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Design Evolution of Healthcare Buildings: City Hospitals As a New Building Typology in Turkey

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Design Evolution of Healthcare Buildings: City Hospitals As a New Building Typology in Turkey DESIGN EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS: CITY HOSPITALS AS A NEW BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SELİN NEVRİM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE JANUARY 2020 Approval of the thesis: DESIGN EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS: CITY HOSPITALS AS A NEW BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN TURKEY submitted by SELİN NEVRİM in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Head of the Department, Architecture Prof. Dr. Celâl Abdi Güzer Supervisor, Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Celâl Abdi Güzer Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale Özgenel Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Halis Günel Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Aksu Architecture, Gazi University Date: 30.01.2020 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Selin Nevrim Signature : iv ABSTRACT DESIGN EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS: CITY HOSPITALS AS A NEW BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN TURKEY Nevrim, Selin Master of Architecture, Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Celâl Abdi Güzer January 2020, 182 pages After the year 2014, a new and alternative model of healthcare services had been introduced to reorganize the contribution of the private sector on healthcare investments in Turkey. The essence of this new model was creating healthcare centers established in various provinces under the title of the "city hospital". City Hospitals have radical differences when compared with traditional health care buildings. Furthermore, how the projects have been achieved and the investment model have not previously been implemented in Turkey. Differences in scale caused by the increase in bed and patient capacities inevitably reflect the physical environment effects of buildings not only on the architectural scale but also on the urban scale. Architectural forms cannot evolve independently of their context. In this study, healthcare buildings constructed in the period included city hospitals and the period before, are approached with a historical perspective, the transformation of these buildings’ typologies and the factors which took an important role in the architectural design of healthcare structures are searched. The study aims to reveal the architectural dissimilarities between the other hospitals and the city hospitals, to search the urban impact of the city hospitals and try to describe the investment model of these hospitals. v Keywords: City hospital, Hospital, Healthcare building, Design evolution vi ÖZ SAĞLIK YAPILARININ TASARIM EVRİMİ: TÜRKİYE’DE YENİ BİR BİNA TİPOLOJİSİ OLARAK ŞEHİR HASTANELERİ Nevrim, Selin Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Celâl Abdi Güzer Ocak 2020, 182 sayfa 2014 yılında, özel sektörün Türkiye'deki sağlık yatırımlarına katkısını yeniden düzenlemek için yeni ve alternatif bir sağlık hizmeti modeli ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu modelin özü, çeşitli illerde “Şehir Hastanesi” adı ile kurulan sağlık merkezlerini oluşturmaktır. Şehir Hastaneleri, geleneksel sağlık binalarına kıyasla radikal farklılıklar göstermektedir. Projelerin gerçekleştirilme şekli ile yatırım modeli hastane projeleri için Türkiye'de daha önce uygulanmamıştır. Yatak ve hasta kapasitelerindeki artışın neden olduğu ölçek değişimi, kaçınılmaz olarak, binaların fiziki ortam etkilerini sadece mimari ölçekte değil, aynı zamanda kentsel ölçekte de yansıtmaktadır. Mimari, içinde bulunduğu bağlamdan bağımsız bir biçimde evrilememektedir. Bu çalışmada, Şehir hastanelerini kapsayan dönem ve öncesindeki dönemde yapılan sağlık yapıları, tarihsel bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmış, bu yapıların mimari tasarımlarında gerçekleşen değişimler ve yapıların tasarımlarında rol oynayan faktörler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; şehir hastaneleri ile diğer hastaneler arasındaki mimari tasarım farklılıklarını ortaya koymak, bu hastanelerin kentsel etkisini araştırmak ve yatırım modelini tanımlamaya çalışmaktır. vii Anahtar Kelimeler: Şehir hastanesi, Hastane, Sağlık yapıları, Tasarım evrimi viii to Prof. Dr. Celâl Abdi GÜZER ix x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Celâl Abdi Güzer for his never-ending support and encouragement since the beginning of my academic life. He was not only an advisor but also an important supporter. He always believed me even when I did not find the force. My adventure had seen bad days and good days and mostly hard days. I could not have completed this dissertation without the insights and helps of my family, some friends, and colleagues. A heartfelt thank you to my dear, lovely friends Ayça Nilüfer Çalıkuşu and Nazelin Pişkin. I feel always lucky to have them and thankful for all the help and support. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my mother Serpil Nevrim, my father Hakkı Nevrim, my sister Pelin Oğuzhan and her husband Fatih Oğuzhan who are always with me with all their love and support. I would like to express my deepest heartfelt gratitude to my cute, sweet, handsome nephews; Orhan Oğuzhan and Hakkı Oğuzhan who let me breathe in this process, I would like to thank, my luck Vahap Fidan, which I came across at the end of the process, but on time, and I know that he did his best to support me with all his positive energy and patience. I would like to thank my colleagues; Bahar Şanlı, A. Seval Yılmaz, Esra Özdüzgün, Gülcan Burhan, Sema Çavdar and Ümmihan Ayaz Calap, Ayfer Kavak and İlkay Cankurtaran for their collaborative approach, sensibility, and support. I would like to thank my aunt Sema Şenay, who has always kept her love and support and thank my deceased uncle Erdal Kulahçıoğlu, who could not write, but read a lot and inspire me to write and unfortunately unaware of it. xi I would like to thank Seher Çaylan and Zeynep Sezer who are not only a friend but also like a member of my family, for their love and support. I would like to express my gratitude to Mithat Özen, my primary school teacher for his trust and Mustafa Yılmaz, who always supports my academic process and always advises me to continue. I would like to thank Yalçın Esen and Tolga Cengiz, who share my joy and sadness and always support my academic process. I am also deeply grateful to the examining committee members; Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale Özgenel, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Halis Günel and Assoc. Prof Dr. Adnan Aksu for their kindly approach and wonderful comments and suggestions. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Şebnem Yücel and Associate Prof. Dr. Tuğçe Kazanasmaz who has supported me since the beginning of this adventure. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın, Prof. Dr. Jale Erzen, Prof. Dr. Mualla Erkılıç, and Prof. Dr. İnci Basa, who I love to attend their classes, for their precious contribution to me. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to every person whose name is not included here and does not have any contribution to the thesis but caused me to start the process and write this thesis. xii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... v ÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xvi CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem Definition .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim of the Study ....................................................................................... 1 1.3 Limitation of the Study ............................................................................. 2 1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................. 3 2 ARCHITECTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 2.2 Adaptation of Other Buildings’ Forms Introduction ................................ 6 2.2.1 Ancient Greek and Rome ...................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Islamic Bimaristans ............................................................................. 11 2.2.3 Europe ................................................................................................. 17 2.3 Modern Hospital ....................................................................................
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