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Home , Benjamin Chew, Shingas, Teedyuscung, Walking Purchase

Quaker History, Volume 77, Number 1, Spring 1988, pp. 1-30

TheRoleof Quakersin IndianAffairs 2 Quaker History Duringthe Frenchand IndianWar At stakewascontroloverthe expendituresof the Assembly.After Braddock'sDefeat on 9 July 1755Lieutenant-GovernorRobert HunterMorrisand his alliesin the proprietaryparty, whichwas by RobertDaiutolo,Jr.* mostlyAnglicanand Scotch-Irish,OldLightPresbyterianin com- position,pressedthe Assemblyto pass a bill that wouldcreatea "regular" militiaand givehim its patronage,but the Assembly The roleof PhiladelphiaQuakersin Indian affairs duringthe countered with its own bill that would create an elective militia and Frenchand IndianWaris oneaspectof Pennsylvaniahistorythat fundit througha propertytax. Thelatterbillwasthe workof the needsreappraisal,fortheirinadvertentcontributionstothewinning Quakerparty, whichsoughtto reducePenn's prerogativesbytax- of thewarhavenotreceivedappropriateacknowledgement.A gen- inghisestates.Thistack,however,causedproblemsfortheQuaker erationagoTheodoreThayerwrotethattheir"pacifismandidealistic assemblymen,for theywerereluctantto compromisetheirpacifist approachto Indianaffairsledthemunwittinglyto provokean un- scruples,thoughtheirpartywasnowledbyBenjaminFranklin,a justcharge[oflandfraud]againsttheProprietors,"andthattheir non-Quakerwhoseprogramof frontierdefenseandtaxationof pro- accomplishments"in thewayofreforminIndianaffairs"would prietaryestatesappealedto a majorityin the Assembly.In late have beengreaterandmorelastingifthey''hadremainedalooffrom August, under pressure of military necessity,the Franklin-led Provincialpolitics."1Agreeingwiththisassertion,DanielBoorstin Assemblyappropriated£1,000"for theKing'suse," a phrasewhich added that their activities"can hardly be called anythingbut easedsomewhatthe strict Quakerconscience.5 meddling."2Recentstudieshavenotalteredthisjudgment,yetthe Settlers,too, weresplitinpoliticsandinreligion.PietistGermans factisthattheprovincialgovernmentcouldnothavepacifiedthe backedtheQuakerpartybecauseof itstraditionalprogramof toler- frontiersoquicklyasitdidwithouttheassistanceoftheQuakers, ationandpacifism.Theybelivedthat theQuakerpartywouldpro- who themselveswellaspeacemakerspreciselybecausethey acquitted tecttheirreligiousandcivillibertiesfromthekindof encroachment werepracticalenoughto levela justchargeoflandfraudagainst theyhad sufferedin Germany,and theysuspectedthat Proprietor was theproprietors.3Moreoverhumanitarianism theirmainlegacy ThomasPennandhisplacemenwerenotunlikethenoblemenfrom to the nineteenth-centuryQuakerreformersof nationalIndian whoseclutchestheyhadescaped.Opposedto the allianceof Pietist policy.4 Germansand pacifistQuakerswerethe Lutheranand Reformed Ontheeveof thewartheQuakerswereembroiledin a bitter Germanswhosupportedtheproprietarypartyanditspolicyof fron- politicalstrugglewithProprietorThomasPennandhisplacemen. tierdefense.Scotch-Irish,NewLightPresbyterians appreciatedthe Quakerparty'santiproprietarystancebecause,beingpoor,theywere fearfulof losingtheirreligiousandcivilliberties.Theywereagainst * RobertDaiutoloisaninstructorofhistoryat VillanovaUniversity.Hewishes an appointivemilitiaunderthegovernor'scontroland for an elec- to thankFrancisJenningsfor sendinghima manuscriptof hisforthcoming book on the . It was invaluable. tive militiadirectedby the Assembly.Scotch-Irish,Old Light 1.TheodoreThayer,"TheFriendlyAssociation,"PennsylvaniaMagazine PresbyteriansandAnglicansupheldtheproprietaryparty'sdefense of HistoryandBiography67,4 (October1943),376. policybecausetheyowedtheirwealthlargelyto the Penn family. 2. DanielBoorstin,TheAmericans:TheColonialExperience(NewYork: AlthoughProprietorThomasPennwasAnglican,mostAnglicans RandomHouse,1958),57. 3.FrancisJennings'brilliantforthcomingbook,entitledEmpireofFortune: Crowns,Colonies,andTribesintheSevenYear'sWar,isobviouslylargerin 5. The material in this paragraph has been drawn from the following:Jack scopethan this article,whichcoversin detailthe activitiesof the Friendly D. Marietta, The Reformation of American Quakerism, 1748-1783 Associationfor RegainingandPreservingPeacewiththe IndiansbyPacific Measures. (:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,1984),151-152;JamesH.Hut- son, PennsylvaniaPolitics, 1746-1770:TheMovementfor Royal Government 4. InFebruary1795PhiladelphiaYearlyMeetingestablishedtheCommittee and Its Consequences(Princeton,NewJersey:PrincetonUniversityPress, 1972), forPromotingtheImprovementandGradualCivilizationoftheIndianNatives. 16-22;JosephE. Mick, ColonialPennsylvania:A History (NewYork: Charles Theagentsof theIndianCommitteeworkedamongtheOneidasandSénecas E. Scribner'sSons,1976),211-212.Forconveniencethewordlieutenanthas of northern Pennsylvaniaand southwesternNewYork from 1795to 1803.See beendroppedfromthetitleof lieutenant-governor.Therealgovernorswere SydneyV.James,APeopleAmongPeoples:QuakerBenevolenceinEighteenth- theproprietors,in whoseplacethe lieutenant-governorsactedas governors. CenturyAmerica(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1963),302-309.

1 TheRoleof Quakersin IndianAffairs 3 4 Quaker History cooperatedwithdefense-mindedQuakersin orderto checkthe in- Kelly,the doorkeeper,obtainedit and leakedit to proprietary fluenceof the Germansand Presbyterians.6 leaders, who publishedit, condemnedit, and intensifiedtheir In the autumnof 1755circumstancesconspiredto frustratethe demandsfor an acceptabledefensemeasure.NaturallyKellywas desiresoftheQuakers.Theannualelectionon 1Octobermaintained fired." the compositionof the Assemblymainly becauseof Benjamin TheAssemblyandGovernorMorrissooncompromisedontheir Franklin'sprogram.7In the OhioValleythe Frencharmed,muni- positionsregardingtheissueof propertytaxation.On25November tioned,and suppliedtheir Delawareand Shawneeallies,and then theAssemblypasseda militiabillthat authorizedfreemento form on 16Octobera partyof Delawarewarriorsforayedinto a settle- militiaunitsandelecttheirofficers,contingenton the approvalof menton Penn's Creeksouthof (nowSunbury),killing thegovernorascommander-in-chief.12Nextdaythegovernorsigned and scalpingthirteenmen and womenand an infant, and taking it into lawwhilethe Assemblycut the hatedpropertytax from an elevenyoungmenandchildreninto captivity.8In earlyNovember appropriationbill after learningthat Proprietor newsof a massacreat GreatCove(nowMcConnellsburg)reached himselfwouldcontribute£5,000fromquitrentarrearsto thedefense Philadelphiaalongwithpetitionsformilitaryactionfromthree fron- of the province.TheAssemblyappropriated£55,000to augment tiercounties,yetto thechagrinof boththe Quakersand Governor thegift,but at thesametimeprovidedthatit possessedtheexclusive Morris the Assemblyrefusedto drop the propertytax from its powerto grant and controlsuplies.To handlethe appropriation, defensebill.9Thustwenty"weighty""undera closeexercise the Assemblycreatedan eight-mancommitteethat includedtwo ofmind"draftedanaddressagainstthemeasureandgaveit to Isaac defense-mindedQuakers.Accedingto theAssembly'sprovision,the NorrisII, theAssemblyspeakerandleadingdefense-mindedQuaker, governorapprovedtheappropriationbillon27November.13Inreac- whopresenteditto theAssemblyon 1 1November.Init theydeclared tion, on 16Decembera committeeof PhiladelphiaYearlyMeeting theirreluctanceto complywiththe propertytax becausein effect drafted an epistleurgingnoncomplianceand then sent it to the it would violate both their "peaceable Testimony" and their monthlymeetings.14 "religiousliberties."Instead,theyrecommendedthattheAssembly Thewinterof 1755-56broughtshockingnewsfromthenorthern raiserevenueto "cultivate"'soldfriendshipwiththe frontier:theneutralDelawareslivingontheSusquehannaRiverhad Indiansandto aidsettlersindistress.10In orderto preventcriticism taken up arms againstthe English.On 24 Decembera war party of the Quakers,theAssemblysuppressedthe address,but Edward attacked and burned the Moravian mission of Gnadenhiitten (seventy-fivemilesnorthwestof Philadelphia),killingandscalping men,women,andchildren,whileDelawareandMahicanconverts hidnearby.In DecemberwarpartiesfromWyoming(nowWilkes- 6.ThematerialinthisparagraphhasbeendrawnfromJennings,chap.11, Barre) and elsewhereon the Susquehannaforayed into the andTheodoreThayer,PennsylvaniaPoliticsandtheGrowthofDemocracy, 1740-1776(Harrisburg:PennsylvaniaHistoricalandMuseumCommission, TulpehockenValleyand beyondthe DelawareRiver,killingwith 1953),41-42. abandon,burninghomes,takingscalps,captives,andplunder.Then, 7. Thayer, 43. to escaperetaliation,thewarriorsledtheirfamiliesandcaptivesnorth 8. Thayer,44; C. A. Weslager,TheDelawareIndians:A History(New to thevillageof Tunkhannock,leavingbehinda warpartythat was Brunswick,NewJersey:RutgersUniversityPress,1972),227;Marietta,150; JosephJ. Kelley,Jr.,Pennsylvania:TheColonialYears,1681-1776(Garden City,NewYork:Doubleday&Company,Inc., 1980),334-335;WilliamA. Hunter,Forts on the PennsylvaniaFrontier,1753-1758(Harrisburg,Penn- 11. Kelley,336-337. sylvania:ThePennsylvaniaHistoricalandMuseumCommission,1960),173. 12.Pa. Arch., II, 516-519;Hunter, 184;Kelley,338;Thayer, 46; Esmond 9. Hunter,174-179;Kelley,335-336;Marietta,152. Wright,Franklinof Philadelphia(Cambridge,Massachusetts:TheBelknap 10.JohnChurchman,An Accountof the GospelLabours,and Christian Press of Harvard UniversityPress, 1986),103-104. ExperiencesofaFaithfulMinisterofChrist,JohnChurchman(Philadelphia: 13. Hunter, 185;Kelley,337; Thayer, 46; Wright, 103. JosephCrukshank,1779),169-170;PennsylvaniaColonialRecords,ed.by 14.Churchman,172-174;MinutesofPhiladelphiaYearlyMeeting,1747-1779 SamuelHazard,16vols.(Philadelphia:JosephSeverns&Co., 1852),VI,739 (n. p., MicrofilmGraphic Corporation, n. d.), 95, Haverford CollegeQuaker (hereaftercitedasPa. Col.Ree);PennsylvaniaArchives,1stseries,ed.by Collection(hereaftercitedas HCQC);Minutesof the PhiladelphiaYearly SamuelHazard,12vols.(Philadelphia:JosephSeverns&Co.,1853),II,487-488 MeetingofMinistersandElders(Philadelphia:Microsurance,Inc.,n. d.),380, (hereafter cited as Pa. Arch.). HCQC. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 5 6 Quaker History forayingin the regionnorth of the KittatinnyMountains.In early ByMarch1756warhad becomethe crucialquestionin provin- January1756thelastwarparty,whichincludeda Moravianconvert cialpolitics.GermanandScotch-Irishsettlerswhohadtakenrefuge namedTeedyuscung,rejoineditsbandat Tunkhannock.Soonafter in Philadelphiapressedfor action,and on the recommendationof attainingthe status of war chief, Teedyuscungled one hundred fiveoftheeightassemblymenontheappropriationcommitteeGover- Delawaresto Tioga(nowAthens),wherethe ChemugRiverjoins nor Morris and his Council considereddeclaringwar on the the north branch of the Susquehanna.From Tioga he led his Delawaresand Shawneesand offeringscalpbounties.Whilethe followersto Passigachkunk,whichwason the CowanesqueRiver, Quakers resisted the pull toward war, the proprietary leaders a tributaryof the Chemug.Altogetherthe threevillagessustained capitalizedon the situationby iteratingthat besideseschewingthe sometwohundredwarriorswhorevelledinavengingtheencroach- militialawtheQuakershadconductedIndianaffairswithculpable mentoftheirlandsandthecorruptionoftheirculture.To thedistress negligence,and this tactic spurredthe malcontents.17 of the Quakersthe old friendsof WilliamPenn had becomethe In late Marcha meetingof the PhiladelphiaYearlyMeetingof scourgeof the northernfrontier.15 Ministersand Elders was marred by an incidentthat reflected MeanwhileSirWilliamJohnson,thesuperintendentof Indianaf- widespreadsupportfor war. Up and downthe streetsaroundthe fairsforthenortherncolonies,inducedthechiefsof theSixNations newmeetinghouseonSecondand MarketStreetssomefrontiersmen (the Mohawks, Onondagas, Oneidas, Cayugas, Sénecas, and fromGnadenhüttenpulledawagoncontainingtwoorthreebodies Tuscaroras)to tryto restraintheir "nephews,"the Delawaresand of their comrades,and behindthe wagontrampeda mob of livid ,fromravagingthe westernand northernfrontiers.This Philadelphianswho cursedboth Indiansand Quakers.18 objective,however,wasnoteasilyaccomplished,fortheSixNations ThespectacleperplexedandoutragedtheeminentQuakerminister weredividedintheirloyalties.OnlytheMohawkswereloyalto the JohnChurchman,whoat onceblamednon-Quakersforthemilita- English,primarilybecauseJohnsonhad containedthe encroach- rized tenor of the frontier: mentof theirlands,whilein generalthe Onondagasand Oneidas collaborated with the French in New York and the Sénecas and Thesightofthedeadbodiesandtheoutcryofthepeoplewereveryaf- Cayugasdid so in the west.Withthe supportof the French,the flictingandshockingto me:Standingat thedoorat a friend'shouse astheypassed along,mymindwashumbledandturnedmuchinward Cayugas,andtheSénecas(whooutnumberedtheotherfiveIroquois whenit wasmadesecretlyto cry;WhatwillbecomeofPennsylvania! nationscombined),the Ohioand SusquehannaDelawareshad re- for it felt to me that many did not consider,that the sinsof the in- belledagainstthestatusof "women," to whichtheir"uncles" had habitants,pride,profaneswearing,drunkennesswithotherwickedness relegatedthemafter conqueringthemin the lasthalfof the seven- werethe cause,that the Lord had sufferedthis calamityand scourge teenthcentury,andwhichprohibitedthemfromeithermakingwar to comeuponthem:theweightof myexerciseincreasingasI walked or negotiatingtreaties.After realizingthat blustermightforcethe alongthestreet;atlengthit wassaidinmysoul,ThisLandispolluted and SusquehannaDelawaresto unite against them, the withblood,andinthedayofinquisitionfor blood,it willnotonlybe Mohawksusedtactto persuadetheSusquehannaDelawaresto agree requiredatthefrontiersandborders,buteveninthisplacewherethese to conferwithJohnsonat Onondaga(nowSyracuse),NewYork, bodiesarenowseen.I saidwithinmyself," Howcanthisbe?sincethis in the spring.16 hasbeena landof peace,andasyetnotmuchconcernedinwar. ..." " On 14Aprilthe popularclamorfor warthat the wagonincident representedbegantoabateafterGovernorMorrisandhisCouncil, 15.The materialin this paragraphhas beendrawnfromthe following: Weslager,229-231;Marietta,150;[CharlesThomson],An Enquiryintothe Causesof theAlienationof theDelawaresand ShawneseIndiansfrom the 17.For examplesof proprietarypropagandaseethe following:Jennings, BritishInterest,AndintotheMeasurestakenfor recoveringtheirFriendship chap. 11;Marietta,145,155;Thayer,41,45. Theassemblymenon the ap- (London: J. Wilkie, 1759),83-84. propriationcommitteesplitoverthe questionof scalpbounties.Benjamin 16.Thematerialinthisparagraphhasbeendrawnfromthefollowing:[Thom- Franklinand IsaacNorrisII dissented.John Mifflinand JosephFox, whowere son], 85-87;Jennings,chap. 12;AnthonyF. C. Wallace,Kingof theDelawares: defense-mindedQuakers, assented and were subsequently "disowned." ,1700-1763(Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,1949), 18.Churchman,175;Minutesof the PhiladelphiaYearlyMeetingof Ministers 195-196.Until the Tuscarorasof North Carolina joined in 1722there wereon- and Elders, 376-381(Haverford College, Quaker Collection). ly fivenationsin the IroquoisConfederacy. 19. Churchman, 175. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 7 8 Quaker History in spiteof strenuousQuakerprotest,declaredwarontheDelawares of Pennsylvania,Scarroyadypromisedto help conciliatethese and Shawneesand issueda proclamationannouncingscalpboun- DelawaresafterelicitingreassurancesthatthefriendlyQuakerswould ties.20NextDaythe Indianswhowerethenin Philadelphiametin- becomemediatorsbetweenthemandthe provincialgovernment.24 formallywithsomeleadingQuakersand"confirmed"their"Ap- Twomoretimesthe principalscollectedat Pemberton'shome. prehensions"that"Dissatisfaction"withlandtransferalshadestranged On21AprilIsraelPembertongaveScarroyadya wampumbeltthat the Susquehannaand OhioDelawares.21On 16April, withsome symbolizedpeace.25On 23 April Scarroyadysaid that his three £5,000indonationsat hisdisposal,IsraelPemberton,Jr., "the king Delawarefriendswouldtakethe wampumbeltto Tioga,and then oftheQuakers,"whowasnotonlytheclerkof PhiladelphiaYearly he left for NewYork,intendingto securethe supportand aid of Meetingbuta wealthymerchantanda formerassemblymanaswell, SirWilliamJohnsonandthe SixNationsin theinterestof peace.26 persuadedthegovernorto authorizea meetingwiththeseIndians.22 Of the Indian conferees Pemberton wrote to Johnson: "The Meanwhile,with the governor'sapprobation,the Pennsylvania Frankness&Sincerityof theirExpressions&Conductleavenoroom Gazette,whichhadalreadypublicizedtherewardsfortheheadsof for doubtof theirbeingheartilypleasedwithmeetingsomeof their the DelawarechiefsShingasand Jacobs,preparedto publishthe old Frds. here, in whomtheycan wishconfidence& I hopetheir proclamationannouncingscalpbountiesin its 22 April issue.23 dispositionsmaybe impro'd to our mutuallastingAdvantage."27 On 19April 1756the Quakersand Indiansmetat Pemberton's Meantime,havingreceiveda belatedcommunicationfromGover- home on Chestnut Street for dinner and business. Besides a number nor Charles Hardy of New York which stated Johnson could of curious denizensthe substantial crowd included thirteen Indians, negotiatepeacewiththe SusquehannaDelawaresthroughhisallies severalprominentQuakerssuch as James Pemberton,Anthony in the SixNationsand whichadvisedagainsta declarationof war Benezet,DanielStanton,John Reynell,OwenJones, IsaacZane, on the Delawaresand Shawnees"until weknowwhat stepsthey andAbrahamFarrington,andthe followingpracticednegotiators: [theSixNations]haveand willfurthertake withtheir nephews," Scarroyady,the Oneidachiefwhoas "half king" (oragent)of the GovernorMorrispreparedhisownpeacemessage.TheQuakersof- IroquoisConfederacyhad supervisedthe affairsof the feredto fundthemissionto Tioga,butto divertpublicityfromthem and Shawneesin the OhioValleyuntilthe Frenchsupersededhim to himselfthegovernordeclinedthisoffer,arguingthat privateper- in 1754;ConradWeiser,aninterpreteranda leaderintheproprietary sonshadnoprerogativesin officialbusiness.Nevertheless,to assure party;DanielClaus,anagentforSirWilliamJohnson; andAndrew a positiveresponseto hispeacemessage,heaffixeda clauserepor- Montour,an interpreterof mixeddescent.ThebusinesswasIndian ting that severaldescendantsof WilliamPenn werewillingto be affairsandin particulartheproblemof mollifyingtheSusquehanna mediators.28On26ApriltheDelawaremessengersNewcastle,Jagrea, Delawareswho had cometogetherat Tioga.Eagerto regainhis and Lacquisweredispatchedto Tioga.29 authorityin Indianaffairsand enhancehisreputationas a friend It wasunfortunatethatthewardeclarationandtheproclama- tionannouncingscalpbountiesruinedSirWilliamJohnson'splans. On 5 May Governor Morris and his Council read another belated 20.Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof 14April1756, reportfromGovernorHardythatincludeda recentcommuniqué HistoricalSocietyof Pennsylvania(hereaftercitedasHSP),Am25;Pa. Col. Ree.,VII, 84-85;SeveralConferencesBetween. ..QuakersinPennsylvania, and the Deputiesfrom the SixNations. In AlliancewithGreatBritain;In order 24. SeveralConferences,19-20;Etting Collection,Misc., I, 84, HSP. to reclaimtheirBrethrentheDelawareIndiansfrom theDefection,andput Henceforth,forconvenience,theabbreviationJr. hasbeendroppedfromIsrael Pemberton's name. a Stopto theBarbaritiesandHostilities.Towhichisprefixed...TwoAd- dressesfromthe. . . Quakers:. ..asalsotheLieutenant-Governor'sDeclara- 25.SeveralConferences,21;EttingCollection,Misc.,I, 84. tion of Waragainst the saidDelawareIndians, and theirAdherents (Newcastle 26.SeveralConferences,25;MinutesoftheFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757, uponTyne,[England]:I. ThompsonandCompany,1756),5-16.Becauseof entryof 26April1756;PennMss.,OfficialCorrespondence,VII,75,HSP; Quakerpressurethe governorlaterrescindedthe scalpbounties. Etting Collection, Misc., I, 87. 21.Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof 15April1756. 27.IsraelPembertontoSirWilliamJohnson,25April1756,PembertonFami- 22.ibid.,entriesof 16,17April1756;ParrishCollection,PembertonPapers, ly Papers, no. 1036,HCQC. Address to Governor Denny, August 1757,HSP. 28. Pa. Col. Ree, VII, 101-102;Theodore Thayer, Israel Pemberton: King 23.PennsylvaniaGazette, 19,26February 1756;4, 1 1March 1756;22April of theQuakers(Philadelphia:HistoricalSocietyof Pennsylvania,1943),102. 1756;6 May 1756. 29. Pa. Col. Ree, VII, 109. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 9 10 Quaker History fromSirWilliamJohnsonto GeneralWilliamShirley,whothrough drafted an epistleon the matter, sent it to PhiladelphiaYearly 1756 was the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America. Meeting, and commissionedtwo emissaries,John Hunt and Johnsonremarked,"Whatwillthe &Shawonesethinkof ChristopherWilson,to persuadethePennsylvaniaQuakersto com- SuchOppositionandContradictioninourConduct?"Hewondered ply withit.33 howheshould"behaveat theApproachingMeetingat Onondaga, Yieldingto thedualpressuresof politicalexpedienceyandreligious not onlyto theseIndiansbut to theSixNations,"for "thesehostile principle,thoughtheyhadnotyetreceivedtheepistlefromtheLon- MeasureswhichMr. Morrishas Enteredinto is Throwingall our donMeetingforSufferings,sixQuakers—WilliamCallender,Joshua Morris, Francis James WilliamPeters, SchemesintoConfusion,andmustNatureallyGivethe SixNations Parvin, Pemberton, and Peter such Impressionsand the French such Advantagesto work on Worral—relinquishedtheir seatsin the Assemblyon 4 July 1756, Againstus that I tremblefor the consequence."30Becauseof this leavingin themajoritythedefense-mindedQuakersandAnglicans reportthe Counciladvisedthe governorto declarea cessationof undertheleadershipof BenjaminFranklin,whoheldanunfavorable hostilitiesuntiltheresultsof theOnondagaconferencewereknown, viewof the Indian.Soon,however,theirreligioussensibilitiescom- and thoughthe Delawaresand Shawneesrefusedto conferwith pelledthemto act,to do somethingto pacifythefrontier,andcon- Johnson,the governorand his Councilconfidentlyproclaimeda sequentlytheyandlike-mindedQuakersponderedalternativeways temporarycessationof hostilitiesin northernPennsylvaniaon 26 of influencingthe shapingof Indian policy.34 19 May.31On 3 June Newcastle,Jagrea, and Lacquisreturnedwith On JulyGovernorMorrisreceiveda replyfromTioga:a con- newsthattheSusquehannaDelawareswouldmeetwiththegovernor ferencewouldbe heldat the villageof Eastonon the confluence to endthe war, and on 10June the governorsentbackNewcastle of the Lehighand DelawareRivers,as long as the Quakerswere and Jagreawitha copyof hisproclamationandwitha requestfor welcome.Sincea final cessationof hostilitieswas possiblethe a time and a placefor a conference.32 Assemblyappropriated£300to fundthe conference,and nextday Still,recentdevelopmentsinLondondeeplytroubledtheQuakers. at theirnewmeetinghousetheQuakersresolvedto helptheAssembly Throughcorrespondencewith LondonFriendsthey knewof the coverits expenses.35On 22July, havingraised£2,000in subscrip- progressof a petitionthat wasthehandiworkof twoof Proprietor tions that included a sum of £400 from Israel Pemberton, John ThomasPenn's mostloyalplacemen:WilliamSmith,the Scottish Pemberton,JohnReynell,andJonathanMifflin,theQuakersform- Anglicanwhowastheprovostof theCollegeof Philadelphia(now edtheFriendlyAssociationforRegainingandPreservingPeacewith theUniversityof Pennsylvania),andWilliamAllen,Jr., theScotch- the IndiansbyPacificMeasures,an informalprivateorganization Irish,OldLightPresbyterianwhowasthe chiefjusticeof the pro- sponsoredindirectlybyPhiladelphiaYearlyMeeting,whichhoped vinceanda wealthylandspeculator.TheSmith-Allenpetitioncalled to avoidpoliticalaccusation.36In behalfof the Susquehannaand OhioDelawaresthe FriendlyAssociationwouldsolicitprovincial for Parliamentto enacta lawthat, in violationof Quakerreligious principles,wouldrequireallgovernmentofficialsto swearan oath of allegianceto the crown.To removea sourceof proprietaryin- 33.ThematerialinthisparagraphhasbeendrawnfromJennings,chap.11, trigue and stymie parliamentaryaction on the petition, Lord and Marietta, 142-145, 159-161. Granville,thepresidentof thePrivyCouncil,strucka bargainwith 34.Pa. Col.Ree, VII, 148-149.Uponreceivingthe epistlefromtheLon- theLondonQuakers:hewouldexerthisinfluenceto blocktheSmith- donMeetingforSufferingsinOctober1757fourmoreQuakerswithdrewfrom Allenpetitionif they wouldconvincethose Quakersopposedto the Assemblyand werereplacedbyAnglicans.HenceforthQuakerpolitical powerin Pennsylvaniasteadilydiminisheduntil by 1776the Scotch-Irish defensemeasuresto withdrawvoluntarilyfromthe Assemblyfor Presbyteriansand Lutheran and ReformedGermanscontrolledthe legislative, thedurationof themilitaryemergency.Thedefense-mindedQuakers executive,and judicial branches of government. wouldremainintheAssemblyto voteonmilitarymeasuresandop- 35. Minutesof the FriendlyAssociation, 1755-1757,entry of 20 July 1756; pose the proprietaryparty. The London Meetingfor Sufferings SamuelParrish,SomeChaptersintheHistoryoftheFriendlyAssociationfor Regainingand PreservingPeace with the Indians by PacificMeasures (Philadelphia: Friends' Historical Association, 1877), 15-16. 30. ibid., 117. 36. Minutes of the FriendlyAssociation, 1755-1757,entry of 22 July 1756; Case 17, 1756-1758, 22 1756, 31. ibid., 130. Gratz Collection, subscriptionagreementof July Collection,Friendly 1756-1760,Case20,Box 32. ibid., 137-144,151. HSP;Autograph Association, TheRoleof Quakersin IndianAffairs 1 1 12 Quaker History favor, witnessconferentialactivities,and purchase goods and uninherited authority over the Susquehanna Delawares and clothing,and out of self-interestit wouldattemptto discreditthe Mahicans,andin returnTeedyuscungacknowledgedtheleadership proprietaryparty. For now the FriendlyAssociation,thoughnot of theSixNationsandburiedthehatchet.Henceforththegovernor formallyorganized,commissionedIsraelPemberton,AbelJames, coulddeal with the SusquehannaIndiansthroughone legitimate andJeremiahWarderto purchasegoodsandclothingworth£120.37 spokesmanwho wasresponsibleto the SixNations.41 Pembertonadvisedthe governorthat the goodsand clothingwere Teedyuscung,nowstyledthe "kingof theDelawares,"couldnot presentsforthe SusquehannaDelawaresencampingat Easton,and havedoneotherwise,for unlikethe independentDelawaresin the on23JulytwentyQuakers,towingwagonsladenwithgoodsand OhioValleyhe livedon Iroquoisterritoryin proximityto the Six clothing,departedPhiladelphia.TheyreachedEastonon 25July. Nationsto thenorthandsettlersto theeastandsouth.In July1742 AboutfortyQuakerswerepresentduringtheproceedingsofthe thewesternIroquoisandtheproprietors'placemenhadmadea treaty Eastonconferencefrom25to 31July1756,sometakingnotes,but thathadupheldthefraudulentWalkingPurchaseof 1737andforced GovernorMorris,gratefulto ProprietorThomasPennforhisposi- the reluctantDelawaresin the upper DelawareValleyto relocate tionandsensibleof popularanti-Quakeropinion,watchedtheirac- to the Iroquoisterritoryon the north branchof the Susquehanna. tivitiescloselyandsoonpubliclycontendedthattheyweremeddling Underpressureof Iroquoisthreat the Delawareshad goneto live inprovincialaffairs.TopreventminglingwiththeIndians,heposted on the Susquehannabut in timemanyhad movedwestto liveon a guardoutsidetheSusquehannaDelawares'lodgings.38Thereafter the Ohio.In 1752,uponthe deathof ChiefSassoonanof the Ohio heandtheQuakerswrangledoverthegoodstheyhadbrought.He Delawares,the SixNations,byvirtueof conquest,had confirmed insistedon bulkinghis meagersupplywiththeirgoodswhilethey the hereditaryauthorityof Shingasoverall the OhioIndians(the preferredto givetheirsseparately,or at leastto havetheirsiden- Delawares,Shawnees,and emigrantIroquois)and allthe Susque- tified.In theendthegovernorandtheQuakerscombinedtheirgoods hannaIndians(theDelawaresandMahicans).Nowtheselfsamechief andthe provincialofficialsgavethemto the Delawaresalongwith wasin leaguewiththe Frenchandwassendingwarpartiesintothe alistoftheQuakers'goods,whichincludedstrouds,handkerchiefs, frontiereastof the Susquehanna.TheMohawksand the factions shirts, mirrors,medals,lace, ribbons,barleycorn, brass kettles, of pro-EnglishIroquoiscouldkeepa watchfuleyeonTeedyuscung, blankets,andbeads.39". ..iftheQuakershadnot...addedtheir but theyhadlosttheirinfluenceoverShingasand somesevenhun- largepresentto thatprovidedbytheAssembly,"opinedRichard dred warriorsunderhis leadership.Distanceand Frenchmilitary Peters,the provincialsecretary,"we shouldhave beenruined,the successhad workedagainstthe .42 Indianswouldhavegoneawaydissatisfied,and mattersinfinitely Afterthe Eastonconferencethe Quakerswithdrewuntilcir- worse."40 cumstancesnecessitatedfurtheraction.ThenfromNewYorknews In spiteof the wranglethe real businessof the conferencewas successfullycompleted.TheIroquoisagentsandTeedyuscungworked 41.[Thomson],91.AccordingtoThomson,theSusquehannaDelawareswere out a compactwhosetermsreassertedthe SixNations'hegemony composedoftheMunsiesandWanamis(Unamis).TeedyuscungwasaMunsie. Atonetime,theMunsiesinhabitedtheareaalongtheupperDelawareRiver, overtheSusquehannaDelawaresandsatisfiedGovernorMorrisand and the Unamisthe areaalongthe lowerDelawareRiver.To escapewhite his aides.Besideselevatingthe SusquehannaDelawaresfrom the pressures,someMahicansmigratedfromtheHudsonValleytotheSusquehanna statusof "women,"theIroguoisagentslegitimizedTeedyuscung's Valley. See Weslager, 32, 44-45, 193. 42. The materialin this paragraphhas beendrawnfromthe following: Weslager,190-194,204,209-210;FrancisJennings,TheAmbiguousIroquois with Col- 13,entryof22July1756,HSP;Parrish,17;RichardBauman,FortheReputa- Empire:theCovenantChainConfederationofIndianTribes English tionof Truth:Politics,Religion,andConflictAmongthePennsylvaniaQuakers, oniesfrom itsbeginningto theLancasterTreatyof 1744(NewYork:W.W. Norton&Company,1984),342-346;FrancisJennings,"IroquoisAlliancesin 1750-1800(,Maryland:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1971),81-84. 37.Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof 22July1756; AmericanHistory,"in TheHistoryandCultureof IroquoisDiplomacy:An Parrish, 17. InterdisciplinaryGuideto the Treatiesof theSixNationsand TheirLeague, by 1985), Parrish, 18. ed. FrancisJennings(Syracuse,NewYork:SyracuseUniversityPress, 38. 45-46;RichardAquila,TheIroquoisRestoration:IroquoisDiplomacyonthe 39.Minutesof the FriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entriesfrom25to 31 ColonialFrontier,1701-1754(Detroit:WayneStateUniversityPress,1983), 1756;Penn Mss., Indian Affairs, II, 97, HSP; Pa. Arch., II, 728-729. 182-186. 40. Thayer, loc. cit., 363. TheRoleof Quakersin IndianAffairs 13 14 Quaker History camelikea thunderclap:on 14AugusttheFrenchhadtakenthe ficials.Theaddresswasdeliveredto thegovernor,who,afterreading fortsof OswegoandGeorgeinnorthernNewYorkandon31August it, sanctionedtheassociation'sparticipationintheupcomingEaston theyhadthreatenedtheMohawkValleyin centralNewYorkwhere conference because he wanted to establish his administration on a SirWilliamJohnsonkepthisbaronialestate.43Thetimehad come solidfooting.Thereforethe associationresolvedto purchasegoods forGovernorDennyandtheAssemblyto strikeat thewesternenemy and clothingworth£500.48 ; fromthe forts and blockhousestheyhad builtin the winteralong ThesecondEastonconference,whichmetfrom8to 17November the lengthof the frontierfromEastonto whatisnowMercersburg 1756,provedcontentious.Dismayedby the rumorsof provincial and atstrategicspotssuchasShamokin,whichwasontheconfluence malevolenceand consciousof the attack on ,someof of thewestandnorthbranchesof theSusquehanna.44Onthemorn- theSusquehannaDelawareswhowereontheirwayto Eastonstop- ingof 8 SeptemberLieutenant-ColonelJohnArmstrongandthree pedinsteadsixor sevenmilesshortof Fort Allen(nowWeissport), hundredtroopsmarchedfromFort Shirley(nowShirleysburg)and wheretheyawaiteda friendlyenvoy.Teedyuscungproposedsen- surprisedtheDelawareandIroquisvillageofKittanningonthebanks dingthemanenvoybearingstringsofwampumfromhimandGover- of theAlleghenyRiver,burningthirtycabins,destroyingfood,sup- norDenny,buttheQuakersaskedthegovernorto adda thirdstring plies,and ammunition,and killingChiefJacobs,his squaw,and of wampumin theirname.49Herefusedbecausehisaidesexpected his son.45The Ohio Indians retreated west and then renewed the IsraelPembertonandhiscolleaguesto coaxcomplaintsof injustices fight,andfactionsof SénecasandCayugascontinuedto jointhem out of the Delawares.50 andthe French.Worse,rumorsof SusquehannaDelawareintrans- Soonthe largecontingentof Quakerswasfraternizingwiththe igence,supposedlycausedby ill-treatmentduringthe Eastoncon- DelawareswhowereatEaston,andthissoperturbedGovernorDenny ference,inflamedthenorthernfrontier.46Thusthenewlieutenant- that he severelyrebukedthe EnglishQuakerobserversJohn Hunt governor,WilliamDenny,a formermilitaryofficerwhowasinex- andChristopherWilsonforactionsheconsideredaudacious.51Later periencedinpolitics,waswillingto tryanythingto providerelief in theconferenceTeedyuscungdemandedthat theQuakersbeper- and the FriendlyAssociationappearedto be a viableorganization mittedto investigateintothebasisof hiscomplaintsof proprietary for this purpose. land fraud, and the Quakerschagrinedthe governorby privately On2 Novemberat the newmeetinghouseseventy-nineQuakers givingthe Delawaresgoodsand clothing.52 took stepsto formalizethe association.Sinceit operatedoutside The conferenceturned on the issueof land fraud. In spiteof thejurisdictionofPhiladelphiaYearlyMeeting,theymadeprovi- counselfrom SecretaryRichard Peters and InterpreterConrad sion for the election of officers.47At Israel Pemberton's home next Weiser,GovernorDennyproceededto questionTeedyuscungabout daya smallgroupdraftedan addressthat articulatedin careful the causesof his people'sobduratenessand consequentlylearned languagethe purposeof the association,citedits rapport withthe of an impudentfur trader namedCharlesBroadhead,of French SusquehannaDelawares,and requestedGovernorDennyto con- instigationandprovocation,andof long-held"grievances"against sent to its lateral role in Indian affairs—the role of mediator and PennsylvaniaandNewJerseyprovincialofficials.53Helearnedthat benefactorat conferencesbetweenthe Indiansand provincialof- the groundon whichhe was standinghad been stolenfrom the Delawaresbymeansof "FraudandForgery,"andwhenhequeried

43.MiltonW.Hamilton,SirWilliamJohnson:ColonialAmerican,1715-1763 (PortWashington,NewYork:KennikatPress,1976),214-215. 48. ibid., entry of 3 November 1756. 44.FormapslocatingthefortsseeHunter,2, andPhilipS. KleinandAri 49. Pa. Arch., Ill, 109. Hoogenboom,A HistoryofPennsylvania,2nded.(UniversityPark:ThePenn- 50. Peters Letter Book, 27 October 1755to 14February 1757, 155, HSP. sylvaniaStateUniversityPress,1980),70-71. 51. Pa. Arch., Ill, 109. 45. For the detailsof the KittanningexpeditionseePa. Col.Ree, VII, 52.Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof 16November 257-263;Hunter,405-410;WilliamA.Hunter,"VictoryatKittanning,"Penn- 1756. sylvaniaHistory,23,3 (July1956),3-34;Weslager,232. 53. [Thomson],100;Wallace,175.The WalkingPurchasewouldbecomeone 46. Thayer, loc. cit., 363. of the issuesof the day. In the prefaceof IsraelPemberton (iii),Thayer asserts 47.Minutesof the FriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof 2 November that Pembertonandthe Quakers"attemptedto fastentheblamefor theIn- 1756. dian war upon the Proprietors for allegedlandfrauds [myitalics]but without The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 15 16 Quaker History Teedyuscungaboutthemeaningof thephraseTeedyuscung,em- mendingthatanotherconferencebeheldbecausetheotherDelaware boldenedbythepresenceofQuakers,referredtotheinfamousWalk- chiefswhodisputedtheWalkingPurchasewereabsent.56LaterPeters ing Purchase: privatelyconcededthat the Quakershad triumphedbecausethey had shifted the cause of bloodshed and war from themselves to the WhenoneMan had formerlyLibertyto purchaseLands,and he took proprietors.57 a deedfrom the Indians for it, and then dies, if, after his death, his ThesecondEastonconferencenot onlykindledPeters'animosity Childrenforgea Deedlikethe true One,withthe sameIndiansNames but alsoincitedProprietorThomasPenn to action.Peterswrote to it, and therebytake Landsfrom the Indianswhichtheyneversold: that Israel Pemberton and his cohorts were meddlesome rather than Thisisa Fraud.AlsowhenoneKinghasLandsbeyondtheRiver,Creeks the[y] and Springs,whichcannotbe movedand the Proprietaries,greedyto mediative,thatthey"publicklydeclare cannottrustthePro- their Officerswho their knowledgehaveabused purchaseLands,buyof oneKingwhatbelongsto another:Thislikewise prietors] nor to is Fraud.54 theIndians,"andthatTeedyuscungacceptsandaccommodatestheir "insinuations."In short,Peterscomplainedthat IsraelPemberton In replyto furtherqueryTeeedyuscungrelatedhow"all theLand and theFriendlyAssociation"willmould,fashion,turn twistand extendingfrom Tohiccon[TohichonCreek]overthe greatMoun- arrangemattersattheensuingtreatyastheyplease"andthat "when tain [theBlueMountain]as far as Wyomen[Wyoming]"hadbeen theyhavemadetheProprietors]asblackastheEnemyof mankind taken fromhispeople"by Fraud." Candidlyhe declaredthat the thentheywillofficiouslycomewithTowelsto wipeoffthedirtthey Delawareshad agreed"to sell the Land to the old Proprietary havethrownon them, then they willoffer Cash aid of the poor [WilliamPenn]bythe Courseof the River[theDelawareRiver]," Proprietors] and publish to the World the innocence and andthat bygettingtheland "run bya straightCoursebythe Com- righteousnessof their proceedingstheir Loveof Justiceand their pass," Penn's sonshadtakenin "doublethe Quantityintendedto greatregardfortheProprietaries."58HavingreadbothPeters'let- be sold."55 ter and the conferenceminutes,Proprietor ThomasPenn, who Thematterof theWalkingPurchasedampenedthenegotiations. himselfhadbeeninstrumentalinperpetratingthefraudulentWalking Irate, SecretaryPetersthrewdownhispen, discontinuingthe con- Purchase,unhesitatinglychargedthat theassociationhadinstigated ferenceminutes.ThenGovernorDennyagaindisregardedthe ad- Teedyuscungto makethe "wickedinsinuation"of landfraud,and viceof hisaidesandassumed theburdenof settlingthelanddispute, he instructedPetersand ConradWeiserto placatethe chief.59 offeringTeedyuscungrestitutionfor all hisgrievancesagainstthe On 20 November,with GovernorDenny's approbation, the proprietorsand their officials.ButTeedyuscungdeclined,recom- associationreviewedthe conferenceminutes,resolvedto secure copies of the deeds that had transferred the Delawares' lands to the proprietors,andcommissionedIsraelPembertonandJohnParrish to applyto the masterof rolls for thesedeeds.60On 1 December success."Ashesays,PembertonandtheQuakerswereunsuccessfulinusing theWalkingPurchaseagainsttheproprietorsinthisrespect,buttheywerevery theassociation'scontributorsfinallymadeofficialthenameof the successfulinanother In seekingto forcethe proprietorsandtheirplacemen organizationandproceededto electsixteenofficers,whothendrew to redressa majorgrievanceof theSusquehannaDelawares,Pembertonand up several"articlesand rules," of whichthe mostsignificantwas theQuakerswereabletowinthetrustoftheSusquehannaDelawaresandmove thepurchaseof goodsfor Indianconferees.61Theassociationcould alongthepeacenegotiations.In addition,subsequentscholarshiphasshown thattheSusquehannaDelawares'chargeoflandfraudwasjust.Forthedetails of theproprietors'involvementinthefraudulentWalkingPurchaseseeJenn- ings,AmbiguousIroquoisEmpire,325-346, 388-397.SeealsoFrancisJenn- 56.[Thomson],101-102;Minutesof the FriendlyAssociation,1755-1757, entry of 15 November 1756. ings,"The ScandalousIndianPolicyof WilliamPenn's Sons:Deedsand PetersLetterBook,27October1755to 14February1757,116. Documentsof theWalkingPurchase,"PennsylvaniaHistory,37,1(January 57. 58. ibid., 147-148. 1970),19-39.CharlesBroadheadworkedthe SusquehannaValley.He had ThomasPennto [RichardPeters],12March1757,CharlesRoberts chargedtheDelawareswiththemurdersofsettlersandtoldthemthat,inretalia- 59. tion,someEnglishmenfromeasternPennsylvaniaintendedtomarchonWyom- AutographLettersCollection,no. 705,HCQC. 60.Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof 20November ingto capturethe culpritsandtakethemawayin chains. 1756. 54. [Thomson], 100-101.See also Pa. Col. Ree, VII, 325. 61. ibid., entry of 1 December 1756. The eleven officers were William 55. [Thomson], 101. See also Pa. Col. Ree, VII, 326. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 17 18 Quaker History purchaseas many goods as it deemednecessaryto effect peace tiongaveCroghan£150whenhewasin Philadelphiain earlyApril becauseit had over£3,000in subscriptionsfrom Quakers,Men- andaddedsilvermedalsworth£32to the provincialstores,but the nonites,and Schwenkfelders.On 11 Decemberthe Philadelphia presenceof the Quakersat the conferenceoffendedthe governor, Meetingfor Sufferingsbeganto aid destitutesettlers. for in hisopiniontheyhad actedon the basisof the mistakenno- On 4 January 1757the associationresolvedto helpfinancethe tion that he had permittedthemto attendthe conferencewhenhe provincialgovernment'seffortsto negotiatepeaceand then com- hadonlyallowedthemto addtheirpresentsto theprovincialstores.66 missionedfour membersto so informprovincialofficials.62Four MoresignificantwasBenjaminFranklin'sdiplomaticmissionto dayslaterGovernorDennyannouncedhewouldmakeuseofassocia- England.TotheAssemblytheprotractednegotiationsat Lancaster tion monetaryassistancein managingIndianaffairs, and George indicatedthevulnerabilityof ProprietorThomasPennontheissue Croghan,the fur trader and land speculatorwhowasSirWilliam of land fraud. Determinedto exploitthisweakness,the Assembly Johnson'sdeputyagentof Indianaffairs,wasgiven£100to confer sentBenjaminFranklinto EnglandinearlyAprilto pleadfora royal withthe belligerentIndiansin the OhioValley.63His other order inquiryintoTeedyuscung'schargeof proprietarylandfraud.A royal wasto explorewaysto settlethematterof theWalkingPurchase.64 inquirymightexposetheslipperydealingsof Pennandhisplacemen Inthelastweekof JanuaryIsraelPembertonandWilliamCallender and thus force him and his brother Richard to concede to the (insteadof John Parrish)obtainedseveral deedcopiesfrom the Assemblyor evenabdicatetheirproprietorship,whereuponPenn- masterof rolls.TheywerenotsofortunateindealingwithSecretary sylvaniawouldbecomea royalcolony.Althoughtheydidnot share Peters,whostubbornlyrefusedto givethemcopiesof thelatestcon- Franklin'senthusiasmfor royalgovernment,whichcouldenhance ferenceminutesand admonishedthem to get out of provincial the powerof the Churchof Englandin Pennsylvania,the Quakers politics.65 intheFriendlyAssociationresolvedto substantiateTeedyuscung's Theissueof proprietaryland fraud wasraisedagainduringthe chargeof proprietaryland fraud. In late July Franklinreached Lancasterconferencein thespringof 1757.Provincialofficialsand England.He wouldstay nearlysixyears.67 IroquoisagentsconvenedintermittentlyinLancasterunderthedirec- Thenextsignificantactionof the FriendlyAssociationthusmet tion of GeorgeCroghanand ConradWeiserfor further negotia- concertedproprietaryresistance.On 5 July, wordhaving beenre- tions. Althoughthe Quaker turnout was unusuallylarge, ceivedof an upcomingEastonconference,the FriendlyAssocia- TeedyuscungstayedintheWyomingValley,fearingreprisalforhav- tionresolvedto buy"suitable"giftsforTeedyuscungandhiscoterie ingrecentlydeclaredhispeople'sindependencefromtheIroquois and to appriseprovincialofficialsof its resolution.68On 11July Confederacy.TheIroquoisagentsassuredGovernorDennythatthe fiveQuakersapproachedsomeprovincialofficialspreparingforthe SusquehannaDelawareswere only "women" who could not conference.Fromthemtheylearnedthat GovernorDennyhimself negotiateasettlementoftheirlanddisputebythemselves.Thereal wasmakingreadyfor the conferenceand so they calledon him, problem,theyexplained,wasthattheSénecascomplicated theques- but he gavethema documentthat clearlystatedthe proprietors' tionbyabettingtheircauseof recompense.TheIroquoisagentsalso positionregardingthe activitiesof the FriendlyAssociation.The toldhimthattheencroachmentof settlersontotheirhuntinggrounds documentforbadeQuakersto attendtheEastonconferenceonthe in the Wyomingand Juniata Valleyshad estrangedthem.Conse- ground that private persons were prohibited from conducting quentlyGovernorDennyadvisedTeedyuscungby messagethat if hecouldprovehischargeoflandfraudat anotherEastonconference hewouldreceivecommensurateindemnities.TheFriendlyAssocia- 66. The material in this paragraph has been drawn from the following: Minutesof ConferencesHeldWiththeIndiansat Harris'sFerry,andat Lan- caster, inMarch, April, and May, 1757(Philadelphia:B. Franklin and D. Hall, Callender,AbelJames,JonathanMifflin,JosephMorris,IsraelPemberton, 1757);Minutes of the FriendlyAssociation, 1755-1757,entries of 1, 8, 15, 22 JamesPemberton,JohnReynell,JosephRichardson,JeremiahWarder,Richard March 1757and 5, 8April 1757;Pa. Arch., Ill, 98-99,160-161,193-197.Har- Wister, and Isaac Zane. ris's Ferry is now Harrisburg. 62. ibid., entry of 4 January 1757. 67. Wright, 106; Hutson, 6-40. 63.ibid.,entryof 8 January1757;Pa. Col.Ree, VII, 391. 68. Minutes of the Friendly Association, 1755-1757,entry of 5 July 1757; 64. Thayer, loc. cit., 364. Parrish Collection, Pemberton Papers, Friendly Association, entry of 5 July 65.MinutesoftheFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entryof25January1757. 1757,HSP. TheRoleof Quakersin IndianAffairs 19 20 Quaker History negotiationswithforeignnations.Moreover,the governoropined composingthem, so that on 25July CharlesThomson,masterof thatthoseQuakerswhopresumedinfluenceinIndianaffairsmud- the Quakerschoolin Philadelphia,whohad recordedminutesin dledprovincialpolitics,andheexpressedhisdispleasureoverprivate placeof SecretaryPetersat the previousEastonconference,was gift-givingduringconferences.69 appointedsecretaryto Teedyuscung.Afterspeechifyingaboutthe On 13Julyan associationcommitteesubmitteda replyto Gover- "AlmightyPower" that hadgiventheIndiansallof Pennsylvania, norDennyandsubsequentlypublishedit. Thereplyfocusedonthe Teedyuscungopenedthe conferenceby demandingthat a perma- traditionallyamicableandpeaceablerelationbetweenthe Quakers nent settlementbe establishedfor the SusquehannaDelawares.74 andtheIndiansanddefendedtheQuakerprerogativeofattending DuringtheconferenceTeedyuscungimpugnedseveraldeedsthat conferencesand treatiesbetweenprovincialofficialsand the In- hadtransferredDelawarelandsto theproprietors,demandedto have dians.70GovernorDennyissueda rejoinderthatforbadetheQuakers themfor perusal,and set forth hispeaceterms:the establishment to goto Easton.71Neverthelessto Eastontheywent,probablyknow- of a permanent Delaware "town" at Wyoming, where a ingthat at leastoneinfluentialQuakerstillaccountedthe associa- schoolmasteranda ministercouldteachtheDelawaresthewaysof tion's pacificmeasures"highlyadvantageousto the Province."72 whitemenandtheprinciplesof Christianity.75GovernorDennysaid Ofcoursetheproprietorsandthegovernorattemptedto exclude hewasagreeableto buildinga Delawaretownat Wyomingbecause the Quakersfromprovincialrelationswiththe Indiansin orderto the regionbetweenShamokinand Wyominghad neverbeendeed- coverupthefactsof theWalkingPurchase.If theFriendlyAssocia- edto theproprietors.76SubsequentlyTeedyuscungsaidhestillwanted tion wereto ascertainthe factsat a conferenceit wouldprobably severaldeedsthat hadtransferredDelawarelandsto theproprietors, turn themoverto the Assembly.In the Assembly'shandsthe facts not becausehe wantedto baseuponthemdemandsfor remunera- mightbe devastatingand mightevenresultin royalgovernment. tion, but becausehe wantedto copythemand add the copiesto Thereforethe proprietaryparty utilizedall availablemeans to the conferenceminutes.In additionhe demandedthat deedcopies stonewallTeedyuscungand the FriendlyAssociation.73 be conveyedto the kingof Englandfor finaldisposition.Saidhe, ThethirdEastonconference,heldfrom21Julyto 3August1757, "I wantnothingof the Landtill the Kinghath sentLettersback, wasbesetbycontention.Besidestheusualdelegationsof Susquehanna and then if any of the Landsbe foundto belongto me, I expect Delawares,provincialofficials,andQuakers,a bandof Sénecaswas to be paid for it, and not before."77SubsequentlyConradWeiser on hand to add forceto Teedyuscung'sutterances.Immediately and GeorgeCroghantried withoutsuccessto dissuadehim from Teedyuscungboldlydemandedthata privatesecretarybeappointed demandingall suchdeedsfor perusal.78 to him,butGovernorDennydemurred,andhisdemurralsoagitated WhileGovernorDennydevisedstratagemstheDelawareconferees the chiefand hiscoteriethat theydrankheavilyfor four days,ex- protestedequivocatinglanguageanddelaybyloadingtheirgunsand citingin themselvesbitterness,hatred, and fear. Accordinglythe then menacingat leastoneprovincialofficial,JamesHamilton,a Quakersconversedwiththemand gavethempipesand tobacco, formerlieutenant-governor.Butthe Quakerswereableto persuade theDelawaresto laydowntheirgunsandthustheconferenceavoided

69. Pa. Col. Ree, VII, 637-638. 70.Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,entriesof 13,14July that veryregion.Forthe detailsof the WalkingPurchaseseethe following: 1757,(appended)Addressto GovernorDenny,14July1757;ParrishCollec- [Thomson],28;Weslager,187-190;Wallace, 18-30;Jennings,AmbiguousIro- tion,PembertonPapers,FriendlyAssociation,entryof 14July1757;Pa. Col. quois Empire, 325-346,388-397;Jennings, loc. cit., 19-39. Ree, VII, 638-646;Robert Proud, ,2 vols. 74.[Thomson],110-114;"OriginalMinutesoftheCouncilofPennsylvania (Philadelphia:ZachariahPoulson,Jr., 1797,1798),II, 55-64. in theAutographof RichardPeterswithnegotiationsbetweentheGovernor 71. Pa. Col. Ree, VII, 647-649. and the DelawareIndians," entriesof 20,23,24,25July 1757,HSP, Am 20195. 72. SamuelEmlemto AbrahamFarrington,9 July 1757,AnnaWharton In 1756CharlesThomson,a Presbyterian,wasadoptedbytheDelawares,who Wood Collection, no. 958, HCQC. dubbed him "man of truth." 73.On 19-20September1737,to payoff debts,ProprietorsThomasand 75. [Thomson], 116;Pemberton Papers, XII, 55, HSP. had defrauded the Delawaresof their lands at the forks of the 76. [Thomson], 116. DelawareRiverbythedeviceknownastheWalkingPurchase,andafterward 77. ibid., 117. placemenlikeWilliamAllen,Jr., hadmadea fortuneinlandspeculationin 78. ibid., 118. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 21 22 Quaker History tragedy.79Neverthelessthegovernorcollecteddocumentsattesting yeIndianComplaintsWithoutyeQuirksof Law...willgreatly to what, in hisopinion,wasIsraelPemberton'sunderhandedin- ContributeOncemoreto JoynyeIndians. . . ToyeEnglishCol- fluenceon Teedyuscung.80 onies, as well as to us in Particular . ..."84 ThethirdEastonconferencewasultimatelya travestyofjustice. Thefocusof theFriendlyAssociationwellintothespringof 1758 GovernorDennyplacedseveraldeedson a tablefor examination, wasthebuildingof a Delawaretownat Wyoming.Theassociation butTeedyuscungdidnotchallengethembecausetheywereirrele- encouragedtheSusquehannaDelawaresto relocateto Wyomingand vantto hischargeof proprietarylandfraudandbecausehiscoterie remindedthedilatoryprovincialgovernmentof itspromiseto build pressedhimto negotiatepeacewithoutqualificationor delay.The the town.85On 12and 13April 1758Teedyuscungtoldassociation deedsoftheWalkingPurchasewereconspicuouslyabsentandalmost spokesmenin Philadelphiathat he wouldsecurefor provincialof- all of the otherdeedswereindistinctor imperfect.Eventhe three ficialsas manywhitecaptivesas he could, and in meetingswith perfectdeedsthat yearsbeforehad transferreda vastterritoryto SecretaryRichardPetersin lateApriland earlyMayhe promised the proprietors were tainted, becausethe Delawarechiefs had he wouldpost scoutsaroundthe worksiteto assurethe safetyof the workmen.86 For these reasons the association loaned the authorizedthemunderduress.Heedlessofthe IroquoisConfederacy, Teedyuscungconcludeda peacewiththe governorand persuaded Assemblysubstantialfundsfor executingthe enterpriseand Israel IsaacNorrisIIto promisehewouldpersonallyensuretheconveyance Pemberton himself donated £97. 87The association sent Isaac Zane of conferenceminutesand deedcopiesto the kingof England.81 to assisttheworkmenandto reporttheprogressof theenterprise.88 At last the northern frontier was calm. UnderthesupervisionofGovernorDenny'sappointee,JohnHughes, After the conferencethe issueof proprietaryland fraud again fifty or sixtyworkmen—carpenters,masons,and the like—began arose.In lateNovember1757theCouncilmaneuveredto exculpate constructingcabinson 12May.Theyworkedcomposedlyuntil a ProprietorThomasPenn.It revieweditslandrecordsandreleased masonwaskilledandscalpedbya stealthywarrioron27May.Hur- its findings:in everywayPenn had madelegitimateacquisitions riedlytheyfinishedconstructingten cabinsoverthe nextsixdays, fromthe Delawares,and whatwasresponsiblefor Teedyuscung's and then on 5 June Hughesled thembackto Philadelphia.89The chargeof landfraudwasQuakerinstigation.82In January1758the Delawaretownat Wyomingwasneverfinishedand no teacheror minister was ever sent there.90 Councilsent severalbogus documentssecretlyto London, and naturallytheAssemblycounteracted.It confiscatedthesecretrecords In earlyJuly1758Teedyuscungwasin Philadelphiaagain.During intheLandOfficeand hadthemtranscribedaswarrantsandsurveys onemeetinginthe statehousehedelivereda captivewomannamed he but in timePenn retrievedthe originalsthroughlegalaction.83In SarahDecker,andduringanother andGovernorDennyreached late January II sent GovernorThomasPownallof an agreementwherebyhe wouldcontinueto delivercaptivesand Massachusetts,whowasa well-connectedimperialistandan oppo- the governorwouldmakethe Delawaretownat Wyomingperma- nent of proprietaryinterests,"a kind of appenndix[sic]" to the conference minutes to show the nature of the Delawares' claims to thelandsatthe forksof theDelawareRiver,a documentthat Lord 84. Norris Letter Book 1756-1765,85, HSP. 85.ParrishCollection,PembertonPapers,FriendlyAssociation,entriesof Loudon,whohad replacedGeneralShirleyas the commander-in- 6, 13 December 1757; 17 January 1758,24, 25 March 1758. chiefof Britishforcesin NorthAmerica,mightfinduseful.Wrote 86. "Proceedings of the Philadelphia Conference,April 12and 13,attend- Norris, "I am of the opinionThat a DispassionateEnquiryinto edbyTeedyuscung,Quakers,andotherPhiladelphians,concerningthepossi- ble joint policy toward the Ohio Indians and the French, and the restoration of whitecaptives,"CharlesRobertsAutographLettersCollection,no. 705, HCQC;Minutesof theFriendlyAssociation,1755-1757,app., entriesof 29 79.PembertonPapers,XII, 55;Pa. Arch.,Ill, 275. April1758and 2, 3 May1758. 80.Pa. Arch.,Ill, 249-250, 254-255, 263-265,274-276. 87. Parrish, 91; Thayer, loc. cit., 369. 81.[Thomson],118-121.For anexplanationof whyTeedyuscungchoseto 88. Pemberton Papers, XXXIV, 78, HSP. makepeaceratherthantopresshardhischargeofproprietarylandfraudsee 89.SeeJosephH. Coates,"Journal of IsaacZaneto Wyoming,1758,"Penn- Wallace, 158. sylvaniaMagazineofHistoryandBiography30,4(1906),417-426;NorrisLetter 82. Peters Mss., IV, 122, HSP. Book, 1756-1765,92; Pa. Col. Ree, VIII, 134-135. 83.Jennings,AmbiguousIroquoisEmpire,390. 90. Penn Mss., Indian Affairs, III, 106. TheRoleof Quakersin IndianAffairs 23 24 Quaker History nent,buildmorecabinsthere,andbuilda fortifiedtradingpostat Teedyuscungsufferedignominybeforea hugeaudienceofMohawks, Shamokin.91ReturningTeedyuscung'sgoodfaith,twenty-eight Onondagas,Oneidas,Sénecas,Cayugas,Tuscaroras,Tutelos,Nan- Quakersdrafteda memorialto thegovernorand on 12Julyit was ticokes,Conoys,Mahicans,Minisinks,Chugnuts,Pomptons,and givento himwhenhewason hiswayto the statehousefor another SusquehannaandOhioDelawares.95PresentwereGeorgeCroghan, meetingwithTeedyuscung.Thememorialmadea ferventappeal GovernorDenny,GovernorFrancisBernardof NewJersey,and for "a just & impartialEnquiryinto the Groundsof Complaints Pennsylvaniaand NewJerseyprovincialofficials,and the usual madebythe Indiansof Injusticedonethemin thisProvincein the representativesof the Quakerswereon hand too: IsraelPember- purchasing&MeasuringtheirLands&the obtainingthe Judgment ton, Isaac Zane, Daniel Stanton, Richard Wister, and others. The & determinationof our GraciousKingGeorge."92 Assemblycommissionerscircumventeda provincialprohibition InAugusttheFriendlyAssociationencountereda moreimmediate againstsellingIndiansrum by dolingit out at provincialexpense, concern—animpendingEastonconferencebeingarrangedbyGeorge and soonTeedyuscung'sdrunkenrantingaboutthe WalkingPur- Croghanat the behestof Sir WilliamJohnson,whohad received chaserankledtheIroquoischiefs.TheMohawkchiefNicklas,who from the Board of Trade the Penns' recommendation that he ad- wasCoghan'sfather-in-law,railedat Teedyuscungfor havingthe judicateTeedyuscung'schargeof proprietarylandfraud. Johnson audacityto declarethat hispeoplewereindependentof theIroquois expectedthatbydoingsohecouldamelioratethetenuousrelation- Confederacywhentheyweremerely"women."TheIroquoischiefs shipbetweenthe SusquehannaDelawaresandthe SixNationsand upbraidedhim for claimingownershipof their lands in northern form them into a unitedfront againstthe French.93To him the Pennsylvaniaand they reconfirmedthe WalkingPurchase.96 FriendlyAssociationpresenteda formidableobstacleto therealiza- In returnGovernorDennyreleasedto the Iroquoischiefsa vast tionofthatgoalbecauseit incessantlyharpeduponproprietaryland sectionof westernPennsylvaniawhichthe provincialgovernment fraudinitseffortto gainadvantageoverthe proprietarypartyand had purchasedunderhandedlyat theAlbanyCongressin the sum- the Penns. He knew that the successes of the association had merof 1754.HepromisedthatthelandwestoftheAlleghenyMoun- dependeduponthoseof Teedyuscung,whohad repeatedlyraised tains wouldnot be openedto settlement.Thusa major grievance the issueof proprietaryland fraud at conferencesafter consulting of the Sénecasand Cayugaswasredressedand the foundationof associationspokesmen.He knewalsothat Teedyuscungdepended upon the supportof the Sénecasand Cayugaswhoopposedwhat 95. The Minisinkswerea divisionof the Muncees.The Conoys,Nanticokes, hehimselfhad beencultivatingin orderto enhancehisownpower Pomptons,and TuteloswereIndiantribesthat had migratedto the Susquehanna andprestige:Mohawkleadershipin the IroquoisConfederacy.Ig- Valleyto escapewhitepersecutionandliveundertheprotectionoftheSixNa- noringa suggestionfrom the associationthat he inviteonly the tions.ForinformationabouttheIndianrefugeemigrationto theSusquehan- na Valley see Paul A. Wallace, Indians in Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, Penn- Sénecasand Cayugasto the upcomingEastonconference,he in- sylvania: The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1964), volved chiefs from the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, and 104-113;Gary B. Nash, Red, White,and Black: ThePeoplesof EarlyAmerica Tuscaroras,and heinstructedGeorgeCroghanto take careof the (EnglewoodCliffs, : Prentice Hall, Inc., 1974), 139-140. Britishinterestandto settlethe matterof the WalkingPurchase.94 96.FortheproceedingsoftheOctober1758Eastonconferenceseethefollow- ing:Minutesof Conferencesheldat EastoninOctober,1758,WiththeChief Thereforea showdownbetweenJohnson and Teedyuscungwas Sachems and Warriors of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagoes, Cayugas, inevitable. Sénecas,Tuscaroras,Tuteloes,Skaniadaradigronos,consistingof theNan- The fourth Easton conference, held from 7 to 26 October 1758, ticokes, and Conoys, who now make one Nation; Chugnuts, Delawares, was a major setback for the Friendly Association because Unamies,Mahickanders,or Mohickons;Minisinks,and Wapingers,or Pump- tons(Philadelphia:B.FranklinandD.Hall,1759);PennMss.,IndianAffairs, III, 89;[James]LoganPapers,IndianAffairs,XI,55,HSP;BenjaminChew's 91. Pa. Arch., Ill, 456-469. Diary of a Treaty at Easton, entries of 12, 19,20, 21 October 1758,HSP, Am 043;PetersPapers,no. 15,RichardPeters'Diary,Septemberto November 92."Memorialof28Quakers. ..relativetoIndiantreatiestoWilliamDen- 1758,entries 12, 19,20, 21October, NicholasB. Wainwright,George ny,"12July1758,DonaldBakerCollection,no.851,HCQC;Pa.Arch.,Ill, of HSP; 469-470. Croghan: WildernessDiplomat(ChapelHill:The Universityof North Carolina 1959),143-145; Wallace, 194-207; A. Wallace,Con- 93.JamesSullivan,ed.,ThePapersofSirWilliamJohnson,9vols.(Albany: Press, Anthony F.C. Paul UniversityoftheStateofNewYork,1921-1939),III,837-838;Wallace,192-193. rad Weiser:Friend of Colonistand Mohawk^Philadelphia:Universityof Penn- 94. Hamilton, 239. sylvania Press, 1945),520-552. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 25 26 Quaker History the Proclamation of 1763 was laid.97 Governor Bernard indemnified withthemoncethe Frenchthreat wasfullythwartedand that he theMinisinksfor NewJerseylands,andthoughhehaditeratedhis wouldleavebehindhim two hundredmento protectthe private chargeof proprietaryland fraud Teedyuscungreceivedno indem- tradersin the region.99Privatetraders werealreadyworkingthe nityfromGovernorDenny.In the endTeedyuscungimploredthe regionbecauseearlierin1758theprovincialgovernmenthadenacted Iroquoischiefsfor titleto the WyomingValleyand theysaidthey a lawthat licensedthemto do so, if they forboresellingIndians wouldreferthe matter to the OnondagaCouncilfor final settle- liquor.Theacthadalsoestablisheda heretoforeunrealizedsystem ment. Nowthe provincialgovernmentcould deal with the Ohio of tradingstoresforthe purposeof bringingthe OhioIndiansinto Delawares. theEnglishcamp.100TheFriendlyAssociation,ofcourse,hadthrown In November1758the mood of the Ohio Delawareschanged the fullweightof itsmonetaryresourcesbehindtheenterprisefrom dramatically.Becauseof blockadedportstheFrenchcouldnolonger the start, and its treasurer,John Reynell,had beenneedfullyand supplythe quantitiesof trade goodsthat the OhioDelawaresre- respectfullyselectedbytheAssemblyto headthecommissionwhose quiredto keeptheirloyalty,and whentheir delegatesto the latest task wasto implementplans.101 Easton conferencebroughtback newsthat Teedyuscungand the Throughthespringandsummerof 1759IsraelPembertonassisted governorhadconcludeda peaceagreement,thechiefsagreedit was the provincialgovernmentin establishinga tradingstorein Pitts- time to talk peacetoo. The newmoodwasreflectedin a sudden burgh,and hissingularefforts,whichincludedpersonalmonetary changeof leadership.Afraidof beingcapturedbybountyhunters outlays,finallyquietedQuakerswhohadcomplainedafterhearing seekingthe rewardon his head, Shingaspassedthe "scepter" to of hisplansto sellIndiansgoodsnotstockpiledbyBrigadier-General his peaceablebrotherBeaver,and thereafterthe Ohio Delawares Forbes.In late 1759PembertonleftPittsburgh,andthestorethere stoppeddefendingFortDuquesne,strategicallysituatedonthecon- carriedonthe businessof tradingwiththe Indians,but duringthe fluenceoftheOhioandAlleghenyRiversinsouthwestPennsylvania. next four years the private traders who workedthe region cir- Whenon25NovemberBrigadier-GeneralJohnForbesoccupiedFort cumventedthe tradingstoresbecausetheyweremismanaged.The Duquesne(laterrenamedFort Pitt), whichthe Frenchhad aban- privatetradersbeguiledthe Indiansandcontravenedtheprovincial doned,the chiefssentout wordthat theywerereadyto negotiate prohibitionagainstsellingthemliquor.Aftertheoutbreakof Pon- a peaceagreement.Soon,however,in defianceof the Eastonar- tiac'sRebellioninthespringof 1763thesystemof provincialtrading rangement,settlersfrom Pennsylvaniaand other coloniesas well stores was discontinued.102 streamedinto the Monongahelaand YoughioghenyValleysalong DuringthissameperiodtheFriendlyAssociationcontinuedwork- the militaryroadsthat had beencut in the wilderness,and settlers inginbehalfofboththeSusquehannaandOhioDelawares.InMarch fromConnecticutrushedintotheWyomingValleybecausetheCon- 1760it sentProprietorsThomasandRichardPennanaddressdeplor- necticutprovincialgovernmenthadbeenclaimingit sincethesum- ing provincialmismanagementof the October1758Easton con- mer of 1754.98 ference,particularlywherethe issueof proprietarylandfraudwas ToestablishstablerelationswiththeOhioIndiansColonelHenry concerned.103In August,havingappropriated£50for expenses,it Bouquetassuredtheirchiefsat a conferencein whatis nowPitts- dispatchedTeedyuscungandMoravianmissionaryChristianFreder- burghinearlyDecemberthat a "LargeTrade" wouldbeconducted ick Post to Pittsburghfor a conferencewiththe OhioIndians.104

99. Penn Mss., Indian Affairs, III, 67. 97.In anothersensetheEastonconferencewasa triumphfortheFriendly 100.Pa. Col.Ree, VIII,238;Thayer,loc.cit., 371. AssociationbecauseIsraelPembertonhadgottenwhathemostwanted—peace 101. Gratz Collection, Case 17, Box 6. withtheIndiansanda boundarybetweenIndiantribalterritoryandcolonial 102.Thematerialinthisparagraphhasbeendrawnfromthefollowing:"A territory. Journalkeptby JamesKenneyon hisJourneysto Pittsburghand notesor 98. Thematerialin thisparagraphhas beendrawnfromWeslager,211, remarksof whathejudgedworthtakingnoticeof whileheremain'dthere, 215-216,237,252,andAnthonyF. C.Wallace,207.On13October1761Col- 1761-1763,"entriesof20January1762,4February1762,30March1763,HSP, onelBouquetissueda proclamationprohibitingthe settlementof theregion Am 09;Penn Mss., Indian Affairs, III, 68, 92; Gratz Collection,Case 14,Box westoftheAlleghenyMountains.SeeSylvesterK.StevensandDonaldH.Kent, 10; Thayer, loc. cit., 372. eds.,WildernessChroniclesofNorthwesternPennsylvania(Harrisburg:Penn- 103. Penn Mss., Indian Affairs, III, 89. sylvaniaHistoricalCommission,1941),229. 104. Parrish, 116. The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 27 28 Quaker History Post's chargeincludedgivingthe Delawaresmedalsand renewing Philadelphia,forit hadresultedina splitwithintheassociationbe- the "ancientFriendship"betweenthemand the Quakers.105Dur- tweenthosewhoapprovedof Pemberton'sactionsandthosewho ingthefifthEastonconference,whichwasheldfrom3to 21August disapprovedof them.110 1761andwasattendedbyOnondagas,Oneidas,Sénecas,Cayugas, In desperationthe FriendlyAssociationresumedits efforts to Tutelos, Nanticokes,Conoys, Mahicans, andDelawares,and substantiateTeedyuscung'schargeof proprietaryland fraud, but Lieutenant-GovernorJamesHamiltonandhisaides,IsraelPember- theassociationspokesmenwhowereon handduringtheLancaster ton gavethe Indiansvariousgoodsand endeavoredwithoutsuc- conferencein July,August,and Septemberfailedin theirattempt cessto persuadetheprovincialofficialsto deedtheWyomingValley to persuadetherepresentativesof theOhioDelawaresto raiseanew to the SusquehannaDelawareswhoseentreatieshad receivedlittle the matter of the WalkingPurchase. They showeredthe Ohio sympathy from the Onondaga Council.106During 1762 Post Delawareswithpresentsandmoneyin exchangefor whitecaptives, employedtheOhioDelawaresto retrievewhitecaptivesforthepro- whileprovincialofficialssucceededingettingTeedyuscungandsome vincialgovernment.107 other Delawarechiefsto authorizea documentthat relinquished ThesixthEastonconference,whichwasheldfrom 18to 24June alltheirclaimsto Pennsylvanialands.111Theresultof thissetback 1762and wasdirectedby SirWilliamJohnsonhimselfin orderto was that the Quakers' morale quicklyflaggedand the Friendly reconcileTeedyuscungto thepresenceof settlersinwesternandnor- Associationwasquietlydisbandedin 1764.112 thern Pennsylvania,accentedthe failureof the FriendlyAssocia- A finalsequelto theassociation'sactivitieswasthePaxtonBoys' tion to discreditthe proprietaryparty by revivingthe moribund Uprising.FearingthatPontiac's Rebellionwouldspreadeastwithout WalkingPurchaseissue.108AlthoughIsraelPembertonpersistently adequateprovincialresistance,fiftyScotch-Irishfrontiersmenfrom faultedJohnson'sdirectionof the conferenceand strovemightily PaxtonandDonegalTownshipssetuponthedefenselessandseden- in supportof specificchargesof proprietarymisdeeds,Teedyuscung taryChristianIndiansof ConestogaTownin LancasterCountyon acquiescedto fateandcapitulatedto Johnson.Hefinalizeda docu- 14December,killingand scalpingtwowomen,threeoldmen,and mentthat droppedhischargesagainstthe proprietorsand yielded a youngboy.Thesurvivors—threeoldmen,threewomen,fiveboys, hisclaimson Pennsylvanialands,in return for whichhe received andthreegirls—wereremovedto theLancasterworkhouseforpro- a nominalmonetaryindemnitydrawnjointlyfromprovincialand tection,but on 27 Decembera hundredor so Paxton Boysover- associationfinances.The conferenceplainlyendedthe matter of whelmed the workhouse and butchered them. theWalkingPurchaseandculminatedJohnson'sinquiryintoit for When the Assemblycalledfor their arrest and expeditionto the Privy Council.109The conferencealso becamethe talk of Philadelphiafor trial, the PaxtonBoysavowedtheywouldmarch eastto forcea redressof theirgrievances,to exterminatetheMora- vian Indians who had been removed to Province Island in the 105.IsraelPembertonto [Christian]FrederickPost,6April1760,Pember- SchuylkillRiverforprotection,andto murderJosephFox,a promi- ton Family Papers, no. 1036,HCQC. 106.Pa. Col. Ree, VIII, 660; Proud, II, 320-325.See also "An Account nent memberof the Quakerparty, and IsraelPemberton,whom ofPapunahung'sSecondVisitto Friendsthe4thofthe8thMonth,1761," they wronglyblamedfor stirringup the Indians. On 5 January reprintedinGeorgeS.Brookes,FriendAnthonyBenezet(Philadelphia:Univer- sityofPennsylvaniaPress,1937),485-492.InAugust1759theproprietorsre- calledGovernorDennyafterhehadignoredhisinstructionsandapprovedan Collection,HSP;PennMss.,IndianAffairs,III, 104-105;PapersofSirWilliam appropriationbilllevyingtaxesonproprietaryestates.Theproprietorsappointed Johnson,III, 759-818,837-852;AnthonyF. C. Wallace,245-250. JamesHamilton,the brother-in-lawof WilliamAllen,Jr., as Denny'ssuccessor. 110. Papers of Sir WilliamJohnson, III, 826. 111.PembertonPapers,XVI,25;JulianP. Boyd,ed.,IndianTreatiesPrinted 107.PembertonPapers,XV,147;Journalof JamesKenney,entryof7July 1762. byBenjaminFranklin,1736-1762(Philadelphia:HistoricalSocietyof Penn- 108.Johnsonhad anotherreasonfor callingthe sixthEastonconference. sylvania,1938),263-298,318-4zl;Wallace,252-256.On 11 April 1763 AfterhearingBenjaminFranklin'scaseagainsttheproprietorsin 1759thePrivy Teedyuscungwasburnedtodeathwhilehesleptinhiscabinat Wyoming.The Councilhadinstructedhim toconductanimpartialinquiryintotheWalking cabinwasset afire by Connecticutencroacherswhohad made him drunk from Purchase.Instead,he sidedwiththe proprietarypartyto furtherhis own liquor. The other cabins at Wyoming were burned too. See Anthony F. C. interests. Wallace,258-259,andWeslager,239. 1 Theaccountbookof theFriendlyAssociationendsin 1764.SeeGratz 3 1762, 12. 109.BenjaminChewtoThomasPenn, July HSP,SmallCollection, Collection, Case 17, Box 7. ChewFamily;JamesPembertonto [afriend],1July1762,FerdinandJ. Dreer The Role of Quakers in Indian Affairs 29 30 Quaker History PembertonandFoxfledPhiladelphiabeforetwohundredandfifty governmentto honor the peaceterms of 1757and 1758,and the wrathfulPaxton BoysreachedGermantownon the night of 5-6 resultwasunfortunatefor the SusquehannaDelawaresand tragic February1764.ThePaxtonBoysdidnotknowthattheresponsibility forTeedyuscung.Whentheprovincialgovernmentstrengthenedits forPontiac'sRebellionlaywithLordAmherst,thegovernorgeneral relationshipwith the Ohio Delawaresby creatinga networkof of BritishNorth America,whohad limitedthe saleof necessities tradingstoresinthe OhioValley,the Quakersshoulderedmuchof like powder,lead, and gunsto the Indiansin the regionwestof theexpenseof tradingwiththem.Forthisreason,aswellasbecause Pennsylvania. of theirotheractivitiesin behalfof the Delawares,the Quakersin- In Germantownon7FebruarythePaxtonBoyswereturnedback advertentlycontributedtothewinningoftheFrenchandIndianWar. bya delegationofprovincialofficialsbackedbya formidablemilitia, whichincludedseveralhundredQuakerswhouncharacteristically bore arms to defendPhiladelphia.BenjaminFranklin,who had returnedfromEnglandin November1763,defusedthe confronta- tion withpersuasion,and on 13February,after the Paxton Boys hadretreatedwest,MatthewSmithandJamesGibson,theleaders, handed a Remonstrance to Lieutenant-Governor John Penn, the proprietors'nephewwhohadreplacedHamiltonin October1763. TheRemonstrancecountedfrontierdefenseand underrepresenta- tionintheAssemblyamongthePaxtonBoys'mostseriousgrievances but reservedspecialcensurefor the Societyof Friendsin general and IsraelPembertonin particular.Pemberton,it said,carriedon relationswiththe Indiansas if he werethe governorhimself.113 Of course this accusation was unfounded. Between 1755 and 1764 IsraelPembertonand like-mindedPhiladelphiaQuakerspursued a courseofactionthatenabledthemat onceto bringtheSusquehan- na andOhioDelawaresintotheEnglishcampandto counterbalance theproprietaryparty.TheQuakerssupportedTeedyuscung'scharge of proprietarylandfraudbecausetheywantedto discreditthepro- prietarypartyandthePenns,butwhattheywantedmorewasa peace basedon justice.114Whatthey had to acceptinsteadwasa peace basedonpower,onthesubjugationof the SusquehannaDelawares to the SixNations.TheQuakerscouldnot persuadethe provincial

113.Thematerialinthisparagraphhasbeendrawnfromthefollowing:Hut- son, 84-96;Illick, 237-238;Rayner WickershamKelsey,Friends and the In- dians,1655-1917(Philadelphia:theAssociatedExecutiveCommitteeofFriends on IndianAffairs,1917),69-70;Kleinand Hoogenboom,81-82;Proud,II, 326-330;Thayer,IsraelPemberton,188-189;Wainwright,184-200;PaulA. Wallace,Indiansin Pennsylvania,152-153;Wright,134-135,138-139. 114.InJuly1783AnthonyBenezet,a formermemberoftheFriendlyAssocia- tion,wrotetoGeorgeDillwynthatCharlesThomson'sEnquiryintotheCauses of theAlienationof theDelawaresandtheShawneseIndiansfrom theBritish Interests(1759)"maybedependedupon," surelybecauseit showedthatpro- prietary land fraud had forcedthe Susquehannaand Ohio Delawaresinto the Frenchcampin the Frenchand IndianWar. AnthonyBenezetto George Dillwyn, July 1783,reprinted in Brookes, app., 380.