International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

Progressive Analysis of Pre-Engineered Steel Building

Md. Sumon Rezaa,b*, Shammya Afrozea, Abul K. Azada* aFaculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, JalanTunku Link, Gadong BE, Brunei Darussalam bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract Pre-engineered building (PEB) system is the new concept in construction sector especially in Asia region. It has many advantages, including economy and easier fabrication, Long Span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfils this requirement along with reduced time and cost. This methodology is versatile for its quality of pre- designing, fabrication, light weight and economical construction. The present work represents how one can developed the pre engineerd steel building with proper engineering planning and technical solution. We need to come up with new ideas and maintain the optimum level of economical solution. Keywords: Pre-Engineered Building, Steel Building, Fabrication, Erection, Tapered I Section, Staad Pro.

Introduction Nowadays the rate of construction and the safety are the major concern in structural Engineering. Progress of Pre-Engineering-building structure (PEBs) accelerated the rate of construction maintaining all the safety factors reducing the erection time of the structure. PEBs are delivered as a complete finished product to the site from a single supplier with a basic structural steel framework [1]. The primary framing structure of a pre- engineered building (PEB) is an assembly of I-shaped members, often referred as I-beams. PEB system is a structure that consists of pre-designed, pre-fabricated component that are combined together and assembled structurally. In pre-engineered buildings, the I-beams used are usually formed by welding together steel plates to form the I-section. I-beams are then field-assembled (e.g. bolted connections) to form the entire frame of the pre-engineered building. Some manufacturers taper the framing members (varying in web depth) according to the local loading effects. Larger plate dimensions are used in areas of higher load effects. It is satisfying a wide range of aesthetic and structural design requirements. Now in USA, 60% of single story or low rise structure prefer PEB structure over conventional buildings [2]. Making the construction very quick is a needful step for manufacturing sector, residential and institutional sectors. As time is money, if once time is gone, no one can rewind it but money once lost money can be regained. Pre-engineered buildings (PEB) are developed in such a way that helps in efficient use of time and money [3]. Presently, large column free area is the utmost requirement for any type of industry and with the advent of computer software's it is now easily possible. Pre-engineered buildings are nothing but steel buildings in which excess steel is avoided by tapering the sections (I and H) as per the bending moment’s requirement. But it’s a fact that many people are not aware about Pre-Engineered Buildings. Pre-engineered building is steel building wherein the framing members and other components are fully fabricated in the factory after designing and brought to the site for erection, mainly by nut-bolts, thereby resulting into a steel structure of high quality and precision. With the improvement in technology, computer software’s have contributed immensely to the enhancement of quality of life through new researches. Pre-engineered building (PEB) is one of such revolution [2].

History A London carpenter, H. Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia. One such is the Friends Meeting House, Adelaide. The peak year for

12 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. In 1855 during the Crimean War, after wrote a letter to The Times, was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. The world’s first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in in 1906. Prefabricated homes were produced during the Gold Rush in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908. Prefabricated housing was popular during World War II due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. ‘Prefabs’ were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during the war. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the Burt Committee and the Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944. Under the Ministry of Works companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing slum clearance. Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britainwas at PEBle Vale (South Liverpool) where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The Universal House (pictured left & lounge diner right) was given to the Chiltern Open Air Museum after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth. The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returned home. Prefab classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the baby boom of the 1950s and 1960s [4]. Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of still had residents living in 700 examples. Many UK councils are beginning to demolish the last surviving examples of World War II prefabs in order to comply with the UK government’s Decent Homes Standard, due to come into effect by 2010. However, there has been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom’s current housing shortage [5].

Methodology In order to carry out the research, certain approaches and methodologies are required to be followed. The research was based on both exploratory and descriptive method. A random set of sample had chosen and a questionnaire was given. This study was mainly based on primary data and a questionnaire was developed that consisted mainly close-ended questions. For accomplishing this project, following points will be considered Collection of the information regarding conventional methods of building technologies and the limitations associated with it. Study various concepts of pre-engineered building and its various applications. Recent innovations and substitute techniques that are implemented for pre-engineered building will be highlighted [6]. The designs are carried out in accordance with the Standards and by the help of the structural analysis and design software STAAD pro.

Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) In structural engineering, a pre-engineered building (PEB) is designed by a PEB supplier or PEB manufacturer, to be fabricated using best suited inventory of raw materials available from all sources and manufacturing methods that can efficiently satisfy a wide range of structural and aesthetic design requirements. Within some geographic industry sectors these buildings are also called Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings (PEMB) or, as is becoming increasingly common due to the reduced amount of pre-engineering involved in custom computer-aided designs, simply Engineered Metal Buildings (EMB). Typically, primary frames are 2D type frames (i.e. may be analyzed using two-dimensional techniques). Advances in computer-aided design technology, materials and manufacturing capabilities have assisted a

13 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

growth in alternate forms of pre-engineered building such as the tension fabric building and more sophisticated analysis (e.g. three-dimensional) as is required by some building codes [7]. Cold formed Z- and C-shaped members may be used as secondary structural elements to fasten and support the external cladding. Roll-formed profiled steel sheet, wood, tensioned fabric, precast concrete, masonry block, glass curtain wall or other materials may be used for the external cladding of the building [8].

PEB Why Though initially only off the shelf products were available in these configurations aided by the technological development tailor made solutions are also made using this technology in very short durations. A recent survey by the Metal Building Associations (MBMA) shows that about 60% of the non residential low rises building in USA are pre engineered buildings. Pre engineered steel buildings can be fitted with different structural accessories including mezzanine floors, canopies, fascias, interior partitions etc. This is very versatile buildings systems and can be finished internally to serve any functions and accessorized externally to achieve attractive and unique designing styles. It is very advantageous over the conventional buildings and is really helpful in the low rise building design. Pre engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings however the maximum eave height can go upto 25 to 30 metres. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices, houses, showrooms, shop fronts etc. The application of pre engineered buildings concept to low rise buildings is very economical and speedy. Buildings can be constructed in less than half the normal time especially when complemented with the other engineered sub systems [8]. The most common and economical type of low rise buildings is a building with ground floor and two intermediate floor plus roof. The roof of low rise buildings may be flat or sloped. Intermediate floors of low rise buildings are made of mezzanine systems. Single storied houses for living take minimum time for construction and can be built in any type of geographical location like extreme cold hilly areas, high rain prone areas, plain land obviously and extreme hot climatic zones as well [4].

PEB Technical Parameters

Building Width Building Width is the distance measured from outer point of the eave strut of one sidewall to the outer point of the eave strut of the other sidewall [9].

Building Length Building length is the distance measured from outer point of the flanges associated in the end wall columns to outer point of flanges in the opposite end wall columns. The summation of end bays and interior bays within the building is actually creates the length of a building [10].

Building Height Building height, technically known as eave height, is the distance measured from the bottom of the base plate of the main frame column to the top outer point of the eave strut. When columns are elevated from finished floor, eave height is the distance measured from finished floor top of the eave strut [10].

Roof Slope (x/10) Roof slope is actually the angle originated from the inclined roof surface with respect to the horizontal surface. Variation of roof slope is possible upto a practical limit but the most common roof slopes are usually 0.5/10 and 1/5 [11]. 14 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

Figure-1: Pre-Engineered Buildings (PEB) Components.

Roof Purlins Roof purlins are cold-formed C & Z profiles, normally 150 to 250 mm deep out of 1.6 to 3.15 mm thick steel. These are fixed to the top flanges of rafters by means of clips bolted to the rafters and the purlin web bolted to the clips. Purlin ends overlap to act as conditions beam [9].

Wall Girts Wall girts are cold-formed C&Z sections, normally 150 to 250mm deep out of 1.6 to 3.15 mm thick steel. These are fixed to the top flange of the side wall columns [2].

Roofing and Cladding Roofing and Cladding system are extensively used for industrial and commercial PEB structure purpose trunk to their strength, durability and ability to withstand high temperature, weather, wind pressure etc.. Roofing and Cladding systems manufactured out o hot dip metallic coated steels like Galbanum and Galvanized steel with organic coating for color and maintenance free exteriors [10].

Ventilation The optimum amount of ventilation for PEB structure depends on it size, shape, location and purpose. Standard rule of ventilation will serve 2400 square feet of interior space. Keep in mind that a good ventilation system requires cross ventilation. Offers the three most common accessories used to ventilate PEB structure ridge ventilator, circular ventilator and lovers[11].

15 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

Figure-2: PEB Ventilation System.

PEB Crane System

Crane in PEB system buildings are use to improve material handling productivity and to allow more efficient utilization of space by reducing or elimination traffic due to forklifts etc. Before implant a crane need complete information on carne system is required in order to structural design and estimate building cost. PEB can design to accept most types of crane systems such as Top Running Crane, Under-hung Crane, Monorail and other load carrying devices like conveyors etc. in both clear-span and multi-span building [4][11].

Figure-3: PEB Crane System.

16 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

Insulation There are many good reasons to insulate in PEB structure. Insulation helps lower total building energy consumption, creates greater comfort levels for the building occupants and can reduce HVAC equipments. PEB offers various types of insulation material for insulating. These are resin bonded fibre glass, mineral wool insulation blankets under metal roof sheets and on the side walls. This system has the property of acoustic absorption also [10]. Skylights PEB provide natural roof lighting system which is must good working conditions with no electricity cost giving huge added benefits[11]. Doors PEB offer Personal Single Swing, Sliding and Roll-Up Doors for large openings PEB structure. Personal Single Swing Doors are used for personnel entry and out from the structure when the main door like Sliding or Roll are closed. Standard sliding doors slide horizontal in one direction whereas the leaves of double sliding doors slide in opposite direction [7]. Window PEB offer aluminum horizontal sliding windows are virtually maintenance free and come in various sizes. Each window includes a latch, half screen and weather stripping with either insulated or non-insulated glass[11]. Sundry Items:

Figure-4: PEB Sundry Items.

Design Cycle of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) The design cycle consists of the following steps [12] [13]: 1. Set up section sizes and brace locations based on the geometry and loading specified for the frame design. 2. Calculate moment, shear, and axial force at each analysis point for each load combination. 3. Compute allowable shear, allowable axial and allowable bending stress in compression and tension at each analysis point. 4. Compute the corresponding stress ratios for shear, axial and bending based on the actual and allowable stresses and calculate the combined stress ratios. 5. Design the optimum splice location and check to see whether the predicted sizes confirm to manufacturing constraints. 6. Using the web optimization mode, arrive at the optimum web depths for the next cycle and update the member data file. 7. At the end of all design cycles, an analysis is run to achieve flange brace optimization [14].

17 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

PEB versus Conventional Steel Buildings

Figure-5: Pre-Engineered Buildings (PEBs) and Conventional Steel Buildings.

Design Quick and efficient: since PEB’s are mainly formed by standard sections and connections design, time is significantly reduced. Basic design based on international design codes are used over and over. Each conventional steel structure is designed form scratch with fewer design aids available to the engineer [9]. Specialized computer analysis design programs optimize material required. Drafting is also computerized using standard details that minimize the use of project custom details. Substantial engineering and detailing work is required from the very basic is required by the consultant with fewer design aids [15]. Design shop detail sketches and erection drawings are supplied free of cost by the manufacturer. Approval drawing is usually prepared within in 2 weeks. Extensive amount of consultant time is devoted to the alterations that have to be done [16]. PEB designers’ design and detail PEB buildings almost every day of the year resulting in improving the quality of designs every time they work As each project is a new project engineers need more time to develop the designs and details of the unique structure.

Delivery Average 6 to 8 weeks. Average 20 to 26 weeks [15]. Foundations Simple design, easy to construct and light weight. Extensive, heavy foundations required.

PEB Advantage PEB (Pre-engineered buildings) have lots of advantages. First of all they are over all low cost. It’s easy to use their structural members. Secondary parts allow overlapping and foundation is lighter. Pre-engineered buildings have a high design quality. Welding is making and controlling by professional welders. All materials using on pre-engineered buildings have to match and because of this only standard material can be

18 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

use d. All materials are designing on a quality plan. Buildings are preparing in a short period and controlling in standards. A pre- engineered building carries all characteristics of steel buildings. It’s lifetime usable and very strong. It may resist to a big storm or earthquake [9].

Low initial cost due to: - the use of tapered built up structural members (Columns & Rafters); - the use of Z shaped secondary members (Purlins & Girts) that allows overlapping; - Foundations are fewer and lighter [14]. Superior Product Quality: - Design Quality is consistent and is based on latest design in USA Codes. - Welding is done by professional welders. - Materials are ordered as per recognised standard. - Fabrication is done as per a Quality Plan [8]. Fast Project Construction: - Anchor Bolts are delivered earlier than the Building. - Buildings are fabricated and delivered within a short period due to standardisation. - Fast erection because all members are field bolted [2]. Functional Versatility: - Modular construction. - Long Bay Spacing (up to 13m without Jack Beams). - Buildings are easily expandable on all sides (allowing for future expansion)[8]. Architectural Flexibility: - Aesthetic features such as fascias, parapets and curved eaves greatly improve the appearance of the building [17]. - Flashing and Trims are available in different shapes and colors. - A wide range of wall and roof sheeting. - Readily available interface details between steel and other materials (glazing, block wall, curtain wall, etc [7]. Low Maintenance and Operating Costs: - Virtually no maintenance required for all panels. - Roof requires only periodic cleaning. - Annual washing of Eave Gutters. - Watertight roofs [10].

Conclusion Those countries used more steel that country is more developed. Steel building is a new concept. It reduces time, money and effort. In developed country no high rise building is possible without steel. Today time is money. So if one can reduce the construction time of a building with maintaining the proper quality so one can build a develop country. For making traditional 6 storied RCC building it takes more than 1.5 years where as by steel building it takes less than 6 months. So PEB Service quality should be delivery according to structure expectation. PEB should promises to overcome from all disputes like improper quality, timely delivery and smoothly handover the site. PEB is trying to be careful and responsible to their client satisfaction. That’s why they are going to provide better sales service, proper commitment, better quality and so many facilities at competitive price. PEB is now very cautious to the situational factors about its service. PEB

19 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad

International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences

www.ijetmas.com January 2018, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN 2349-4476

structure has to maintain properly after completion. PEB roof structure is lighter than Conventional Steel Building. Infinitely recyclable, steel is the material that reflects the imperative of sustainable development.

References [1] T. Izhar, J. Nayak, N. Mumtaz, Comparative Study between Pre-Engineered RCC Structure and Usual RCC Structure, 5 (2017) 1714–1717. [2] A. Dubey, MAIN FRAME DESIGN OF PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDING, 3 (2016) 12–18. [3] M. Nakum, J. Zala, D. Shah, COST EFFECTIVENESS OF MULTI STOREY CSB &, 4 (2017) 264–268. [4] S.D. Bokade, L. Vairagade, A REVIEW ON VARIOUS TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING, 9 (2017) 88–94. [5] Prefabricated Building History _ PEB Steel Alliance Ltd (PEBSAL), Bangladesh, (n.d.). http://pebsteelalliance.com/pebsal/prefabricated-building-history/. [6] M. Bhojkar, Comparison of Pre Engineering Building and Steel Building with Cost and Time Effectiveness ., 1 (2014) 487–490. [7] S. Bhagatkar, S. V Bhagatkar, F.I. Shaikh, A Study On Pre-Engineered Building – A Construction Technique, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 5 (2015) 5–9. [8] L. Maria Subashini, S. Valentina, comparative Study of Preengineered and Conventional Industrial Building, Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8 (2015) 14499–14502. doi:10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i32/89102. [9] S. Wankhade, P.P.S. Pajgade, Review Paper on Comparison of Conventional Steel Building & Pre-Engineering Building, 2 (2014) 271–276. [10] A.P. Mehendale, P.A.K. Gupta, P.D.B. Desai, Overview of Pre-Engineered Buildings, (2016). [11] I. Journal, A Study on Pre Engineered Steel Building Structures, (2015) 18622–18629. doi:10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0401118. [12] S.D. Wankhade, P.P.S. Pajgade, Design & Comparison of Various Types of Industrial Buildings, 3 (2014) 13–29. [13] R. Disha, K. Komal, N. Priyanka, S. Pranali, G. Akash, OPTIMIZATION IN INDUSTRIAL STEEL BUILDING BY USING DIFFERENT, 7 (2017) 223–227. [14] B. Xiaoyue, Design and Analysis of Design and Analysis of, 3 (2013) 187–190. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004. [15] P.S. Lande, V. V Kucheriya, Comparative Study of an Industrial Pre-Engineered Building with Conventional Steel Building, 2 (2015) 77–82. [16] S.I. Patra, D.M. Melitia, Analysis of Pre-Engineered building and Conventional building using Primavera software InternationalJournal, 3 (2017) 97–101. [17] I. Open, A. Journal, International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development ( IJTSRD ) A Study o of Pre Enginered Building, (2017) 825–828.

20 Md. Sumon Reza, Shammya Afroze, Abul K. Azad