How's Life in Italy?

How’s Life in Italy?

How’s Life in Italy? Italy’s current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

CIVIC INCOME AND ENGAGEMENT WEALTH Hav ing House- no say in hold House- Voter hold gov ernment* income S80/S20 turnout w ealth SOCIAL Lack of income social share ratio* CONNECTIONS HOUSING support* Housing Social affordability interactions Ov er- crow ding WORK-LIFE Gender rate* BALANCE gap in hours Employ - w orked* ment rate Time off Gender WORK AND w age gap* JOB QUALITY Gender gap in feeling Long hours in paid safe SAFETY w ork* Homicides* Life ex pectancy Negative affect Gap in life balance* Life ex pectancy by education SUBJECTIVE satisfaction Student HEALTH WELL-BEING Ex posure to (men)* Students skills in outdoor air Access w ith science pollution* to green space low skills* AVERAGE KNOWLEDGE INEQUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SKILLS QUALITY Note: This chart shows Italy’s relative strengths and weaknesses in well-being compared to other OECD countries. Longer bars always indicate better outcomes (i.e. higher wellbeing), whereas shorter bars always indicate worse outcomes (lower well-being) – including for negative indicators, marked with an *, which have been reverse-scored. Inequalities (gaps between top and bottom, differences between groups, people falling under a deprivation threshold) are shaded with stripes, and missing data in white.

Italy’s resources for future well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Natural Capital Economic Capital Human Capital Social Capital

Educational Greenhouse gas Produced fixed assets attainment of young Trust in others emissions per capita adults ... Financial net worth of Trust in Material footprint Premature mortality government government

Red List Index of Labour Gender parity in Household debt threatened species underutilisation rate politics

Note: ❶=top-performing OECD tier, ❷=middle-performing OECD tier, ❸=bottom-performing OECD tier. ➚ indicates consistent improvement; ↔ indicates no clear or consistent trend; ➘ indicates consistent deterioration, and “…” indicates insufficient time series to determine trends since 2010. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020 2 

For more information Access the complete publication, including information about the methods used to determine trends at: https://doi.org/10.1787/9870c393-en. Find the data used in this country profile at: http://oecd.org/statistics/Better-Life-Initiative-2020-country- notes-data.xlsx.

Deprivations in Italy Deprivations in selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

ITALY

14% 27%

of the population live in relative would be at risk of falling into poverty if they income poverty had to forgo 3 months of their income

20% 8%

of poor households spend more than of the population report low 40% of their income on housing costs life satisfaction

8% 15%

say they have no friends or family are not satisfied with how they to turn to in times of need spend their time

Source: OECD (2020), How’s Life? 2020: Measuring Well-Being

Note: Relative income poverty refers to the share of people with household disposable income below 50% of the national median; financial insecurity refers to the share of individuals who are not income poor, but whose liquid financial assets are insufficient to support them at the level of the national relative income poverty line for at least three months; housing cost overburden refers to the share of households in the bottom 40% of the income distribution spending more than 40% of their disposable income on housing costs; and low satisfaction with life and with time use refer to the share of the population rating their satisfaction as 4 or lower (on a 0-10 scale).

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between men and women in Italy Gender ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Feeling safe 0.72

Employment rate 0.73 Hours worked 0.78 (paid and unpaid) Social interactions 0.80 Long-term 0.81 unemployment rate Time off 0.92

Perceived health 0.93

Earnings 0.94

Adult skills (numeracy) 0.96 Having a say in 0.99 government Life satisfaction 0.99

Student skills (science) 0.99 Satisfaction with 1.00 personal relationships Social support 1.01

Life expectancy 1.05

Job strain 1.29 Long working hours // 2.23 (in paid work) Homicide victims // 3.00 Deaths from suicide, // 4.08 alcohol, drugs

Men doing better OECD average Women doing better

Note: Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between men and women, defined as gender ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between age groups in Italy Age ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year A. Younger and middle-aged people

Employment rate // 0.25 Long-term unemployment rate // 0.39 Earnings 0.69 Voter turnout 0.79 Adult skills (numeracy) 0.98 Feeling safe 0.99 Time off 1.03 Job strain 1.03 Social support 1.04 Life satisfaction 1.04 Satisfaction with personal relationships 1.04 Satisfaction with time use 1.10 Having a say in government 1.25 Long working hours (in paid work) 1.35 Social interactions // 1.73

Middle-aged people doing better OECD average Younger people doing better

B. Younger and older people

Long-term unemployment rate // 0.24 Employment rate // 0.33 Earnings // 0.60 Voter turnout 0.71 Job strain 0.88 Satisfaction with time use 1.00 Adult skills (numeracy) 1.06 Satisfaction with personal relationships 1.06 Time off 1.06 Social support 1.07 Life satisfaction 1.09 Feeling safe 1.16 Having a say in government 1.28 Long working hours (in paid work) // 1.52 Social interactions // 1.73

Older people doing better OECD average Younger people doing better

Note: Age ranges differ according to each indicator and are only broadly comparable. They generally refer to 15-24/29 years for young people, 25/30 to 45/50 years for the middle-aged and 50 years and over for older people. See How’s Life? 2020 for further details. Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between age groups, defined as age ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between people with different educational attainment in Italy Education ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Job strain // 0.30

Long-term // 0.56 unemployment rate

Having a say in 0.70 government

Earnings 0.75

Employment rate 0.87

Voter turnout 0.93

Life satisfaction 0.96

Life expectancy (men) 0.97

Perceived health 0.97

Satisfaction with 0.98 personal relationships

Life expectancy (women) 0.99

Feeling safe 0.99

Social support 0.99

Satisfaction with time 1.00 use

Long working hours // 1.68 (in paid work)

People with tertiary education doing better OECD average People with upper secondary education doing better

Note: Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between groups with different educational attainment, defined as education ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between top and bottom performers in Italy Vertical inequalities for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Household income of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% Share of wealth owned by the top 10%, percentage

12 90

80 10 70

8 60 51.7

5.9 50 42.8 6 5.4 40

4 30

20 2 10

0 0

Earnings of the top 10% relative to the bottom 10%, PISA score in science of the top 10% relative to the bottom 10% full-time employees 6 2

1.671.67 5

4 3.4

3 1 2.3

0 0

Life satisfaction scores of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% Satisfaction with time use scores of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% 4 4

3 3 2.78 2.77

2.2 2.1

2 2

1 1

0 0

Note: For all figures, countries are ranked from left (most unequal) to right (least unequal).

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Trends in current well-being since 2010 in Italy - I

Household income (household net adjusted disposable income, Average USD at 2017 PPPs*, per capita) ITA OECD ~27 800 ~ 28 000

Household wealth Average ITA (median net wealth, USD at 2016 PPPs) OECD ~183 000 ~162 000

Income andIncome Wealth

S80/S20 income share ratio (the household income for the top 20%, Inequality divided by the household income for the bottom 20%) ITA OECD 5.9 5.4

Housing affordability (share of disposable income remaining after Average housing costs) ITA OECD 76.7 79.2

Housing Overcrowding rate (share of households living in overcrowded Inequality conditions) ITA OECD 19 12

Employment rate (employed people aged 25-64, as a share of Average the population of the same age) ITA OECD 65.8 76.5

Gender wage gap (difference between male and female median Inequality wages expressed as a share of male wages) OECD ITA 12.9 5.6

Work and Job Quality

Long hours in paid work (share of employees usually working 50+ Inequality hours per week) OECD ITA 7 4.1

Life expectancy (number of years a newborn can expect to Average

Health live) OECD ITA 80.5 83.0

Note: The snapshot depicts data for 2018, or the latest available year, for each indicator. The colour of the circle indicates the direction of change, relative to 2010, or the closest available year: = consistent improvement, = consistent deterioration, = no clear trend, and white for insufficient time series to determine trends. The OECD average is marked in black. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020. * = Purchasing Power Parity.

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Trends in current well-being since 2010 in Italy - II

Student skills in science Average

Skills (PISA mean scores) ITA OECD 468 489

Knowledge and

Exposure to outdoor air pollution Inequality (share of population > WHO threshold) Quality ITA OECD 94.7 62.8

Environmental

Life satisfaction Average (mean value on a 0-10 scale) ITA OECD 7.1 7.4

Negative affect balance (share of population reporting more negative Inequality

Subjective Well-being Subjective than positive feelings and states yesterday) ITA OECD 24 13

Homicides Average (per 100 000 population) OECD ITA 2.4 0.6

Safety Gender gap in feeling safe (percentage difference that women feel less Inequality safe than men when walking alone at night) OECD ITA -16 -15.9

Time off (time allocated to leisure and personal care, Average OECD ITA

Balance

Work-life Work-life hours per day) 15 16.5

Social interactions Average (hours per week) OECD ITA 6 7.5

Lack of social support (share of people who report having no friends

Social Connections Social Inequality or relatives whom they can count on in times OECD ITA of trouble) 8.6 8.0

Voter turnout Average

Civic Civic (share of registered voters who cast votes) OECD ITA

Engagement 69 73

Note: See note on page 7.