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Gras-Ernte-Herbst-Südstadt-Milbe by J.-Th. Franz Diese Milbe Gehört Zur Familie Trombiculidae (Chelicerata; Arachnida, Acari

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Gras-Ernte-Herbst-Südstadt-Milbe by J.-Th. Franz Diese Milbe Gehört Zur Familie Trombiculidae (Chelicerata; Arachnida, Acari Gras-Ernte-Herbst-Südstadt-Milbe by J.-Th. Franz Diese Milbe gehört zur Familie Trombiculidae (Chelicerata; Arachnida, Acari; Acariformes (= Actinotrichida); Prostigmata; Trombidioidea; Trombiculidae). In unseren Breiten ist die Erntemilbe Trombicula (Neotrombicula) autumnalis (Erntemilbe,Grasmilbe, Herbstmilbe, Chigger (engl.)) ein zunehmend auftretender Quälgeist insbesondere in den Monaten Juli bis Oktober. <P Trombicula Trombiculidae sind Bodenbewohner. Die Nymphen und Adulti stellen kleinen Arthropoden nach. Die Larven jedoch sind bis auf wenige Ausnahmen Wirbeltierparasiten (Ecto), die die Haut anbohren und Blut saugen. Einige Arten haben sich auf die äußeren und inneren Luftwege von Kleinsäugern und marinen Reptilien spezialisiert, wo sie ebenso wie bei Fledermäusen als internasale Parasiten leben (Larven). Die Larven einiger Arten, die üblicherweise Reptilien, Kleinsäuger oder Vögel befallen, können auch auf den Menschen übergehen. Die Larven injizieren eine die Haut lysierende Speichel- flüssigkeit, so daß ein für die Trombiculidae charakter- istisches sogenanntes Stylostom entsteht. Dadurch können sie die sogenannte Trombidiose (Trombidiosis, Trombiculiasis) erzeugen, die nicht selten von heftigen Reaktionssymptomen begleitetet wird. Erntekrätze, Beiß, Erntebeiß: Stropholus- artige Knötchen, Quaddeln oder Erytheme insbesondere an den Unterschenkeln. Saugende Larve. Cheliceren-Harken Soweit bekannt, werden von der einheimischen Grasmilbe (besserer Name, da Grasmilben schon ab dem April auftreten) keine Infektionskrankheiten übertragen. Bei einem extremen Befall (hundert bis über tausend Bisse) kann es aber zu (vorübergehenden) Lähmungs- und Ausfallerscheinungen kommen. In Japan, Sumatra, Malaysia, Indien und Australien hingegen treten andere anthropogen wichtige Vertreter der Trombi- culidae auf. So Trombicula akamushi oder Trombicula delhiensis. Sie sind die Überträger der fieberhaften, lebensgefährlichen Infektionskrankheit Tsutsugamushi-Fieber (scrub typhus) (Erreger: Rickettsia tsutsugamushi). Trombicula autumnalis (Grasmilbe, Erntemilbe, Herbstmilbe): Die Grasmilbe wird bis zu zwei mm lang und ihr Körper ist mit vielen langen (weißen) Haaren bedeckt. Sie lebt im Boden und kommt bei warmen, feuchten Witterungsverhältnis- sen nahe an die Oberfläche. Bei Dürre, Kälte (Winter) und starken Regenfällen dringt sie bis in Bodentiefen von 60 - 90 cm vor. Im Hoch- bzw. Spätsommer schlüpfen die ca. 0,25 mm großen Larven (sechs Beinpaare). Diese reagieren lichtpositiv und aggregieren an mäßig feuchten Wiesenstellen bzw. Gärten auf insbesondere Grashalmen (Massenansammlungen sind möglich). Bei warmen und sonnigem Wetter sind sie sehr aktiv und be- fallen vorbeikommende Wirbeltiere (Warmblüter, in der Regel Mäuse, Ratten, Kaninchen und Igel, aber auch Hunde und Katzen) sofort, um an insbesondere dünnen Hautstellen zu saugen. Da der Mensch ebenfalls ein Warmblüter ist, befällt die Larve auch den Menschen, wobei sie hauptsächlich an den Knöcheln, den Weichen und und den Achselhöhlen saugen. Dabei stößt die Larve ihre Cheliceren-Haken durch die Haut bis in die Epidermis- zellen. Anschließend löst der in die Wunde gedrückte Speichel die oberste Zellschicht auf. Die dabei entstehende Flüssigkeit (+ Plasmastücke) wird aufgesaugt. Durch erneute Speichelabgaben wird die Wunde vertieft. Die Epidermiszellen bilden eine dünne Hornschicht, die bei jeder erneuten Speicheleinpressung durch- stoßen wird. Hierdurch kommt es zu einer jeweils vertieften Hornschicht, die sich letztendlich zu einem bis ca. 0,2 mm langen Rohr ausprägen (Stylostom), wobei die Cheliceren-Haken der Larve eigentlich nur 0,03 mm lang sind. Der abgegebene Speichel enthält Stoffe, die fürchterlich jucken. Es gibt nur wenige Stiche oder Bisse anderer Quälgeister, die dermaßen jucken und der Juckreiz kann mehr als eine Woche an- halten, so daß es aufgrund des unwillkürlichen Kratzens fast immer zu Entzündungen kommt. Insgesamt saugt die Larve 2 - 3 Tage, wobei sie bis auf 0,75 mm anschwillt. Anschließend läßt sich die Larve vom Wirt abfallen und dringt in den Boden ein. Hier entwickelt sich die Larve innerhalb von fünf bis sechs Wochen zur achtbeinigen Nymphe. Diese unterscheidet sich nur die geringere Größe (1 mm) und das Fehlen der Geschlechtsorgane vom Adultus. Nymphen und Adulti überwintern im Boden. Gegenmaßnahmen: 1. Wiesen mit bekannten Milbenbefall meiden (zumeist Kuhweiden, ausgesprochene Hundewiesen bzw. Wiesen, auf denen sich viele Tiere bewegen). Ansonsten hochreichendes Schuhwerk (z.B.: Gummistiefel) und geschlossene Bekleidung benutzen sowie den Bodenkontakt vermeiden ("Hinsetzen" und "Hinlegen"). Zuhause anschließend möglichst schnell duschen und neue Kleider an- ziehen. 2. Einsatz von Repellents ("Insektenabwehrmittel"). Damit Schuhe, Socken und Hosen imprägnieren. Allerdings reagieren manche Menschen darauf sensitiv. 3. Im eigenem Garten (Rasen): Rasen bzw. Wiese oft mähen (die Larven sitzen oben auf den Grashalmen). Den Grasschnitt nicht auf dem Rasen liegen lassen (vernichten). Dieses führt zu einer Minderung/Abwanderung der Grasmilben. Rasen nicht sonnen- exponiert anlegen (Südseite). Der Abstand Rasens/Haus sollte mindestens zwei bis drei Meter betragen. 4. Der Befall mit Grasmilben kann durch das Besprühen der be- lasteten Rasenareale mit Carbaryl (Insektizid), Chlorpyrifos (Insektizid) oder Diazinon (Antiparasitika) vermindert werden. 5. Nach erfolgten Bissen die Stellen unbedingt desinfizieren und den Juckreiz mit Salben, Essig oder auch Zitronensaft lindern. (Bryboria graminum) Vorkommen, Lebensweise · Sie leben in Rasenflächen an den Gräsern - besonders in trockenem Rasen an der Südseite von Häusern vermehren sie sich massenhaft. · Wenn die Rasenflächen bis an die Gebäude reichen, wandern die Milben bis in die Gebäude hinein, das kann bis in die Wintermonate andauern. Bekämpfung · Vorbeugend sollte der Rasen, oder die Gehwegplatten bzw. Kiesflächen zurückgenommen werden, der entstehende Streifen (ca. 2,00 m) sollte mit schattenspendenden Pflanzen besetzt werden. · Damit wird die Temperatur herabgesetzt und die Milben werden die "kalte" Zohne nicht gern duchwandern. · Eine chem. Bekämpfung außen sollte mit Spritzpulvern oder mikroverkapselten Präparaten ab etwa 50 cm Höhe erfolgen. (zum Schutz von Kindern und Haustieren) · Chem. Bekämpfung innen mit Naturpyrethrum (nur wenn unbedingt notwendig) Milben gehören zu den Spinnentieren. Die meisten der über 60000 Arten sind so klein, daß sie mit bloßem Augen kaum wahrgenommen werden. Im Nahbereich des Menschen sind es jedoch nur 40 Milbenarten (darunter 6 Zeckenarten, die zu den Milben gerechnet werden), die Probleme oder sogar gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen verursachen können. Diese Arten finden sich in den folgenden drei der insgesamt sechs Milben-Unterordnungen: · Sarcoptiformes: Krätzmilbe, Hausstaubmilbe, Horn-u. Moosmilben sowie fast alle vorratsschädliche Milben · Parasitiformes: Zecken und Vogelmilben · Trombidiformes: Laufmilben, z.B. Herbstmilben, Haarbalgmilben und Spinnmilben · Notostigmata: · Holothyroidea: · Tetrapolidi: Entwicklung allgemein: Milben durchlaufen zwischen Ei und adulten Tiermeist vier Entwicklungsstadien,bei manchen Arten sind es weniger. Damit sieht der Milbenzyklus wie folgt aus: Ei > sechsbeinig Larve > achtbeinige Proto > Deutonymphe > Tritonymphe > adultes Tier Mänchen und Weibchen können sehr verschieden aussehen. Milben können Dauernymphen bilden, die sich wenig oder gar nicht bewegen und sehr unempfindlich gegen Trockenheit und Extremtemperaturen sind.Das Dauerstadium der Mehlmilbe Acarus siro bleibt z.B. monatelang in trockenem Mehl am Leben, verträgt 14 Tage lang 34°C und bei 24h in -7°C werden nur 50% Abtötung erreicht. Schaden: · Das wichtigste Gesundheitsproblem, das im Zsammenhang mit Milben auftritt, ist die Allergieauslösung beim Menschen (Hausstaubmilbenallergie). · Darüber hinaus ist der Genuß milbenhaltiger Lebensmittel schädlich. Chiggers by Frederick P. Baxendale, Shripat T. Kamble and David L. Keith Chiggers, also known as "redbugs, jiggers or harvest mites", are the immature stages of a tiny red mite. They inhabit areas of tall grass, associated with low, wet spots, ponds and stream banks, wild berry patches and forest underbrush. The larvae attach themselves to the clothing of people or to the fur of passing animals. Before settling down to feed, chiggers move to a constriction such as sock tops, waist bands or armpits. Feeding chiggers inject a salivary fluid which dissolves the host's cells, then suck up the liquefied tissue. Within a few hours, small, reddish, intensely itching welts appear. These bites may continue to itch for several days up to two weeks after the chigger is dislodged. Following these suggestions should provide some protection from chiggers: Stay out of areas where chiggers are likely to be present including woodlots, pastures, roadside ditches or other areas with tall grasses and weeds. Chiggers are especially common in moist low-lying areas. Wear loose-fitting clothing and avoid sitting or reclining on the ground when camping, picnicking or working outdoors. Apply a repellent containing DEET (N,N-diethyl- meta-toluamide) to shoes, socks and trousers before entering chigger-infested areas. Caution: some individuals may be sensitive to DEET. Always read and follow label directions. Immediately after possible exposure to chiggers take a bath, thoroughly scrubbing the body with hot soapy water. This will kill or dislodge many of the chiggers. When bites begin to itch, one course of treatment is to apply rubbing alcohol,
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