane dry ecosystem is Nature Conservancy (TNC) 2006a). polymorpha (ohia) and a diversity of composed of natural communities Sesbania tomentosa formerly occurred native shrubs growing within the (shrublands, grasslands, forest) found at widely in lower elevation dry habitat on understory (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, elevations between approximately 3,300 all of the main islands and at least on pp. 72–74). and 6,600 ft (1,000 and 2,000 m), in Necker and Nihoa of the Northwestern Lowland Mesic Ecosystem areas where annual precipitation is less Hawaiian Islands. The species is now than 50 in (127 cm), or otherwise in dry scattered throughout its former range, The lowland mesic ecosystem substrate conditions (TNC 2006g). and is restricted to relic populations on includes a variety of grasslands, Montane dry forests occur on the sandy beaches, on dunes, on soil shrublands, and forests, below leeward sides of the islands of Maui and pockets on lava, and along pond approximately 3,300 ft (1,000 m) in Hawaii, and biological diversity is margins (Wagner et al. 1990, p. 705). elevation, that receive between 50 and moderate (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. The dominant native vegetation in 75 in (127 and 191 cm) annual rainfall, 93; TNC 2006g). Montane dry forests are coastal ecosystems is the shrub Scaevola or are in otherwise mesic substrate dominated by some combination of sericea (naupaka kahakai) (Alpha et al. conditions (TNC 2006c). In the Acacia koa, Sophora chrysophylla) 1996, p. 86). Other common native plant Hawaiian Islands, this ecosystem is (mamame), Metrosideros polymorpha, species include Ipomoea pes-caprae found on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and rarely, Chamaesyce olowaluana (beach morning-glory), Sporobolus Oahu, and Kauai, on both windward (akoko) (Gagne and Cuddihy, p. 95). In virginicus (beach dropseed), and leeward sides of the islands. 2004, a single individual of H. Jacquemontia ovata (pau o Hiiaka), and Biological diversity is high in this anthracinus was collected in montane Sesuvium portulacastrum (akulikuli or system (TNC 2006c). dry forest on Hawaii Island. sea purslane) (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 57–59). Among the Hylaeus species Lowland mesic forests are typically Specific Information on Hylaeus addressed in this finding, five are dominated by Acacia koa (koa), anthracinus Diospyros sandwicensis, Metrosideros known from coastal ecosystems, Taxonomy and Description including H. anthracinus, H. polymorpha, or Nestegis sandwicensis, assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, and H. and a diversity of understory trees and Hylaeus anthracinus was first longiceps. native shrubs growing below the canopy described as Prosopis anthracina by species (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. Smith in 1873 (Daly and Magnacca Lowland Dry Ecosystem 80–82). Historically, Hylaeus facilis was 2003, p. 55), and transferred to The lowland dry ecosystem includes known from lowland mesic forest, but Nesoprosopis 20 years later (Perkins shrublands and forests below currently only H. kuakea and H. mana 1899, pp. 75). Nesoprosopis was approximately 3,300 ft (1,000 m) in are found in this habitat. reduced to a subgenus of Hylaeus in

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1923 (Meade-Waldo 1923, p. 1). ft (610 m) in elevation on the islands of the south, but found no species of Although the distinctness of this species Hawaii, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Hylaeus and observed that most of these remains unquestioned, recent genetic Oahu. Between 1997 and 2008, surveys areas are either dominated by invasive, evidence (Magnacca and Brown 2010, for Hawaiian Hylaeus were conducted at nonnative plants, such as Leucaena pp. 5–7) suggests H. anthracinus may be 43 sites throughout the Hawaiian leucephala (koa haole), or lack composed of three cryptic (not Islands that were either historical vegetation entirely (Magnacca, pers. recognized) species or subspecies that collecting localities for H. anthracinus, comm. 2008a). Hylaeus anthracinus is represent the populations on Hawaii, or potentially suitable habitat for this currently found in five locations in Maui and Kahoolawe, and Molokai and species. Hylaeus anthracinus was coastal and lowland dry forest on the Oahu. However, this has not been observed at 13 of the 43 survey sites, but leeward (west) side of the island, established scientifically; therefore, we had disappeared from each of the 9 including Kohanaiki; Kaloko- treat H. anthracinus as a single species historically occupied sites surveyed Honokohau National Historic Park in this finding. (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 217; (NHP); Makalawena Beach; the Hylaeus anthracinus is a medium- Magnacca 2007b, p. 44). Several of the Mahaiula section of Kekaha Kai (Kona sized, black bee with clear to smoky historical collection sites, such as Coast) State Park; and Kaulana Bay near wings and black legs. The male has a Honolulu and Waikiki on Oahu and Ka Lae (South Point). In addition, there single large yellow spot on his face, Kealakekua Bay on Hawaii, no longer is one recent collection from montane while below the antennal sockets the contain Hylaeus habitat, which has been dry forest in the U.S. Army’s Pohakuloa face is yellow. The female is entirely replaced by urban development or is Training Area, in the northern part of black and can be distinguished by the dominated by nonnative vegetation the island. Collection reports from these black hairs on the end of the abdomen (Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, pp. 346– six areas follow: and an unusual mandible that has three 347; Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 55; (A) Kohanaiki: Hylaeus anthracinus teeth, a characteristic shared only with Magnacca 2007a, pp. 186–188). was collected in coastal habitat on H. flavifrons, a closely related species Hylaeus anthracinus is currently Tournefortia argentea at this location on Kauai (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. known from 13 small patches of coastal near Puhili Point by Magnacca (2007b, 53). and lowland dry forest habitat p. 44). Kohanaiki is an area of land (Magnacca 2005a, p. 2): five locations on granted to indigenous Hawaiians in Life History the island of Hawaii; one location on 1995 for cultural and recreational The diet of the larval stage of Hylaeus Kahoolawe; two locations on Maui; preservation and pursuits (Kohanaiki anthracinus is unknown, although the three locations on Molokai; and two Ohana 1995 (http://www.kohanaiki.org/ larvae are presumed to feed on stores of locations on Oahu (Daly and Magnacca )). There is some possibility for pollen and nectar collected and 2003, p. 217; Magnacca 2005a, p. 2; increased recreational impact to the deposited in the nest by the adult Magnacca 2007b, p. 44). These 13 area, if and when adjacent privately female. Likewise, the nesting habits of locations supported small populations owned parcels are developed, as is H. anthracinus are not known, but the of H. anthracinus, but the number of currently planned (Kohanaiki Ohana species is thought to nest within the individual bees is unknown. In 2004, a 1995 (http://www.kohanaiki.org/)). stems of coastal shrubs (Magnacca single individual was collected in (B) Kaloko-Honokohau NHP: In 2007, 2005a, p. 2). montane dry forest on the island of researchers collected Hylaeus Hylaeus anthracinus adults have been Hawaii; however, the presence of anthracinus in coastal habitat in observed visiting the flowers of additional individuals has not been Kaloko-Honokohau NHP, which is just Sesbania tomentosa, Scaevola sericea, confirmed at this site (Magnacca 2005a, south of Kohanaiki, and managed by the Sida fallax (ilima), Argemone glauca p. 2). Although it was previously National Park Service (NPS) (P. Aldrich, (pua kala), Chamaesyce celastroides unknown from the island of Kahoolawe, University of Hawaii at Manoa, pers. (akoko), Chamaesyce degeneri (akoko), H. anthracinus was observed at one comm. 2008a; Magnacca, pers. comm. Heliotropium anomalum (hinahina), location on the island in 2002 (Daly and 2008c). and Myoporum sandwicense (naio). Magnacca 2003, p. 55). The species is (C) Makalawena Beach: Researchers This species has also been collected believed to be extirpated from Lanai collected Hylaeus anthracinus in coastal from inside the fruit capsule of Kadua (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 55). habitat in south Kona at Makalawena coriacea (kioele) (Magnacca 2005a, p. 2). Additionally, during surveys between Beach in 2007 (P. Aldrich, pers. comm., Hylaeus anthracinus has also been 1997 and 2008, H. anthracinus was July 2008a). Inaccessible by motor observed visiting Tournefortia argentea absent from 17 other sites on Hawaii, vehicle, visitors must hike to the beach (tree heliotrope), a tree native to tropical Maui, Molokai, and Oahu with on a trail that begins in nearby Kekaha Asia, Madagascar, tropical Australia, potentially suitable habitat from which Kai State Park. Makalawena Beach is and Polynesia, for nectar and pollen other species of Hylaeus were collected located on private land owned by (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 398; Daly and (Daly and Magnacca 2003; Magnacca, Kamehameha Schools. Magnacca 2003, p. 55; Magnacca 2007a, University of Hawaii at Hilo, pers. (D) Mahaiula Section of Kekaha Kai p. 181). Tournefortia argentea was first comm. 2008a). State Park: Researchers collected collected on Oahu in 1864–1865, and is Hylaeus anthracinus in coastal habitat Hawaii Island naturalized and documented from all of in the Mahaiula section of Kekaha Kai the main islands except Kahoolawe Hylaeus anthracinus was first State Park in 2007 (P. Aldrich, (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 398). Hylaeus described by Perkins (1899, p. 100) from unpublished data). The park is managed anthracinus commonly occurs alongside specimens collected by F. Smith on the by the Hawaii Department of Land and other Hylaeus species, including H. Kona (west) coast at Kealakekua Bay. In Natural Resources’ (DLNR) Division of longiceps and H. flavipes. the intervening 99 years, H. anthracinus State Parks, and is open to the public appears to have declined significantly daily. This section of the park is Range and Distribution throughout its historical range on this accessed by a 1.5-mile (mi) (1.6- Hylaeus anthracinus was historically coastline. Between 1997 and 2008, kilometer (km)) unpaved road from the known from numerous coastal and researchers thoroughly surveyed the main highway (Queen Kaahumanu lowland dry forest habitats up to 2,000 area around Kealakekua Bay and Keei to Highway (Hwy 19)), and offers public

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recreational opportunities for swimming Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). (B) Kanaio Natural Area Reserve: and beach-related activities, such as However, this species was absent from Hylaeus anthracinus was collected in hiking, picnicking, and boating (http:// potentially suitable habitat located at 1999 in remnant native lowland dry www.hawaiistateparks.org/ Kamohio on the southeastern coast of forest in the State’s Kanaio Natural Area hawaiistateparks/parks/hawaii/ the island where other Hylaeus species Reserve (NAR) on the southern slopes of index.cfm?park_id=47). were collected. Overgrazing by Haleakala at 2,000 ft (600 m) in (E) Kaulana Bay: Hylaeus anthracinus introduced cattle and goats, and elevation (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. appears to be restricted to an area of bombing and target practice by the U.S. 217). Kanaio NAR is a State-protected 5,000–10,000 year-old lava flows east of military, have led to soil erosion area of approximately 876 ac (355 ha), Ka Lae at Kaulana Bay, where it and resulting in the loss of almost all of the and contains patches of lowland dry other species of Hylaeus were collected coastal and lowland dry forest habitat forest and shrub lands. The State plans in 1999 and 2002 (Magnacca 2007a, p. on this island (Warren 2004, p. 461). In to rehabilitate habitat in the Kanaio 181). The substrate of these lava flows 1993, Congress ended military use on NAR by excluding feral ungulates with is distinct from the surrounding areas Kahoolawe, and the Kahoolawe Island fencing, managing weeds, and planting covered by Pahala ash (Magnacca, pers. Reserve Commission (KIRC) was created native species (http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/ comm. 2010b). The area near Ka Lae, at to manage land use and restore dofaw/rpc/projects-on-maui). the southernmost tip of the island of Kahoolawe’s natural resources (Dept. of (C) Manawainui Gulch: In 1999, Hawaii, is believed to be the best coastal Defense, p. 1). Access to the island is Hylaeus anthracinus was collected at habitat for Hylaeus on the island. limited and controlled by KIRC, and this coastal site on land owned by the However, H. anthracinus was absent activities conducted on the island State’s DHHL (Magnacca, pers. comm. from several sites with potentially include fishing, habitat restoration, 2008a). The site is east of Kahikinui, suitable vegetation near Ka Lae and historical preservation, and education. and should not be confused with the other sites to the east along the coast, Commercial enterprises are currently Manawainui Valley, which is east of including Kalu, Kaalualu, and Mahana, prohibited on the island (Warren 2004, Kaupo, or Manawainui Gulch at where other Hylaeus species were p. 1). Ukumehame on west Maui. collected. The population of H. Molokai anthracinus at Kaulana Bay appears Maui highly localized, and may have more Perkins (1899, p. 100) originally Perkins collected Hylaeus stringent habitat requirements related to described Hylaeus anthracinus as anthracinus at Kaulawai [Kauluwai] and localized substrate type than other abundant in coastal and lowland habitat two unknown sites: the lower slopes of species of Hawaiian Hylaeus found in on the island of Maui, where it was the north Molokai mountains and the nearby areas (e.g., H. difficilis and H. known from four sites. Perkins’ primary ‘‘Molokai plains’’ (Perkins 1899; Daly flavipes). The Ka Lae area, including collection site for coastal bees on Maui and Magnacca 2003, p. 55). Hylaeus Kaulana Bay, is registered as a National was the Wailuku sandhills, which once anthracinus occurred in three of five Historic Landmark District and a large supported a diverse bee fauna. Lacking sites surveyed between 1999 and 2005. portion of the area is primarily owned adequate descriptions, researchers were These locations include TNC’s by the State’s Department of Hawaiian unable to relocate two of the Perkins Moomomi Preserve on Molokai’s Home Lands (DHHL), although a smaller collection sites during recent surveys, northwest coast, and Hoolehua Beach portion is privately owned. Public but two sites were relocated and and Kaupikiawa, both located on the access to Kaulana Bay is not restricted, surveyed in 1999 and 2001 (Magnacca Kalaupapa peninsula (Magnacca, pers. and the area is used for recreational 2007a, p. 173). Hylaeus anthracinus has comm. 2008a). This species was not activities such as off-road vehicle use also been collected at Kanaio on the observed at several other sites with (Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). lower southern slopes of Haleakala, an potentially suitable habitat, including (F) U.S. Army’s Pohakuloa Training unusual location for this otherwise sand dune habitat near the Kaluakoi Area (PTA): In 2004, one male Hylaeus exclusively coastal species. The species resort on Molokai’s west coast anthracinus was collected on the was also collected at the coast nearby, (Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). southern slopes of Mauna Kea in at Manawainui. Descriptions of these Collection reports of these sites follow: montane dry forest habitat in the U.S. three sites follows: (A) Moomomi Preserve: Between 1999 Army’s PTA at approximately 5,200– (A) Wailuku Sand Hills: Formerly a and 2001, researchers collected H. 5,400 ft (1,590–1,650 m) in elevation large expanse of coastal dune habitat, anthracinus and H. longiceps from an (Magnacca 2007b, p. 44). The specimen the Wailuku sand hills remain as small area of native vegetation in coastal dune was found inside the fruit capsule of the remnant dunes and only one, at Waiehu, habitat within Moomomi Preserve federally endangered plant, Hedyotis contains intact native vegetation (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). Moomomi coriacea (kioele). Hylaeus anthracinus potentially suitable for Hylaeus bees. Preserve contains intact coastal dunes has not been observed at the PTA since This remnant coastal sand dune covers dominated by native vegetation, as well the collection made in 2004 (Magnacca less than 2.5 acres (ac) (1 hectare (ha)) as dune and inland areas dominated by 2007b, p. 44). It is unknown if this on State lands near a golf course. nonnative vegetation. collection was a single vagrant Hylaeus anthracinus was not observed (B) Hoolehua Beach and Kaupikiawa: individual or from an established during the 1999 and 2001 surveys in In 2005, Hylaeus anthracinus was population at the PTA (Magnacca this location (Daly and Magnacca 2003, collected at a coastal site above 2007b, p. 44). p. 217). The rest of the dunes have been Hoolehua Beach near the tip of the destroyed by development or are Kalaupapa peninsula, and at Kahoolawe Island overgrown with the nonnative plant Kaupikiawa, just to the east (Magnacca Previously unknown on Kahoolawe, a Prosopis pallida (kiawe). Researchers 2007b, p. 181). Both sites are located population of Hylaeus anthracinus was observed that the Kahului section of the within Kalaupapa NHP, which is discovered in 2002 in coastal habitat at dunes, located south of the native cooperatively managed by the NPS, Pali o Kalapakea, where four specimens remnant dune, no longer contains DHHL, and the State’s DLNR and were collected at an elevation of 1,000 potentially suitable habitat for species of Departments of Health (DOH) and ft (300 m) (Daly and Magnacca 2003; Hylaeus (Magnacca 2007a, p. 182). Transportation (DOT). The areas on the

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east side of the Kalaupapa peninsula are prevent nonnative species, such as cats of jurisdictions, including private (e.g., largely rocky and devoid of vegetation, and dogs that threaten nesting seabirds, TNC), State (e.g., DHHL, DOFAW, but contain scattered patches of native from entering 59 ac (24 ha) of coastal NARs, State Park, Seabird Sanctuary), coastal vegetation, similar to Ka Lae on habitat within Kaena Point NAR and Federal (U.S. Army, NPS). the island of Hawaii (Magnacca 2007a, (http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/ Specific Information on Hylaeus p. 181). kaena/index.htm). (B) Mokuauia (Goat Island): From the assimulans Oahu lack of records, it appears Perkins and Taxonomy and Description Hylaeus anthracinus was historically other early naturalists did not search Hylaeus assimulans was first known from seven sites on the island of Mokuauia or Oahu’s other offshore islets described as Nesoprosopis assimulans Oahu, although two of the coastal sites for yellow-faced bees. Recently, Hylaeus (Perkins 1899, pp. 75, 101–102); were not conclusively identified by anthracinus was found on this islet by Nesoprosopis was reduced to a Perkins and the exact locations cannot Service biologists during general subgenus of Hylaeus in 1923 (Meade- now be determined (Perkins 1899, p. surveys of the islet (S. Plentovich, Waldo 1923, p. 1). The species was most 100). This species appears to have Service, pers. comm. 2008). Mokuauia, recently described as Hylaeus declined precipitously since Perkins’ an offshore islet in Laie Bay located on assimulans by Daly and Magnacca in collecting period on Oahu (1892–1906) Oahu’s northeast coast, encompasses 13 2003 (pp. 55–56). Hylaeus assimulans is and is currently only known from two ac (5.3 ha) and reaches a maximum distinguished by its large size relative to sites, Kaena Point NAR and Mokuauia elevation of 15 ft (4.5 m). The entire (Goat Island). Between 1997 and 2008, islet is a State Seabird Sanctuary and is other coastal Hylaeus species and H. anthracinus was not found during managed by the State’s Department of slightly smoky to smoky-colored wings. surveys of five of its historical Perkins- Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). The The male is black with yellow face era collection sites. Several of these sites entire islet was designated as critical marks, with an almost entirely yellow no longer provide suitable habitat for habitat for the endangered plant clypeus (lower face region) with Hylaeus species because native Sesbania tomentosa in 2003, and the additional marks on the sides that vegetation has been removed during DOFAW is actively restoring native narrow dorsally (towards the top). The urbanization, or the sites are dominated vegetation and controlling nonnative male also has brown appressed by invasive, nonnative vegetation. These species. Mokuauia is easily accessed by (flattened) hairs on the tip of the sites include Honolulu, Waikiki, ‘‘the the public and is a popular destination abdomen. The female is entirely black, Honolulu mountains,’’ Waialua, and the for small boats, kayaks, and swimmers large-bodied, and has no distinct Waianae coast (Liebherr and Polhemus on weekends. punctuation on the abdomen (Daly and 1997, pp. 345–347; Daly and Magnacca Magnacca 2003, p. 56). Lanai 2003, p. 55). Between 1999 and 2002, Life History researchers searched coastal habitat at Hylaeus anthracinus has not been Makapuu and Kalaeloa (Barber’s Point), observed on Lanai for over 100 years The diet of the larval stage of Hylaeus but did not find any species of Hylaeus and is likely extirpated from this assimulans is unknown, although the (Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). The privately owned island. This species larvae are presumed to feed on stores of coastal habitat at both sites is degraded was not observed at any of the recently pollen and nectar collected and and dominated by nonnative vegetation. surveyed sites, including Manele Bay, deposited in the nest by the female Descriptions of the two known sites where it was collected by Perkins in adult (Magnacca 2005b, p. 2). Likewise, follow: 1899 (Magnacca 2007a, p. 182; the nesting habits of H. assimulans are (A) Kaena Point NAR: Between 1998 Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). not known, but because the species is and 2008, Hylaeus anthracinus was However, other Hylaeus species were genetically related to other ground collected at Kaena Point, which is collected at seven of the eight locations nesting Hylaeus spp., it is thought to be located on Oahu’s northwest-most point surveyed (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. a ground nester (Magnacca 2005b, p. 2). (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 55; Sahli, 217–229). Hylaeus assimulans adults have been University of Hawaii at Manoa, pers. observed visiting the flowers of comm. 2008). Kaena Point contains the Summary of Hylaeus anthracinus Range Lipochaeta lobata (nehe) and its likely best intact native coastal habitat on and Distribution primary host plant, Sida fallax (Daly Oahu, and is an excellent example of Hylaeus anthracinus was historically and Magnacca 2003, p. 58). Hylaeus that type of ecosystem in the known from numerous coastal and assimulans appears to be closely Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It lowland dry forest habitats up to 2,000 associated with plants in the genus provides habitat for nesting seabirds, ft (600 m) in elevation, on the islands of Sida, and studies thus far suggest this monk seals, native plants, and other Hawaii, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and yellow-faced bee species may be more native species (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). Oahu. Currently, this species is known common where this plant is abundant The primary activities within this NAR from a total of 13 sites in a few small (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 58, 217; include recreation, hiking, nature study, patches of coastal and lowland dry Magnacca 2007a, p. 183). In recent education, and the observation of forest habitat: one location on survey efforts, H. assimulans seems to wildlife (DLNR 2007, p. 20). While Kahoolawe, five locations on the island be more common in dry forest at illegal off-road driving was once a of Hawaii, two locations on Maui, three relatively higher elevations, which may concern, a physical barrier is now in locations on Molokai, and two locations be related to the abundance of Sida in place that prevents vehicular access, on Oahu. In addition, in 2004 a single the understory (Magnacca 2005b, p. 2). and native vegetation is regenerating individual of H. anthracinus was Sida spp. were less often found in and being restored by the Kaena Point collected in montane dry forest habitat coastal habitat. It is likely H. assimulans Ecosystem Restoration Project (DLNR on the island of Hawaii. It is unknown visits several other native plants, 2007, p. 20; Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). In if this collection was a single vagrant including Acacia koa, Metrosideros partnership with several agencies individual or from an established polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae including the Service, the DLNR is population. The lands on which H. (pukiawe), and species of Scaevola building a predator-proof fence to anthracinus occurs are under a variety (naupaka) and Chamaesyce (akoko),

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which are frequented by other Hylaeus 1998 and 2006, seven sites with elevation on the west side of Maui. The species as well (Magnacca, pers. comm. potentially suitable habitat on private site is with the State’s West Maui NAR. 2008b). lands, including Mt. Koele and Awalua, Established in 1986, the NAR’s were surveyed, and H. assimulans was management plan calls for the control Range and Distribution found only near Manele Road and and removal of feral ungulates, and the Historically, Hylaeus assimulans was Polihua Road in small pockets of native control of selected priority invasive known from numerous coastal and vegetation (Magnacca, pers. comm. plant species (http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/ lowland dry forest habitats up to 2,000 2008b). Descriptions of these sites dofaw/nars/reserves/maui/west-maui). ft (610 m) in elevation on the islands of follow: (B) Waikapu: In 2000, researchers Lanai, Maui, and Oahu. There are no (A) Manele Road: In 1999, Hylaeus collected Hylaeus assimulans in collections from Molokai, although it is assimulans was collected in lowland lowland dry shrubland dominated by likely H. assimulans also occurred there dry forest along Manele Road at 600 ft the native shrub, Dodonaea viscosa because all other species of Hylaeus (180 m) in elevation, north of Manele (aalii) at 400 ft (120 m) elevation in known from Maui, Lanai, and Oahu also Beach in southern Lanai (Daly and Waikapu Valley, which is south of Iao occurred on Molokai (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 217). Researchers Valley on the east side of west Maui Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). Between observed the canopy was dominated by (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 217). The 1997 and 2008, surveys for Hawaiian invasive Prosopis pallida trees and the 10,000-square ft (.09-square-ha) site is Hylaeus were conducted in 25 sites on understory had a dense stand of Sida privately owned and surrounded by a Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and fallax, the likely primary host plant of fence to exclude nonnative axis deer Oahu. Hylaeus assimulans was absent H. assimulans (Magnacca, pers. comm. (Axis axis). The fence was built in the from six of its historical localities on 2008b). However, with the exception of mid-1980s by the Native Hawaiian Plant Lanai, Maui, and Oahu (Xerces Society a few stunted plants at the roadside Society, and is currently managed by 2009b, p. 4). Hylaeus assimulans was where moisture had accumulated, the inspecting the fence for breaks; not observed at 19 other sites with rest of the stand of Sida fallax had removing nonnative, invasive weeds; potentially suitable habitat on Lanai, senesced (reached maturity) or possibly and collecting seeds of native plants for Maui, Molokai, and Oahu, including died. Native plants at this site appeared propagation. There have been two major several sites from which other native to be drought-intolerant and probably fires in the past 5 years in the vicinity Hylaeus species have been recently did not provide consistent habitat for of the fenced area, although neither fire collected (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. Hylaeus throughout the year (Magnacca has burned within the enclosed area (H. 56, 217; Magnacca 2005b, p. 2; 2007a, p. 183; Magnacca, pers. comm. Oppenheimer, Plant Extinction Magnacca 2007a, pp. 177, 181, 183). 2008a). Prevention Program, pers. comm. 2008). Currently, Hylaeus assimulans is (B) Polihua Road: In 1999, two Between 1997 and 2007, Hylaeus known from a few small patches of specimens of H. assimulans were assimulans was not collected during coastal and lowland dry forest habitat at collected in lowland dry forest along surveys of potentially suitable habitat at one location on Kahoolawe, two Polihua Road at 1,000 ft in elevation other locations on Maui where other locations on Lanai, and two locations on (300 m) in central Lanai (Daly and rare Hylaeus species were collected, Maui (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 58; Magnacca 2003, p. 58). Both sites are on including lowland dry forest habitat in Magnacca 2005, p. 2). This species has private land, and we are unaware of any Kanaio NAR and coastal habitat at likely been extirpated from Oahu recent or current land management in Manawainui Gulch (Daly and Magnacca because it has not been observed since these areas. 2003, pp. 217–229; Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). Perkins’ 1899 surveys and was not Maui found during recent surveys of Oahu potentially suitable coastal habitat at Perkins collected Hylaeus assimulans Kaena Point, Makapuu, and Kalaeloa from coastal habitat at the Wailuku sand Perkins found Hylaeus assimulans to (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 217; hills, and from an unknown site labeled be widespread but not relatively Magnacca 2005, p. 2; H. Sahli, ‘‘Maui’’ (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. abundant on Oahu (Magnacca 2005b, p. unpublished data). 58). Although other rare Hylaeus spp. 2). His Oahu collection sites included were collected from the Waiehu dunes Honolulu (Magnacca, pers. comm. Kahoolawe area during surveys conducted in 1999 2008a), the Kaala mountains, the Although not historically known from and 2001, H. assimulans, as well as Waianae Mountains, and the Waianae Kahaoolawe (Daly and Magnacca 2003, several other species once collected coast (Perkins 1899, p. 102; Daly and Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a), Hylaeus there by Perkins, were not found (Daly Magnacca 2003, p. 58). There are also assimulans was discovered in 1997 near and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229; specimens collected by Perkins from the high cliffs of Kamohio Bay in the Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008a). Between unknown locations labeled ‘‘Oahu’’ and center of the southern coast of the island 1998 and 2006, researchers surveyed six ‘‘w. coast, near sea level’’ (Daly and (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p 217). The potentially suitable habitat locations Magnacca 2003, p. 58). species was absent from one other site island-wide, and H. assimulans was Hylaeus assimulans was not found on the island in lowland habitat on the found within small pockets of native during surveys conducted between 1998 east coast at Pali o Kalapakea where plants in only two of these sites (Daly and 2008, including surveys at one other Hylaeus species were collected and Magnacca 2003, p. 217; Magnacca, historical location (Daly and Magnacca (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). pers. comm. 2008a). However, 2003, pp. 58, 217). Although H. researchers believe H. assimulans may anthracinus was recently found on Lanai exist in potentially suitable habitat in Mokuania (see Hylaeus anthracinus On Lanai, Perkins found Hylaeus rugged and inaccessible portions of west Range and Distribution), H. assimulans assimulans in low numbers within Maui (Magnacca, in litt., 2010, p. 1). was not found during surveys of uninhabited coastal habitat at Awalua in Descriptions of these two sites follow: potentially suitable habitat on this off- northwest Lanai, and in the Koele (A) Lahainaluna: In 1999, Hylaeus shore islet (S. Plentovich, Service, pers. mountains at an elevation of 2,000 ft assimulans was collected in dry comm. 2008). The absence of H. (610 m) (Perkins 1899, p. 102). Between lowland forest at 1,800 ft (550 m) in assimulans from potentially suitable

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coastal habitat on Oahu suggests it has The native host plants of adult individual and not from an established likely been extirpated from this island Hylaeus facilis are unknown, but it is population on Maui. (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 58; H. likely this species visits several plants Lanai Sahli, unpublished data). other Hylaeus species are known to frequent, including Acacia koa, Perkins (1899) described Hylaeus Summary of Hylaeus assimulans Range Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia facilis as ‘‘common’’ at two Lanai and Distribution tameiameiae, Scaevola spp., and locations. He noted H. facilis was Hylaeus assimulans was historically Chamaesyce spp. (Daly and Magnacca collected from the Koele Mountains at known from numerous coastal and 2003, p. 11). Hylaeus facilis has also 2,000 ft (610 m) in elevation. lowland dry habitats up to 2,000 ft (610 been observed visiting the nonnative Researchers believe the collection m) in elevation, on the islands of Lanai, Tourneforia argentea for nectar and locality was northwest of Puu Alii Maui, and Oahu. Currently, this species pollen (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). where the ridges are at an elevation of is found in a few small patches of approximately 2,000 ft (600 m). The Puu coastal and lowland dry forest habitat in Range and Distribution Alii summit itself is 2,800 ft (850 m) in five locations on Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Hylaeus facilis was historically elevation, and less likely to be the site Maui. The lands on which H. known from Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and of Perkins’ collection (Magnacca in litt. assimulans occurs are under private and Oahu, in dry shrubland to wet forest, 2011, p. 36). Today this area contains State (DLNR and KIRC) ownership. from coastal to montane habitat up to mixed native and nonnative vegetation. Researchers collected three other Specific Information on Hylaeus facilis 3,281 ft (1,000 m) in elevation (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, p. 93; Daly and species of Hylaeus in the same general Taxonomy and Description Magnacca 2003, pp. 81, 83). Perkins area, along the Munro Trail and Kaiholena ridge in 1999 and 2001 (Daly Hylaeus facilis is a member of the H. (1899, p. 77) remarked H. facilis was among the most common and and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). difficilis species group, and is closely Perkins’ second collection site was in widespread Hylaeus species on Oahu related to H. chlorostictus and H. montane habitat at 3,000 ft (900 m) in and all of Maui Nui (Lanai, Maui, and simplex. Hylaeus facilis was first elevation at Haalelepaakai in the Molokai) (Magnacca 2007a, p. 183). The described as Prosopis facilis by Smith in ‘‘summit mountains on Lanai’’ (Daly abundance of specimens in the 1879 (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 80), and Magnacca 2003, p. 83). Researchers collections at the Bishop Museum in based on a specimen erroneously surveyed this area in 1999 and 2001, Honolulu demonstrates the historic reported from Maui. According to and were unable to find H. facilis, prevalence of this species in a diverse Blackburn and Cameron (1886 and although they collected four other array of habitats and elevations 1887), the species’ type locality was Hylaeus species (Daly and Magnacca (Magnacca 2007a, p. 183). Although the Pauoa Valley on Oahu (Daly and 2003, pp. 217–229). Hylaeus facilis is Magnacca 2003, p. 80). The species was species was widely collected within a likely extirpated from Lanai because it later transferred to the genus diverse range of habitats historically, it has not been relocated in over 100 years, Nesoprosopis (Perkins 1899, pp. 75, 77). probably prefers dry to mesic forest and and its potentially suitable habitat has Nesoprosopis was subsequently reduced shrubland (Magnacca 2005c, p. 2), been extensively surveyed (Magnacca to a subgenus of Hylaeus (Meade-Waldo which are increasingly rare and patchily 2007a, pp. 177, 183). 1923, p. 1). The species was most distributed habitats (Smith 1985, pp. recently recognized by Daly and 227–233; Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 124; Maui Magnacca (2003, p. 80) as H. facilis. Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 66–67, 75; Perkins collected Hylaeus facilis from Hylaeus facilis is a medium-sized bee Magnacca 2005c, p. 2). three different sites on Maui, including with smoky colored wings. The male Hylaeus facilis has almost entirely coastal habitat at the Wailuku sand hills has an oval yellow mark on its face that disappeared from most of its historical (Waiehu dunes), montane mesic forest covers the entire clypeus (lower face range (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 7; habitat on Haleakala, and lowland wet region), and a narrow stripe beside the Magnacca 2007a, p. 183). Between 1998 habitat in Iao Valley. Although other eyes, but is otherwise unmarked. The and 2006, 39 sites on Lanai, Maui, species of Hylaeus were collected from large, externally visible gonoforceps Molokai, and Oahu were surveyed, the Waiehu dunes in 1999 and 2001, H. (paired lateral outer parts of the male including 13 historical sites. Hylaeus facilis, as well as several other species genitalia) distinguish H. facilis from the facilis was absent from each of the 13 collected by Perkins in the late 19th closely related H. simplex (Daly and historical localities (Magnacca 2007a, p. century, were absent (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 83). The female is 183) and was also not observed at 26 Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). entirely black and indistinguishable other sites with potentially suitable Perkins (1899) collected Hylaeus from females of H. difficilis and H. habitat, including many sites from facilis in montane mesic forest habitat simplex (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. which other native Hylaeus species on Haleakala at an elevation of 5,000 ft 81–82). have been recently collected (Daly and (1,524 m) on Haleakala, in the Olinda Magnacca 2003, pp. 7, 81–82; Magnacca area where he is known to have camped Life History 2007a, p. 183). Likely extirpated from while surveying for and collecting The diet of the larval stage of Hylaeus Lanai, H. facilis is currently only known insects (Evenhuis 2009, pp. 199–200). facilis is unknown, although the larvae from two locations, one each on the These native forests were once abundant are presumed to feed on stores of pollen islands of Molokai and Oahu (Daly and in this area up to 6,000 ft (1,818 m) in and nectar collected and deposited in Magnacca 2003, pp. 81–82; Magnacca elevation across the west slope of the nest by the adult female. The nesting 2005c, p. 2). In addition, in 1990, a Haleakala, but have now been habits of H. facilis have not been single individual was collected on Maui completely converted by agriculture and observed, but the species is thought to in a residential area near Makawao at other land uses (Juvik and Juvik 1998, nest underground as do the closely 1,500 ft (457 m) in elevation. However, pp. 123–124). Hylaeus facilis and other related species H. chlorostictus and H. this site is an urbanized area devoid of species with similar habitat simplex (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. native plants, and it is likely this requirements (e.g., H. difficilis, H. 83; Magnacca 2005c, p. 2). collection was a single vagrant volcanicus) are absent from the native,

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wetter forest across the eastern slope of DLNR, DOH, and DOT (NPS 2006 although the exact location is unknown. Haleakala (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. (http://www.nps.gov/kala/index.htm)). In 2008, researchers surveyed 219–221, 228–229). potentially suitable habitat in the Oahu Perkins also collected Hylaeus facilis Waianae-Kaala Forest Reserve (FR), but in lowland wet habitat at an elevation Perkins collected Hylaeus facilis from did not find H. facilis (Magnacca, pers. of 2,000 ft (610 m) in Iao Valley in the six sites on Oahu (Daly and Magnacca comm. July 2008c). west Maui Mountains (H. V. Daly, 2003, p. 83). One site described by (D) Tantalus: Perkins collected unpublished data). The terrain in Iao Perkins was coastal habitat in Honolulu. Hylaeus facilis in lowland mesic habitat Valley is especially rugged and wet, and Although the exact location is on ‘‘Tantalus’’ (Liebherr and Polhemus Perkins relied on assistants to collect unknown, Honolulu coastal habitat has 1997, p. 348), which today is in close specimens from this area (Liebherr and been completely developed for urban proximity to the urban core of Polhemus 1997, p. 351). Even today the land use and there is no potentially Honolulu. This area is a mix of vegetation in this area is predominantly suitable coastal habitat remaining in residential development and native (Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p. Honolulu for Hylaeus species. Perkins undeveloped sites dominated by 351). also described collecting Hylaeus nonnative plants, including various Since the late 1960s, there have been species from mountains in Honolulu, species of Phyllostachys spp. (bamboo), only two collections of Hylaeus facilis and although the exact locations are Acacia confusa (Formosa koa), on Maui, but neither is from a distinct unknown, these sites are presumed to be Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany), population that can be relocated. One near known sites where he collected, and Aleurites moluccana (kukui) (USDA collection was made in 1967 (Daly and including Waiolani Ridge, Lanihuli 2001 https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/ Magnacca 2003, p. 221; Magnacca Ridge, Nuuanu Valley, and Konahuanui OSD_Docs/T/TANTALUS.html). Habitat 2005c, p. 2), but the location is (Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p. 348). dominated by nonnative plants does not unknown (Xerces Society 2009c, p. 7). While these mountain areas are largely support viable populations of Hylaeus, In 1990, a single individual was undeveloped, many are dominated by and no species have been reported from collected at Kokomo at an elevation of nonnative vegetation. Researchers have this area since Perkins’ collections 1,500 ft (457 m) near Makawao, in a surveyed potentially suitable native despite more recent surveys in the few residential area devoid of native plants habitat near Perkins’ collection sites and small, widely separated areas containing (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 221). This found other species of Hylaeus, but not native plant habitat (Magnacca in litt. individual may have been a straggler H. facilis (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 2011, p. 41). blown in from a different site altogether 217–229). Descriptions of the five (E) Poamoho Trail: In 1975, Hylaeus (Magnacca 2005c, p. 2). Researchers remaining suitable habitats follow: facilis was collected in lowland wet question whether any viable H. facilis (A) Makaha Valley: Perkins (1899) forest at an unknown elevation along populations still remain on Maui collected H. facilis at an elevation of the Poamoho Trail in Oahu’s Koolau (Magnacca 2007a, pp. 183–184). 3,000 ft (900 m) in the upper part of Mountains. Located in central Oahu, the Makaha Valley, on Oahu’s northwest Poamoho Trail is part of the Na Ala Hele Molokai side. There have been no surveys for trail and access system, and is within Perkins collected Hylaeus facilis in Hylaeus in this area since Perkins’ the Ewa FR (DLNR 2008, p. 15). The three locations within montane mesic collections, but researchers have land adjacent to the trail, including the forest habitat in the east Molokai observed this area now lacks suitable access road to the forest reserve, is State Mountains (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. Hylaeus habitat due to development, (DOFAW) and privately owned. The 83). These locations were probably urbanization, and conversion of native Poamoho Trail traverses a public between Makakupaia and the rim of habitat to nonnative vegetation hunting area, and some of the land Pelekunu Valley, where Perkins did (Magnacca, pers. comm. 2008c). Some of surrounding the access road is leased to most of his collecting (Liebherr and the upper reaches of Makaha Valley the Army for training purposes (DLNR Polhemus 1997, p. 347). Makakupaia is contain patches of native vegetation, but 2011—https://hawaiitrails.ehawaii.gov/ located within TNC’s Kamakou much of the native vegetation has been trail.php?TrailID=OA+08+007). Access Preserve. Researchers have surveyed destroyed by brush fires (Liebherr and is only allowed on weekends and extensively in similar, high-elevation Polhemus 1997, p. 347). holidays, and by permit only. Dominant habitat near Perkins’ collecting area, (B) Mount Kaala: Perkins (1899) vegetation in the summit area includes including Kamakou Road (3,200 ft (975 collected Hylaeus facilis at 2,000 ft (610 the indigenous fern, Dicranopteris m)), Puu Kolekole (3,400 ft (1,040 m)), m) in elevation on Mt. Kaala, possibly linearis (uluhe), Acacia koa, and and Kawela Gulch (3,600 ft (2,000 m)), within what is now Mt. Kaala NAR. Metrosideros polymorpha (DLNR and found other Hylaeus species, but This area is a mix of dry and mesic 2011—http://hawaiitrails.ehawaii.gov/ were unable to locate H. facilis (Daly forest communities (DLNR 1990, p. 3), trail.php?TrailID=OA+08+007). and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). and is generally characterized as In 2005, researchers collected Hylaeus predominantly native vegetation Summary of Hylaeus facilis Range and facilis in coastal habitat at Kuololimu (Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p. 348). Distribution Point, within Kalaupapa National This area has not been extensively At the end of the 19th century, Historical Park (KNHP) on the southeast resurveyed for Hylaeus spp. because Hylaeus facilis was known from coast of the Kalaupapa peninsula much of it is either inaccessible (due to numerous locations in coastal and (Magnacca 2007b, pp. 44–45). This area, either private or U.S. Army ownership), lowland habitats, including lowland located on the east side of the or too rugged in general, requiring a dry, mesic, and wet forest habitat on the peninsula, is largely rocky and devoid long and steep approach along the islands of Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and of vegetation, but contains scattered Dupont Trail on the north slope of Mt. Oahu. Currently, this species is only patches of native coastal vegetation Kaala. known from two locations, one each on similar to habitat at Ka Lae on the island (C) Waianae Mountains: Perkins the islands of Molokai and Oahu of Hawaii (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). The (1899) collected Hylaeus facilis in the (Magnacca 2007a, p. 177), under State park is cooperatively managed by the Waianae Mountains, ‘‘upland from (DHHL, DLNR, DOFAW, DOH, DOT) NPS, and the State of Hawaii’s DHHL, Waianae’’, likely in dry lowland forest, and private (TNC and others)

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ownership. Researchers question group, no cleptoparasites are known and an absence of Hylaeus species. whether viable populations of this from the family Colletidae (Daly and Additionally, the nonnative bee, species remain on Maui because only Magnacca 2003, p. 9). Lasioglossum impavidum (no common two single individuals have been The larvae of Hylaeus hilaris and their name (NCN)), was found at the site. collected in the past 100 years. diet are unknown (Magnacca 2005d, p. Three other potentially suitable 2); however, the species is known to lay locations were surveyed between 1999 Specific Information on Hylaeus hilaris its eggs within the nests of H. and 2007 for Hylaeus species, but H. Taxonomy and Description anthracinus, H. assimulans, and H. hilaris was not observed at these sites, longiceps (Perkins 1913, p. lxxxi). Hylaeus hilaris was first described as despite the presence of H. assimulans Although the species has never been Prosopis hilaris by Smith in 1879 (Daly and H. longiceps, a recorded host observed at flowers, H. hilaris adults and Magnacca 2003, pp. 103–104), species (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. presumably consume nectar as a food transferred to the genus Nesoprosopis 106; Magnacca 2007a, pp. 177, 181). source (Michener 2000, pp. 26–37, 126). 20 years later (Perkins 1899, pp. 75), Most native coastal habitats are now Hylaeus hilaris depends on a number of and then Nesoprosopis was reduced to severely degraded across the entire related Hylaeus host species for its a subgenus of Hylaeus in 1923 (Meade- island, and it is believed Hylaeus hilaris parasitic larvae, and its population size Waldo 1923, p. 1). In 2003, Daly and has likely been extirpated (Magnacca is inherently much smaller than its host Magnacca described the species as 2005d, p. 2; Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). species (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). Hylaeus hilaris (Daly and Magnacca Although large areas of remote sandy 2003, pp. 103–104). Hylaeus hilaris is Range and Distribution beach on the north and east coasts remain to be thoroughly surveyed for distinguished by its large size (male Hylaeus hilaris was historically Hylaeus species, those that have been wing length is 0.185 in (4.7 mm)) known from coastal habitat on the relative to other coastal Hylaeus species. islands of Lanai, Maui, and Molokai. It inspected contain few native plants. The wings of this species are slightly is believed to have occurred along much Two of the three known host species of smoky to smoky-colored, and it is the of the coast of these islands’ as its H. hilaris occur on Lanai, but all recent most colorful of the Hawaiian Hyaleus primary hosts, H. anthracinus, H. (i.e., since 1999) collections have species. The face of the male is almost assimulans, and H. longiceps, likely primarily been made in lowland dry entirely yellow, with yellow markings extended throughout this habitat. The forest habitat where H. hilaris has never on the legs and thorax, and the majority of coastal habitat on these been collected. metasoma (middle portion of the islands has either been developed or Maui abdomen) are usually predominantly degraded, and is no longer suitable for red. Females are drably colored, with H. hilaris (Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, Perkins collected Hylaeus hilaris from various brownish markings. As with pp. 346–347; Magnacca 2007, pp. 186– three sites, including one now unknown other cleptoparasitic species (see Life 188). Hylaeus hilaris was absent from site possibly south of Wailuku and History below), H. hilaris lacks the three of its historical population sites simply labeled ‘‘Maui,’’ and two sites in specialized pollen-sweeping hairs of the revisited by researchers between 1998 coastal habitat at the Wailuku sand hills front legs (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. and 2006. It was also not observed at 10 (an area noted as ‘‘the sandy isthmus’’) 9, 106). It is also one of only two additional sites with potentially suitable (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 106). In Hawaiian Hylaeus species to possess habitat where other native Hylaeus addition, in 1880, Reverend Thomas apical (at the end or tip of a structure) species have been recently collected Blackburn collected H. hilaris from an bands of fine white hairs on the (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 103, 106). unspecified location on the island (Daly segments of the metasoma. First collected on Maui in 1879, and Magnacca 2003, p. 106). Although other rare Hylaeus species were Life History Hylaeus hilaris has been collected only twice in the last 100 years, but as noted collected from the Waiehu dunes in Most adult Hawaiian Hylaeus species above, there is a gap of about 50 to 100 1999 and 2001 (See H. anthracinus consume nectar for energy; however, years between major collecting efforts. Range and Distribution), H. hilaris, as Hylaeus hilaris has yet to be observed Hylaeus hilaris has recently been well as several other species once actually feeding from flowers. Hylaeus collected on two occasions: once in collected there by Perkins, was absent hilaris and the four species related to it 1989 and again in 1999. On the islands (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). (H. hostilis, H. inquilina, H. of Lanai and Maui, the species was All three known host species of sphecodoides, and H. volatilis) are absent from each of its historical Hylaeus hilaris occur on Maui. known as cleptoparasites or cuckoo Perkins-era localities revisited between However, H. anthracinus and H. bees. The mated female does not 1998 and 2006 (Magnacca 2007a, pp. assimulans are currently known only construct a nest or collect pollen, but 177, 181–82). Currently, the only known from dry forest or shrubland, which are instead enters the nest of another population of H. hilaris is located on likely unsuitable habitat for H. hilaris. species and lays an egg in a partially TNC’s Moomomi Preserve on Molokai The third known host species, H. provisioned cell. Upon hatching, the (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 103, 106; longiceps, occurs in the Wailuku sand cleptoparasitic larva kills the host egg, Magnacca 2005d, p. 2). hills (Magnacca 2007a, p. 182). In consumes the provisions, pupates, and addition to its known historical sites, eventually emerges as an adult. As a Lanai several other potentially suitable sites result of this lifestyle shift, H. hilaris Perkins (1899) collected Hylaeus were surveyed between 1998 and 2006, bees have lost the pollen-collecting hilaris in coastal habitat at Manele, on but H. hilaris was not found at any of hairs other species possess on the front the southern coast of Lanai. This area is these sites, despite the presence of two legs. Cleptoparasitism is actually quite now both the site of the ferry landing of its known host species (Daly and common among bees, with from Lahaina, Maui, and a small boat Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229; Magnacca approximately 25 percent of known bee harbor, and is in close proximity to a 2007a, p. 177). Therefore, researchers species having evolved to become major resort. The area was surveyed in believe it is likely H. hilaris has been cleptoparasites. Among the world’s 1999, but researchers noted little native extirpated from the island (Magnacca bees, other than the Hawaiian Hylaeus vegetation aside from Scaevola sericea 2005d, p. 2).

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Molokai Magnacca 2005e, p. 2). Only four adult lowland mesic forest areas due their Although Hylaeus hilaris was never male specimens have been collected; remote and rugged locations, small size, collected on Molokai by Perkins, in females have yet to be collected or and distant spacing among large areas of 1918, Fullaway (1918, p. 396) collected observed. nonnative forest. Lowland mesic forest habitat is becoming increasingly rare the species at an unspecified site. As on Life History all of the Hawaiian Islands, most of the and patchily distributed on Oahu The diet of the larval stage of Hylaeus coastal habitat on Molokai is now (Smith 1985, pp. 227–233; Juvik and kuakea is unknown, although the larvae dominated by nonnative vegetation. Juvik 1998, p. 124; Wagner et al. 1999, are presumed to feed on stores of pollen Currently, the only known population of pp. 66–67, 75). and nectar collected and deposited in H. hilaris occurs on the northwest coast the nest by the adult female (Daly and Specific Information on Hylaeus within TNC’s Moomomi Preserve. This Magnacca 2003, p. 9). The nesting habits longiceps site is part of a large area of windswept of H. kuakea have not been observed, Taxonomy and Description calcified dunes, some of which are but the species is believed to be related dominated by native plants while other Hylaeus longiceps was first described to other wood-nesting Hawaiian portions of the dunes are dominated by in 1899 as Nesoprosopis longiceps Hylaeus species (Magnacca and nonnative plant species. Hylaeus (Perkins 1899, pp. 75, 98), and then Danforth 2006, p. 403). Nesoprosopis was reduced to a anthracinus and H. longiceps, both host The native host plants of the adult species of H. hilaris, are presently subgenus of Hylaeus in 1923 (Meade- Hylaeus kuakea are unknown, but it is Waldo 1923, p. 1). Daly and Magnacca known to occur in Moomomi Preserve likely this species visits several plants (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). Only two (2003, pp. 133–134) most recently other Hylaeus species are known to described the species as H. longiceps. collections of H. hilaris have been made frequent, including Acacia koa, at Moomomi since it was discovered at Hylaeus longiceps is a small to medium- Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia sized, black bee with clear to slightly this site in 1930. Both collections, 1989 tameiameiae, Scaevola spp., and and 1999, were of a single male. Dunes smoky-colored wings. Its distinguishing Chamaesyce spp. (Magnacca 2005e, p. characteristics are its long head and the to the west of Moomomi Preserve are 2). dominated by nonnative vegetation, and facial marks of the male. The lower face no species of Hylaeus have been Range and Distribution of the male is marked with a yellow band that extends at the sides of the face collected from those areas. While H. In 1997, researchers collected 2 male in a broad stripe above the antennal anthracinus, one of the host species of individuals of Hylaeus kuakea in sockets. The area above the clypeus H. hilaris, is currently known from the lowland mesic forest at an elevation of (lower face region) is very long and Kalapapa peninsula, H. hilaris has never about 1,900 ft (579 m) on Moho Gulch narrow, and the scape (the first antennal been collected there. Ridge at the northern end of the State’s segment) is noticeably twice as long as recently acquired Honouliuli Preserve Summary of Hylaeus hilaris Range and it is wide. The female is entirely black in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Distribution and unmarked (Daly and Magnacca Researchers surveyed the middle and 2003, p. 133). Hylaeus hilaris was historically southern portions of the Preserve, but known from coastal habitat on the they did not find H. kuakea, although Life History islands of Lanai, Maui, and Molokai. It other species of Hylaeus are known The diet of the larval stage of Hylaeus is believed to have occurred along much from these areas. In 2010, researchers of the coast of these islands’ as its longiceps is unknown, although the collected this species (two males), on larvae are presumed to feed on stores of known hosts, H. anthracinus, H. the endangered plant Chamaesyce assimulans, and H. longiceps, likely pollen and nectar collected and herbstii (akoko) in a remnant patch of deposited in the nest by the female also occurred throughout coastal habitat diverse lowland mesic forest in Makaha on these three islands. Currently, H. adult (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 9). Valley on Oahu’s west side (Magnacca, The nesting habits of H. longiceps are hilaris is only known from one site on in litt., 2010, p. 1). Phylogenetically, H. Molokai. unknown, but the species is thought to kuakea belongs in a species-group nest underground, as in other closely Specific Information on Hylaeus kuakea primarily including mesic forest- related species (Magnacca 2005f, p. 2). inhabiting species (Magnacca & Taxonomy and Description Hylaeus longiceps adults have been Danforth 2006, p. 405). observed visiting the flowers of a wide Hylaeus kuakea was first described by variety of native plants, including Daly and Magnacca (2003, pp. 1, 125– Summary of Hylaeus kuakea Range and Distribution Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka), Sida 1,127) from specimens collected in 1997 fallax, Scaevola spp., Sesbania in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Because the first collection of Hylaeus tomentosa, Myoporum sandwicense, Hylaeus kuakea is a small, black bee kuakea was not made until 1997, its Santalum ellipticum, Chamaesyce with slightly smoky-colored wings. This historical range is unknown (Magnacca degeneri, and Vitex rotundifolia species does not fit into any of the well- 2005e, p. 2; Magnacca 2007a, p. 184). (pohinahina) (Daly and Magnacca 2003, defined Hylaeus species groups. Its Only four individuals (all males) of H. p. 135). It is also likely H. longiceps facial marks are similar to those of the kuakea have been collected at two visits several plant species other H. difficilis group and to H. anthracinus, different sites in lowland mesic forest Hylaeus species are known to frequently but it can be distinguished by its habitat in the Waianae Mountains on visit, including Scaevola spp., unusual ivory facial marking covering Oahu (Magnacca 2007a, p. 184; Chamaesyce spp., Tournefortia the clypeus (the lower face region). Magnacca, in litt., 2010, p. 1), and the argentea, Jacquemontia ovalifolia, and Hylaeus kuakea also resembles H. species has never been collected in any Sida fallax (Magnacca 2005f, p. 2). anthracinus, but has a denser, more other habitat type or area, including distinct arrangement of setae (sensory some that have been more thoroughly Range and Distribution hairs) on the head and generally surveyed (Magnacca in litt., 2011, p. 49). Hylaeus longiceps is historically narrower marks next to the compound Researchers have not exhaustively known from coastal and lowland dry eyes (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 125; surveyed all potentially suitable shrubland habitat up to 2,000 ft (610 m)

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in elevation in numerous locations on 1999, researchers collected H. longiceps the island], and the ‘‘Molokai the islands of Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and in lowland dry forest at 1,000 ft (300 m) Mountains.’’ Although Kaunakakai is Oahu. Perkins (1899, p. 98) noted H. in elevation, along Polihua Road in the primary urban area on Molokai, longiceps was locally abundant, and central Lanai (Daly and Magnacca 2003, researchers surveyed this area, noting probably occurred historically p. 135). any former Hylaeus habitat has been lost throughout much of the leeward and (B) Shipwreck Beach: Although he to urban development and nonnative, lowland areas on Lanai, Maui, Molokai, did not collect Hylaeus longiceps at invasive plants (Magnacca, pers. comm., and Oahu, as its host plants, Sida fallax, Shipwreck Beach, Perkins collected 2008f). Most coastal habitat on the west Chamaesyce spp., Scaevola spp., and other species of Hylaeus at Awalua, end of Molokai, with the exception of Jaquemontia ovalifolia, occurred about 4 miles to the west (Daly and TNC’s Moomomi Preserve, has been throughout these areas (Magnacca 2005f, Magnacca 2003, p. 58). In 2001, degraded and converted to nonnative, p. 2). Most of the habitat in these areas researchers collected H. longiceps in invasive plants (Magnacca, pers. comm., has been either developed or degraded, native, coastal habitat at Shipwreck 2008f). and is no longer suitable for H. Beach (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. longiceps (Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, 135). Shipwreck Beach is a popular Researchers surveyed a total of six pp. 346–347; Magnacca 2007a, pp. 186– tourist site on Lanai and accessible by sites on Molokai over the last several 188). four-wheel drive vehicles. years for Hylaeus longiceps, and Hylaeus longiceps is now restricted to observed 8 individuals at Moomomi Maui small populations in small patches of Preserve (in 1999 and in 2001) (Daly coastal and lowland dry habitat on Perkins (1899) collected Hylaeus and Magnacca 2003, p. 135). Hylaeus Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu longiceps at the Wailuku sand hills longiceps was notably absent from three (Magnacca 2005f, p. 2). Twenty-five (Waiehu Dunes) and on Haleakala. In sites on the Kalaupapa peninsula sites that were either historical addition, some of his specimens were (Kuololimu Point, Hoolehua Beach, and collecting localities for H. longiceps or collected from unknown localities Kaupikiawa), where other Hylaeus contained potentially suitable habitat labeled ‘‘Maui.’’ Perkins collected H. species have been recently collected for this species were surveyed between longiceps in dry forest habitat at an (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229). 1997 and 2008. Hylaeus longiceps was elevation of 2,000 ft (610 m) on Researchers were unable to find H. observed at only six of the surveyed Haleakala, probably near the towns of longiceps in sand dune habitat near the sites: three sites on Lanai and one site Pukalani or Makawao, where he stopped Kaluakoi Resort on Molokai’s northwest each on the islands of Maui, Molokai, on his way to Wailuku (Daly and coastline (Magnacca, pers. comm., and Oahu. Only one historical location, Magnacca 2003, p. 135). Native dry 2008f). Waieu dunes on Maui, still supports a forests that supported populations of population of H. longiceps (Daly and Hylaeus were common in lowland areas Oahu Magnacca 2003, p. 135). when Perkins collected, but this habitat Perkins (1899) collected Hylaeus has been greatly reduced and Lanai longiceps from only one site, in a coastal fragmented. area of southwest Waianae. In 1999, Perkins (1899) collected Hylaeus Hylaeus longiceps is now known from 2000, and 2002, researchers found H. longiceps at Manele, and other only one Maui location, at the Wailuku longiceps in coastal habitat at the State’s unspecified localities (labeled ‘‘Lanai’’). sand hills (Waiehu dunes). Between Kaena Point NAR (Daly and Magnacca Between 1999 and 2001, researchers 1999 and 2001, a total of seven 2003, p. 224). Researchers did not find surveyed seven sites for Hylaeus specimens were collected in native H. longiceps during surveys conducted species, and were unable to find H. habitat in the northern portion of the at other coastal sites with potentially longiceps at Manele Bay, although other dunes (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. suitable habitat, including Makapuu in rare Hylaeus species were observed 224). Researchers surveyed for, but did there (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 1999, and Kalaeloa in 2002. Although not find, H. longiceps in the southern both areas contain vegetation similar to 217–229). In addition, researchers did (Kahului) portion of the dunes (Daly not find H. longiceps at three other sites the vegetation in the Kaena Point NAR, and Magnacca 2003, p. 224). albeit more degraded, no species of within potentially suitable lowland dry Hylaeus longiceps was not found in Hylaeus were observed in these areas habitat, including the Kahue unit of the five other sites on Maui surveyed (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229; privately owned Kanepuu Preserve, between 1999 and 2001 (Daly and Magnacca, pers. comm., 2008f). Garden of the Gods, and the Munro Magnacca, pp. 217–229). One historical Trail/Kaiholena area of the Koele site, in dry forest habitat on the slopes Summary of Hylaeus longiceps Range mountains (Daly and Magnacca 2003, of Haleakala, has been developed and is and Distribution pp. 217–229). Hylaeus longiceps is now overgrown with nonnative, invasive known only from very small pockets of plants (Magnacca, pers. comm., 2008f). Hylaeus longiceps was historically native vegetation in three locations on Hylaeus longiceps was absent from four known from numerous coastal and private land, including lowland dry sites (Kanaio NAR, Lahainaluna, lowland dry forest locations up to 2,000 forest habitat at Kahue and Polihua Manawainui Gulch, and Waikapu near ft (600 m) in elevation on the islands of Road, and coastal habitat at Shipwreck Kaohonua) with potentially suitable Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. Beach. Descriptions of these three habitat where other Hylaeus species Currently, H. longiceps is restricted to a locations follow: with similar habitat requirements were total of six populations in small patches (A) Kahue and Polihua Road: In 1999, recently collected (Daly and Magnacca of coastal and lowland dry forest Magnacca collected Hylaeus longiceps 2003, pp. 217–229). habitat: three sites on Lanai and one site in lowland dry forest at Kahue (south of each on the islands of Maui, Molokai, Kanepuu Preserve) at an elevation of Molokai and Oahu (Magnacca 2005f, p. 2). The 1,400 ft (427 m) (Daly and Magnacca Perkins (1899) collected Hylaeus lands on which H. longiceps occurs are 2003, p. 135). Researchers also surveyed longiceps at Kaunakakai, and at under a variety of jurisdictions the Kanepuu Preserve for H. longiceps, unknown locations labeled ‘‘Molokai including private (e.g., TNC) and State but were unable to find this species. In coast and plains,’’ the ‘‘west end’’ [of (NARS).

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Specific Information on Hylaeus mana Juvik 1998, p. 124; Wagner et al. 1999, If the threat is significant, it may drive Taxonomy and Description pp. 66–67, 75). or contribute to the risk of extinction of The Manana Trail is part of the Na the species such that the species Hylaeus mana was first described by Ala Hele Hawaii Statewide Trail and warrants listing as endangered or Daly and Magnacca (2003, pp. 135–136) Access System (DLNR 2007), and is threatened as those terms are defined by from four specimens collected in 2002 located within the State’s Ewa FR. Six the Act. on the leeward side of the Koolau miles in length, the beginning of the Factor A. Present or Threatened Mountains on Oahu. This species is an Manana Trail is dominated by Destruction, Modification, or nonnative plant species, but leads into extremely small, gracile (gracefully Curtailment of the Habitat or Range slender) black bee with yellow markings an area of native forest where Acacia on the face. The smallest of all Hawaiian koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, and Degradation and loss of coastal and Hylaeus species, H. mana is a member Scaevola spp. are common (DLNR lowland habitat used by Hylaeus bees of the Dumetorum species group. The 2011—http://hawaiitrails.ehawaii.gov/ on all of the main Hawaiian Islands is face of the male is largely yellow below trail.php?TrailID=OA+09+008). the primary threat to these seven species the antennae, extending dorsally in a (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 60–61; Summary of Hylaeus mana Range and narrowing stripe. The female’s face has Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 55, 173; Distribution three yellow lines, one against each eye, Magnacca, pers. comm. 2010). Coastal and a transverse stripe at the apex of the Because the first collection of Hylaeus and lowland habitats have been severely clypeus (lower face region). The mana was made in 2002, its historical altered and degraded, partly because of female’s other markings are the same as range and current distribution, other past and present land management the male’s (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. than the collection on Manana Trail, are practices, including agriculture, grazing, 135). Hylaeus mana can be unknown at this time (Magnacca 2005g, and urban development; the deliberate distinguished from H. mimicus and H. p. 2). Additional surveys in potentially and accidental introductions of specularis, species with overlapping suitable habitat may reveal additional nonnative animals and plants; and ranges, by its extremely small size, the populations elsewhere on Oahu recreational activities. In addition, fire shape of the male’s genitalia, the (Magnacca 2007a, p. 184). However, the is a potential threat to the habitat of female’s extensive facial marks, and a extreme rarity of this species, its these seven species in some locations. transverse rather than longitudinal absence from nearby sites, and the fact Habitat Destruction and Modification by clypeal marking (Daly and Magnacca it was not discovered until very Urbanization and Land Use Conversion 2003, p. 138). recently, suggests very few populations remain (Magnacca 2005g, p. 2). Destruction and modification of Life History Hylaeus bee habitat by urbanization and Summary of Information Pertaining to land use conversion leads to the direct The diet of the larval stage of Hylaeus the Five Factors fragmentation of foraging and nesting mana is unknown, although the larvae habitat of these species. In particular, are presumed to feed on stores of pollen Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing regulations (50 because native host plant species are and nectar collected and deposited in known to be essential to the yellow- the nest by the adult female (Daly and CFR 424) set forth procedures for adding species to the Federal Lists of faced bees for foraging of nectar and Magnacca 2003, p. 9). The nesting habits pollen, any further loss of this habitat of H. mana are not well known, but it Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Under section 4(a)(1) of the may endanger their long-term chances is assumed the species is closely related for conservation and recovery. to other wood-nesting Hawaiian Act, a species may be determined to be endangered or threatened based on any Additionally, conversion and Hylaeus species (Magnacca 2005g, p. 2; modification of the seven yellow-faced Magnacca and Danforth 2006, p. 403). of the following five factors: (A) The present or threatened bees’ habitat is also likely to further Adult specimens of Hylaeus mana destruction, modification, or exacerbate the introduction and spread were collected while they visited curtailment of its habitat or range; of nonnative plants into and within flowers of Santalum freycinetianum var. (B) Overutilization for commercial, these areas (see Habitat Destruction and freycinetianum (iliahi, sandalwood), a recreational, scientific, or educational Modification by Nonnative Plants native Hawaiian plant found only on purposes; section below). Oahu and Molokai (Wagner et al. 1999, (C) Disease or predation; Coastal Habitat p. 1,221). It is likely H. mana visits (D) The inadequacy of existing several other native plant species, regulatory mechanisms; or Native coastal habitat is one of the including Acacia koa, Metrosideros (E) Other natural or manmade factors rarest habitats on the main Hawaiian polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, affecting its continued existence. Islands (Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Scaevola spp., and Chamaesyce spp. In making this finding, information Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu) (Magnacca 2005g, p. 2). pertaining to the seven species of (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 45, 54; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 94–95; Magnacca Range and Distribution Hawaiian yellow-faced bees in relation to the five factors provided in section 2007, p. 180). Coastal habitat is highly Hylaeus mana is only known from 4(a)(1) of the Act is discussed below. valued for development, popular for lowland mesic forest located along the In considering what factors might recreation, typically dry on both the Manana Trail in the Koolau Mountains constitute threats, we must look beyond windward and leeward sides of the on Oahu, at an elevation of about 1,400 the exposure of the species to the factor islands, vulnerable to fire, and ft (430 m). Few Hylaeus bees have been to determine whether the species especially susceptible to invasion by found in this type of Acacia koa- responds to the factor in a way that nonnative plants. Increased access to dominated, lowland mesic forest on causes actual impacts to the species. If coastal areas, and resulting habitat Oahu (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 138). there is exposure and the species disturbance, has been facilitated by This type of forest is increasingly rare responds negatively, the factor may be development, road-building, and past and patchily distributed on Oahu a threat and we then attempt to agricultural activities (Cuddihy and (Smith 1985, pp. 227–233; Juvik and determine how significant a threat it is. Stone 1990, pp. 94–95). The native

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coastal habitat that remains is in small abundant and perhaps the most diverse lowland mesic forest habitat on the remnant patches, and most of these of all Hawaiian habitat types (Medeiros island of Oahu. Because we lack remnants have been overtaken by 2006, p. 1), could completely disappear information on the historical range of H. invasive plant species and have due to continued development and kuakea and H. mana (they were only relatively low diversity (Cuddihy and other land use conversion, compounded discovered relatively recently), we are Stone 1990, pp. 94–95) (see Habitat by the effects of nonnative species, wild unable to determine the extent of habitat Destruction and Modification by fire, and stochastic events (see following loss these two species have experienced. Nonnative Plants section below). Most sections on Habitat Destruction and However, because the extent and the of the coastal areas of the main Modification by Nonnative Plants; by quality of lowland mesic forest has been Hawaiian Islands now lack significant Nonnative Ungulates; by Fire; by reduced throughout the Hawaiian amounts of native plants suitable for Recreational Activities; by Hurricanes Islands, it is reasonable to conclude H. foraging by Hylaeus, other than and Drought; and by Climate Change) kuakea and H. mana now have less Scaevola sericea, which alone cannot (Cabin et al. 2000, p. 449). habitat because of urbanization and land support Hylaeus populations (Magnacca Four species (Hylaeus anthracinus, H. use conversion. 2007a, p. 187). The restricted and assimulans, H. facilis, and H. longiceps) Lowland Wet Habitat isolated nature of coastal habitat places were once widespread (i.e., there were species that depend on these areas even several populations across two or more Native lowland wet forests were once more at risk for a variety of reasons, islands) and found within lowland dry one of the dominant ecosystem types in including but not limited to their habitat on several islands, including lowland areas on the main Hawaiian increased susceptibility to random Hawaii, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and Islands (Wagner et al. 1999, p. 45). Most events (e.g., hurricanes and wildfire), Oahu. However, these species have not of the original loss of this habitat type the reduced range of native plants been observed during recent surveys was due to agricultural uses in the 18th including host plants, and the reduced from their historical population sites on and 19th centuries, and many remaining number of suitable sites for species to these islands (Magnacca 2005a, b, c, f, areas were overtaken by aggressive expand their range (Sakai et al. 2002, p. pp. 1–2). Five of the seven Hylaeus bee nonnative plant species such as Psidium 291). species (Hylaeus assimulans, H. facilis, cattleianum (strawberry guava), Five species of Hawaiian yellow-faced H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana) nonnative grasses such as Brachiaria bees (Hylaeus anthracinus, H. are most often found in dry and mesic mutica (California grass), and Rubus assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, and H. forest (see discussion below) and spp. (e.g., prickly Florida blackberry, longiceps) were once widespread and shrubland habitat (Daly and Magnacca thimbleberry). Remnants of native common in coastal habitat (Perkins 2003, p. 11), and the greatest proportion lowland wet forest can be found in 1912, p. 688) throughout the main of endangered or at-risk Hawaiian plant rocky or steep terrain, such as on some Hawaiian Islands (see Table 1 above), species are also limited to these same peaks and summit ridges on Oahu, with the exception of Kauai. These five habitats; 25 percent of Hawaiian listed Molokai, and West Maui (Cuddihy and species are now absent from all of plant species are from dry forest and Stone 1990, p. 105). Although these Perkins’ coastal collection localities shrubland alone (Sakai et al. 2002, pp. remaining remote and remnant native (Kealakekua Bay and Keei and the urban 276, 291, 292). According to Magnacca lowland areas are now less likely area near Kona on the island of Hawaii; (2007, pp. 186–187), lowland dry and threatened by land use conversion, they the Awalua area on Lanai; the Wailuku mesic forests now support less-diverse remain very threatened by the impacts sand hills area on Maui; the northwest Hylaeus communities because many of nonnative plants (see Habitat dunes and Kaunakakai areas on native plants used for foraging are Destruction and Modification by Molokai; and Waikiki, the Waianae area, extirpated from these habitats. Nonnative Plants section below). and the Honolulu mountains on Oahu) Furthermore, the original loss of Lowland Mesic Habitat (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 217–229), lowland and montane wet forest habitat although they have recently been Hawaii’s lowland mesic forest habitat on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Molokai was collected in disparate coastal habitat on was once abundant and considered the likely a contributing factor to the one or more of the islands of Hawaii, most diverse (in terms of number of decline of H. facilis, a species now Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and species) of all Hawaiian forest types known only from coastal habitat on Oahu (Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. (Rock 1913, p. 9). Lowland mesic forest Molokai and wet forest habitat on 217–229). habitat is now very rare, and has been Oahu’s Poamoho Trail. Researchers converted to pasture, military use, believe the site on Oahu likely once had Lowland Dry Habitat agricultural use, or lost to urbanization. more open understory and the presence Lowland dry forests and shrublands Development and land use conversion is of H. facilis in this wet forest habitat have been heavily impacted by ongoing (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. represents an outlier or residual urbanization and conversion to 61; Magnacca 2007, p. 187; Wagner et population (Perkins 1899, p. 76; agriculture or pasture throughout the al. 1999, p. 75). Fire has also negatively Liebherr and Polhemus 1997, p. 347). Hawaiian Islands, with the estimated impacted this habitat type and remains In summary, destruction and loss of more than 90 percent of dry a significant threat (see Habitat modification by urbanization and land forests and shrublands (Bruegmann Destruction and Modification by Fire use conversion of the coastal and 1996, p. 26; Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. section below). lowland habitat of the seven Hylaeus 124). Less than 1 percent of lowland dry Historically, Hylaeus facilis was bees is continuing, and is expected to forest and shrubland remains on Oahu, found in a wide variety of habitats continue reducing and fragmenting the Molokai, and Lanai; less than 2 percent including lowland mesic forest on remaining habitat available to the remains on Maui; and less than 17 Lanai, Maui, and Oahu and montane yellow-faced bees in the future, percent remains on Hawaii Island (Sakai mesic habitat on Molokai. However, this endangering the species’ long-term et al. 2002, p. 296). Without greater species no longer occurs in these chances for conservation and recovery. conservation and restoration efforts, we habitats on any of these four islands. Because of the decreased amount of believe the remaining lowland dry forest Hylaeus kuakea and H. mana are known suitable native coastal and lowland and shrublands, which were once from a total of three locations in habitat remaining in the Hawaiian

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Islands and the continued conversion of 1990, p. 74; D’Antonio and Vitousek sub-canopy species include Asystasia these native habitats by development, 1992, p. 73; Vitousek et al. 1997, p. 6). gangetica (Chinese violet), Atriplex road building, or agriculture, we Nonnative plants directly and indirectly semibaccata (Australian saltbush), conclude the ongoing habitat loss and affect the seven yellow-faced bees by Leucana leucocephala (koa haole), land modification is a significant modifying or destroying their terrestrial Pluchea indica (Indian fleabane), P. ongoing threat to H. anthracinus, H. and riparian habitat and reducing food symphytifolia (sourbush), and Verbesina assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. sources. encelioides (golden crown-beard) kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana. The spread of nonnative plant species (DOFAW 2007, pp. 20–22, 54–58; is one of the primary causes of decline HBMP 2008). Nonnative canopy species Habitat Destruction and Modification by of the seven Hylaeus bee species, and a include Prosopis pallida (kiawe) Nonnative Plants current threat to their existing (DOFAW 2007, pp. 20–22, 54–58; Native vegetation on all of the main populations because these bees depend HBMP 2008), an invasive, nonnative, Hawaiian Islands has undergone closely on native vegetation for nectar deciduous thorny tree (TNC 2009, p. 8). extreme alteration because of past and and pollen. The bees are almost entirely For example, in Moomomi Preserve on present land management practices, absent from habitat dominated by Molokai, which represents the only including ranching, agricultural invasive, nonnative vegetation (Sakai et known location for Hylaeus hilaris, development, and the deliberate al. 2002, pp. 276, 291; Daly and most of the sand dunes and areas introduction of nonnative plants and Magnacca 2003, p. 11; Liebherr 2005, p. adjacent to the preserve are entirely animals (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 186). The native flora within most of covered in Prosopis pallida. The narrow 27, 58). The original native flora of lowland habitat in the Hawaiian Islands coastal strip in the Preserve itself is the Hawaii (species that were present before is being replaced by aggressive, only area that remains somewhat intact humans arrived) consisted of about nonnative plant species (Cuddihy and with native plant species (TNC 2008, p. 1,000 taxa, 89 percent of which were Stone 1990, pp. 73–74; Wagner et al. 8; Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 65). In endemic (species that occur only in the 1999, p. 52). Many native plant species addition, several nonnative grasses such Hawaiian Islands). Over 800 plant taxa communities that have been replaced by as Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), have been introduced from elsewhere, often monotypic communities of Chloris barbata (swollen fingergrass), and nearly 100 of these have become nonnative plants were once foraging Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), and pests (e.g., injurious plants) in Hawaii resources for numerous species of Panicum maximum (guinea grass) (Smith 1985, p. 180; Cuddihy and Stone Hylaeus bees (Cox and Elmqvist 2000, p. threaten the coastal habitats in which 1990, p. 73; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, 1238; Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 11; they are known to occur (DOFAW 2007, p. 45). Some of these plants were USFWS 1999, pp. 145, 163, 171, 180; pp. 20–22, 54–58; HBMP 2008). brought to Hawaii by various groups of USFWS 2008b, pp. 7, 9). As noted in the Life History section, people, including the Polynesians, for Many of the native plants that above, Hylaeus species almost food or cultural reasons. Beginning in currently serve as foraging resources for exclusively visit native plants to collect the early 1900s, plantation owners (and the adults of the seven Hylaeus bee nectar and pollen (Daly and Magnacca the territorial government of Hawaii), species are declining due to a lack of 2003, p. 11), pollinating those plants in alarmed at the reduction of water pollinators and competition with the process (Sakai et al. 1995, pp. 2,524– resources for their crops caused by the nonnative plants (Daly and Magnacca 2,528; Cox and Elmqvist 2000, p. 1,238; destruction of native forest cover by 2003, p. 11; USFWS 2008b, pp. 7, 9; Sahli et al. 2008, p. 1). Hylaeus bees are grazing feral and domestic animals, Smith 1985, pp. 180–181; Cuddihy and very rarely found visiting nonnative introduced nonnative trees for Stone, 1990, p. 74; D’Antonio and plants for nectar and pollen (Magnacca reforestation and continued the practice Vitousek 1992, p. 73; Vitousek et al. 2007a, pp. 186, 188). Unpublished data through the late 1930s (Nature 1997, p. 6), and are found only in very on Hylaeus spp. pollen use (Magnacca Conservancy of Hawaii 2003, p. 19). small populations (USFWS 1999, pp. in litt. 2011, p. 65) suggest only Ranchers intentionally introduced 145, 163, 171, 180; Cox and Elmqvist approximately 3 percent of pollen pasture grasses and other nonnative 2000, p. 1,238). For example, H. collected by yellow-faced bees (although plants for agriculture, and sometimes longiceps and H. anthracinus are known not exclusively the seven Hylaeus inadvertently introduced weed seeds as to forage on the federally endangered species addressed in this finding) is well. Other plants were brought to plant Sesbania tomentosa. Both H. from nonnative plant sources. These Hawaii for their potential horticultural longiceps and H. anthracinus also visit data do not include observations value (Scott et al. 1986, pp. 361–363; Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, regarding yellow-faced bee use of Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 73). a federally endangered plant endemic to Tournefortia argentea, which is a Nonnative plants adversely impact coastal dry shrubland on Oahu (Koutnik naturalized and relatively recent arrival native Hawaiian habitat, including that 1999, p. 606; Daly and Magnacca 2003, to the Hawaiian Islands, as a pollen of the seven yellow-faced bees pp. 55, 74). Hylaeus longiceps is also resource (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 65) identified in this finding, by modifying known to forage on the endangered (see additional information on this the availability of light, altering soil- Scaevola coriacea (USFWS 1999, p. 145; species below). Other than Scaevola water regimes, modifying nutrient Daly and Magnacca 2003, pp. 55, 135). sericea, native vegetation is lacking cycling, altering fire characteristics of In addition, H. anthracinus has been along most of the coastline of the main native plant communities (for example, collected from inside the fruit capsule of Hawaiian Islands. As Hylaeus spp. have successive fires that burn farther and Hedyotis coriacea, a federally not been observed at coastal sites where farther into native habitat, destroy endangered dry forest plant, known Scaevola sericea represents the only native plants, and remove habitat for from fewer than 200 individuals on the native plant species occurrence, native species by altering microclimatic island of Hawaii (Center for researchers believe the yellow-faced conditions to favor nonnative species), Environmental Management of Military bees are unable to survive on this and ultimately converting native Lands, 2010). Several other widespread species alone (Magnacca 2007, p. 187; dominated plant communities to nonnative plant species threaten coastal Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 65). nonnative plant communities (Smith habitats of the five Hylaeus species In summary, the spread of nonnative 1985, pp. 180–181; Cuddihy and Stone known from these areas. Understory and plants throughout the coastal and

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lowland habitat of the seven Hylaeus one endangered coastal and lowland populations of nonnative ungulates and bees represents a serious and ongoing plant species, Sesbania tomentosa, often do not provide adequate fencing to threat to these species. Many of the threatened by the browsing, trampling, prevent nonnative ungulates from native plant species being replaced by and digging activities of nonnative negatively impacting the habitat of the invasive, nonnative plants provide ungulates (e.g., axis deer, goats, and seven yellow-faced bees. Therefore, the foraging resources (e.g. pollen, nectar) cattle), is a foraging source for Hylaeus ongoing alteration and degradation of for Hylaeus bees, including these seven anthracinus and H. longiceps (USFWS many of the native coastal and lowland species. The best available information 1999, pp. 145, 163, 171, 180; Daly and habitat where these seven Hylaeus bees indicates these seven bee species do not Magnacca 2003, pp. 11, 13). occur by ungulates is expected to characteristically forage on nonnative The State of Hawaii provides game further impact the bees’ foraging and plants (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 13). mammal (e.g., feral pigs, goats, and nesting habitat through the direct Only 14 of 820 recent (1998 to 2010) deer) hunting opportunities on State- consumption and trampling of native Hylaeus spp. observations were on designated public hunting areas on the plants, introduction and spread of flowers of nonnative plant species; islands of Hawaii, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, nonnative plants, and increased erosion. however, none of those observations Molokai, and Oahu (Hawaii Habitat Destruction and Modification by involved the seven Hylaeus species Administrative Rules § 13–123–14–13– Fire addressed in this finding. We 123–20; DLNR 1999). The State’s acknowledge those observations do not management objectives for game Fire is a relatively new, human- include records documenting Hylaeus animals ranges from maximizing public exacerbated threat to native species and spp. using Tournefortia argentea hunting opportunities (e.g., ‘‘sustained natural vegetation in Hawaii. The (another nonnative species). However, yield’’) in some areas to removal by historical fire regime in Hawaii was there are only 13 observations of State staff, or their designees, in other characterized by infrequent, low Hylaeus spp. using this species, areas (Hawaii Administrative Rules severity fires, as few natural ignition including four records for H. § 13–123). Several of the seven Hylaeus sources existed (Cuddihy and Stone anthracinus and one record for H. facilis bees have populations in or adjacent to 1990, p. 91; Smith and Tunison 1992, (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 66). areas where terrestrial habitat may be pp. 395–397). Natural fuel beds were Therefore, we conclude that the ongoing manipulated for game enhancement and often discontinuous, with moderate to spread of nonnative plants into the where game populations are maintained high rainfall in many areas on most habitats of the seven Hylaeus bees at certain levels for public hunting islands. Fires inadvertently or remains a significant threat due to (Hawaii Administrative Rules § 13–123). intentionally ignited by the original manner in which nonnative plants alter Public hunting areas are predominantly Polynesians in Hawaii probably and fragment habitat, increase the not fenced, and game mammals have contributed to the initial decline of likelihood of fire, and attract nonnative unrestricted access to most areas across native vegetation in the drier plains and insect species. This threat further the landscape, regardless of underlying foothills. These early settlers practiced endangers the species’ long-term land use designation. While fences are slash-and-burn agriculture that created chances for conservation and recovery. sometimes built to provide protection open lowland areas suitable for the later from game mammals to the natural colonization of nonnative, fire-adapted Habitat Destruction and Modification by resources within the fenced area, the grasses (Kirch 1982, pp. 5–6, 8; Cuddihy Nonnative Ungulates current number and locations of fences and Stone 1990, pp. 30–31). Beginning The presence of nonnative mammals, are not adequate to prevent habitat in the late 18th century, Europeans and such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa), cattle destruction and degradation of the Americans introduced plants and (Bos taurus), goats (Capra hircus), and terrestrial habitat of the seven species of animals that further degraded native axis deer (Axis axis), is considered one Hawaiian yellow-faced bees. Hawaiian ecosystems. Pasture areas and of the primary factors underlying the In summary, feral pigs, cattle, goats, ranching, in particular, created highly alteration and degradation of native and axis deer continue to alter and fire-prone areas of nonnative grasses vegetation and habitat in the Hawaiian degrade native vegetation within and shrubs (D’Antonio and Vitousek Islands (Stone 1985, pp. 262–263; Hylaeus habitat in the Hawaiian Islands. 1992, p. 67). Fires of all intensities, Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 60–66; 73 We believe these ungulates represent a seasons, and sources are destructive to FR 73801). Beyond the direct effects of significant and ongoing threat to the native Hawaiian ecosystems (Brown and trampling and consuming native plants, continued existence of the seven Smith 2000, p. 172), and a single grass- nonnative ungulates contribute Hylaeus bees, endangering the species’ fueled fire can kill most native trees and significantly to increased erosion, and long-term chances for conservation and shrubs in the burned area (D’Antonio their behavior (i.e., rooting and moving recovery. Ungulates directly trample and Vitousek 1992, p. 74). Although across large areas) facilitates the spread and consume native plants, including Vogl (1969) (in Cuddihy and Stone and establishment of competing, plants used for foraging by H. 1990, p. 91) suggests naturally occurring invasive, nonnative plant species anthracinus and H. longiceps. The best fires, primarily from lightning strikes, (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 65). Feral available information indicates that have been important in the development pigs occur on all of the main Hawaiian other than the plant Tournefortia of the original Hawaiian flora, and many Islands except Kahoolawe and Lanai argentea, none of the seven Hylaeus Hawaiian plants might be fire-adapted, (HEAR 1998; C. Kessler, USFWS, pers. bees use nonnative plants for foraging Mueller-Dombois (1981) (in Cuddihy comm. 2011); goats are found on all of (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 13). While and Stone 1990, p. 91) points out most the main Hawaiian Islands except Lanai some specific areas throughout the natural vegetation types of Hawaii (HEAR 1998); feral cattle are found on State, including some Hylaeus spp. would not carry fire before the Hawaii and Maui (HEAR 1998); habitat sites, are managed to exclude the introduction of nonnative grasses. Smith Mouflon sheep and hybrids are found presence of or control ungulates, we are and Tunison (in Cuddihy and Stone on Hawaii and Lanai (Hawaii unaware of any plans to entirely 1990, p. 91) state native plant fuels Conservation Alliance (HCA) 2007); and eradicate or eliminate ungulates from typically have low flammability. axis deer are found on Lanai, Maui, the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, Fire represents a threat to the seven Molokai, and Oahu (HCA 2007). At least public hunting areas maintain Hylaeus species in coastal, lowland dry,

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and lowland mesic habitat. In addition, 90 rare and endangered plants and areas, forest reserves, public hunting ordnance-induced fires have animals, and located along the areas, wildlife and plant sanctuaries, periodically occurred on Hawaii’s windward side of the Waianae and NARS. Their activities include the military installations, including the Mountains (The Nature Conservancy, in maintenance of fire break roads, signage, Army’s PTA, and are considered an litt. 2005). In 2006, a fire at Kaena Point and helicopter dip tanks; active fire ongoing threat to the montane dry forest State Park burned 60 ac (24 ha) and control during fire outbreak; controlled habitat that supports H. anthracinus encroached on endangered plants in burns when and where deemed (The Center for Environmental Makua Military Training Area. The area necessary; fire training efforts, including Management of Military Lands 2002, that burned in this fire is near the Kaena education; and maintenance of a State Appendix 1 pp. 1–6; USFWS 2004, p. Point NAR, where two of the yellow- fire management program Web site 110). Fire threatens the seven Hylaeus faced bees (Hylaeus anthracinus and H. (http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/ species by destroying the native plant longiceps) in this finding are still known fmp). According to their Web site, species and communities on which the to occur. In 2007, there was a significant DOFAW is involved in the protection of bees depend and opening up habitat for fire in lowland dry and mesic habitat at 3,360,000 acres Statewide, which is increased invasion by nonnative plants. Kaukonahua that crossed 12 gulches, approximately 81percent of the State’s Fire can destroy dormant seeds of native eventually encompassing 5,655 ac land area. plants as well as the plants themselves. (2,289 ha), negatively impacting seven In summary, while we are aware of Successive fires that burn farther and endangered plant species. Occurrences fire management in some areas of the farther into native habitat destroy native of three of the species were extirpated State, including some Hylaeus spp. plants and remove habitat for native as a result of the fire. The Kaukonahua habitat sites, there is evidence that the plant and animal species by altering fire also provided pathways for repeated outbreak of fire within microclimate conditions favorable to nonnative ungulates (cattle, goats, and Hawaii’s native coastal, lowland dry, nonnative plants. Nonnative plant pigs) to access previously undisturbed and lowland mesic forests often leads to species most likely to be spread as a areas. This fire opened gaps in the irrevocable conversion of native to consequence of fire are those that (1) previously densely vegetated areas nonnative habitat (i.e., nonnative plant produce a high fuel load; (2) are adapted allowing the growth of the invasive species). These nonnative habitats are to survive and regenerate after fire; and grass Panicum maximum (guinea grass), unsuitable for nesting and foraging by (3) establish rapidly in newly burned which is also used as a food source by the seven Hylaeus bees. Therefore, we areas. Grasses (particularly those that cattle and goats. An area infested by conclude fire is a significant ongoing produce mats of dry material or retain guinea grass burned, and the grass threat to the habitat of all seven species a mass of standing dead leaves) that resprouted blades over 2 feet in length of Hylaeus bees in coastal, lowland dry, invade native forests and shrublands only 2 weeks after the fire (U.S. Army and lowland mesic habitat. provide fuels that allow fire to burn Garrison 2007, p. 3). In 2009, there were Habitat Destruction and Modification by areas that would not otherwise easily two smaller fires which burned 200 ac Recreational Activities burn, including even the edges of wetter (81 ha) at Manini Pali (Kaena Point State forests (Fujioka and Fujii 1980, in Park), and 3.8 ac (1.5 ha) at Makua Cave Some of the best habitat areas for Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93; (at the mouth of Makua Valley). These Hylaeus species are also popular D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992, pp. 70, examples of recent fires illustrate recreational sites, particularly those 73–74; Tunison et al. 2002, p. 122). nonnative grass invasion leads to grass/ areas located within coastal habitat Native woody plants may recover from fire cycles that convert native vegetation (Magnacca 2007a, p. 180). Suitable fire to some degree, but fire tips the to grassland (D’Antonia and Vitousek remaining habitat for H. anthracinus competitive balance toward nonnative 1992, p. 77) and H. longiceps are also popular hiking species (National Park Service 1989, in Several areas in the State of Hawaii, areas, including coastal sites such as Cuddihy and Stone 1990, p. 93). including some areas containing Kaena Point (on Oahu); the Mahaiula For example, on a post-burn survey at Hylaeus spp. habitat sites, are currently section of Kekaha Kai State Park, Puuwaawaa on the island of Hawaii, an loosely addressed under fire Makalawena, Mokuauia, and Kalauna area of native Diospyros forest with management plans. For example, in Bay (on the island of Hawaii); and Kahu, undergrowth of the nonnative grass 2003, the Army completed an Integrated Polihua Road, and Shipwreck Beach on Pennisetum setaceum, Takeuchi noted Wildland Fire Management Plan Lanai. Human impacts at recreational ‘‘no regeneration of native canopy is (WFMP) for all of its Oahu training sites can include removal or trampling occurring within the Puuwaawaa burn installations. This plan is currently of vegetation on or near trails and the area’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p. 2). Takeuchi being updated (U.S. Army 2009, pp. 4– compaction of vegetation by off-road also stated, ‘‘burn events served to 73). The goal of the WFMP is to reduce vehicles (Magnacca 2007a, p. 180). None accelerate a decline process already in the threat of wildfire that adversely of these areas, however, are known to be place, compressing into days a sequence affects listed and other rare species. currently impacted by recreational which would ordinarily have taken Although none of the Oahu yellow- activities (Magnacca pers. comm. 2010). decades’’ (Takeuchi 1991, p. 4). The faced bees are known from military In summary, while trampling and author concluded that in addition to lands, at least one species, H. kuakea, compaction of vegetation from human increasing the number of fires, the occurs on lands roughly adjacent to activities may negatively impact the nonnative Pennisetum acted to suppress military lands and which could be habitat of some populations of the seven establishment of native plants after a impacted by fires caused by military Hylaeus bees, we have no basis to fire (Takeuchi 1991, p. 6). activities, or conversely, could benefit conclude these impacts would be at a There have been several recent fires from activities to suppress and control scale that represents a threat to the on Oahu that have impacted rare or origination of fires either on or adjacent seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bees. endangered species in coastal, lowland to military lands. While some areas, particularly coastal dry, and mesic habitats. Between 2004 Additionally, DOFAW maintains a sites, are undoubtedly popular and 2005, wildfires burned more than fire management program tasked with recreational sites, we believe this is a 360 ac (146 ha) of mesic habitat in fire suppression activities targeted local rather a rangewide problem for Honouliuli Preserve, home to more than toward the protection of watershed each of the seven species. Therefore, we

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conclude that recreational activities are faced bees (Bellingham et al. 2005, p. fragmentation are the most threatening not a threat to the seven yellow-faced 681). facet of climate change for biodiversity bees at this time. All seven of the Hylaeus bees may (Lovejoy et al. 2005, p. 4). The also be affected by temporary habitat magnitude and intensity of the impacts Habitat Destruction and Modification by loss (e.g., desiccation of habitats, die-off of global climate change and increasing Hurricanes and Drought of host plants) associated with droughts, temperatures on native Hawaiian Stochastic (random, naturally which are not uncommon on the ecosystems are unknown; we are not occurring) events, such as hurricanes Hawaiian Islands. Between 1860 and aware of climate change studies and drought, can alter or degrade the 2002, the Hawaiian Islands were specifically related to the coastal and habitat of Hawaiian Hylaeus bees affected by approximately 49 periods of lowland habitat areas occupied by the directly by modifying and destroying drought (Giambelluca et al. 1991, pp. 3– seven Hylaeus bees, or to other Hylaeus native coastal and lowland dry and 4; Hawaii Commission on Water bee species. Based on the best available mesic habitats (e.g., by mechanical Resource Management 2009a and information, climate change impacts damage to vegetation). Indirect effects 2009b). These drought events lead to an could include the loss of native plant include creating disturbed areas increase in the number of forest and species that comprise the habitats in conducive to invasion by nonnative brush fires (Giambelluca et al. 1991, p. which the seven Hylaeus bees occur plants, which out-compete the native v), causing a reduction of native plant (Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611–612; Still plants used by the bees for foraging of cover and habitat (D’Antonio and et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, nectar and pollen. We presume these Vitousek 1992, pp. 77–79). With pp. 14,246 and 14,248); however, events also alter microclimatic populations that have already been because there have been no climate conditions (e.g., opening the tree canopy severely reduced in both abundance and change studies looking at effects to leading to an increase in habitat geographic distribution, and particularly coastal and lowland habitat, we have no temperature, soil erosion, and in the case of H. hilaris, with only one way of predicting the amount or extent decreasing soil moisture) so that the known population, even such a of any such possible habitat loss. habitat no longer supports the native temporary loss of habitat can have a Because the host plant habitat of the five host plants necessary to the Hylaeus severe negative impact on the species if, coastal species in this finding are bees for nectar and pollen foraging, as for example, the host plants for nectar outside of the tidal and immediate near well as nesting. and pollen foraging are lost for one or shore zone, we do not expect any direct more seasons. Because small effects to their habitat from sea level rise Hurricanes affecting Hawaii were only populations are demographically itself. rarely reported from ships in the area vulnerable to extinction caused by In addition, the seven yellow-faced from the 1800s until 1949. Between random fluctuations in population size bees may be vulnerable to changes in 1950 and 1997, 22 hurricanes passed and sex ratio, stochastic events such as precipitation caused by global climate near or over the Hawaiian Islands, 5 of hurricanes pose the threat of immediate change. However, future changes in which caused serious damage (Businger extinction of a species with a very small precipitation are uncertain because they 1998, pp. 1–2). In November 1982, and geographically restricted depend in part on how El Nin˜ o (a Hurricane Iwa struck the Hawaiian distribution such as the seven species of disruption of the ocean atmospheric Islands, with wind gusts exceeding 100 Hawaiian yellow-faced bees (Lande system in the tropical Pacific having miles per hour (mph) (161 kilometers 1988). important global consequences for per hour (kph)), causing extensive In summary, natural disasters, such as weather and climate) might change, and damage, especially on the islands of hurricanes and drought, represent a reliable projections of changes in El Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (Businger significant threat to coastal and lowland Nin˜ o have yet to be made (Benning et 1998, pp. 2, 6). Many forest trees were dry and mesic habitats and the seven al. 2002, pp. 14,248–14,249). Oki (2004, destroyed (Perlman 1992, pp. 1–9), Hylaeus species addressed in this p. 4) has noted long-term evidence of which opened the canopy and finding, endangering their chances for decreased precipitation and stream flow facilitated the invasion of nonnative conservation and recovery. These types in the Hawaiian Islands, based upon plants (Kitayama and Mueller-Dombois of events are known to cause significant evidence collected by stream gauging 1995, p. 671). Habitat alteration and habitat damage, and because the species stations. This long-term drying trend, degradation by nonnative plants is a addressed in this finding now persist in coupled with periodic El Nin˜ o-caused threat to the habitat of each of the seven low numbers or occur in restricted drying events, has created a pattern of yellow-faced bees addressed in this ranges, they are more vulnerable to severe and persistent stream dewatering finding, as described in the Habitat these events and less resilient to such events (D. Polhemus, in litt 2008, p. 26). Destruction and Modification by habitat disturbances. Hurricanes and Future changes in precipitation and the Nonnative Plants section above. In drought, even though unpredictable, forecast of those changes are highly September 1992, Hurricane Iniki, a have been and are expected to continue uncertain because they depend, in part, category 4 hurricane with maximum to be threats to the Hawaiian yellow- on how the El Nin˜ o-La Nin˜ a (a different sustained wind speeds recorded at 140 faced bees, and they therefore pose disruptive extreme weather and climate mph (225 kph), passed directly over the immediate and ongoing threats to the pattern that can alternate with El Nin˜ o) island of Kauai and close to the island seven Hylaeus species and their habitat. weather cycle might change (Hawaii of Oahu, causing significant damage to Climate Change Action Plan 1998, pp. Habitat Destruction and Modification by areas along Oahu’s southwestern coast 2–10). (Barber’s Point or Kalaeloa, through Climate Change If precipitation is significantly Kaena) (Blake et al. 2007, p. 20), where Climate change will be a particular reduced, the seven yellow-faced bees populations of two of the seven bee challenge for biodiversity because the may be among the species most species (H. anthracinus and H. interaction of additional stressors may vulnerable to extinction, with possible longiceps) are found. Damage by future push species beyond their ability to impacts expected to include habitat loss hurricanes could further decrease the survive (Lovejoy et al. 2005, pp. 325– and alteration or changes in disturbance remaining native-plant-dominated 326). The synergistic implications of regimes (e.g., storms and hurricanes), in habitat areas that support the yellow- climate change and habitat addition to possible direct physiological

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stress of an unknown nature, which areas. As identified above in our Factor actively managed to restore native could potentially cause the species to A analysis, the native habitats on which habitat and to reduce or eliminate many seek out less suitable habitats as their the Hylaeus bees depend have been of the common threats to the native preferred habitats become degraded. drastically directly altered during the plant communities found there, The probability of a species going last century, with many areas either including feral ungulates and wildfire. extinct as a result of these factors converted for development or However, existing regulatory increases when ranges are restricted, agriculture, or indirectly altered due to mechanisms are inadequate to provide habitat decreases, and population the effects of nonnative ungulates, the necessary active management numbers decline (Intergovernmental nonnative plants, and fire. Habitat needed to protect the habitat of the Panel on Climate Change 2007, p. 8). conversion and loss of host plants, and populations outside of these protected Such is the case for each of the seven other stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes TNC, NHP or NAR areas (see discussion yellow-faced bees, which are and drought), are all contributing factors under Factor D, below). Conservation of characterized by limited climatic ranges to the present and threatened the seven Hylaeus bees will require and restricted habitat requirements, destruction, modification, and active management of their known small population size, and low number curtailment of the habitat and range of population sites, involving exclusion of individuals. However, without the seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bees. and removal of feral ungulates, control reliable predictions of the amount and Land conversion and fragmentation of and removal of nonnative plant and extent of anticipated precipitation remaining coastal, lowland dry, and insect species, and the restoration of change, we are unable to determine lowland mesic habitat is continuing native vegetation (Magnacca 2007, p. whether precipitation changes would throughout these species’ known ranges, 185). result in negative impacts to any of the particularly due to the effects of feral Factor B. Overutilization for seven yellow-faced bees at this time. ungulates, fire, and nonnative plants. In summary, the seven Hylaeus bees, We anticipate habitat conversion and Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or like most insects, are presumed to have fragmentation to continue, and likely Educational Purposes limited environmental tolerances. They increase, throughout their known We are unaware of any collections of also have limited ranges and restricted ranges. As discussed above, at least five the seven yellow-faced bees by habitat requirements (Daly and of the seven bees have experienced recreational or insect enthusiast Magnacca 2003, p. 11). Four species (H. significant habitat losses. It is collectors. However, insect collecting is facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, and H. reasonable to presume the substantial a valuable component of research, mana) have small population sizes (i.e., reduction in lowland mesic habitat has including taxonomic work, and is often a limited number of populations similarly impacted the populations of necessary to document the existence of restricted to relatively small habitat Hylaeus kuakea and H. mana populations and population trends. sites), and low numbers of individuals. (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 78). As more Based on comments received in The projected effects of global climate habitats become unsuitable, we expect response to the 90-day finding, six of change and increasing temperatures on their population declines to continue or the yellow-faced bees are not believed to the seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bees accelerate. be particularly vulnerable to over- would likely be related to changes in We have evaluated the best scientific collection; however, one species (H. microclimatic conditions in their and commercial information available hilaris) may be vulnerable (Magnacca, in habitats. These changes may also lead to regarding the present or threatened litt. 2010, p. 2). This species is a the loss of native plant species due to destruction, modification, or cleptoparasite on other rare bees, and direct physiological stress, the loss or curtailment of the seven Hawaiian has an inherently smaller population alteration of habitat, increased yellow-faced bees’ habitat or range. size and lower reproductive rate than competition from nonnative bee species, Based on the current and ongoing most Hylaeus species, including the and changes in disturbance regimes habitat issues identified, their other six species in this finding. (e.g., fire, storms, and hurricanes). synergistic effects, and their likely However, as both sexes of H. hilaris are Therefore, we believe all seven species continuation, we have determined this readily recognizable to Hylaeus will be exposed to projected factor poses a significant threat to researchers, experts believe there will be environmental impacts that may result Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. little need to retain individuals from changes in climate, and facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. collected during field surveys in the subsequent impacts to their habitats longiceps, and H. mana. future (Magnacca, in litt. 2010, p. 2). Additionally, while this species is (Pounds et al. 1999, pp. 611–612; Still Available Conservation Measures et al. 1999, p. 610; Benning et al. 2002, known from only one population site, pp. 14,246 and 14,248), and we do not Some historic and current collection the area where this population is found anticipate a reduction in this ongoing localities are protected from occurs within the Moomomi Preserve threat any time in the near future. development, urbanization, and and is actively managed by TNC for However, because the specific and conversion to agriculture by Federal, common habitat threats such as feral cumulative effects of climate change on State, or private agencies: one of two ungulates, wild fire, and nonnative these seven species are presently known populations of H. facilis and two plant species. unknown, we are not able to determine of three known populations of H. Therefore, we find that overutilization the magnitude of this potential threat anthracinus occur at Kalaupapa NHP on for commercial, recreational, scientific, with confidence or precision. Molokai; three species (H. anthracinus, or educational purposes is not a threat H. assimulans, and H. kuakea) occur in to Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, Summary of Factor A the State’s Kaena Point NAR (Oahu), H. facilis, H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and The seven species of Hawaiian Kanaio NAR (Maui), West Maui NAR, H. mana because we could find no yellow-faced bees are dependent upon and the recently acquired Honouliuli evidence they are being collected by the persistence of native Hawaiian Preserve (Oahu); and three species (H. insect collection enthusiasts or over- plants and their increasingly rare anthracinus, H. hilaris, and H. collected by researchers for scientific associated habitat types, particularly longiceps) are found on TNC’s purposes. We examined whether H. coastal, lowland dry, and lowland mesic Moomomi Preserve. These areas are hilaris was directly or indirectly

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vulnerable to over-collection due to its At least 47 species of ants are known collected) for coastal and dry forest small population size (one known to be established in the Hawaiian habitats (antweb.org 2011). Direct location), low reproductive rate, and Islands (Hawaii Ants 2008, pp. 1–11). observations indicate Hawaiian biological dependence upon other rare Native insect fauna, likely including arthropods are susceptible to predation Hylaeus host species. However, as both Hylaeus bees (Zimmerman 1948, p. 173; by this species; Gillespie and Reimer sexes are easily recognizable in the field Reimer et al. 1990, pp. 40–43; HEAR (1993, p. 21) and Hardy (1979, pp. 37– and it does not collect pollen (which database 2005, pp. 1–2), have been 38) documented the complete differentiates it from all other species), severely impacted by at least four extirpation of several native insects researchers believe there is little reason particularly aggressive ant species: the within the Kipahulu area on Maui after to retain individuals observed during big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala), this area was invaded by the long-legged surveys (Magnacca, in litt. 2010, p. 2). the long-legged ant (also known as the ant. Lester and Tavite (2004, p. 391), Therefore, we find over-collection of H. yellow crazy ant) (Anoplolepis found that long-legged ants in the hilaris is not a threat to this species. gracilipes), Solenopsis papuana (NCN), Tokelau Atolls (New Zealand) can form and Solenopsis geminata (NCN). very high densities in a relatively short Factor C. Disease or Predation Numerous other species of ants are period of time with locally serious Disease recognized as threats to Hawaii’s native consequences for invertebrate diversity. invertebrates, and an unknown number Densities of 3,600 individuals collected We are not aware of any information of new species of ants are established in pitfall traps within a 24-hour period indicating disease presents a threat to every few years (Staples and Cowie were observed, as well as predation Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. 2001, p. 53). Due to their preference for upon invertebrates ranging from crabs to facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. drier habitat sites, ants are more likely other ant species. On Christmas Island longiceps, or H. mana. Therefore, based to occur in high densities in the coastal, in the Indian Ocean, numerous studies on the best available information, we do dry, and mesic habitat currently have documented the range of impacts not find that disease is a threat to the occupied by the seven bees (Reimer to native invertebrates, including the seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bees. 1994, p. 12). red land crab (Gecarcoidea natalis), as The big-headed ant originated in Predation a result of predation by supercolonies of central Africa (Krushelnycky et al. 2005, the long-legged ant (Abbott 2006, p. Predation by Nonnative Ants p. 24) and was first reported in Hawaii 102). Long-legged ants have the in 1879 (Krushelnycky et al. 2005, p. potential as predators to profoundly Ants are known to prey upon Hylaeus 24). This species is considered one of species (Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 45–46; affect the endemic insect fauna in the most invasive and widely territories they occupy. Studies Reimer 1994, p. 17), thereby directly distributed ants in the world eliminating them from specific areas. In comparing insect populations at (Krushelnycky et al. 2005, p. 5). In otherwise similar ant-infested and ant- this study, nests of Nesoprosopis sp., an Hawaii, this species is the most endemic ground-nesting bee, could not free sites found extremely low numbers ubiquitous ant species found, from of large endemic noctuid moth larvae be found in ant-infested plots but were coastal to mesic habitat up to 4,000 ft commonly encountered in ant-free sites (Agrostis spp. and Peridroma spp.) in (1,219 m) in elevation, including within ant-infested areas. Nests of ground- of the same habitat. Nesoprosopis was the habitat areas of the seven Hylaeus reduced to a subgenus of Hylaeus in nesting cottelid bees (Nesoprosopis species addressed in this finding. With spp.) were eliminated from ant-infested 1923 (Meade-Waldo 1923, p. 1). Ants few exceptions, native insects have been sites (Reimer et al. 1990, p. 42). are not a natural component of Hawaii’s eliminated in habitats where the big- Although only cursory observations arthropod fauna, and the native Hylaeus headed ant is present (Perkins 1913, p. exist in Hawaii (Reimer et al. 1990, p. species of the islands evolved in the xxxix; Gagne 1979, p. 81; Gillespie and 42), we believe long-legged ants are a absence of predation pressure from ants. Reimer 1993, p. 22). Consequently, big- threat to populations of all seven Ants can be particularly destructive headed ants represent a threat to yellow-faced bees, in dry to mesic areas predators because of their high populations of all seven Hylaeus bee within their elevation ranges. densities, recruitment behavior, species in coastal to dry and mesic areas aggressiveness, and broad range of diet Hawaii, Lanai, Maui, and Oahu (Reimer Solenopsis papuana is the only (Reimer 1993, pp. 17–18). The threat of 1993, p. 14; Reimer 1994, p. 17; Daly abundant, aggressive ant that has ant predation on the seven Hylaeus bee and Magnacca 2003, pp. 9–10). invaded intact mesic to wet forest, as species is amplified by the fact that The long-legged ant appeared in well as coastal and lowland dry most ant species have winged Hawaii in 1952, and now occurs on habitats. This species occurs from sea reproductive adults (Borror et al. 1989, Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, and Oahu (Reimer level to over 2,000 ft (600 m) on all of p. 738) and can quickly establish new et al. 1990, p. 42; http://www.antweb.org the main Hawaiian Islands, and is still colonies in suitable habitats (Staples 2011). It inhabits low-to-mid-elevation expanding its range (Reimer 1993, p. and Cowie 2001, p. 55). In addition, (less than 2,000 ft (600 m)) rocky areas 14). Although surveys have not been these attributes allow some ants to of moderate rainfall (less than 100 in conducted to ascertain this species’ destroy otherwise geographically (250 cm) annually) (Reimer et al. 1990, presence in each of the known habitat isolated populations of native p. 42). Although surveys have not been sites occupied by the seven Hylaeus arthropods (Nafus 1993, pp. 19, 22–23). conducted to ascertain this species’ species addressed in this finding, Ants have not been observed preying presence in each of the known habitat because of this species’ expanding range upon any of the seven species addressed sites occupied by the seven Hylaeus and its widespread occurrence in in this finding. However, at least one or species addressed in this finding, we coastal, dry lowland, and mesic more of the most aggressive and may presume that the long-legged ant habitats, it may threaten populations of widespread species (discussed below) likely occurs within some of the all seven Hylaeus bees with predation occur in every known population site of identified population sites based upon pressure on the islands of Hawaii, the seven Hylaeus species and are anecdotal evidence of their expanding Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, and Oahu over presumed to be a serious threat due to range and their preference (as indicated 2,000 ft (600 m) in elevation (Reimer et the impact of predation. where the species is most commonly al. 1990, p. 42; Reimer 1993, p. 14).

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Like Solenopsis papuana, S. geminata also be more susceptible to ant kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana now is also considered a significant threat to predation (Magnacca 2005g, p. 2). and into the future. native invertebrates (Gillespie and Hylaeus populations are known to be Predation by Nonnative Western Yellow Reimer 1993) and occurs on all the main drastically reduced in ant-infested areas Jacket Wasps Hawaiian Islands (Reimer et al. 1990; (Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 45–46; Stone Nishida 1997). Found in drier areas of and Loope 1987, p. 251; Cole et al. 1992, The western yellow jacket wasp the Hawaiian Islands, it has displaced pp. 1313, 1317, 1320; Reimer 1994, p. (Vespula pensylvanica) is a potentially Pheidole megacephala as the dominant 17). The presence of ants in nearly all serious threat to the seven Hylaeus bees ant in some areas (Wong and Wong of the low-elevation habitat sites (Gambino et al. 1987, p. 170; Wilson et 1988, p. 175). Known to be a voracious historically and currently occupied by al. 2009, pp. 1–5). The western yellow nonnative predator in many areas to the seven Hylaeus bee species may jacket wasp is a social wasp species where it has spread, the species was increase the uncertainty of Hylaeus native to the mainland of North documented to significantly increase recovery within these areas (Reimer America. It was first reported from Oahu fruit fly mortality in field studies in 1994, pp. 17–18; Daly and Magnacca in the 1930s (Sherley 2000, p. 121), and Hawaii (Wong and Wong 1988, p. 175). 2003, pp. 9–10). Although the primary an aggressive race became established in In addition to predation, S. geminata impact of ants on the native invertebrate 1977 (Gambino et al. 1987, p. 170). In workers tend honeydew-producing fauna is via predation (Reimer 1994, p. temperate climates, the western yellow members of the Homoptera suborder, 17), they also compete for nectar jacket wasp has an annual life cycle, but especially mealybugs, which can impact (Howarth 1985, p. 155; Hopper et al. in Hawaii’s tropical climate, colonies of plants directly and indirectly through 1996, p. 9; Holway et al. 2002, pp. 188, this species persist through a second the spread of disease (Manaaki 209; Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. 9; year, allowing them to have larger Whenua—Landcare Research 2011: Lach 2008, p. 155) and nest sites numbers of individuals (Gambino et al. http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/ (Krushelnycky et al. 2005, pp. 6–7). 1987, p. 170) and thus a greater impact research/biocons/invertebrates/Ants/ Some ant species may impact Hylaeus on prey populations. Most colonies are invasive_ants/solgem_info.asp). bees indirectly as well, by preying on found between approximately 2,000 and 3,500 ft (approximately 600 and 1,050 Solenopsis geminata was included seeds of native plants, thereby reducing m) in elevation (Gambino et al. 1990, p. among the eight species ranked as the plant’s recruitment and fecundity 1,088), although they can also occur at having the highest potential risk to New (Bond and Slingsby 1984, p. 1,031). sea level. The western yellow jacket Zealand in a detailed pest risk Several studies (Krushelnycky 2005, p. wasp is known to be an aggressive, assessment for the country (Global 9; Lach 2008, p. 155) suggest a serious generalist predator (Gambino et al. Invasive Species Database 2011: http:// ecosystem-level effect of invasive ants on pollination. Where ranges overlap, 1987, p. 170), and has been documented www.issg.org/database/species/ ants compete with native pollinators preying upon Hawaiian Hylaeus species ecology.asp?si=169&fr=1& such as Hylaeus bees and preclude them (although not specifically upon any of sts=&lang=EN), and is included as one from pollinating native plants. For the seven species addressed in this of five ant species listed among the ‘‘100 example, the big-headed ant is known to finding) (Wilson et al. 2009, p. 2). of the World’s Worst invaders’’ actively rob nectar from flowers without However, predation by the western (Manaaki Whenua—Landcare Research pollinating them (Howarth 1985, p. yellow jacket wasp is a potentially 2011: http://www.landcareresearch. 157). Lach (2008, p. 155) found that significant threat to all seven of the co.nz/research/biocons/invertebrates/ Hylaeus bees that regularly collect yellow-faced bees because of the wasp’s Ants/invasive_ants/solgem_info.asp). pollen from flowers of Metrosideros presence in habitat occupied by the Although surveys have not been polymorpha were entirely absent from seven Hylaeus bees combined with their conducted to ascertain this species’ trees with flowers exposed to foraging small population sizes. This may presence in each of the known habitat by big-headed ants. present a particular threat to H. facilis, sites occupied by the seven Hylaeus The rarity or disappearance of native H. hilaris, H. kuakea, and H. mana, species addressed in this finding, Hylaeus species from historically because each species is known from because of this species’ expanding range documented localities over the past 100 only two or fewer sites. It has been and its widespread occurrence in years (including the seven Hawaiian suggested the western yellow jacket coastal, dry lowland, and mesic yellow-faced bee species) is due to a wasp may compete for nectar with habitats, it may threaten populations of variety of factors. Although we have no Hylaeus species, but we have no all seven Hylaeus bees with predation direct information that conclusively information to suggest this represents a pressure on the islands of Hawaii, correlates the decrease in populations of threat to the seven Hylaeus bees. Kahoolawe, Lanai, Maui, and Oahu from these seven Hylaeus bees due to the Predation by Nonnative Parasitoid sea level up to 1,000 ft (300 m) in establishment of nonnative ants, severe elevation (Wong and Wong 1988, p. predation of other Hylaeus species by Wasps 175). ants has been documented, resulting in Native and nonnative parasitoid The Hylaeus egg, larvae, and pupal clear reductions in populations. We wasps are known to parasitize some stages are more vulnerable to attack by expect similar predation impacts to Hylaeus species on Oahu (although not ants than the mobile adult bees (Daly these seven Hylaeus bees to continue as upon any of the seven species addressed and Magnacca 2003, p. 10). Invasive a result of the widespread presence of in this finding), and may pose a threat ants have severely impacted ground- ants throughout the Hawaiian Islands, to five of the seven yellow-faced bees nesting Hylaeus species in particular their highly efficient and non-specific (H. anthracinus, H. facilis, H. kuakea, (Cole et al. 1992, pp. 1317, 1320; predatory behavior, and their ability to H. longiceps, and H. mana) (Daly and Medeiros et al. 1986, pp. 45–46), quickly disperse and establish new Magnacca 2003, p. 10) because they because their nests are easily accessible colonies. Therefore, we conclude that occur on Oahu as well. While the and in or near the ground. Because predation by nonnative ants represents available information indicates some Hylaeus anthracinus, H. facilis, H. a serious threat to the continued Oahu Hylaeus larvae have been hilaris, and H. longiceps are believed to existence of H. anthracinus, H. parasitized (and subsequently killed) by be ground-nesting species, they may assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. parasitoid wasps from the Encyrtidae

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and Eupelmidae families, it is unknown H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and influence policy and funding decisions, whether these wasps also utilize H. H. mana. Unless these aggressive, improve communication, increase anthracinus, H. facilis, H. kuakea, H. nonnative ant predators are eliminated collaboration, and promote public longiceps, and H. mana as nutritional or controlled, we expect this threat to awareness (CGAPS 2009). This group hosts for their larvae (Daly and continue or increase. Furthermore, a facilitated the formation of the Hawaii Magnacca 2003, p. 98). We are decrease in the amount and distribution Invasive Species Council (HISC), which concerned that H. anthracinus, H. of suitable host plants for foraging could was created by gubernatorial executive facilis, H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. indirectly impact these seven species by order in 2002 to coordinate local mana may be exposed to wasp forcing them to seek less optimal, but initiatives for the prevention and parasitism, but we are unaware of any predator-free, foraging sites. control of invasive species by providing information to indicate this is a threat policy-level direction and planning for Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing to these five Hylaeus bees. the State departments responsible for Regulatory Mechanisms invasive species issues. In 2003, the Summary of Factor C Currently, there are no Federal, State, governor signed into law Act 85, which We do not find evidence that disease or local laws, treaties, or regulations that conveys statutory authority to the HISC is currently impacting the seven specifically conserve or protect the to coordinate approaches among the Hawaiian yellow-faced bees, nor do we seven Hylaeus bee species from the various State and Federal agencies, and have information to indicate disease threats described in this finding. There international and local initiatives, for outbreaks will occur in the future. are some regulations that potentially the prevention and control of invasive Although we have no direct information address the threats posed by introduced, species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3–15; HISC that conclusively correlates the decrease nonnative species; these are discussed 2009a; Haw. Rev. Stat. section 194–2(a)). in populations of these seven Hylaeus below. Some of the recent priorities for the bees due to the establishment of western HISC include interagency efforts to yellow jacket wasps, severe predation of Inadequate Protection from Nonnative Ungulates control nonnative species such as the other Hylaeus species by yellow jacket plants Miconia calvescens (miconia) and wasps has been documented, resulting Nonnative ungulates pose a major Cortaderia sp. (pampas grass), coqui in clear reductions in populations. We ongoing threat to the seven Hylaeus bees frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui), and expect similar predation impacts to through destruction and degradation of ants (HISC 2009). However, in October these seven Hylaeus bees to continue as their habitat. Although some public 2009, HISC approved a 2010 budget a result of the widespread presence of hunting areas are fenced to prevent the that, due to a tighter economy in Hawaii yellow jacket wasps in many areas incursion of nonnative ungulates, there and anticipated budget cuts in State throughout the Hawaiian Islands, their are currently no Federal, State, or local funding support, resulted in a 50 highly efficient and non-specific laws, treaties, or regulations that percent reduction in funding with an predatory behavior, and their ability to adequately address the threats from anticipated setback in conservation quickly disperse and establish new nonnative ungulates to the seven achievements and the loss of colonies. yellow-faced bees’ terrestrial habitat. experienced, highly trained staff (HISC While we are concerned that Hylaeus The existing regulatory mechanisms do 2009b). anthracinus, H. facilis, H. kuakea, H. not address the threats from nonnative longiceps, and H. mana may be ungulates to the seven yellow-faced bee Inadequate Regulatory Control of threatened by wasp parasitism on Oahu, species or their habitat. The absence of Nonnative Invertebrate Species we are unaware of any information to regulatory mechanisms exacerbates the As noted above (see Factor C, Disease indicate this is a threat to these five threats discussed under Factor A. and Predation), predation by nonnative Hylaeus bees at this time, or that it is ants and the nonnative yellow jacket likely to become so in the future. The Inadequate Protection from Introduction wasp is a potentially significant threat presence of nonnative ants in nearly all of Nonnative Species to the seven species. Commercial lowland habitat historically and The Hawaii Department of shipping and air cargo, as well as currently occupied by the seven Agriculture (HDOA) is the lead State biological introductions to Hawaii, have Hylaeus bees, combined with the near agency in protecting Hawaii’s resulted in the establishment of over extirpation of native insects in these agricultural and horticultural industries, 3,372 species of nonnative insects areas, suggest predation by nonnative animal and public health, natural (Howarth 1990, p. 18; Staples and ants is a serious threat to the seven resources, and environment from the Cowie 2001, p. 52), with an estimated Hawaiian yellow-faced bees. introduction of nonnative, invasive continuing establishment rate of 20 to Observations and reports have species (HDLNR 2003, p. 3–10). While 30 new species per year (Beardsley documented that ants are particularly there are several State agencies (Hawaii 1962, p. 101; Beardsley 1979, p. 36; destructive predators because of their Department of Agriculture (HDOA), Staples and Cowie 2001, p. 52). The high densities, broad ranges of diet, and Hawaii Department of Lands and prevention and control of introduced ability to establish new colonies in Natural Resources (HDLNR), Hawaii pest species in Hawaii is the otherwise geographically isolated Department of Health (HDOH)) responsibility of Hawaii State locations because the reproductive adult authorized to prevent the entry of pest government and Federal agencies, along ants are able to fly. Because the ranges species into the State, the existing with a few private organizations. Even of the big-headed ant, long-legged ant, regulations are inadequate for the though these agencies have regulations Solenopsis geminata, and Solenopsis reasons discussed in the sections below. and some controls in place, complete papuana overlap the ranges of the seven In 1995, a partnership, Coordinating control of introduced pest species is Hylaeus bees, and based on their Group on Alien Pest Species (CGAPS), difficult to achieve. Consequently, the observed predatory behavior at other comprised primarily of managers from introduction and movement of locations where they occur, these every major Federal, State, county, and nonnative invertebrate pest species, nonnative predators represent an private agency and organization including nonnative ants and yellow imminent and serious threat to H. involved in invasive species work in jacket wasps, between islands and from anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. facilis, Hawaii, was formed in an effort to one watershed to the next, continues.

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Inadequate Regulatory Control of cannot keep up with the multitude of Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade Nonnative Plant Species new invasive plants being distributed. Factors Affecting the Species’ Continued Nonnative plants destroy and modify The author states the only thing wide- Existence scale public outreach can do in this habitat throughout the ranges of each of Small Number of Populations and regard is to let the public know new the seven Hylaeus species addressed in Individuals this 12-month finding. As such, they invasive plants are still being sold, and Species endemic to single islands or represent a significant and immediate suggest that people should ask for known from few, widely dispersed threat to each of these species. In noninvasive or native plants instead (C. Martin, in litt. 2007, p. 9). locations are inherently more vulnerable addition, nonnative plants have been to extinction than widespread species shown to out-compete native plants and On the basis of the above information, existing regulatory mechanisms do not because of the higher risks from genetic convert native-dominated plant adequately protect the seven Hylaeus bottlenecks, random demographic communities to nonnative plant species from the threat of new fluctuations, climate change, and communities (see Factor A—Habitat introductions of nonnative species, and localized catastrophes such as Destruction and Modification by the continued expansion of nonnative hurricanes, landslides, and drought Nonnative Plants). The HDOA regulates species populations on and between (Lande 1988, p. 1,455; Mangel and Tier the import of plants into the State from islands and watersheds. Nonnative 1994, p. 607; Pimm et al. 1988, p. 757). domestic origins under Hawaii State law species may directly compete with, prey These problems can be further (Haw. Rev. Stat. Ch. 150A). While all upon, or modify or destroy the habitat magnified when populations are few plants require inspection upon entry of one or more of the seven yellow-faced and restricted to a limited geographic into the State and must be ‘‘apparently bees for food, space, and other necessary area, and the number of individuals is free’’ of insects and diseases, not all resources. Because current Federal, very small. Populations with these plants require import permits. Parcels State, and local laws, treaties, and characteristics face an increased brought into the State by mail or cargo regulations are inadequate to prevent likelihood of stochastic extinction due must be clearly labeled as ‘‘Plant the introduction and spread of to changes in demography, the Materials’’ or ‘‘Agricultural nonnative species from outside the State environment, genetics, or other factors, Commodities,’’ but, given budget of Hawaii, as well as between islands in a process described as an extinction constraints and an insufficient number and watersheds, the threats from these vortex (Gilpin and Soule´ 1986, pp. 24– of personnel, it is unlikely that all of introduced species remain immediate 25). Small, isolated populations often these parcels are inspected or monitored and significant due to an inadequacy of exhibit a reduced level of genetic prior to delivery in Hawaii. Shipments existing regulatory mechanisms. variability or genetic depression due to of plant material into Hawaii must be inbreeding, which diminishes the accompanied by an invoice or packing Summary of Inadequacy of Existing species’ capacity to adapt and respond manifest listing the contents and Regulatory Mechanisms to environmental changes, thereby quantities of the items imported, We found that existing regulatory lessening the probability of long-term although it is unclear if all of these mechanisms and agency policies do not persistence (Frankham 2003, pp. S22– shipments are inspected or monitored address the primary threats to the seven S29; Soule´ 1986, pp. 31–34). The prior to delivery (HDOA 2009). There yellow-faced bee species and their negative impacts associated with small are only 12 plant crops regulated habitat from nonnative ungulates. The population size and vulnerability to (H.A.R. chapter 4–70) to some degree: State’s current management of random demographic fluctuations or sugarcane and grasses, pineapple and nonnative game mammals does not natural catastrophes can be further other bromeliads, coffee, cruciferous prevent the degradation and destruction magnified by synergistic interactions vegetables, orchids, banana, passion of habitat of Hylaeus anthracinus, H. with other threats. fruit, pine, coconut, hosts of European assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. The seven Hylaeus bee species have corn borer, palms, and hosts of kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana (see very small populations and are likely Caribbean fruit fly (HDLNR 2003, p. 3– discussion under Factor A). more vulnerable to habitat change and 11). The HDOA also maintains the State We consider the threat from stochastic events due to low genetic list of noxious weeds, and these plants inadequate regulatory mechanisms to be variability (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. are restricted from entry into the State immediate and significant for the 3; Magnacca 2007, p. 173). According to except by permit from the HDOA’s Plant following reasons: Magnacca (2007, p. 3), five species have Quarantine Branch. (1) Existing State and Federal not been collected recently from one or Although the State has general regulatory mechanisms are not more islands from which they were guidelines for the importation of plants, preventing the introduction and spread historically known, all seven species are and regulations are in place regarding of nonnative species between islands restricted to rare habitat, and two are the plant crops mentioned above, the and watersheds. Habitat-altering particularly rare and potentially intentional or inadvertent introduction nonnative plant species (Factor A) and endangered. Hylaeus facilis and H. of nonnative plants outside the predation by nonnative animal species hilaris have not been recently observed regulatory process and movement of (Factor C) pose major ongoing threats to at some historical collection sites; H. species between islands and from one the seven Hylaeus species. facilis is currently known from two watershed to the next continues, which Because existing regulatory populations, and H. hilaris is known represents a threat to native flora and mechanisms are inadequate to maintain from only a single population. In fauna for the reasons described above. habitat for the seven species of Hylaeus addition, H. kuakea, first collected in In addition, government funding is and to prevent the spread of nonnative 1997, is only known from two inadequate to provide for sufficient species, the inadequacy of existing populations, and H. mana, just collected inspection services and monitoring. One regulatory mechanisms is considered to in 2002, is known from a single study concluded plant importation laws be a significant and immediate threat to population. Although H. kuakea and H. virtually ensure new invasive plants Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. mana were only discovered relatively will be introduced via the nursery and facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. recently, researchers believe these two ornamental trade, and outreach efforts longiceps, and H. mana. species were once more widespread

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when their lowland mesic habitat was (Hopper et al. 1996, p. 9; Daly and anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. facilis, not highly fragmented and degraded by Magnacca 2003, p. 13; Snelling 2003, p. H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and invasive species, as is currently the case 345). H. mana from competition with the (Magnacca in litt. 2011, p. 95). The The European honey bee was first European honey bee for nectar and small number of populations known for introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in pollen (Magnacca 2007, p. 188). In each of these four Hylaeus species 1875, and currently inhabits areas from addition, one study in Hawaii suggests increases their risk of extinction due to sea level to the upper tree line boundary the European honey bee may have an stochastic events such as hurricanes, (Howarth 1985, p. 156). European honey additional advantage for collecting wildfires, or prolonged drought (Jones et bees have been observed foraging on pollen and nectar because it may not be al. 1984, p. 209; Smith and Tunison Hylaeus host plants such as Scaevola negatively affected by the presence of 1992, p. 398). spp. and Sesbania tomentosa (Hopper et predatory big-headed ants on native The recurrence intervals for stochastic al. 1996, p. 9; Daly and Magnacca 2003, vegetation (Lach 2008, p. 155). events, for example, wildfires, p. 13; Snelling 2003, p. 345). Although Competition with the European honey prolonged drought, and hurricanes, we lack information indicating bee may be a potential threat to the cannot be predicted, which introduces Hawaiian Hylaeus populations have seven Hylaeus species, because (1) some uncertainty regarding potential declined because of competition with Honey bees forage on Hylaeus host plant effects to H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. European honey bees for nectar and species; (2) they may exclude Hylaeus kuakea, and H. mana (the four species pollen, the European honey bee does spp. from those resources (Hylaeus spp. most at risk of the seven Hylaeus bees). forage in Hylaeus spp. habitat and may are never found foraging in the presence However, because Hylaeus hilaris is exclude Hylaeus spp. (Magnacca 2007, of European honey bees); and (3) honey cleptoparasitic and restricted to one p. 188; Lach 2008, p. 155). Hylaeus bees may have a competitive advantage known population, it is at particularly species do not occur in native habitat over Hawaiian Hylaeus ssp., as one high risk of extinction because of the where there are large numbers of honey study suggests honey bees are not rarity of its hosts and the fact it is the bees, although the impact of moderate negatively affected by the presence of most habitat-specific of all Hawaiian populations of honey bees is not known big-headed ants on native vegetation to bees (Magnacca 2007a, p. 181). The fact (Magnacca 2007, p. 188). Nonnative, the extent the Hylaeus species may be. that a species is potentially vulnerable invasive bees are widely documented to Honey bees have been known to exclude to stochastic processes does not decrease nectar volumes and usurp other Hylaeus species, and it is well- necessarily mean it is reasonably likely native pollinators (Lach 2008, p. 155). documented that they forage in native to experience or have its status affected There are also indications that plant areas. However, the best available by a given stochastic process within populations of the European honey bee scientific information indicates that timescales meaningful under the Act. are not as vulnerable as Hylaeus bees to competition with the European honey Because of their small number of predation by nonnative ant species (see bee may represent a threat to these populations, negative impacts to H. Factor C. Disease and Predation). Lach seven Hylaeus species, but the threat is facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, and H. (2008, p. 155) observed that Hylaeus of unknown magnitude, and additional mana from hurricanes, wildfires, and bees that regularly collect pollen from research would be helpful to better drought would be likely if these events the flowers of Metrosideros polymorpha understand this interaction. occur. Because these events have been trees were entirely absent from trees We have no information indicating documented on Oahu and other with flowers visited by the big-headed other species of nonnative bees or Hawaiian islands in the past, we believe ant, while visits by the European honey parasitoid wasps negatively impact that they represent an ongoing threat to bee were not affected. As a result, the populations of the seven species of these four species, although the specific European honey bee may have a Hylaeus bees due to competition for timing, location, or magnitude is competitive advantage over Hylaeus nectar and pollen. Therefore, we have unknown. The threat from fire is spp., as it is not excluded by the big- determined that competition with other unpredictable, but omnipresent in headed ant (Lach 2008, p. 155). species of nonnative bees or parasitoid habitats that have been invaded by Other nonnative bees found in areas wasps is not a threat. nonnative, fire-prone grasses. of native vegetation include carpenter Summary of Factor E Hurricanes and drought conditions bees (Ceratina species), Australian present an ongoing and ever-present colletid bees (Hylaeus albonitens), and The small number of populations of threat, because they can occur at any Lasioglossum impavidum (NCN) Hylaeus facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, time, although the incidence and (Magnacca 2007, p. 188). While it has and H. mana increase their risk of magnitude of specific events is not been suggested these nonnative bees extinction due to stochastic events such predictable. may impact native Hylaeus bees through as hurricanes, wildfires, and drought, competition for pollen based on their which, although unpredictable, Competition With Nonnative Insects similar size and flower preferences, represent an ongoing and significant There are 15 known species of there is no information that threat to H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, nonnative bees in Hawaii (Snelling demonstrates these nonnative bees and H. mana. We have no information 2003, p. 342), including two nonnative forage on Hylaeus host plants indicating other nonnative bees or Hylaeus species (Magnacca 2007, p. (Magnacca 2007, p. 188). It has also parasitoid wasps compete for nectar and 188). Most nonnative bees inhabit areas been suggested parasitoid wasps may pollen on Hylaeus host plants. dominated by nonnative vegetation and compete for nectar with native Hylaeus Therefore, we have determined that do not compete with native Hawaiian species (Daly and Magnacca 2003, p. competition with these species does not bees for foraging resources (Daly and 10); however, information present a significant threat to the seven Magnacca 2003, p. 13). The European demonstrating nonnative parasitoid Hylaeus species. Honey bees forage in honey bee (Apis mellifera) is an wasps forage on the same host plants as native plant areas and have been known exception; this social species is often the seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bees is to exclude other Hylaeus species. very abundant in areas with native unavailable. However, the best available information vegetation and aggressively competes We acknowledge the potential for does not indicate competition between with Hylaeus for nectar and pollen negative impacts on Hylaeus honey bees and the seven Hylaeus

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species addressed in this finding is a factors, such as small population size species depend on native plants for significantly quantifiable threat. (Factor E). nectar and pollen and are almost Under Factor A (‘‘Present or entirely absent from habitat dominated Finding Threatened Destruction, Modification, by nonnative plants. Many of the native As required by the Act, we conducted or Curtailment of the Habitat or plants used as foraging resources by the a review of the status of the species and Range’’), we evaluated the effects of: (1) adults of the seven Hylaeus species are considered the five factors in assessing Urbanization and land use conversion; declining due to competition with whether Hylaeus anthracinus, H. (2) nonnative plant species; (3) nonnative plants and a lack of native assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. nonnative ungulates; (4) fire; (5) pollinators that actually pollinate while kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana are recreational activities; (6) stochastic collecting nectar. For example, H. endangered or threatened throughout events, such as hurricanes and droughts; anthracinus and H. longiceps forage on their ranges. We examined the best and (7) climate change. three federally endangered plants scientific and commercial information Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimilans, (Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, available regarding the past, present, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. Hedyotis coriacea, and Sesbania and future threats faced by these seven longiceps, and H. mana are known from tomentosa). To compound our concerns, Hylaeus species. We reviewed the native coastal, lowland dry, and inadequate regulatory control (see petitions, information available in our lowland mesic habitats. These habitats Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing files, information submitted to us have been severely altered and degraded Regulatory Mechanisms) has led to and following publication of our 90-day over the past 200 years due to land continues to contribute to an ever petition finding (75 FR 34077; June 16, management practices such as increasing number of nonnative plant 2010), and other available published agriculture and urban development, and species introductions to the Hawaiian and unpublished information, and we from the impacts of nonnative species, Islands. Once established, nonnative consulted with Hylaeus bee experts and fire, recreational activities, and plant species are quickly spread by other Federal and State resource stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes and intrastate commerce, birds, people, feral agencies. In considering what factors drought). The loss of native coastal and ungulates, and on their own, and result might constitute a threat, we must look lowland dry habitats in the main in the rapid alteration and degradation beyond the mere exposure of the species Hawaiian Islands is estimated to be of the native plant communities upon to the factor to determine whether the more than 75 percent and 90 percent, which these seven Hawaiian yellow- species responds to the factor in a way respectively (Bruegmann 1996, p. 26; faced bees depend. Therefore, based on that causes actual impacts to the Juvik and Juvik 1998, p. 124; Xerces our assessment of the best available species. If there is exposure to a factor, Society 2009, p. 23). Additionally, information, we believe degradation and but no response, or only a positive native coastal and lowland habitats destruction of native coastal and response, that factor is not a threat. If continue to become increasingly lowland habitat due to nonnative plants there is exposure and the species fragmented due to a variety of factors, poses a significant threat to the seven responds negatively, the factor may be thereby reducing the ability of the seven Hylaeus species throughout their ranges a threat and we then attempt to Hylaeus species to locate host plants to now and will likely continue for the determine how significant a threat it is. forage for nectar and pollen and to foreseeable future. If the threat is significant, it may drive locate suitable nesting sites. In Nonnative ungulates (e.g., pigs, goats, or contribute to the risk of extinction of particular, coastal and lowland dry axis deer, and cattle) are one of the the species such that the species habitats remain popular for land use primary causes of the alteration and warrants listing as endangered or and development. During surveys degradation of native vegetation and threatened as those terms are defined by conducted between 1998 and 2007, the habitat in the Hawaiian Islands. Because the Act. This does not necessarily five Hylaeus species collected by feral ungulate populations are managed require empirical proof of a threat. The Perkins over 100 years ago (Hylaeus by the State for the enhancement of combination of exposure and some anthracinus, H. assimilans, H. facilis, H. State Game Management Units and corroborating evidence of how the hilaris, and H. longiceps), were largely because there is no regulatory species is likely impacted could suffice. absent from almost all of their mechanism for their control or However, the mere identification of historically known locations. Hylaeus elimination (see Factor A. Habitat factors that could impact a species kuakea and H. mana were discovered Destruction and Modification by negatively is not sufficient to compel a relatively recently, and we lack Nonnative Ungulates), it is expected finding that listing is appropriate; we information that would conclusively that this threat will continue to impact require evidence that these factors are establish their historical range. Based on the habitat of the seven yellow-faced operative threats that act on the species our assessment of the best available bees addressed in this finding. Habitat to the point the species meets the information, we believe degradation and degradation and destruction, due to definition of endangered or threatened destruction of native coastal and their direct effects of trampling and under the Act. lowland habitats due to past and present consuming native plants and indirect In this review of the status of the land management practices, such as effects of rooting, erosion, and spreading seven Hylaeus species, we identified a agriculture and urban development, seeds and fruits of nonnative plants, number of threats under the five-factor pose a significant threat to the seven pose a significant threat to the seven analysis including: destruction or Hylaeus species throughout their ranges Hylaeus species throughout their ranges modification of coastal and lowland now and will likely continue for the now and will likely continue for the habitats from urbanization and land foreseeable future. foreseeable future. conversion, nonnative plants, nonnative The spread of nonnative plants and Fire is a human-exacerbated threat to ungulates, and wildfire (Factor A); the conversion of coastal and lowland native species and natural vegetation in predation by nonnative ants and the native habitat to nonnative habitat are Hawaii. Fire can kill most native trees western yellow jacket wasp (Factor C); believed to be primary causes of the and shrubs, and in a burned area native inadequate protection from threats by decline of, and current threats to, the plants are usually replaced by nonnative existing regulatory mechanisms (Factor known populations of each of the seven plants adapted to survive and regenerate D); and other natural or manmade Hylaeus species. The seven Hylaeus after fire. The seven Hylaeus bees

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primarily occur in coastal, lowland dry, examined whether H. hilaris was plant species between islands and and lowland mesic habitat areas that are potentially vulnerable to over-collection watersheds (Factor A), and predation by particularly prone to the impacts of fire. because it is inherently rare, known nonnative animal species (Factor C) Repeated fires in these areas often result from only one location, and has a poses a major ongoing threat to the in the conversion of native-dominated cleptoparasitic life history. However, seven Hylaeus species. In addition, vegetation to nonnative-dominated because this species is easily existing regulatory mechanisms are vegetation. Fires enable fire-adapted, recognizable, we see little reason for inadequate to prevent the introduction nonnative plants to gain a competitive scientists to retain specimens observed and spread of nonnative insect edge over native plants, resulting in the in the field during future collections. In predators, or competitors that directly replacement of native plants used for addition, because it occurs in habitat compete with one or more of the seven foraging by Hylaeus bees with nonnative that is protected and managed by TNC, bee species for food, space, and other plants that are not used by the bees for we find overutilization is not a threat to necessary resources (see Factors C and foraging. Although there are H. hilaris throughout its range. E). Based on our evaluation of Factor D, management plans in place to address Furthermore, recreational or insect we conclude that the seven Hylaeus bee the threat of fire in many areas of the enthusiast collection of the seven species are threatened by inadequate State, fires continue to occur annually Hylaeus bees does not appear to be a existing regulatory mechanisms across across the State and threaten the future threat to any of these species. their ranges. existence of known yellow-faced bee Under Factor C (‘‘Disease or Under Factor E (‘‘Other Natural or habitat and population sites (see Factor Predation’’), we found no evidence that Manmade Factors Affecting the Species’ A. Habitat Destruction and Modification disease is currently impacting the seven Continued Existence’’), we determined by Fire). For these reasons, we conclude Hawaiian yellow-faced bees, or that that small population size is a fire remains a significant threat to the disease outbreaks will increase in the significant threat to Hylaeus facilis, H. seven Hylaeus species throughout their future. Ants are found in habitats hilaris, H. kuakea, and H. mana. These ranges in coastal, lowland dry, and throughout the Hawaiian Islands, are species are each only known from one lowland mesic habitats, and will likely known to prey upon Hylaeus bees, and or two populations, and the risk of continue for the foreseeable future. are reported to have eliminated Hylaeus extinction from stochastic events (e.g., While trampling and compaction of species from specific areas where their hurricanes, wildfires, and drought) is vegetation from human activities may ranges overlap. Because ants are easily high. We have also determined that negatively impact the habitat of some able to widely disperse and are efficient competition with the European honey populations of the seven Hylaeus bees, predators, and because Hylaeus species bee is a potentially significant threat to we conclude recreational activities are are not adapted to avoid ant predation, all seven species. While we lack not a threat to Hylaeus anthracinus, H. we believe this threat will continue to information indicating Hawaiian assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. threaten all populations of all seven Hylaeus populations have declined kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana yellow-faced bees. Therefore, we because of competition with the throughout their ranges. conclude predation by ants is an European honey bee for nectar and We are concerned about the effects of ongoing and significant threat to the pollen, the native Hylaeus and the projected climate change, particularly seven Hylaeus bees across their entire European honey bee are competing for rising temperatures and their impact on ranges, and this threat is likely to the same pollen and nectar resources. Hylaeus spp. host plants; however, we continue into the future. However, we have no information recognize there is limited information Yellow jacket wasps are aggressive, indicating that competition is at a level on the exact nature of impacts from generalist predators found in the same that represents a threat to the seven climate change. Because the specific types of habitats as these seven Hylaeus Hylaeus species addressed in this and cumulative effects of climate species, and have been documented finding. change on the seven Hylaeus bees are preying upon other Hawaiian Hylaeus We found that competition for nectar presently unknown, any conclusion bees. Therefore, we conclude yellow and pollen with other species of regarding the immediacy and jacket wasp predation is a significant nonnative bees or parasitoid wasps is significance of the threat from climate threat to the seven Hylaeus bees across not a threat to the seven Hylaeus bees change would be speculative. However, their entire ranges and particularly to at this time. Based on our evaluation the effects of climate change are those species known from two or fewer under Factor E as summarized above, expected to exacerbate and compound population sites. The best available we conclude Hylaeus facilis, H. hilaris, the many ongoing threats facing these information does not suggest predation H. kuakea, and H. mana are threatened species and their habitat (e.g., frequency by native and nonnative parasitoid because of their small population size of wildfire, reduced precipitation, etc.). wasps is a significant threat to the seven across their ranges. Based on our evaluation of Factor A, Hylaeus bees. On the basis of the best scientific and using the best available scientific and Under Factor D (‘‘Inadequacy of commercial information available, we commercial information as summarized Existing Regulatory Mechanisms’’), we find that the petitioned action, listing above, we conclude the present or consider the threat from inadequate the seven species of Hawaiian yellow- threatened destruction, modification, or regulatory mechanisms to be immediate faced bees (Hylaeus anthracinus, H. curtailment of the habitat or range of and significant. The State of Hawaii’s assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimilans, H. current management of nonnative game kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana) as facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. mammals does not adequately address endangered or threatened is warranted. longiceps, and H. mana presents a the primary threats to Hylaeus We will make a determination on the significant threat to these seven Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. facilis, status of these species as endangered or species across their ranges. H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and threatened when we prepare a proposed Under Factor B (‘‘Overutilization for H. mana or their habitat (Factor A). listing determination. However, as Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Existing State and Federal regulatory explained in more detail below, an Educational Purposes’’), we determined mechanisms are not adequately immediate proposal of a regulation six of the seven Hylaeus species are not preventing the introduction and spread implementing this action is precluded threatened by over-collection. We of nonnative animal and habitat-altering by higher priority listing actions, and

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progress is being made to add or remove provided to a species under our nonnative plants and animals, are put in qualified species from the Lists of guidance. place. We believe the ability of the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Threats to the seven species of populations of the seven Hylaeus bees and Plants. Hawaiian yellow-faced bees include the to stabilize or increase over the long We reviewed the available present or threatened destruction, term is highly diminished given the information to determine if the existing modification, or curtailment of their widespread landscape-level changes and foreseeable threats render any of the habitat, predation, the inadequacy of and the threats from predation and seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bee existing regulatory mechanisms, and competition that are occurring. Thus, species at risk of extinction now such other natural or manmade factors. One we believe the available information that issuing an emergency regulation or more of the threats are occurring in indicates the magnitude of threats is temporarily listing the species under each of the seven species’ known high. section 4(b)(7) of the Act is warranted. populations in the Hawaiian Islands. Under our LPN Guidance, the second We determined that issuing an These threats are ongoing and, in some criterion we consider in assigning a emergency regulation temporarily cases (such as nonnative species), are listing priority is the immediacy of listing these species is not warranted at considered irreversible. Our rationale threats. This criterion is intended to this time for the following reasons. for assigning each of the seven species ensure species that face actual, Although populations are small, five of of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees an LPN identifiable threats are given priority the seven species occur in several 2 is outlined below. over those for which threats are only Under the Service’s LPN Guidance, discrete localities, and we do not potential or that are intrinsically the magnitude of threat is the first believe there are any potential threats of vulnerable but are not known to be criterion we look at when establishing a such great immediacy, severity, or scope presently facing such threats. The listing priority. The guidance indicates that would simultaneously threaten all threats to the seven Hawaiian yellow- that species with the highest magnitude of the known populations of these five faced bees are imminent because we of threat are those species facing the have factual information that the threats species with the imminent risk of greatest threats to their continued are identifiable, and that all of the seven extinction. Although Hylaeus hilaris is existence. These species receive the species are currently facing these threats known from one population on the highest listing priority. The threats throughout all portions of their ranges. northwest coast within TNC’s Moomomi facing the seven species of Hawaiian The identifiable threats are covered in Preserve on Molokai, and H. mana is yellow-faced bees are high in magnitude detail under the discussion of Factors A known from one population along the because the major threats (destruction or and E of this finding and include Manana Trail in the Koolau Mountains modification of their habitat, predation, destruction or modification of their on Oahu, within the State’s Ewa Forest inadequate protection from threats by habitat, predation, inadequate existing Reserve, we are unaware of any existing regulatory mechanisms, and regulatory mechanisms, and other potential threats in either of these areas other natural or manmade factors) occur natural or manmade factors such as that would threaten these populations throughout all of the ranges of each of small population size. In addition to with the imminent risk of extinction. the seven species. their current existence, we expect these However, if at any time we determine Based on an evaluation of the effects threats to continue and likely intensify that issuing an emergency regulation of urbanization and land use into the foreseeable future. temporarily listing any of these seven conversion, nonnative plants and The third criterion in our LPN species of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees is ungulates, fire, and stochastic events on guidance is intended to devote warranted, we will initiate this action at the coastal and lowland habitat of each resources to those species representing that time. of the seven Hylaeus bees, we highly distinctive or isolated gene pools Listing Priority Number determined these effects occur as reflected by taxonomy. The seven throughout the range of each species Hawaiian yellow-faced bees are valid The Service adopted guidelines on and will continue to occur into the taxa at the species level, and therefore September 21, 1983 (48 FR 43098), to future. While habitat degradation and receive a higher priority than subspecies establish a rational system for utilizing destruction continues to reduce the or distinct population segments, but a available resources for the highest amount of potentially suitable habitat lower priority than species in a priority species when adding species to available for foraging, predation by monotypic genus. the Lists of Endangered or Threatened nonnative ants and likely predation by The seven Hawaiian yellow-faced Wildlife and Plants or reclassifying yellow jacket wasps are a significant bees face high magnitude, imminent species listed as threatened to threat to the seven species throughout threats, and are valid taxa at the species endangered status. These guidelines, their ranges, and, lacking any viable level. Thus, in accordance with our LPN titled ‘‘Endangered and Threatened means of their control, will continue to guidance, we have assigned each of the Species Listing and Recovery Priority occur into the future. Regulations are seven Hawaiian yellow-faced bees an Guidelines,’’ address the immediacy not in place at the local, State, or LPN of 2. We will continue to monitor and magnitude of threats, and the level Federal level to adequately minimize the threats to the seven Hylaeus bees of taxonomic distinctiveness by the threat of habitat degradation and and the species’ status on an annual assigning priority in descending order to destruction from nonnative plants and basis; should the magnitude or the monotypic genera (genus with one ungulates. In addition, existing imminence of the threats change, we species), full species, and subspecies (or regulatory mechanisms are inadequate will revisit our assessment of the LPN. equivalently, distinct population to prevent the introduction and spread Work on a proposed listing segments of vertebrates). We assigned of nonnative insect predators or determination for Hylaeus anthracinus, the seven species of Hawaiian yellow- competitors. We determined these H. assimulans, H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. faced bees a Listing Priority Number threats occur throughout the range of kuakea, H. longiceps, and H. mana is (LPN) of 2, based on our finding that the each of the seven species of Hylaeus precluded by work on higher priority seven species face threats that are of bees and will continue to occur into the listing actions with absolute statutory, high magnitude and are imminent. This future unless restriction on the court-ordered, or court-approved is the highest priority that can be introduction and the control of, deadlines and final listing

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determinations for those species that We cannot spend more than is set the limits on our determinations of were proposed for listing with funds appropriated for the Listing Program preclusion and expeditious progress. from Fiscal Year 2011. This work without violating the Anti-Deficiency Congress identified the availability of includes all the actions listed in the Act (see 31 U.S.C. 1341(a)(1)(A)). In resources as the only basis for deferring tables below under expeditious addition, in FY 1998 and for each fiscal the initiation of a rulemaking that is progress. year since then, Congress has placed a warranted. The Conference Report accompanying Pub. L. 97–304 Preclusion and Expeditious Progress statutory cap on funds that may be expended for the Listing Program, equal (Endangered Species Act Amendments Preclusion is a function of the listing to the amount expressly appropriated of 1982), which established the current priority of a species in relation to the for that purpose in that fiscal year. This statutory deadlines and the warranted- resources that are available and the cost cap was designed to prevent funds but-precluded finding, states that the and relative priority of competing appropriated for other functions under amendments were ‘‘not intended to demands for those resources. Thus, in the Act (for example, recovery funds for allow the Secretary to delay any given fiscal year (FY), multiple removing species from the Lists), or for commencing the rulemaking process for factors dictate whether it will be other Service programs, from being used any reason other than that the existence possible to undertake work on a listing for Listing Program actions (see House of pending or imminent proposals to list proposal regulation or whether Report 105–163, 105th Congress, 1st species subject to a greater degree of promulgation of such a proposal is Session, July 1, 1997). threat would make allocation of precluded by higher priority listing Since FY 2002, the Service’s budget resources to such a petition [that is, for actions. has included a critical habitat subcap to a lower-ranking species] unwise.’’ The resources available for listing ensure that some funds are available for Although that statement appeared to actions are determined through the other work in the Listing Program (‘‘The refer specifically to the ‘‘to the annual Congressional appropriations maximum extent practicable’’ limitation process. The appropriation for the critical habitat designation subcap will ensure that some funding is available to on the 90-day deadline for making a Listing Program is available to support ‘‘substantial information’’ finding, that work involving the following listing address other listing activities’’ (House Report No. 107–103, 107th Congress, 1st finding is made at the point when the actions: Proposed and final listing rules; Service is deciding whether or not to 90-day and 12-month findings on Session, June 19, 2001)). In FY 2002 and each year until FY 2006, the Service has commence a status review that will petitions to add species to the Lists of determine the degree of threats facing had to use virtually the entire critical Endangered and Threatened Wildlife the species, and therefore the analysis habitat subcap to address court- and Plants (Lists) or to change the status underlying the statement is more mandated designations of critical of a species from threatened to relevant to the use of the warranted-but- habitat, and consequently none of the endangered; annual ‘‘resubmitted’’ precluded finding, which is made when critical habitat subcap funds have been petition findings on prior warranted- the Service has already determined the available for other listing activities. In but-precluded petition findings as degree of threats facing the species and some FYs since 2006, we have been able required under section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of is deciding whether or not to commence to use some of the critical habitat the Act; critical habitat petition a rulemaking. findings; proposed and final rules subcap funds to fund proposed listing In FY 2011, on April 15, 2011, designating critical habitat; and determinations for high-priority Congress passed the Full-Year litigation-related, administrative, and candidate species. In other FYs, while Continuing Appropriations Act (Pub. L. program-management functions we were unable to use any of the critical 112–10), which provides funding (including preparing and allocating habitat subcap funds to fund proposed through September 30, 2011. The budgets, responding to Congressional listing determinations, we did use some Service has $20,902,000 for the listing and public inquiries, and conducting of this money to fund the critical habitat program. Of that, $9,472,000 is being public outreach regarding listing and portion of some proposed listing used for determinations of critical critical habitat). The work involved in determinations so that the proposed habitat for already listed species. Also preparing various listing documents can listing determination and proposed $500,000 is appropriated for foreign be extensive and may include, but is not critical habitat designation could be species listings under the Act. The limited to: Gathering and assessing the combined into one rule, thereby being Service thus has $10,930,000 available best scientific and commercial data more efficient in our work. At this time, to fund work in the following categories: available and conducting analyses used for FY 2011, we plan to use some of the Compliance with court orders and as the basis for our decisions; writing critical habitat subcap funds to fund court-approved settlement agreements and publishing documents; and proposed listing determinations. requiring that petition findings or listing obtaining, reviewing, and evaluating We make our determinations of determinations be completed by a public comments and peer review preclusion on a nationwide basis to specific date; section 4 (of the Act) comments on proposed rules and ensure that the species most in need of listing actions with absolute statutory incorporating relevant information into listing will be addressed first and also deadlines; essential litigation-related, final rules. The number of listing because we allocate our listing budget administrative, and listing program- actions that we can undertake in a given on a nationwide basis. Through the management functions; and high- year also is influenced by the listing cap, the critical habitat subcap, priority listing actions for some of our complexity of those listing actions; that and the amount of funds needed to candidate species. In FY 2010, the is, more complex actions generally are address court-mandated critical habitat Service received many new petitions more costly. The median cost for designations, Congress and the courts and a single petition to list 404 species. preparing and publishing a 90-day have in effect determined the amount of The receipt of petitions for a large finding is $39,276; for a 12-month money available for other listing number of species is consuming the finding, $100,690; for a proposed rule activities nationwide. Therefore, the Service’s listing funding that is not with critical habitat, $345,000; and for funds in the listing cap, other than those dedicated to meeting court-ordered a final listing rule with critical habitat, needed to address court-mandated commitments. Absent some ability to $305,000. critical habitat for already listed species, balance effort among listing duties

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under existing funding levels, the approved settlement agreements, listing because as listed species, they are Service is only able to initiate a few new actions with absolute statutory already afforded the protections of the listing determinations for candidate deadlines, and work on proposed listing Act and implementing regulations. species in FY 2011. determinations for those candidate However, for efficiency reasons, we may In 2009, the responsibility for listing species with a higher listing priority. choose to work on a proposed rule to foreign species under the Act was Based on our September 21, 1983, reclassify a species to endangered if we transferred from the Division of guidelines for assigning an LPN for each can combine this with work that is Scientific Authority, International candidate species (48 FR 43098), we subject to a court-determined deadline. Affairs Program, to the Endangered have a significant number of species With our workload so much bigger Species Program. Therefore, starting in with a LPN of 2. Using these guidelines, than the amount of funds we have to FY 2010, we used a portion of our we assign each candidate an LPN of 1 accomplish it, it is important that we be funding to work on the actions to 12, depending on the magnitude of as efficient as possible in our listing described above for listing actions threats (high or moderate to low), process. Therefore, as we work on related to foreign species. In FY 2011, immediacy of threats (imminent or proposed rules for the highest priority we anticipate using $1,500,000 for work nonimminent), and taxonomic status of on listing actions for foreign species, the species (in order of priority: species in the next several years, we are which reduces funding available for monotypic genus (a species that is the preparing multi-species proposals when domestic listing actions; however, sole member of a genus); species; or part appropriate, and these may include currently only $500,000 has been of a species (subspecies, or distinct species with lower priority if they allocated for this function. Although population segment)). The lower the overlap geographically or have the same there are no foreign species issues listing priority number, the higher the threats as a species with an LPN of 2. included in our high-priority listing listing priority (that is, a species with an In addition, we take into consideration actions at this time, many actions have LPN of 1 would have the highest listing the availability of staff resources when statutory or court-approved settlement priority). we determine which high-priority deadlines, thus increasing their priority. Because of the large number of high- species will receive funding to The budget allocations for each specific priority species, we have further ranked minimize the amount of time and listing action are identified in the the candidate species with an LPN of 2 resources required to complete each Service’s FY 2011 Allocation Table (part by using the following extinction-risk listing action. of our record). type criteria: International Union for the As explained above, a determination We assigned each of the seven species Conservation of Nature and Natural that listing is warranted but precluded of Hawaiian yellow-faced bees an LPN Resources (IUCN) Red list status/rank, must also demonstrate that expeditious of 2, based on our finding that each Heritage rank (provided by progress is being made to add and species faces immediate and high NatureServe), Heritage threat rank remove qualified species to and from magnitude threats from the present or (provided by NatureServe), and species the Lists of Endangered and Threatened threatened destruction, modification, or currently with fewer than 50 Wildlife and Plants. As with our curtailment of its habitat, the threat of individuals, or 4 or fewer populations. ‘‘precluded’’ finding, the evaluation of predation from and competition with Those species with the highest IUCN whether progress in adding qualified nonnative species, and from the rank (critically endangered), the highest species to the Lists has been expeditious inadequacy of existing regulatory Heritage rank (G1), the highest Heritage is a function of the resources available mechanisms. In addition, H. facilis, H. threat rank (substantial, imminent for listing and the competing demands hilaris, H. kuakea, and H. mana are threats), and currently with fewer than for those funds. (Although we do not each significantly threatened by small 50 individuals, or fewer than 4 discuss it in detail here, we are also population size. Under our 1983 populations, originally comprised a making expeditious progress in Guidelines, a ‘‘species’’ facing imminent group of approximately 40 candidate removing species from the list under the high-magnitude threats is assigned an species (‘‘Top 40’’). These 40 candidate Recovery program in light of the LPN of 1, 2, or 3 depending on its species have had the highest priority to resource available for delisting, which is taxonomic status. Because H. receive funding to work on a proposed funded by a separate line item in the anthracinus, H. assimulans, H. facilis, listing determination. As we work on budget of the Endangered Species H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. longiceps, and proposed and final listing rules for those Program. So far during FY 2011, we H. mana are species, we assigned each 40 candidates, we apply the ranking have completed delisting rules for three an LPN of 2 (the highest category criteria to the next group of candidates species.) Given the limited resources available for a species). For the above with an LPN of 2 and 3 to determine the available for listing, we find that we are reasons, funding a proposed listing next set of highest priority candidate making expeditious progress in FY 2011 determination for the seven species of species. Finally, proposed rules for in the Listing Program. This progress Hawaiian yellow-faced bees is reclassification of threatened species to included preparing and publishing the precluded by court-ordered and court- endangered species are lower priority, following determinations:

FY 2011 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

10/6/2010 ...... Endangered Status for the Altamaha Spinymussel and Designa- Proposed Listing ...... 75 FR 61664–61690 tion of Critical Habitat. Endangered ...... 10/7/2010 ...... 12-month Finding on a Petition To list the Sacramento Splittail as Notice of 12-month petition find- 75 FR 62070–62095 Endangered or Threatened. ing, Not warranted. 10/28/2010 ...... Endangered Status and Designation of Critical Habitat for Proposed Listing Endangered 75 FR 66481–66552 Spikedace and Loach Minnow. (uplisting). 11/2/2010 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Bay Springs Salamander Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 75 FR 67341–67343 as Endangered. ing, Not substantial.

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FY 2011 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

11/2/2010 ...... Determination of Endangered Status for the Georgia Pigtoe Mus- Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 67511–67550 sel, Interrupted Rocksnail, and Rough Hornsnail and Designa- tion of Critical Habitat. 11/2/2010 ...... Listing the Rayed Bean and Snuffbox as Endangered ...... Proposed Listing Endangered .... 75 FR 67551–67583 11/4/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Cirsium wrightii (Wright’s Notice of 12-month petition find- 75 FR 67925–67944 Marsh Thistle) as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 12/14/2010 ...... Endangered Status for Dunes Sagebrush Lizard ...... Proposed Listing Endangered .... 75 FR 77801–77817 12/14/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the North American Wol- Notice of 12-month petition find- 75 FR 78029–78061 verine as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 12/14/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Sonoran Population of Notice of 12-Month petition find- 75 FR 78093–78146 the Desert Tortoise as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 12/15/2010 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Astragalus microcymbus Notice of 12-month petition find- 75 FR 78513–78556 and Astragalus schmolliae as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 12/28/2010 ...... Listing Seven Brazilian Bird Species as Endangered Throughout Final Listing Endangered ...... 75 FR 81793–81815 Their Range. 1/4/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Red Knot subspecies Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 304–311 Calidris canutus roselaari as Endangered. ing, Not substantial. 1/19/2011 ...... Endangered Status for the Sheepnose and Spectaclecase Mus- Proposed Listing Endangered .... 76 FR 3392–3420 sels. 2/10/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Pacific Walrus as En- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 7634–7679 dangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 2/17/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Sand Verbena Moth as Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 9309–9318 Endangered or Threatened. ing, Substantial. 2/22/2011 ...... Determination of Threatened Status for the New Zealand-Aus- Final Listing Threatened ...... 76 FR 9681–9692 tralia Distinct Population Segment of the Southern Rockhopper Penguin. 2/22/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Solanum conocarpum Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 9722–9733 (marron bacora) as Endangered. ing, Warranted but precluded. 2/23/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Thorne’s Hairstreak But- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 9991–10003 terfly as Endangered. ing, Not warranted. 2/23/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Astragalus hamiltonii, Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 10166–10203 Penstemon flowersii, Eriogonum soredium, Lepidium ostleri, ing, Warranted but precluded and Trifolium friscanum as Endangered or Threatened. & Not Warranted. 2/24/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Wild Plains Bison or Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 10299–10310 Each of Four Distinct Population Segments as Threatened. ing, Not substantial. 2/24/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Unsilvered Fritillary But- Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 10310–10319 terfly as Threatened or Endangered. ing, Not substantial. 3/8/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Mt. Charleston Blue Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 12667–12683 Butterfly as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 3/8/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Texas Kangaroo Rat as Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 12683–12690 Endangered or Threatened. ing, Substantial. 3/10/2011 ...... Initiation of Status Review for Longfin Smelt ...... Notice of Status Review ...... 76 FR 13121–13122 3/15/2011 ...... Withdrawal of Proposed Rule To List the Flat-Tailed Horned Liz- Proposed rule withdrawal ...... 76 FR 14210–14268 ard as Threatened. 3/15/2011 ...... Proposed Threatened Status for the Chiricahua Leopard Frog Proposed Listing Threatened; 76 FR 14126–14207 and Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat. Proposed Designation of Crit- ical Habitat. 3/22/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Berry Cave Sala- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 15919–15932 mander as Endangered. ing, Warranted but precluded. 4/1/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Spring Pygmy Sunfish Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 18138–18143 as Endangered. ing, Substantial. 4/5/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Bearmouth Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 18684–18701 Mountainsnail, Byrne Resort Mountainsnail, and Meltwater ing, Not Warranted and War- Lednian Stonefly as Endangered or Threatened. ranted but precluded. 4/5/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Peary Caribou and Dol- Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 18701–18706 phin and Union Population of the Barren-Ground Caribou as ing, Substantial. Endangered or Threatened. 4/12/2011 ...... Proposed Endangered Status for the Three Forks Springsnail and Proposed Listing Endangered; 76 FR 20464–20488 San Bernardino Springsnail, and Proposed Designation of Crit- Proposed Designation of Crit- ical Habitat. ical Habitat. 4/13/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Spring Mountains Acastus Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 20613–20622 Checkerspot Butterfly as Endangered. ing, Substantial. 4/14/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Prairie Chub as Threat- Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 20911–20918 ened or Endangered. ing, Substantial. 4/14/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Hermes Copper Butterfly Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 20918–20939 as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 4/26/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Arapahoe Snowfly as Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 23256–23265 Endangered or Threatened. ing, Substantial. 4/26/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Smooth-Billed Ani as Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 23265–23271 Threatened or Endangered. ing, Not substantial. 5/12/2011 ...... Withdrawal of the Proposed Rule To List the Mountain Plover as Proposed Rule, Withdrawal ...... 76 FR 27756–27799 Threatened.

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FY 2011 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

5/25/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Spot-Tailed Earless Liz- Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 30082–30087 ard as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Substantial. 5/26/2011 ...... Listing the Salmon-Crested Cockatoo as Threatened Throughout Final Listing Threatened ...... 76 FR 30758–30780 Its Range With Special Rule. 5/31/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Puerto Rican Harlequin Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 31282–31294 Butterfly as Endangered. ing, Warranted but precluded. 6/2/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To Reclassify the Straight-Horned Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 31903–31906 Markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni) of Torghar Hills as Threat- ing, Substantial. ened. 6/2/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Golden-Winged Warbler Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 31920–31926 as Endangered or Threatened. ing, Substantial. 6/7/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Striped Newt as Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 32911–32929 Threatened. ing, Warranted but precluded. 6/9/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Abronia ammophila, Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 33924–33965 Agrostis rossiae, Astragalus proimanthus, Boechera (Arabis) ing, Not Warranted and War- pusilla, and Penstemon gibbensii as Threatened or Endan- ranted but precluded. gered. 6/21/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Utah Population of the Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 36049–36053 Gila Monster as an Endangered or a Threatened Distinct Popu- ing, Not substantial. lation Segment. 6/21/2011 ...... Revised 90-Day Finding on a Petition To Reclassify the Utah Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 36053–36068 Prairie Dog From Threatened to Endangered. ing, Not substantial. 6/28/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Castanea pumila var. Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 37706–37716 ozarkensis as Threatened or Endangered. ing, Not warranted. 6/29/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Eastern Small-Footed Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 38095–38106 Bat and the Northern Long-Eared Bat as Threatened or Endan- ing, Substantial. gered. 6/30/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List a Distinct Population Seg- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 38504–38532 ment of the Fisher in Its United States Northern Rocky Moun- ing, Not warranted. tain Range as Endangered or Threatened With Critical Habitat. 7/12/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Bay Skipper as Threat- Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 40868–40871 ened or Endangered. ing, Substantial. 7/19/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Pinus albicaulis as Endan- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 42631–42654 gered or Threatened With Critical Habitat. ing, Warranted but precluded. 7/19/2011 ...... Petition To List Grand Canyon Cave Pseudoscorpion ...... Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 42654–42658 ing, Not warranted. 7/26/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Giant Palouse Earth- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 44547–44564 worm (Drilolerius americanus) as Threatened or Endangered. ing, Not warranted. 7/26/2011 ...... 12-month Finding on a Petition To List the Frigid Ambersnail as Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 44566–44569 Endangered. ing, Not warranted. 7/27/2011 ...... Determination of Endangered Status for Ipomopsis polyantha Final Listing Endangered, 76 FR 45054–45075 (Pagosa Skyrocket) and Threatened Status for Penstemon Threatened. debilis (Parachute Beardtongue) and Phacelia submutica (DeBeque Phacelia). 7/27/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Gopher Tortoise as Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 45130–45162 Threatened in the Eastern Portion of Its Range. ing, Warranted but precluded. 8/2/2011 ...... Proposed Endangered Status for the Chupadera Springsnail Proposed Listing Endangered .... 76 FR 46218–46234 (Pyrgulopsis chupaderae) and Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat. 8/2/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Straight Snowfly and Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 46238–46251 Idaho Snowfly as Endangered. ing, Not substantial. 8/2/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Redrock Stonefly as Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 46251–46266 Endangered or Threatened. ing, Not warranted. 8/2/2011 ...... Listing 23 Species on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Crit- Proposed Listing Endangered .... 76 FR 46362–46594 ical Habitat for 124 Species. 8/4/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Six Sand Dune Beetles as Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 47123–47133 Endangered or Threatened. ing, Not substantial and sub- stantial. 8/9/2011 ...... Endangered Status for the Cumberland Darter, Rush Darter, Final Listing Endangered ...... 76 FR 48722–48741 Yellowcheek Darter, Chucky Madtom, and Laurel Dace. 8/9/2011 ...... 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Nueces River and Pla- Notice of 12-month petition find- 76 FR 48777–48788 teau Shiners as Threatened or Endangered. ing, Not warranted. 8/9/2011 ...... Four Foreign Parrot Species [crimson shining parrot, white Proposed Listing Endangered 76 FR 49202–49236 cockatoo, Philippine cockatoo, yellow-crested cockatoo]. and Threatened; Notice of 12- month petition finding, Not warranted. 8/10/2011 ...... Proposed Listing of the Miami Blue Butterfly as Endangered, and Proposed Listing Endangered 76 FR 49408–49412 Proposed Listing of the Cassius Blue, Ceraunus Blue, and Similarity of Appearance. Nickerbean Blue Butterflies as Threatened Due to Similarity of Appearance to the Miami Blue Butterfly.

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FY 2011 COMPLETED LISTING ACTIONS—Continued

Publication date Title Actions FR pages

8/10/2011 ...... 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Saltmarsh Topminnow Notice of 90-day Petition Find- 76 FR 49412–49417 as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species ing, Substantial. Act. 8/10/2011 ...... Emergency Listing of the Miami Blue Butterfly as Endangered, Emergency Listing Endangered 76 FR 49542–49567 and Emergency Listing of the Cassius Blue, Ceraunus Blue, Similarity of Appearance. and Nickerbean Blue Butterflies as Threatened Due to Simi- larity of Appearance to the Miami Blue Butterfly.

Our expeditious progress also statutory timelines, that is, timelines a lower priority if they overlap includes work on listing actions that we required under the Act. Actions in the geographically or have the same threats funded in FY 2010 and FY 2011 but bottom section of the table are high- as the species with the high priority. have not yet been completed to date. priority listing actions. These actions Including these species together in the These actions are listed below. Actions include work primarily on species with same proposed rule results in in the top section of the table are being an LPN of 2, and, as discussed above, considerable savings in time and conducted under a deadline set by a selection of these species is partially funding, when compared to preparing court. Actions in the middle section of based on available staff resources, and separate proposed rules for each of them the table are being conducted to meet when appropriate, include species with in the future.

ACTIONS FUNDED IN FY 2010 AND FY 2011 BUT NOT YET COMPLETED

Species Action

Actions Subject to Court Order/Settlement Agreement

4 parrot species (military macaw, yellow-billed parrot, red-crowned parrot, scarlet macaw) 5 ...... 12-month petition finding. 4 parrot species (blue-headed macaw, great green macaw, grey-cheeked parakeet, hyacinth macaw) 5 ...... 12-month petition finding. Longfin smelt ...... 12-month petition finding.

Actions With Statutory Deadlines

Casey’s june beetle ...... Final listing determination. 6 Birds from Eurasia ...... Final listing determination. 5 Bird species from Colombia and Ecuador ...... Final listing determination. Queen Charlotte goshawk ...... Final listing determination. Ozark hellbender 4 ...... Final listing determination. Altamaha spinymussel 3 ...... Final listing determination. 6 Birds from Peru and Bolivia ...... Final listing determination. Loggerhead sea turtle (assist National Marine Fisheries Service) 5 ...... Final listing determination. 2 mussels (rayed bean (LPN = 2), snuffbox No LPN) 5 ...... Final listing determination. CA golden trout 4 ...... 12-month petition finding. Black-footed albatross ...... 12-month petition finding. Mojave fringe-toed lizard 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Kokanee—Lake Sammamish population 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Cactus ferruginous pygmy-owl 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Northern leopard frog ...... 12-month petition finding. Tehachapi slender salamander ...... 12-month petition finding. Coqui Llanero ...... 12-month petition finding/ Proposed listing. Dusky tree vole ...... 12-month petition finding. Leatherside chub (from 206 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. Platte River caddisfly (from 206 species petition) 5 ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 Texas moths (Ursia furtiva, Sphingicampa blanchardi, Agapema galbina) (from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. 3 South Arizona plants (Erigeron piscaticus, Astragalus hypoxylus, Amoreuxia gonzalezii) (from 475 species peti- 12-month petition finding. tion). 5 Central Texas mussel species (3 from 475 species petition) ...... 12-month petition finding. 14 parrots (foreign species) ...... 12-month petition finding. Mohave Ground Squirrel 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Western gull-billed tern ...... 12-month petition finding. HI yellow-faced bees ...... 12-month petition finding. OK grass pink (Calopogon oklahomensis) 1 ...... 12-month petition finding. Ashy storm-petrel 5 ...... 12-month petition finding. Honduran emerald ...... 12-month petition finding. Southeastern pop. snowy plover & wintering pop. of piping plover 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. Eagle Lake trout 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. 32 Pacific Northwest mollusk species (snails and slugs) 1 ...... 90-day petition finding. 42 snail species (Nevada and Utah) ...... 90-day petition finding. Spring Mountains checkerspot butterfly ...... 90-day petition finding. 10 species of Great Basin butterfly ...... 90-day petition finding. 404 Southeast species ...... 90-day petition finding. Franklin’s bumble bee 4 ...... 90-day petition finding.

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ACTIONS FUNDED IN FY 2010 AND FY 2011 BUT NOT YET COMPLETED—Continued

Species Action

American eel 4 ...... 90-day petition finding. Leona’s little blue 4 ...... 90-day petition finding. Aztec gilia 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. White-tailed ptarmigan 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. San Bernardino flying squirrel 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. Bicknell’s thrush 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. Chimpanzee ...... 90-day petition finding. Sonoran talussnail 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. 2 AZ Sky Island plants (Graptopetalum bartrami and Pectis imberbis) 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. I’iwi 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. Humboldt marten ...... 90-day petition finding. Desert massasauga ...... 90-day petition finding. Western glacier stonefly (Zapada glacier) ...... 90-day petition finding. Thermophilic ostracod (Potamocypris hunteri) ...... 90-day petition finding. Sierra Nevada red fox 5 ...... 90-day petition finding. Boreal toad (eastern or southern Rocky Mtn population) 5 ...... 90-day petition finding.

High-Priority Listing Actions

20 Maui-Nui candidate species 2 (17 plants, 3 tree snails) (14 with LPN = 2, 2 with LPN = 3, 3 with LPN = 8) ...... Proposed listing. 8 Gulf Coast mussels (southern kidneyshell (LPN = 2), round ebonyshell (LPN = 2), Alabama pearlshell (LPN = 2), Proposed listing. southern sandshell (LPN = 5), fuzzy pigtoe (LPN = 5), Choctaw bean (LPN = 5), narrow pigtoe (LPN = 5), and tapered pigtoe (LPN = 11)) 4. Umtanum buckwheat (LPN = 2) and white bluffs bladderpod (LPN = 9) 4 ...... Proposed listing. Grotto sculpin (LPN = 2) 4 ...... Proposed listing. 2 Arkansas mussels (Neosho mucket (LPN = 2) & Rabbitsfoot (LPN = 9)) 4 ...... Proposed listing. Diamond darter (LPN = 2) 4 ...... Proposed listing. Gunnison sage-grouse (LPN = 2) 4 ...... Proposed listing. Coral Pink Sand Dunes Tiger Beetle (LPN = 2) 5 ...... Proposed listing. Lesser prairie chicken (LPN = 2) ...... Proposed listing. 4 Texas salamanders (Austin blind salamander (LPN = 2), Salado salamander (LPN = 2), Georgetown salamander Proposed listing. (LPN = 8), Jollyville Plateau (LPN = 8)) 3. 5 SW aquatics (Gonzales Spring Snail (LPN = 2), Diamond Y springsnail (LPN = 2), Phantom springsnail (LPN = Proposed listing. 2), Phantom Cave snail (LPN = 2), Diminutive amphipod (LPN = 2)) 3. 2 Texas plants (Texas golden gladecress (Leavenworthia texana) (LPN = 2), Neches River rose-mallow (Hibiscus Proposed listing. dasycalyx) (LPN = 2)) 3. 4 AZ plants (Acuna cactus (Echinomastus erectocentrus var. acunensis) (LPN = 3), Fickeisen plains cactus Proposed listing. (Pediocactus peeblesianus fickeiseniae) (LPN = 3), Lemmon fleabane (Erigeron lemmonii) (LPN = 8), Gierisch mallow (Sphaeralcea gierischii) (LPN = 2)) 5. FL bonneted bat (LPN = 2) 3 ...... Proposed listing. 3 Southern FL plants (Florida semaphore cactus (Consolea corallicola) (LPN = 2), shellmound applecactus Proposed listing. (Harrisia (= Cereus) aboriginum (= gracilis)) (LPN = 2), Cape Sable thoroughwort (Chromolaena frustrata) (LPN = 2)) 5. 21 Big Island (HI) species 5 (includes 8 candidate species—6 plants and 2 animals; 4 with LPN = 2, 1 with LPN = Proposed listing. 3, 1 with LPN = 4, 2 with LPN = 8). 12 Puget Sound prairie species (9 subspecies of pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama ssp.) (LPN = 3), streaked Proposed listing. horned lark (LPN = 3), Taylor’s checkerspot (LPN = 3), Mardon skipper (LPN = 8)) 3. 2 TN River mussels (fluted kidneyshell (LPN = 2), slabside pearlymussel (LPN = 2)) 5 ...... Proposed listing. Jemez Mountain salamander (LPN = 2) 5 ...... Proposed listing. 1 Funds for listing actions for these species were provided in previous FYs. 2 Although funds for these high-priority listing actions were provided in FY 2008 or 2009, due to the complexity of these actions and competing priorities, these actions are still being developed. 3 Partially funded with FY 2010 funds and FY 2011 funds. 4 Funded with FY 2010 funds. 5 Funded with FY 2011 funds.

We have endeavored to make our Hylaeus anthracinus, H. assimulans, We intend that any proposed listing listing actions as efficient and timely as H. facilis, H. hilaris, H. kuakea, H. action for the seven species of Hawaiian possible, given the requirements of the longiceps, and H. mana will be added yellow-faced bees will be as accurate as relevant law and regulations, and to the list of candidate species upon possible. Therefore, we will continue to constraints relating to workload and publication of this 12-month finding. accept additional information and personnel. We are continually We will continue to monitor the status comments from all concerned considering ways to streamline of these species as new information governmental agencies, the scientific processes or achieve economies of scale, becomes available. This review will community, industry, or any other such as by batching related actions determine if a change in status is interested party concerning this finding. together. Given our limited budget for warranted, including the need to make References Cited implementing section 4 of the Act, these prompt use of emergency listing actions described above collectively procedures. A complete list of all references cited constitute expeditious progress. in this document is available on the

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Internet at http://www.regulations.gov Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR Dated: August 22, 2011. and upon request from the Pacific FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). Daniel M. Ashe, Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Authority FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). [FR Doc. 2011–22433 Filed 9–2–11; 8:45 am] Authors The authority for this action is the BILLING CODE 4310–55–P The primary authors of this notice are Endangered Species Act of 1973, as the staff members of the Pacific Islands amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

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