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Home , Decade, Miss International 2005, Water, World Water Day

A 10 STORY

THE FOR DECADE 2005-2015 AND BEYOND

FOREWORD Josefina Maestu 2

INTRODUCTION 6

DRINKING AND , WOMEN´S PARTICIPATION AND LOCAL COOPERATION 10

INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT AND TRANSBOUNDARY WATER COOPERATION 28

THE ROLE OF GLOBAL PROCESSES AND ACTORS 44

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE WATER FOR LIFE 2005-2015 DECADE Looking to the end of the Decade and beyond 64

EPILOGUE: A NEW DECADE FOR ACTION ON WATER AND 84

A 10 YEAR STORY – THE WATER FOR LIFE DECADE 2005-2015 AND BEYOND - 2015 t Editing and texts-+PTFöOB .BFTUV 6OUVSCF t Production Manager3BNJSP "VSÓO -PQFSB t Editorial Production-.BSUB -ØQF[ 3BVSFMM t Illustrations and Cover- )JSPTIJ,JUBNVSBtLayout and Graphic Production-*OUFSDPN4USBUFHZT4-tPrinting and Binding-(SËöDBT0SUFMMT4-tPublisher-6OJUFE/BUJPOT0óDFUPTVQQPSUUIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM%FDBEFGPS"DUJPOA8BUFSGPS-JGF  6/8BUFS%FDBEF1SPHSBNNFPO"EWPDBDZBOE$PNNVOJDBUJPOtSponsor-"RVBF'PVOEBUJPO FOREWORD

As the curtain falls on the Decade it is difficult to avoid feeling frustrated. Since 2005, we have been managing complexity on a global scale; interactions have increased exponentially thanks to social media and the Internet, but we can’t help but regret the missed opportunities. There were many. But now we have a full stop – a to reflect.

What has the Decade achieved?

After 10 , we’re finally approaching the end of the UN Decade for Water 2005-2015, and the office is reviewing, sifting, collating and editing 10 years of action on water into a form where we can report on and present it – all of it.

Ten years have passed! For almost as long as we can remember, 2015 has been considered a critical year for the inter- national water and sanitation agenda. Not least because we anticipated – and it has come to pass – the General Assembly has agreed the Sustainable Development Goals in its 70th session, which includes specific targets for water and sanitation.

The proposal includes a more ambitious agenda on universal access to basic services of water and sanitation, on improvements on management – including improved efficiency – on and disaster risk reduction.

There has been much progress in the last decade. Having clear and traceable objectives to spread the benefits of globalization to the world’s poorest citizens (guided by the Development Goals) has contributed substantially to this. There have also been major milestones that have given impetus to the implementation of the global agenda. This includes the 2008 International Year of Sanitation, 2010 Resolution on Water as a Right and the 2013 Interna- tional Year of Water Cooperation.

The Millennium Declaration in 2000 (the largest-ever gathering of world leaders) led to the Millennium Development Goals. Target 10 was to halve the number of people without access to safe water. These time-bound targets have been the anchor of our work. At the Johannesburg World Summit for Sustainable Development, in 2002, this target was expanded to include basic sanitation, and water as a was recognized as a critical factor for meeting all the Goals. The sanitation objective became an integral part of target 10. But it meant the task was growing. In December 2003, the UN General Assembly recognized this and proclaimed the 2005-2015 would be the International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’. The Decade began officially on March 22, 2005, World Water .

Our goal during the Water for Life Decade has been to promote efforts to fulfill international commitments in the water sphere by 2015. We’ve tried to raise the profile of water in the global agenda, and to focus the world’s attention on the groundbreaking, lifesaving, empowering work done by those implementing water programs and projects. We’ve tried to be a bridge, to further cooperation between governments and other stakeholders, between nations and diverse communi- ties, between economic interests and the needs of and the poor. And we’ve promoted efforts to ensure the participation of women in water and sanitation. We’ve done all this to achieve the water goals of the Millennium Declara- tion, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the World Summit picture…more and more we’re looking at , agriculture in par- for Sustainable Development and . Ten years. ticular because energy and agriculture are key to development policies and we’re addressing the water link with these.” Ania Grobicki, Global The question is: what has changed? Has it been useful? In Sep- Water Partnership, added that: “Ten years ago with the level of frag- tember 2014 in Stockholm during World Water 2014 I was able mentation in the water community, people weren’t talking to each to discuss this with a decade’s worth of colleagues, collaborators and other. There wasn’t a lot of cooperation. That I think has definitely friends from all over the world. changed in the last 10 years, particularly with this push toward getting a global water goal.” Progress? “The big thing has been the growth and development of UN-Water,” said Gordon Young, of the International Association of Since 1992, 80% of countries have embarked on reforms to enable Hydrological Sciences. So the strength of the MDGs and the global the environment for better water resource management. This is based on political will to empower the UN and associated organizations is also the application of integrated approaches as stated in Agenda 21, and af- the result of unprecedented progress for water and sanitation. firmed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Countries that have adopted these integrated approaches report more advanced The 2013 Millennium Development Goal Report (MDG) shows that development, but even more efforts are needed to ensure appropriate the MDG target was met five- levels of coordination. Countries report a gradual years ahead of schedule by halving the pro- but positive trend in financing for water resourc- portion of people without access to improved es development and management with more drinking water sources despite significant diverse sources of finance, but little progress on population growth. payment for water resources services.

Yet 663 million people drew water Countries report improvements to the in- from an unimproved source in 2015, and for stitutional framework together with improved these people our statistics mean nothing: We policies, laws, and systems over the past 20 have to keep working. And the world remains years. This has led to better water resources off-track in meeting the MDG sanitation target, management practices bringing important leaving some 2.4 billion people still lacking ac- socio-economic benefits. cess to improved sanitation facilities. This goal means reducing the proportion of people without access from 51% in Still, water-related risks and for water resources are 1990 to 25% in 2015. From 1990 to 2015, 2.1 billion people gained perceived by a majority of countries to have increased over the past access to a latrine, flush toilet or other improved sanitation facilities, 20 years. report the challenge of water security to be one helping to comprise a total of 68% of the global population. We missed of the top risks to their operations. So it is fitting that we are now the MDG target by 9 percentage points. We’ll keep working. engaging with the private sector directly. Dan Bena of PEPSICO at- tended World Water Week. He told me: “It is amazing to me how Andre Liebaert, Programme Manager in Water Policy: Water, En- many different partners are starting to collaborate now. I remember ergy, , European Commission, told me that “We are when I first started, the idea that the private sector could engage with now really looking at water, the contribution of water to the wider the was taboo, but more and more the private sector is being invited to different round tables by in knowledge generation and management, in advice based on good the UN. It’s not that any one actor holds the practices and appropriate technologies. , but together is where the will arise.” This has included activities aimed at the general public including educational activities and campaigns such as , the Wa- Attention for water as a global issue is ter for Life Logo Campaign, focused campaigns such as vital if the world is to achieve the MDGs and the Sanitation Drive to 2015, coordinated themes with the MDGs and the post 2015 goals. It’s happening. In campaign. It has included efforts through information and knowledge 2013, of the 11 topics raised in the cam- management in the UN-Water and sanitation Documentation Center paign The World We Want, ‘water’ attracted and the Water For Life Decade Web/knowledge hub, the Water for by far the most views. Life Award and other activities to engage experts, stakeholders and government decision makers directly – not just about the water and It is always inspiring to hear about what the Decade has meant sanitation problems many face around the world, but also showing from persons such as Fritz Holzwarth, ’s former Water and them the opportunities sustainable development provides and what all Marine Director. He told me: “I think the Water Decade made a signifi- of us can do for a better standard of living and economic development. cant change in the public debate environment. Water was more or less marginalized, locked in technical words and technical discussions, but Over the Decade, more and more water and sanitation projects there was no clear understanding of how water is interlinked with other and programmes have been implemented. This has been supported by areas. And what I find very important in this context, if you see when international aid. National governments continue to be major sources the discussion started in Mar del Plata [1977] continued in the Dublin of funding for water and sanitation. The Open Defecation campaign Principles [1992], followed up in the Bonn Freshwater Conference in is bringing much needed attention to the issues raised by the 2000, then finally with the Nexus Conference that accompanied this problem of inadequate sanitation. The Decade is drawing to a close, Water Decade, the way that the Water Decade had been able to deliver but the work goes on. and create more understanding not only about the human dimension of water, but also about the political dimension of the water. So I think “One of the differences is that things that were crazy ideas 10 the Water Decade made a significant difference and also, during the years ago are now being discussed as quite sensible solutions,” said Decade, the Conferences, both official and unofficial, all these activi- Clarissa Brocklehurst, Senior Advisor, Sanitation and Water for All Sec- ties created this difference and made clear that water can no longer be retariat. “Now we’re not talking about whether excreta is a good ignored on the political agenda and on the agenda of the local level.” idea or not, we’re talking about all the different ways to do it, includ- ing some quite crazy ways but it’s all good. Sanitation is a far bigger In September 2015, the General Assembly finally agreed on a issue – it’s now accepted as the big issue – and I think also this issue stand-alone water goal (number 6), “Ensure the availability and sus- of eliminating inequalities, focusing not just on the poor but certain tainable management of water and sanitation for all.” This reflects that pockets of vulnerable people has also become very mainstream within water and sanitation has become a key priority for member states. the conversation.” UN and stakeholders, experts and the water community at large have contributed, engaging with politicians, policy makers, governments Despite this, funding levels for WASH remain insufficient, especially and water managers in water and sanitation programs and projects, for sanitation. Drinking water continues to absorb the majority of WASH funding, even in countries with relatively high drinking water supply differences. More than 200 water treaties have been negotiated. Some coverage and relatively low sanitation coverage. The breakdown of of them have remained in operation despite of armed conflict, for expenditure for WASH in rural and urban areas appears only weakly example, the Indus Basin Treaty between and Pakistan (ratified correlated with needs. 1960). It is clear that Institutions created for water cooperation display the ability to avert conflict even in times of increased political pres- But progress is being made. Jack , Senior Water Advisor, sure. But the considerable time taken to negotiate the establishment Aquafed, told me: “For me what has changed is the significance of water of these institutions shows the sensitivity to the issues surrounding to all forms of sustainable development. It’s much better understood than maintenance and distribution of shared water sources. For example, it was 10 years ago. Ten years ago nobody was really talking about it, or the Indus Treaty took 10 years, the Basin Initiative took 20 years, very few people were, now the majority of people are really getting it.” and the Jordan agreement took 40 years.

It’s true that international aid for water and sanitation increased over And we continue working. We heard from practitioners, learning the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980- what’s possible and what works for water and sanitation on gover- 1990), and has nearly increased by that amount again since 2002. The nance, technologies and capacity development during the UN-Water total amount of development aid for sanitation and water increased by Zaragoza Conference on the 15-17 of January 2015. We spoke to UN 3% from 2008 to 2010, to 7.8 billion (USD), and this continues. delegates and policy makers at our exhibition in New York on March 30 2015. We have a lot of stories, testimonies of our success and failures. Gender and water was a topic of much importance even before And we keep working. the Decade began, and the Water for Life Decade has made it a priority to call for women’s participation and involvement in water- I wonder if it’s trite to talk of progress when all I have before related development efforts. A UN-Water Task Force on Gender and me are printed words and images. I wonder if it’s robotic to talk of Water was also created, and in 2013 the Gender Forum took place in successes in terms of numbers while so many still lack access to clean Tajikistan, at the Decade’s Water Cooperation Conference. water and basic sanitation, when so many refugees and citizens in war zones and disaster prone areas, live dramatic situations, and do not In achieving the targets of the MDGs, the fact that, globally, rural have access to these basic services for a dignified life. women are worse-off than rural men and urban women and men for every MDG indicator available was at the forefront of the Decade’s But we keep working. I ask you to add your voices to the global concerns. While data collection along these lines has improved in re- discussion. I implore you to keep thinking, researching, sharing ideas cent years, there remains a general lack of data disaggregated by sex, that can make the world a more sustainable place, and thus a better but also by rural and urban location. We know that universal access is place to live. unlikely to be reached unless gender perspectives are integrated into planning and implementation activities. The Decade is ending. The post 2015 agenda is on the horizon. It’s working. And we’re not finished yet. Moving forward, the world’s great is that with a growing popu- lation and a continued appetite for water, the future will see an increase in competition over water. Yet as with my old friends at Stockholm’s World Water Week, common goals make common ground, despite our Josefina Maestu

I.T. N.o 68. 2004 5 Introduction

n the 23 December 2003, the United Na- which establishes the need to halve by 2015 the propor- tions General Assembly, in resolution A/ tion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking RES/58/217, proclaimed the period 2005- water. At the Johannesburg World Summit for Sustain- 2015 the International Decade for Action able Development, in 2002, the target was expanded to O‘Water for Life’. International decades are proclaimed by also include basic sanitation. the General Assembly of the United Nations on subjects that require long- action and sustained attention at In order to achieve the internationally agreed water- the international or regional level and at national level. related goals, the resolution of the Decade specifed the Te General Assembly agreed in 2003 that a Water need to promote a greater focus on water related issues at Decade was needed to sustain attention and promote all levels, a greater focus on the implementation of water action-oriented activities and policies that ensure the related programmes and projects, and the furtherance long-term of water resources, in of cooperation at all levels, calling for ensuring women’s terms of both quantity and quality, and include measures participation in water-related development eforts. to improve sanitation accelerating implementation of the internationally agreed water goals. Since the year 2015 terminates the International Decade for Action “Water for Life”, a comprehensive It was decided that the primary goal of the ‘Water for assessment of the activities carried out during this Life’ Decade was to promote eforts to fulfl international period, identifying the difculties and problems in the commitments made on water and water-related issues by implementation of the goals of the Decade, as as 2015.Te commitments included the water-related goals planning further activities for the post-2015 period is of of the Millennium Declaration, and those agreed in the crucial importance. To that end, on 19 December 2014 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the World Sum- the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolu- mit for Sustainable Development, and Agenda 21 and, tion A/RES/69/215, entitled “International Decade for as appropriate, those identifed during the twelfth and Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, and further eforts thirteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable De- to achieve the sustainable development of water resourc- velopment. Te commitments included those of the 2000 es”, calling upon member countries, UN system institu- Millennium Declaration, Goal 7 (MDG7) Target 10 tions, including “UN-Water” and other organizations, to

6 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Photo © UN

comprehensively evaluate progress by UN entities, comprising WHO, a payback worth many times the achieved in the implementation of World Bank and UNICEF. investment involved. It argued that the Decade. it will also bring health, dignity and Te frst 2003 World Water transform the to many millions Te impetus of the Decade at Development Report (WWDR) of the world’s poorest people. Finally the start was immense. Te global was entitled Water for People, Water the Human Development Report 2006 water community saw the Decade for Life and through this UNESCO “Beyond Scarcity” also contributed to providing the framework for bringing provided the knowledge- at the establishing the baseline on actions together the many fragmented initia- start of the Water Decade for IWRM for the Water for Life Decade, espe- tives both within the UN and by non but also on WASH by analyzing the cially on WASH. UN actors. Te fact that the Decade impacts on health of waterborne was agreed through a Resolution of diseases and the indicators to mea- What has been achieved? What the General Assembly provided the sure progress. In the UN system the types of actions have been more ef- mandate for the UN agencies to sup- World Health Organization (WHO) fective over the Decade? How we can port, and for the member countries and UNICEF were also pioneers move forward on the basis of what to engage in it. Tis initial impetus of the Water Decade and the major we have learned? Tese questions are lead to the preparation of a complex driving force at the beginning. One addressed in this publication. We plan of action of the UN Secretary of the frst JMP reports was launched would like to see what the value added General, with pledges from UN enti- the year the Decade commenced, of the Decade has been; How and ties and some non-UN entities, with in 2005, providing early on a clear where the Water Decade has provided an initial decision on the priority focus on WASH for the Decade. It an efective framework for promoting themes for the Decade. Te Secretary was entitled: Water for Life: Making and supporting water cooperation and General Plan, the A/60/158 2005 it Happen. Tis report was an explicit IWRM eforts, by providing politi- Report, outlined who would be in- contribution to the Decade and high- cal impulse and helping raise aware- volved, how it would be coordinated lighted that achieving the target of ness and highlighting action oriented and listed a number of specifc activi- the MDGs for access to safe drinking activities (best practices and tools ties pledged to support the Decade water and basic sanitation will bring for cooperation). We argue that the

7 Decade has been helpful We provide an answer to these value added of the Decade and the in providing a political questions in the following three remaining challenges and what is process for maintaining chapters in relation to three separate next in relation to the necessary attention and for taking themes: a) Basic water, sanitation and actions. An Epilogue presents the stock and regularly evalu- services, women’s engage- ongoing discussions on the proposals ating results - analyzing ment and local water cooperation; b) for a new global water architecture the actions that have Integrated Water Resources Man- detailing a new Decade on Water and been efective specif- agement and Water Cooperation; Sustainable Development. cally in promoting water and global processes and actors. A cooperation and IWRM. concluding section looks into the

DECADE’S MILESTONES

2003 2007 2010 t23 December: Resolution A/ tAugust: Opening of the UN-Water t22 March: High-Level Interactive RES/58/217 proclaiming 2005- Decade Programme on Capacity Dialogue on the implementation 2015 International Decade for Ac- Development (UNW-DPC) in of the International Decade for tion ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015. Bonn, Germany. Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005- tOctober: Opening of the United 2015. UN Headquarters, New 2005 Nations Office to support the York. Four documents were pre- International Decade for Action sented: t2 March: Start of the Interna- “Water for Life” 2005-2015/ tional Decade for Action “Water UN-Water Decade Programme 1. Water, peace and security: trans- for Life” 2005-2015 as established on Advocacy and Communica- boundary water cooperation in Resolution A/RES/58/217. tion (UNW-DPAC) in Zaragoza, (A/64/692 and A/64/692/Corr.1). t11-22 April: 13th Session of the . 2. Organization of the midterm UN Commission on Sustainable comprehensive review of the Development. Report on the 2008 International Decade for Ac- thirteenth session (E/2005/29), tion ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015 which contains a matrix of ac- tJanuary-December: International (A/64/693). tions to form a basis for the Year of Sanitation. 3. Water, change and disas- Decade. It was called a ‘possible tDecember: Status of Implementa- ters (A/64/695). framework of policy options for tion of CSD-13 Policy Actions on 4. Water and the internation- Governments and for the UN Water and Sanitation. This docu- ally agreed development goals system’. ment builds upon the decisions (A/64/694). t25 July: Report of the UN Sec- reached during the 13th Session retary-General on Actions taken of the Commission on Sustainable t8-9 June: High-level International in organising the activities of Development(CSD) in 2005. Conference on the Midterm Com- the International Decade for Ac- prehensive Review of the Imple- tion ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015 2009 mentation of the International (A/60/158). This inception report Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ of the Decade contains pledges of t21 December: Resolution calling 2005-2015. Dushanbe, Tajikistan. activities by the UN agencies, as for a Midterm comprehensive t22 June: Dushanbe Declaration well as the proposed governance review of the implementation of on Water (A/65/88). This ‘non- structure. the International Decade for Ac- negotiated text’ lists a number of tion ‘Water for life’ 2005-2015 focal areas for the remainder of the 2006 (A/RES/64/198). This UNGA Decade. decision announced the meeting t28 July: UN Resolution recognis- t20 December: Declaration of 2008 in Tajikistan and requested in- ing access to safe and clean drink- ‘International Year of Sanitation’ formation on the progress of the ing water and sanitationas a hu- (A/RES/61/192). Decade. man right (A/RES/64/292).

8 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 2013 t16 August: Report of the UN t19 December: UN General Assem- Secretary-General on the Midterm tJanuary-December: International bly adopts resolution on Interna- comprehensive review of the im- Year of Water Cooperation. tional Decade for Action ‘Water plementation of the International t24 July: UN Resolution A/ for Life’ 2005-2015, and further Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ RES/67/291 designates 19 No- efforts to achieve the sustainable 2005-2015 (A/65/297). This doc- vember as World Toilet Day in development of water resources ument was prepared by UNDESA, the context of Sanitation for All. (A/RES/69/215). provides an overview of the De- tSeptember: UN Deputy Secretary- cade to , and gives an account General’s Call to Action on Sani- 2015 of activities by the UN system and tation. UN-Water partners , such as the t19 November: 1st UN celebration t30 March: High-level Interactive Global Water Partnership (GWP) of World Toilet Day. Dialogue ‘The International De- and the International Water Man- cade for Action: Progress achieved agement Institute (IWMI). 2014 and lessons learned relevant to the achievement of sustainable devel- 2011 t18-19 February: UN General As- opment’. sembly thematic debate on Water, t9-11 June: High Level Internation- t11 February: ‘Sustainable sanita- Sanitation and Sustainable Energy al Conference on the implementa- tion: the fve-year drive to 2015’. in the Post-2015 Development tion of the International Decade Follow-up of the International Agenda. UN-water presents rec- for Action “Water for Life”, 2005- Year of Sanitation, 2008 (A/ ommendations for a global goal on 2015 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. RES/65/153). Tis is an initiative water in post-2015 agenda. t13-16 July: 3rd International Con- by the UN Secretary-General’ Ad- t11 March: Special Event “Taking ference on Financing for Develop- visory Board on Water and Sanita- Stock of the International Year of ment in Addis Ababa, . tion (UNSGAB), UNICEF and Water Cooperation and Advanc- t25-27 September: United Nations the Water Supply and Sanitation ing the Global Water Agenda Summit to adopt the post-2015 Collaborative Council (WSSCC). Post-2015”. development agenda. Te resolution makes reference to t19 July: UN Open Working t30 November - 11 December: the Decade. Group adopts its final proposal for 21st Session of the Conference t11 February: Declaration of 2013 Sustainable Development Goals. of the Parties to the United Na- ‘International Year of Water Co- t17 August: The 1997 United Na- tions Framework Convention on operation’ (A/RES/65/154). tions Convention on the Law of and the 11th t21 June: Launch of UN Campaign the Non-Navigational Uses of In- session of the Conference of the “Sustainable sanitation: the five- ternational Watercourses (United Parties serving as the meeting of year drive to 2015”. Nations Watercourse Convention) the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol enters into force. (COP21/CMP11) 2012 t6 November: UN Human Rights Council appoints Léo Heller as t20-22 June: Rio+20. The Rio+20 2nd Special Rapporteur on the hu- Outcome Document highlights man right to water and sanitation. the commitment to the 2005- t4 December: UN Secretary-General 2015 International Decade for Ac- presents advanced version Synthe- tion “Water for Life”. sis Report on Post-2015 Agenda.

9 Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, Women´s Participation and Local Cooperation Progress and lessons learned over the United nations international decade for action ‘Water for life’ 2005-2015

INTRODUCTION

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10 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 © UNICEF

THERE HAS BEEN PROGRESS IN ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES

ɨFXPSMEIBTNBEFTJHOJëDBOUQSPH- XIJMFBTUBHHFSJOHCJMMJPOMBDL 19% do not have improved sanita- ress in providing people with access to BDDFTTUPJNQSPWFETBOJUBUJPO tion BOEEPOPUIBWFXBUFS JNQSPWFEXBUFSBOECBTJDTBOJUBUJPO BOETPBQGPSIBOEXBTIJOH 8FIJUUIF.JMMFOOJVN%FWFMPQNFOU (PBMGPSBDDFTTUPJNQSPWFEXBUFSJO Facts and Figures 'PSNPSFJOGPSNBUJPO8)0 oëWFZFBSTBIFBEPGTDIFEVMF BOE6/*$&'  <>8)0BOE 6/*$&'  <> t4JODFCJMMJPOQFPQMFIBWF t2.4 billion people in developing HBJOFEBDDFTTUPBOJNQSPWFE DPVOUSJFTMBDLBDDFTTUPJNQSPWFE &YBNJOJOHUIFDVSSFOUCBTFMJOF TPVSDFPGESJOLJOHXBUFS TBOJUBUJPOGBDJMJUJFT GPSUIF8"4)TFDUPS JUJTDPSSFDU t'SPNUP CJMMJPO t663 million people lack access to UIBUPOBHMPCBMCBTJTUIFXBUFS.%( QFPQMFHBJOFEBDDFTTUPBMBUSJOF  BOJNQSPWFETPVSDFPGESJOLJOH UBSHFUXBTNFUBMSFBEZJO CVU GMVTIUPJMFUPSPUIFSJNQSPWFE water. UIFSFBSFTPNFQSPNJOFOUEJWJEFT TBOJUBUJPOGBDJMJUJFT SFQSFTFOUJOH t946 million people practice open XIFOJUDPNFTUPUIFVTFPGJNQSPWFE BTUBHHFSJOHPGUIFHMPCBM EFGFDBUJPO"UDVSSFOUSBUFTPGSF- ESJOLJOHXBUFS4VC4BIBSBO"GSJDB population. EVDUJPO PQFOEFGFDBUJPOXJMMOPU MBDLTFWFODPWFSBHF IPMEJOHUIF CFFMJNJOBUFEBNPOHUIFQPPSFTU HSFBUFTUDIBMMFOHFTɨFTJUVBUJPOGPS Te sanitation goal has lagged JOSVSBMBSFBTCZ UIFTBOJUBUJPOTFDUPSJTFWFOXPSTF  GBSCFIJOEBOEEFTQJUFUIFDPOTJEFS- t%BUBGSPNDPVOUSJFT SFQSFTFOU- XJUIDPVOUSJFTXPSMEXJEFIBW- BCMFQSPHSFTTNBEFNPSFUIBO JOH GBDJMJUJFTTIPXUIBU  JOHMFTTUIBOIBMGPGUIFJSQPQVMBUJPO NJMMJPOQFPQMFTUJMMMBDLBDDFTTUPBO 38% of healthcare facilities do not XJUIBDDFTTUPBOJNQSPWFETBOJUBUJPO JNQSPWFETPVSDFPGESJOLJOHXBUFS  have an improved water source, GBDJMJUZ"EEJUJPOBMMZ UIFSFBSFTUSPOH

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INVESTMENTS IN WASH PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES HAVE INCREASED

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“The Decade has seen an increase in water discussions – has this created action? It’s beyond discussion! Maybe, probably, certainly. It has pulled the trigger for creating initiatives. If you compare the Decade with the prior ten years when there was no progress. The momentum is there. 500 million children hands and have taught their parents, and this clearly is having a cascading effect. In the as well with sanitation meetings in many places, with the campaigns, etc. Regional banks have increased investments for water and sanitation 2x, 5x, 10x. We are better positioned than when we started the MDGs as then we did not have a methodology. We know the Joint Monitoring Programme has created a basis for monitoring progress. We have more clearly benefcial indicators for our goals and targets.” Kenzo Hiroki, UNGSGAB

12 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 WE ARE NOW FINALLY FOCUSING MORE AND TALKING MORE OPENLY ABOUT SANITATION AND OPEN DEFECATION

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© UN Photo/Marco Dormino

13 HAVING CLEAR TARGETS AND MONITORING THEM HAS BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN DRIVING ACTION

ɨFBDIJFWFNFOUTXJUI and sanitation services and on the POFOBCMFSTBOECBSSJFSTUPQSPHSFTT  UIF8"4)UBSHFUT 'JOBODJBM'MPXTHPJOHUPUIPTFTFS- indicating where additional support BSFPOFPGUIFTVDDFTT WJDFT.POJUPSJOHPGQSPHSFTTBHBJOTU JTOFFEFEUPNBLFQSPHSFTT TUPSJFTPGUIF.%(T PVUDPNFTPOESJOLJOHXBUFSBOE 5PTUSFOHUIFOUIFDPMMFDUJPOPG )BWJOHDMFBS BNCJUJPVT TBOJUBUJPOIBTCFFOVOEFSUBLFOTJODF 8"4)ëOBODJBMJOGPSNBUJPO IPX- CVUBDIJFWBCMFUBSHFUTIBTNFBOUUIBU UISPVHIUIF+.1 6/*$&' FWFS BIBSNPOJ[FENFUIPEPGEBUB UIF.%(TUBSHFUPOBDDFTTUPTBGF BOE8)0 XIJDIIBTCFFODPOTPM- NPOJUPSJOHJTOFFEFEɨFNBKPSJUZ ESJOLJOHXBUFSBOECBTJDTBOJUBUJPO JEBUJOHEBUBGSPN.FNCFS4UBUFTGPS PGDPVOUSJFTSFQPSUUIBUTFDUPSJOGPS- IBWFIFMQFEHPWFSONFOUT EPOPST  NPSFUIBOZFBST"OFBSMZ+.1 NBUJPOTZTUFNTGPSëOBODJBMQMBOOJOH JOUFSOBUJPOBMPSHBOJ[BUJPOTBOE report in 2005 was launched as part and reporting are still inadequate. PUIFSTUBLFIPMEFSTUPGPDVTPOUIPTF PGUIF8)06/*$&'FêPSUTGPS &YJTUJOHMFWFMTPGIPVTFIPMEBOE TQFDJëDBDUJPOTUIBUXPVMEJNQSPWF UIF8BUFSGPS-JGF%FDBEF&OUJUMFE QSJWBUFJOWFTUNFOUTBSFQPPSMZVO- BDDFTTUPCBTJDTFSWJDFT A8BUFSGPS-JGF .BLJOHJU)BQQFO  EFSTUPPE8BUFSTBGFUZIBTBMTPCFFO *UIBTNFBOUTVTUBJOFEBOE it stated that “the Decade provided EJïDVMUUPNPOJUPS UBSHFUFEGVOEJOHGPSUIFNPTUCBTJD an incentive for coordinated eforts to 5FDIOPMPHZ TDJFODFBOEJOOPWB- TFSWJDFTBOEJNQPSUBOUMZBHMPCBM prevent the daily disaster of unneces- UJPOEFWFMPQNFOUJOSFDFOUEFDBEFT GPDVTPOBHSFFEVOJGPSNBOENFB- sary deaths”. IBWFTJHOJëDBOUMZXJEFOFEUIF TVSBCMFUBSHFUTIBTMFEUPNPSFBOE 0WFSUIF%FDBEFXFWFTFFOUIBU OVNCFSBOEUIFTDPQFPGPQQPSUVOJ- CFUUFSPSHBOJ[FENPOJUPSJOHɨF NPOJUPSJOHPGDPVOUSZQSPHSFTT UJFTBOEPQUJPOTBWBJMBCMFUPJODSFBTF TPMJEFWJEFODFCBTFDPMMFDUFEIBTJO PO8"4)IBTQSPWFEUPCFWJUBM  DPWFSBHFBOESFQPSUJOHPG8"4) UVSOCFUUFSHVJEFEUIFBMMPDBUJPOPG GPSUSBDLJOHBOEQSPNPUJOHBDUJPO BDDFTT1BSUJDVMBSMZJOSFMBUJPOUPUIF WBMVBCMFSFTPVSDFTUPXBSETUBSHFUFE POUIFHSPVOE TFSWJOHUPJNQSPWF XBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOTFDUPS NPCJMF interventions. QPMJDJFTBOEUBSHFUJOHCZUIFEPOPS UPXFCQMBUGPSNTIBWFFNFSHFE 0WFSUIF%FDBEFXFIBWFMFBSOFE DPNNVOJUZ BOEJEFOUJGZJOHJTTVFT  as an essential asset to aid in the UIFBEEFEWBMVFPGDPOTJTUFOUBOE XJUIëOBODJOHGPSFYBNQMF BOE MPOHUFSNTVTUBJOBCJMJUZPGXBUFS XJEFNPOJUPSJOHUISPVHIBHSFFE  FYBDUMZXIFSFUIFëOBODFJTHPJOH TFSWJDFT.PCJMFUFDIOPMPHJFTDPMMFDU NFBTVSBCMFJOEJDBUPST"TNBJO /FYUUPQSPWJEJOHGPDVTBOEEJSFD- EBUBPOXBUFSQPJOUUZQF MPDBUJPO BDUPSTXIPNBEFTQFDJëDQMFEHFTBU UJPOGPSUIFJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPNNVOJUZ BOEGVODUJPOBMJUZ BOEJOSFBMUJNF UIFCFHJOOJOHPGUIF%FDBEF8)0 BOEJNQSPWJOHQPMJDZDPIFSFODFBOE NBQUIFEJTUSJCVUJPOBOENPOJUPS BOE6/*$&'IBWFCFFODBSSZ- UBSHFUFEëOBODJOH NPOJUPSJOHUIF UIFTUBUVTPGXBUFSJOGSBTUSVDUVSF JOHPVUJNQSFTTJWFFêPSUTUPUSBDL .%(TIBWFDSFBUFEQFFSQSFTTVSFGPS BUDPVOUSZMFWFM"MMUIJTNBZOFFE QSPHSFTTJOUIF.%(UBSHFUSFMBUFE HPWFSONFOUTBOEJODFOUJWJ[FEGVSUIFS UPCFDPOTJEFSFEJONPOJUPSJOHGPS to access to access to drinking water JOWFTUNFOUTUISPVHIEFUBJMFEBOBMZTJT QPTU © UN-DESA/UNW-DPAC

14 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 BENEFITS OF IMPROVING ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION ARE NOW BETTER DOCUMENTED AND ACKNOWLEDGED

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HIGH LEVEL GLOBAL ADVOCACY EFFORTS HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT MORE AWARENESS AT POLITICAL LEVEL OF THE IMPORTANCE OF WASH INVESTMENTS, DRIVING DONOR COORDINATION AND COMMITMENTS FOR WASH

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15 “Without political commitment we cannot achieve anything. Declarations are key, implementing them on the ground is more diffcult. In Africa this includes the Ministerial Declaration on “Wa- ter Security for All”; the “eThekwini Declaration” about sanitation. The Sharm-el Sheikh Declaration on Water and Sanitation which put water and sanitation high in the agenda. The advocacy role played by the Decade has increased awareness on water and sanitation in Africa. Before the Decade very few countries in Africa had ministries of sanitation, after the eThekwini Declaration this has changed: Now there are several countries with ministers of sanita- tion, such as , Nigeria, Republic of South Africa. You can see sanitation in the ministries now with a budget line, before you could not see that.”

Bai Tal, Executive Director of African Ministers’ Council on Water

WE KNOW ‘ONE SIZE FITS ALL’ DOESN’T WORK FOR WASH - SOLUTIONS NEED TO BE ADAPTED TO LOCAL CONTEXTS

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Conclusions from the Civil Society Session at the UN-Water 2015 Zaragoza Conference

Implementation challenges identifed included:

tFinancial challenge: funding systems do not give due consideration to social empowerment and capacity strengthening to address the local needs and to work within the local context. tDecentralization: this is required when working in rural areas and under highly variable local circum- stances in different cultures is a challenge. Thus tailor made approaches are needed, as well as a process of coaching and continuous support that allows for a lasting change. tThe upscaling challenge: it is a package, a holistic approach including technology, skills, knowledge and information, mind-set change, confidence, cultural sensitivity: a combination of hard and soft tools that are often the domain of different institutions/organizations.

16 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS), now supported by UNICEF in 50 countries around the world, including crucial ones in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, have already led to more than 39,000 communities, with a total population of over 24 million people, being declared free of open defecation within the last fve years. UNICEF estimates that with support from governments and other partners, an additional 88 million people now live in communities free of open defecation.

Source: http://www.unicef.org/media/media_66390.html

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HYGIENE CAN BE ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE (AND COST-EFFECTIVE) ACTIONS AGAINST DISEASE

"UUIFFOEPGUIF%FDBEFPOFPG CFGPSFIBOEMJOHGPPE BOEUIFTBGF QSPNPUJPOPGHPPEIZHJFOFCFIBW- UIFCJHHFTUDIBMMFOHFTTUJMMQFOEJOH EJTQPTBMPGDIJMESFOTGBFDFT JTBOFG- JPVSBUTDIPPMDBOJOJUJBUFCFIBWJPVS JTIZHJFOF)ZHJFOFBOEBDDFTTUP GFDUJWFXBZUPQSFWFOUEJBSSIPFB FT- DIBOHFTUIBUMBTUBMJGFUJNFɨF FEVDBUJPOBOEJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVU QFDJBMMZBNPOHZPVOHDIJMESFO XIP DPNNVOJDBUJPODBNQBJHOBSPVOE UIFUSBOTNJTTJPOPGCBDUFSJBUPXBUFS TQFOENPTUPGUIFJSUJNFBUIPNF HMPCBMIBOEXBTIJOHEBZBOENPSF TPVSDFTJTBWJUBMQBSUPGUIFQSPDFTT Adequate water and sanitation as SFDFOUMZPONFOTUSVBMIZHJFOFJT )ZHJFOFQSPNPUJPOUIBUGPDVTFTPO QBSUPGBIFBMUIZTDIPPMFOWJSPO- IFMQJOHUPQSPNPUFUIFOFDFTTBSZ LFZIPVTFIPMEQSBDUJDFT XBTIJOH NFOUTJHOJëDBOUMZJNQSPWFTBDIJMET CFIBWJPVSDIBOHF IBOETXJUITPBQBGUFSEFGFDBUJPOBOE prospects to develop and thrive. Te

WE KNOW ABOUT THE NEED TO ADDRESS INEQUALITIES AND THE NEED FOR INCENTIVES AND CAPACITY BUILDING TO DO SO

*OUIFXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOTFDUPS  DFTTGVMJNQMFNFOUBUJPOBOETDBMJOH NPOJUPSJOHUPTJUVBUJPOBMBOBMZTJT  BTJOPUIFSTFDUPST TDBMJOHVQUP VQPGEFWFMPQNFOUQSPHSBNNFT GBDJMJUBUJPOPGTUBLFIPMEFSEJBMPHVF  achieve universal access to deal with %FWFMPQNFOUFYQFSJFODFEFNPO- USBJOJOH JNQMFNFOUBUJPODBQBDJ- JOFRVBMJUJFTJTFTTFOUJBM*ODFOUJWFT strates that the concept encapsulates UJFTBOENBOBHFNFOUTVQQPSU BOE BOEDBQBDJUZCVJMEJOHBOEDBQBDJUZ BiEJWFSTFBSSBZPGGVODUJPOBMDBQBDJ- QSPWJTJPOPGQPMJDZBEWJDFoNVTUCF FOIBODFNFOUBSFDSJUJDBMGPSUIFTVD- UJFToGSPNQMBOOJOH PWFSTJHIU BOE EFWFMPQFEBOEQVUJOQMBDFw<>

17 Statements at the High Level Interactive Event on the Water for Life Decade at UN HQ March 30

“We need to consider how we multiply the effect to cover more people, not necessarily making it bigger. In some cases as in there have been economic push factors that have facilitated up- scaling: trade in high value agricultural products. Coupled with a realistic view of the problem, and a stable government.”

Jack Moss (Aquafed)

“Incentives for scaling up will vary. In USA, and many other countries, the incentives have been the signifcant fnancial savings from .”

Daniel Bena (Pepsico)

“Upscaling in itself will be an incentive. The strongest incentive is to be acknowledged and learning at the same time from other partners. Investments are not going in the right direction if people are not involved or asked. Financing has gone to because it has not reached the intended benefciaries. A proper investment to social capital, particularly to women and young to upscale creates the conditions for replication.”

Alice Bouman-Dentener (GWP)

WE HAVE LEARNED THAT WE NEED TO FOCUS ON EFFECTIVE ASSET MANAGEMENT – OF SERVICES

8FLOPXUIBUGPDVTJOHPOFêFDUJWF JOHUIF.%(TGPSXBUFSBOETBOJUB- BTTFUNBOBHFNFOUUPTVTUBJOTFSWJDFTJT UJPOBOEGPSUIFOFDFTTBSZBEWBODFT “There are key steps to BTJNQPSUBOUBTOFXJOGSBTUSVDUVSF*O UPXBSETVOJWFSTBMBDDFTTUPTBGF success for sustainable com- GBDU HBJOTDBOFBTJMZTMJQCBDLVOMFTTBU- ESJOLJOHXBUFSJOUIFQPTUFSB munity initiatives, the most UFOUJPOJTHJWFOUPPQFSBUJPOBOENBJO- "DDPSEJOHUPUIF(-""4 important of which is to build UFOBODF'JHVSFTEJêFSGSPNPOFDPVO- 3FQPSUPOFUIJSEPGDPVOUSJFTSFQPSU projects on local evidence and USZUPBOPUIFSCVU POBWFSBHF PS UIBUVSCBODJUJFTMBDLSFWFOVFUPGVOE knowledge and not on percep- NPSFXBUFSQPJOUTBSFOPOGVODUJPOBM PQFSBUJPOBOENBJOUFOBODFBOEPOMZ tions of needs or context.” BUBOZHJWFOUJNFBOEBOPUIFS PGBJEJTEJSFDUFEBUNBJOUBJOJOH BSFPOMZQBSUJBMMZGVODUJPOBM services. Making water progress last is 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZPGPQFSBUJPOT BSFBMDIBMMFOHFUIBUNVTUCFDPO- Corinne Wallace, SFNBJOTBTFSJPVTDIBMMFOHFCPUIGPS TJEFSFEGSPNUIFPVUTFUJOEFTJHOJOH United Nations University UIFQSPHSFTTBMSFBEZNBEFPONFFU- OFXXBUFSQSPKFDUTBOEQSPHSBNT

18 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 AND THE NEED TO INCREASE AND IMPROVE FINANCING

… there is still a need to 0GUIFUPUBMHMPCBMDPTUUPFYUFOE )PXFWFSGVOETBSF increase budget allocations DPWFSBHF XPVMECFOFFEFEGPS TUJMMEJTQSPQPSUJPOBUFMZ 44" -"$ &BTU"TJBBOE UBSHFUFEGPSFYUFOEJOH to WASH 4PVUI"TJB*GHMPCBMMZ PG TFSWJDFTJOVSCBOBSFBT  ɨFJNQMFNFOUBUJPODIBMMFOHFT UIFTFDPTUTo64%CJMMJPOQFSZFBS even in countries where GPSBDIJFWJOHVOJWFSTBMBDDFTTUPXB- oOFFEUPCFTQFOUPOUIFCPUUPN VSCBOBSFBTBSFSFMBUJWFMZ UFSBOETBOJUBUJPOBSFJNNFOTF$PTUT UXPJODPNFRVJOUJMFT JFUIFQPPSFTU well served and rural PGGVSUIFSBEWBODFTBSFNPVOUJOH BT PGUIFQPQVMBUJPO JO4"TJBUIJT BSFBTPêUSBDL"NBKPSJUZPGDPVO- UIFZJNQMZCPUIJNQSPWJOHDPWFS- QSPQPSUJPOXPVMECFVQUP USJFTJOEJDBUFUIBUSVSBMXBUFSTVQQMZ BHFJONBTTJWFTMVNTJOVSCBOBSFBT QSPHSBNTBSFOPUFêFDUJWFEVFUPMBDL and providing access and services … And to improve target- PGGVOEJOH*OBEEJUJPO JOWFTUNFOU to scattered populations in distant ing of funds EFDJTJPOTPGUFOEPOPUSFTQPOEUP SVSBMPOFT*UBMTPJOWPMWFTJNQSPW- OFFET BOEJTTVFTPGFRVJUZBSFPGUFO JOHBDDFTTUPTBGFXBUFS TBOJUBUJPO "DDPSEJOHUPUIF8PSME#BOL OPUBEESFTTFEɨFQSPCMFNJTHSFBU- BOEIZHJFOF CFZPOEIPVTFIPMETUP est where the coverage is lowest. IFBMUIDFOUFSTBOETDIPPMT BOENBL- ‰5IFXPSMEIBTBDIJFWFEBQQSPYJ- 'VOEJOHJTOPUBMXBZTUBSHFUFE JOHTFSWJDFTPQFSBUJPOBMMZTVTUBJOBCMF NBUFMZBJODSFBTFJO8BUFS UPUIPTFJOOFFEKVTUPOFUIJSEPG *UXJMMSFRVJSFJOOPWBUJWFBQQSPBDIFT 4VQQMZDPWFSBHFQFSZFBSGSPN DPVOUSJFTDPOTJTUFOUMZBQQMJFTFRVJUZ that take into account the lessons UPTPXJUIUIFTBNF DSJUFSJBJOGVOEJOHBMMPDBUJPOTGPS MFBSOUEVSJOHUIF%FDBEFBOEBEESFTT QSPHSFTTUIFSFNBJOJOHUP TBOJUBUJPOBOEESJOLJOHXBUFS*N- UIFTQFDJëDSFRVJSFNFOUTPGEFDFO- NFFUVOJWFSTBMBDDFTTXPVMECF QSPWFEQSJPSJUZTFUUJOHBOEUBSHFUJOH USBMJ[FETZTUFNT BDIJFWFEJO)PXFWFS UIFSF PGEFWFMPQNFOUBJESFNBJOTBDIBM- BSFUXPSFBTPOTXIZUIJTJTDIBM- MFOHFBOECVEHFUBMMPDBUJPOUFOETUP “Funding is a problem. But, for a MFOHFETUSJDUFSEFGJOJUJPOPGCBTJD GBWPVSVSCBOBSFBT new Decade, what is most important is 8BUFS4FSWJDFTBOEUIFSFNBJOJOH *OUFSOBUJPOBMBTTJTUBODFOFFETUP that we cannot fnd money for outreach QPQVMBUJPOCFJOHMPXFSJODPNF  CFUBSHFUFE UPP"DDPSEJOHUPUIF and investment – hardware vs. soft- harder to reach and located in (-""43FQPSUPOMZIBMGPG ware. We are not yet building on what slow progress countries. Slow or EFWFMPQNFOUBJEGPSTBOJUBUJPOBOE has gone before.” - $PSJOOF8BMMBDF  OFHBUJWFQSPHSFTTSFHJPOTBSF"G- drinking water is targeted to the 6OJUFE/BUJPOT6OJWFSTJUZ SJDB $$" 0DFBOJB"UIPSPVHI .%(SFHJPOTJOTVC4BIBSBO"GSJDB  "DDPSEJOHUPUIF(-""4 BOBMZTJTPGXIBUEFUFSNJOFTTMPX 4PVUIFSO"TJB BOE4PVUIFBTUFSO"TJB SFQPSUJOPGUIFDPVOUSJFTQVCMJD progress is needed to shape the XIFSFPGUIFHMPCBMVOEFSTFSWFE ëOBODFJTJOTVïDJFOUUPNFFUUIF GVUVSFXBUFSHPBMBOEXBUFSSF- MJWF%FNPOTUSBUJWFMZ PQQPSUVOJUJFT UBSHFUTGPS8"4)(FOFSBMMZUIF MBUFEEFWFMPQNFOUBHFOEB FYJTUGPSJODSFBTJOHBMJHONFOUXJUI OBUJPOBMCVEHFUBMMPDBUJPOTUPTBOJUB- ‰'PS4BOJUBUJPO UIFXPSMEIBT DPVOUSZQSJPSJUJFTBOETUSFOHUIFO- UJPOBOEESJOLJOHXBUFSBSFJOTVG- BDIJFWFEBQQSPYJNBUFMZB JOHOBUJPOBM8"4)TZTUFNTUISPVHI ëDJFOUUPNFFUHPWFSONFOUUBSHFUT JODSFBTFJODPWFSBHFQFSZFBSGSPN JODSFBTJOHTFDUPSCVEHFUTVQQPSU to provide services to the unserved as UPTPXJUIUIFTBNF XIFSFWFSUSBOTQBSFODZBOEBDDPVOU- XFMMBTUPNBJOUBJOFYJTUJOHTFSWJDFT QSPHSFTTUIFSFNBJOJOHUP BCJMJUZNFDIBOJTNTBSFJOQMBDF 'SPNBOFX8PSME#BOL NFFUVOJWFSTBMBDDFTTXPVMECF TUVEZ<>FTUJNBUJOHUIFHMPCBM BDIJFWFEJO)PXFWFS VO- … there is poor absorption DPTUTBOEDPTUCFOFëUTPGBDIJFWJOH MJLF8BUFS4FSWJDFT JOGBDUUIF capacity, delays and fund VOJWFSTBM8"4)BDDFTT JUXPVMEDPTU QSPQPTFEEFGJOJUJPOJTMPPTFSBT BMNPTU64%CJMMJPOUPFYUFOE JUJODMVEFTTPNFUZQFTPGTIBSFE diversion BDDFTTUPUIFVOTFSWFEGPS8BUFS GBDJMJUZ BOEIFODFXFBSFDMPTFS 1PTTJCMZEVFUPQPPSBCTPSQUJPO 4VQQMZBOEPWFS64%CJMMJPO UPPVSUBSHFUUIBOQSFWJPVTMZ DBQBDJUZoJFEJïDVMUJFTJOTQFOEJOH GPSTBOJUBUJPOɨFHMPCBMUPUBMGPS UIPVHIU-JLF8BUFS4FSWJDFT UIF GVOETUIBUBSFSFDFJWFEJUJTFTUJ- 8BU4BOJTBOOVBMMZ64%CJMMJPO SFNBJOJOHQPQVMBUJPOBSFMPXFS NBUFEUIBUPGDPVOUSJFTEPOPU (MPCBMMZ PGUIFTFëOBODJBM JODPNF IBSEFSUPSFBDIBOEMP- BCTPSCBIJHIQFSDFOUBHFPGEPOPS SFTPVSDFTOFFEUPCFTQFOUPOUIF DBUFEJOTMPXQSPHSFTTDPVOUSJFT  DBQJUBMDPNNJUNFOUTGPSTBOJUBUJPO QPPSFTUPGUIFQPQVMBUJPO JOQBSUJDVMBS44"BOE*OEJB GPSJOTUBODF

19 8IFOGVOETBSF %BUBBMTPHJWFTVTBDMFBSQJDUVSF t-PXFSXBUFSUBSJGGTMJOLFEXJUI USBOTGFSSFEGSPNOB- UIBUPQFSBUJPOTBOENBJOUFOBODFGPS MPXDPTUUFDIOPMPHJFT*OQPPS UJPOBMUPTVCOBUJPOBM XBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOTFSWJDFTFYQFOEJ- DPNNVOJUJFTXIFSFIPVTFIPMET HPWFSONFOU JTTVFTNBZ UVSFTBSFTUJMMSBSFMZDPWFSFECZUBSJêT  DBOOPUDPOUSJCVUFTJHOJGJDBOUMZ UIF BSJTF<> XJUIUIFTIPSUGBMMVTVBMMZCFJOHNBEF TFMFDUJPOPGBGGPSEBCMFCVUFGGJDJFOU VQCZHPWFSONFOUTVCTJEZɨJTNBZ UFDIOPMPHJFTNBZDPOUSJCVUFUP 4VCTUBOUJBMEFMBZTJO CFVOTVTUBJOBCMF CVUUIFSFBSFEJêFS- provide essential services. EJTCVSTFNFOUPGGVOETBU FOUXBZTUPBEESFTTUIFEJTDSFQBODZ t#FUUFSUBSHFUFEQVCMJDTVQQPSU*UJT BMMMFWFMTPGHPWFSONFOU BOETFFXIFSFJUDBOCFJNQSPWFE<> JNQPSUBOUUPTIJGUQVCMJDGJOBODF 1SPCMFNTPGiMFBLBHFw *ONBOZDBTFT DPTUSFDPWFSZBOE UPUIPTFNPSFJOOFFEPGTVQQPSU  GVOETCFJOHJNQSPQFSMZEJWFSUFE  JODSFBTFEBUUFOUJPOUPVTFSTGFFTDBO TVDIBTUIFVSCBOBOESVSBMQPPS 5IF8PSME#BOLBOENBOZPUIFS IFMQJNQSPWJOHUIFëOBODJBMTVTUBJO- and those living in distant rural JOTUJUVUJPOTBOEPSHBOJ[BUJPOT BCJMJUZPGTFSWJDFT#FOFëDJBSJFTOFFE BSFBT5IJTNBZJODMVEFUBSHFUFE IBWFVTFEUIF1VCMJD&YQFOEJUVSF UPQBZGPSXBUFSTFSWJDFTBOETVCTJ- USBOTGFSTGSPNJOUFSOBUJPOBMEPOPST 5SBDLJOH4VSWFZ 1&54 NFUIPE- dies should help those who cannot t *NQSPWJOHVTFPGEPOPSBOEQVC- PMPHZUPJEFOUJGZMFBLBHFT BêPSEUPQBZUIFGVMMDPTU4VCTJEJFT MJDGJOBODJOHUISPVHISFTVMUTCBTFE NVTUCFEFTJHOFEUPBWPJEJODFOUJWFT DPOUSBDUTBOEPVUQVUCBTFEBJE … results oriented financ- UPPWFSDPOTVNFXBUFSPSUPPWFS 1FSGPSNBODFCBTFEDPOUSBDUTDBO ing frameworks can be DBQJUBMJ[FDBQJUBMJOWFTUNFOUT JODSFBTFFGGFDUJWFOFTTBOESFEVDF 8BUFSQSJDFTNVTUCFBEBQUBCMF GVUVSFGJOBODJBMCVSEFOT effective BOENVTUQSPHSFTTJOMJOFXJUIMPDBM 5SBOTQBSFOU BDDPVOUBCMFBOESFTVMUT JODPNFTBOEFDPOPNJDEFWFMPQNFOU PSJFOUFEGSBNFXPSLTGPSBDUJPO /FWFSUIFMFTT UIFQPMJUJDBMOBUVSFPG 3FTVMUT#BTFE'JOBODJOH 3#' DBO XBUFSUBSJêTNBLFTUIFNSFTJTUBOUUP GPTUFSNPSFFïDJFOUBOEFRVJUBCMF JODSFBTFT"TBSFTVMU FYJTUJOHUBSJêT TFSWJDFEFMJWFSZ PGUFOMBHCFIJOEQFPQMFTXJMMJOHOFTT UPQBZ&YQFSJFODFTTIPXUIBUQFPQMF t5IFTVDDFTTPG3#'JOTUSVNFOUT BSFNPSFXJMMJOHUPQBZGPSBSFMJ- EFQFOETPOCFIBWJPVSDIBOHFBMTP BCMFTFSWJDFBOEUIFDPOWFOJFODFPG at the sector level. IBWJOHBTFSWJDFDMPTFSUPIPNF*O t"NVMUJEPOPSUSVTUGVOE TVDIBT GBDUQFPQMFTXJMMJOHOFTTBOEBCJMJUZUP UIBUFTUBCMJTIFEGPSPUIFSIFBMUI QBZGPSXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOTFSWJDFT SFMBUFE.%(T DPVMECFFTUBCMJTIFE TIPVMEOPUCFVOEFSFTUJNBUFEQSJPS GPSFYQBOEJOHUIFVTFPG3#'GPS FYQFSJFODFBMTPTIPXTUIBUXBUFSBOE sanitation. TBOJUBUJPOUBSHFUTDBOCFSFBDIFEFWFO t1FSGPSNBODFWFSJGJDBUJPONFUIPET XIFOëOBODJBMPQQPSUVOJUJFTBSFTNBMM BSFOFFEFEUPTVQQPSUUIFVTFPG BOEQFPQMFTXJMMJOHOFTTUPQBZJTIBN- 3#'JOTUSVNFOUTGPSJNQSPWJOH QFSFECZQPWFSUZBOEEFQSJWBUJPO sanitation. 5SVTUGVOET NJDSPëOBODF QIJ- “I hope in the future wa- MBOUISPQZBOETPWFSFJHOXFBMUIGVOET ter will be regarded as a ba- … Cost recovery combined and choosing low-cost grassroots sic service which has to be with pro-poor financing can TPMVUJPOTDBOCFQPXFSGVMëOBODJOH properly priced and properly PQUJPOTGPS8"4)&YJTUJOHBJEDBO funded. And I think a lot of help sustain services and BMTPCFVTFEUPQSPWJEFDPMMBUFSBMBOE the emotion and the religion serve the poor warranties designed to attract private should be taken out of water DBQJUBMUPMPDBMMZSJTLZQSPKFDUTo and it be treated in a more "UUIFFOEPGUIF%FDBEFXFSFBMJ[F JODMVEJOHMPDBMDPNNVOJUZQSPKFDUT pragmatic way, because we UIBUFYQBOEJOHTFSWJDFTBOEFOTVSJOH BOEGPSTVQQPSUJOHUIFFTUBCMJTINFOU need to raise the money to JUTPQFSBUJPOBMWJBCJMJUZJOUIFMPOHSVO PGMPDBMDSFEJUTZTUFNTUIBUDBODSFBUF keep water fowing.” JTOPUKVTUBTJNQMFRVFTUJPOPGDPWFS- SFWPMWJOHëOBODJOHTPVSDFT JOHDPTUTCZDIBSHJOHGPSUIFTFSWJDFT 0WFSBMMUIF8PSME#BOLJEFOUJ- 'JOBODJOHTUSBUFHJFTOFFEUPGPMMPX ëFTUISFFNBJOJOTUSVNFOUTGPSWJBCMF James Winpenny, Wychwood iQSPQPPSQSJODJQMFTwXIJDIBMTPJO- ëOBODJOHGPSMPXFSJODPNFDPNNV- Economic Consulting WPMWFXBUFSVTFSTJOEFDJTJPONBLJOH OJUJFT<>

20 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 IMPROVING GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY

0WFSUIF%FDBEFXFIBWFMFBSOFE *OPSEFSUPBUUSBDUNPSFëOBODFo NPTUWVMOFSBCMFBSFOPUFYDMVEFE UIBUUPNFFUUIF4VTUBJOBCMF%FWFM- CPUIQVCMJDBOEQSJWBUFoCBTJDCVJME- t1PMJDJFTUIBUDSFBUFBOFOBCMJOHFO- PQNFOU(PBM CFTJEFTHBUIFSJOH JOHCMPDLT<>OFFEUPCFQVUJOJO WJSPONFOUGPSJOWFTUNFOU TPUIBU OFXëOBODJBMSFTPVSDFT XIJDIXJMM QMBDFTPUIBUUIFëOBODFBWBJMBCMFBSF JOWFTUPSToQVCMJDPSQSJWBUFoBSF OPEPVCUCFOFFEFE JUJTFRVBMMZ VTFEUPBDIJFWFUIFHSFBUFTUJNQBDU DPOGJEFOUUIBUUIFJSJOWFTUNFOUT JNQPSUBOUUPVTFFYJTUJOHëOBODF and to ensure that the poorest and will achieve results. NPSFFêFDUJWFMZ&ïDJFODZSFRVJSFT NPTUWVMOFSBCMFBSFQSPUFDUFEɨFTF t"EFRVBUFIVNBOSFTPVSDFDBQBDJUZ CFUUFSHPWFSOBODFBOEBDDPVOUBCJM- CVJMEJOHCMPDLTJODMVEF BUBMMMFWFMToCPUIOBUJPOBMMZBOE JUZ<>UPFOTVSFëOBODJBMSFTPVSDFT FTQFDJBMMZBUBMPDBMMFWFM BSFVTFEGPSUIFQVSQPTFTJOUFOEFE t3FHVMBUPSZGSBNFXPSLTUIBUFOBCMF t3PCVTUTZTUFNTUPNPOJUPSQSPH- and not wasted. UIFTFUUJOHPGBGGPSEBCMFUBSJGGTBOE SFTTBOEUIFJNQBDUPGQPMJDJFTBOE *UTDMFBSUIBUPQQPSUVOJUJFTFY- UIBUNBLFTVSFUIFQPPSFTUBOEUIF resources. JTUGPSJODSFBTJOHBMJHONFOUXJUI DPVOUSZQSJPSJUJFTBOETUSFOHUIFOJOH OBUJPOBM8"4)TZTUFNTUISPVHI JODSFBTJOHTFDUPSCVEHFUTVQQPSU "HBJO XFNVTUFOTVSFUSBOTQBSFODZ BOEBDDPVOUBCJMJUZNFDIBOJTNTBSF JOQMBDFUPNJOJNJ[FNPOFZXBTUFE WE HAVE LEARNED WHAT DIFFERENCE THE HUMAN BOEPSEFWJBUFEGSPNJUTQMBOOFEVTF RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION HAS MADE 'JOBODJBMQMBOOJOHDBOIFMQBOE JUJTOFDFTTBSZGPSNBLJOHQPMJUJ- DBMJOWFTUNFOUEFDJTJPOTGPSXBUFS 0OFPGUIFNPTUTJHOJëDBOUBDIJFWF- FYQMJDJUSFDPHOJUJPOPGUIFhuman JOGSBTUSVDUVSFTUIBUIBWFMPOHUFSN NFOUTBOENJMFTUPOFTPGUIF8BUFS right to water and sanitation CZUIF CFOFëUTɨJTIBTUPCFTVQQPSUFE %FDBEFGSPNUPXBTUIF (FOFSBM"TTFNCMZJO*OJUT XJUIWJBCMFBOEëOBODFBCMFTVTUBJO- BCMFNBOBHFNFOUNPEFMTBCMFUP BUUSBDUëOBODJOHBOEDPWFSPQFSBUJPO  “The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation es- NBJOUFOBODFBOEDBQJUBMDPTUT%FëO- tablish a legal framework, which clearly defnes rights and ob- JOHUIFPCKFDUJWFBOEEFTJHOJOHNPSF ligations, in order to promote pro-poor and non-discriminatory TPQIJTUJDBUFEëOBODJOHQBDLBHFTUIBU provision and to avoid retrogressions in the level of access. They TFMFDUUIFNPTUBQQSPQSJBUFBOETVJU- decisively have the potential of contributing to the empowerment BCMFJOTUSVNFOUTGPSFBDIQBSUJDVMBS of individuals by transforming them from passive recipients to ac- QSPCMFN FHCMFOEJOHHSBOUT MPBOT tive agents of change.” BOEQVCMJDGVOET BSFFTTFOUJBMUPBU- USBDUëOBODJOHJOTUJUVUJPOTBOETFDVSF Leo Heller, Special Rapporteur for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation CFTUWBMVFGPSNPOFZ

21 3FTPMVUJPOUIF(FOFSBM 5IFIVNBOSJHIUTGSBNFXPSL SBQQPSUFVSCFDBNFBDBUBMZTUGPSBD- "TTFNCMZSFDPHOJ[FE GPSDFTVTUPRVFTUJPOXIZDFSUBJO UJPO BOEIFSWJTJUTBOESFQPSUTIBWF UIFSJHIUUPTBGFBOE HSPVQTPGQFPQMFBSFexcluded put a spotlight on countries that are clean drinking water and from development. 5IFZNJHIUCF GVMëMMJOHUIFJSPCMJHBUJPOT BOEIPX TBOJUBUJPOBTBIVNBO NJOPSJUJFT QFPQMFXJUIEJTBCJMJ- )FSWJTJUTIBWFTVQQPSUFEDPVSTFT SJHIUUIBUJTFTTFOUJBMGPS UJFT PSQFPQMFMJWJOHJOJOGPSNBM PGBDUJPOUIBUIBWFMFEUPDPVOUSJFT UIFGVMMFOKPZNFOUPGMJGF TFUUMFNFOUT incorporating targets into national BOEBMMIVNBOSJHIUT "IVNBOSJHIUTGSBNFXPSLBMTP MFHJTMBUJPOFTUBCMJTIJOHDMFBSFSSFTQPO- ɨF3FTPMVUJPOPO GPSDFTVTUPprioritize those who TJCJMJUJFTPGUIFTUBUFTBOEGPDVTJOH UIF)VNBO3JHIUUP are unserved or underserved. POQPQVMBUJPO JODMVEJOHXPNFO BT 8BUFSBOE4BOJUBUJPOIBTQSPWJEFE 8JUIPVUBJNJOHGPSBIJHIFS BDUPSTPGXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOQSP- JNQFUVTBOEIBTCFFOLFZUPDMBSJGZ- SBUFPGTFSWJDFGPSEJTBEWBOUBHFE HSBNTJOTUFBEPGKVTUCFOFëDJBSJFTPG JOHHPWFSONFOUSFTQPOTJCJMJUJFT*UT groups we will not achieve access BJE#ZWJTJUJOHBOEFOHBHJOHXJUI also helped all stakeholders to treat GPSBMMJOUIFGPSFTFFBCMFGVUVSF QPMJDZNBLFSTBOEMPDBMDPNNVOJUJFT  the target population as actors with 8IJMFXFBMMLOPXUIBUBEEJUJPOBM UIFTQFDJBMSBQQPSUFVSIBTCSPVHIU SJHIUTUIBUNVTUCFSFTQFDUFESBUIFS SFTPVSDFTBSFOFFEFEGPSUIFGVMM USBOTQBSFODZBOEDPOTJTUFODZUPB UIBOBTCFOFëDJBSJFTPGQSPKFDUT SFBMJ[BUJPOPGUIFIVNBOSJHIUTUP QPUFOUJBMMZEJïDVMUBSFBUPNPOJUPS BMPOF<> XBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPO BMPUNPSF ɨFJNQBDUPGUIFTQFDJBMSBQQPSUFVS )PXFWFS UIFSFDPHOJUJPOPGXBUFS DPVMECFBDIJFWFXJUIUIFSFTPVSD- IBTCFFOTVDIUIBUBTUIF.JMMFOOJVN BOETBOJUBUJPOBTIVNBOSJHIUTEPFT FTUIBUBSFBMSFBEZBWBJMBCMF5IF %FWFMPQNFOU(PBMTDPODMVEF UIFSFJT OPUBVUPNBUJDBMMZBOEJNNFEJBUFMZ EJBSSIFBMSBUFGPSFYBNQMFDBOCF JODSFBTJOHMZBDBMMUPJOUFHSBUFIVNBO CSJOHXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOUPQFPQMF TJHOJGJDBOUMZSFEVDFECZQSPNPU- SJHIUTFMFNFOUTJOUPUIFQPTU JOUIFJSIPNF#ZSFDPHOJ[JOHUIF JOHHPPEIZHJFOFQSBDUJDFT"bet- EFWFMPQNFOUGSBNFXPSL TFFLJOHUP SJHIU XFIBWFDSFBUFEBDPNNJUNFOU ter application of resources is need- NBLFUIFTFEFWFMPQNFOUHPBMTNPSF UPSFBMJ[JOHVOJWFSTBMBDDFTTUPXBUFS FECZUBSHFUJOHUIPTFXIPEPOPU rights-sensitive. BOETBOJUBUJPOGPSBMMBOEXFIBWF IBWFBDDFTT CZQSBDUJDJOHFGGFDUJWF *NQMFNFOUJOHUIFSJHIUTUPXBUFS DSFBUFEBGSBNFXPSLGPSBDUJPOBOEB NFDIBOJTNTGPSBGGPSEBCJMJUZ CZ and sanitation suggest that it is the DBUBMZTUGPSDIBOHF JOUFHSBUJOHUIFQSJODJQMFPGFRVBM- NFBOT BTXFMMBTUIFFOE UIBUEFëOF 4PNFPGUIFLFZDIBOHFTCSPVHIU JUZBOEOPOEJTDSJNJOBUJPOJOQPM- BSJHIUTDPNQMJBOUBQQSPBDIUP BCPVUCZUIF)VNBO3JHIU T UP JDJFTBOEQSPHSBNTBOECZQVUUJOH EFMJWFSJOHTFSWJDFT UIFLFZQSJO- 8BUFSBOE4BOJUBUJPOJODMVEF<> JOQMBDFUIFOFDFTTBSZQIZTJDBMBOE DJQMFTCFJOHQBSUJDJQBUJPO BDDFTTUP SFHVMBUPSZGSBNFXPSLTUPNPOJUPS JOGPSNBUJPO USBOTQBSFODZ OPO Inequalities: 5IFGPDVTPG.%(T XIPBSFCFOFGJUJOHGSPNJOUFSWFO- EJTDSJNJOBUJPOBOEBDDPVOUBCJMJUZ POBWFSBHFQSPHSFTTBUUIFDPVOUSZ UJPOTBOEXIPBSFMFGUCFIJOE ɨJTJTWJUBM4PMVUJPOTDBOCFEFMJW- MFWFMIBTHJWFOOPJODFOUJWFTGPS FSFENVDINPSFDIFBQMZBOESBQJEMZ  HPWFSONFOU QSPWJEFSTBOEEPOPST ɨFëSTU4QFDJBM3BQQPSUFVSGPS BOETFFNVDIHSFBUFSSFTVMUT XIFSF to reach out those who are hard to UIF)VNBO3JHIUUP8BUFSBOE QFPQMFBSFFNQPXFSFEUPCFQBSUPG SFBDI4JODFUIFSFDPHOJUJPOPGUIF 4BOJUBUJPO $BUBSJOB%F"MCVRVFSRVF  UIFJSPXOTPMVUJPOSBUIFSUIBOTJNQMZ IVNBOSJHIUUPXBUFSBOETBOJ- XBTBQQPJOUFEJOɨFTQFDJBM SFDFJWJOHADIBSJUZ UBUJPO JODSFBTJOHBUUFOUJPOIBT CFFOHJWFOUPUIPTFXIPSFNBJO without access to water and sani- UBUJPO6/*$&'BOE8)0 UIF UXPJOUFSOBUJPOBMPSHBOJ[BUJPOT “Transparency establishes openness of access to information SFTQPOTJCMFGPSHMPCBMNPOJUPSJOH without the need for direct requests; for example, through the PGUIFXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPOUBSHFUT dissemination of information via the radio, internet and offcial PGUIF.%(TIBWFCFFOSFQPSUJOH journals. Participation must be an integral part of any policy, pro- FOPSNPVTEJTQBSJUJFTCFUXFFOSV- gramme or strategy concerning water or sanitation, and concerned SBMBOEVSCBOBOEUIFSJDIBOEUIF individuals and groups must be made aware of participatory pro- QPPS&WFOJOUIFXPSMETSJDIFTU cesses and how they function.” DPVOUSJFTUIFSFBSFNBSHJOBMJ[FE QFPQMF FUIOJDBMNJOPSJUJFT IPNF- Catarina De Albuquerque in ‘ less people who have no access to Realizing the human right to water and sanitation: A handbook’ water and sanitation.

22 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 WE HAVE LEARNED WHAT WOMEN HAVE GAINED AND HOW ESSENTIAL WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IS

ɨF8BUFSGPS-JGF%FDBEFFYQMJD- 8BUFS1BSUOFSTIJQ 8G81 IBTQBS- NFFUUIFJSGBNJMJFTXBUFSOFFET"U JUMZDBMMTGPSUIFQBSUJDJQBUJPOBOE UJDJQBUFEJONBOZPGJUTBDUJWJUJFTBOE UIFFOEPGUIF%FDBEFUIJTJTOPX JOWPMWFNFOUPGXPNFOJOXBUFS CSBOEFEBT%FDBEFBDUJWJUJFTTQFDJëD HMPCBMMZSFDPHOJ[FEBOEXFIBWFCFU- SFMBUFEEFWFMPQNFOUFêPSUT0WFS XPNFOJOXBUFSSFMBUFEEFWFMPQNFOU UFSJOGPSNBUJPOUPCFBCMFUPDPOTJEFS UIF%FDBEFXPNFOTDJWJMTPDJFUZIBT BDUJWJUJFT&OHBHJOHJOUIFPQQPSUVOJ- UIFTQFDJëDOFFETPGXPNFOBOEHJSMT SJTFOUPUIFDIBMMFOHFXJUIUIFJNQMF- UJFTQSPWJEFECZUIF8BUFS%FDBEF UPJOTVSFUIFZCFOFëUXIFOTFSWJDFT NFOUBUJPOPGBHSFBUNBOZEJêFSFOU UIFZTBXJUBTQBSUPGBHFOFSBMNPWF- BSFJNQSPWFE JOJUJBUJWFT FOHBHJOHXPNFOJOXBUFS NFOUGSPNUFDIOJDBMXBUFSNBOBHF- QSPKFDUTBOEQSPHSBNNFTBDSPTTUIF NFOUUPNPSFQBSUJDJQBUPSZBOE t4VSWFZEBUBGPSTVC4BIBSBO HMPCFɨF%FDBEFIBTTFFOUIFEF- inclusive water governance. DPVOUSJFTJOEJDBUFUIBUPWFSBMMXPN- WFMPQNFOUPGHMPCBMOFUXPSLTTVDIBT "UUIFCFHJOOJOHPGUIF%FDBEF FOTQFOEBUPUBMPGNJMMJPOIPVST UIF(FOEFS8BUFS"MMJBODF (8"  UIF+.1SFQPSUPOi8BUFSGPS BEBZ<>DPMMFDUJOHXBUFSUIFNPSF FNQIBTJ[JOHHFOEFSNBJOTUSFBN- -JGF .BLJOHJU)BQQFOwJEFOUJëFE EJTUBOUUIFTPVSDFPGXBUFS UIFMFTT JOHUIF8PNFOGPS8BUFS1BSUOFS- UIFi(FOEFS%JWJEFwɨFSFQPSU water the household uses. TIJQ 8G81 VOJUJOHXPNFOTDJWJM MPPLFEJOUPIPXXPNFOBOEHJSMTBSF t*OPWFSQFSDFOUPGIPVTFIPMET TPDJFUZPSHBOJ[BUJPOTXPSMEXJEFPO NPTUPGUFOUIFQSJNBSZQSPWJEFST  XIFSFXBUFSIBTUPCFGFUDIFE  UIFXBUFSHFOEFSEFWFMPQNFOUOFYVT NBOBHFSTBOEVTFSTPGXBUFSJOUIFJS XPNFOBOEHJSMTEPUIFGFUDIJOH PSUIF(MPCBM8PNFOT8BUFS*OJUJB- IPVTFIPMETBOEGBNJMZFDPOPNJD 8IFSFSVSBMXBUFSTPVSDFTBSFEJT- UJWF (88* UIBUJTHFBSFEUPXBSET BDUJWJUJFTɨFZBSFUIFHVBSEJBOT UBOU XPNFOXBMLVQUPUXPIPVST USBJOJOHPGMPDBMXPNFOXBUFSFYQFSUT PGIPVTFIPMEIZHJFOF IFBMUIBOE UPGFUDIXBUFS8IFSFVSCBOXBUFS and entrepreneurship. FEVDBUJPO*GBXBUFSTZTUFNGBJMT  JTGSPNTIBSFETUBOEQJQFTUIFZ 3FDPHOJ[JOHUIFPQQPSUVOJUZUIBU XPNFOBSFUIFPOFTGPSDFEUPUSBWFM NBZXBJUJOMJOFGPSPWFSBOIPVS UIF%FDBEFQSPWJEFE 8PNFOGPS MPOHEJTUBODFTPWFSNBOZIPVSTUP t'FUDIJOHBOEDBSSZJOHDBVTFTDV- NVMBUJWFXFBSBOEUFBSUPUIF OFDL TQJOF CBDLBOELOFFTJOFG- GFDU BXPNBOTCPEZCFDPNFTQBSU PGUIFXBUFSEFMJWFSZJOGSBTUSVD- Gender in the context of UN initiatives since 2005 UVSF EPJOHUIFXPSLPGQJQFT t8PNFOTEJTQSPQPSUJPOBUFSF- - The International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ (2005-2015) TQPOTJCJMJUZGPSIPVTFIPMEXBUFS  calls for women’s participation and involvement in water-related TBOJUBUJPOBOEGVFMTVQQMZNFBOT development efforts UIBUUIFZBSFNPSFWVMOFSBCMFUP - UN-Water Task force on Gender and Water FOWJSPONFOUBMSJTLT FTQFDJBMMZJO - Water and Gender Forum in Tajikistan, 2013 International Year TMVNBSFBTPGUFOMPDBUFEOFBSQPM- of Water Cooperation MVUJOHJOEVTUSJFT SVCCJTIUJQTPSJO - Water and Gender Forum in Tajikistan 2015 lessons of the de- GMPPEQSPOFBSFBT cade and way forward t 8BUFSSFMBUFEUJNFQPWFSUZUSBOT- MBUFTUPMPTUJODPNFGPSXPNFO

23 BOEMPTUTDIPPMJOHGPS POQSFWJPVT6/XPSL&$040$ tions through a gender lens can HJSMT$VNVMBUJWFMZ POF EFëOFTNBJOTUSFBNJOHBTUIFQSP- ensure that sanitation services are FTUJNBUFTVHHFTUT DFTTPGBTTFTTJOHUIFJNQMJDBUJPOTGPS HJWFOQSJPSJUZCZEFDJTJPONBLFST CJMMJPOIPVSTBZFBSBSF XPNFOBOENFOPGBOZQMBOOFEBD- BOEUFDIOPMPHZJTUBJMPSFEUPNFFU spent collecting water UJPO JODMVEJOHMFHJTMBUJPO QPMJDJFTPS UIFOFFETPGUIPTFXIPXJMMVTFUIF JOTVC4BIBSBO"GSJDBo QSPHSBNT JOBMMBSFBTBOEBUBMMMFWFMT GBDJMJUJFT FRVBMUPBZFBSTMBCPVS *UJTBTUSBUFHZGPSNBLJOHXPNFOT GPSUIFFOUJSFXPSLGPSDF BTXFMMBTNFOTDPODFSOTBOEFYQFSJ- "UQPMJDZMFWFMTPNFJNQSPWF- PG'SBODF 6/%1  FODFTBOJOUFHSBMEJNFOTJPOPGUIF NFOUTXFIBWFTFFOPWFSUIF%FDBEF  *OFBTUFSO6HBO- EFTJHO JNQMFNFOUBUJPO NPOJUPSJOH JODMVEF EBSFTFBSDIGPVOEXPNFOTQFOE BOEFWBMVBUJPOPGQPMJDJFTBOEQSP- BOBWFSBHFPGIPVSTQFSZFBS HSBNTJOBMMQPMJUJDBM FDPOPNJDBOE t(FOEFSTUSBUFHJFTIBWFCFFOEF- DPMMFDUJOHXBUFS XIJDISFQSFTFOUT TPDJFUBMTQIFSFTTPUIBUXPNFOBOE veloped to incorporate gender UXPGVMMNPOUITPGMBCPS NFOCFOFëUFRVBMMZBOEJOFRVBMJUZJT concerns in water policies and OPUQFSQFUVBUFEɨFVMUJNBUFHPBM QSBDUJDFTBOEUPGVSUIFSXPNFO .BJOTUSFBNJOHTFSWJDFTJTOPU JTUPBDIJFWFHFOEFSFRVBMJUZ &$0- MFBEFSTIJQBOEGVMMQBSUJDJQBUJPOJO NFSFMZBCPVUFRVBMJUZGPSJUTPXO 40$   UIFTFDUPS OPUBCMZUIF".$08 TBLF4BOJUBUJPOBOEIZHJFOFJN- 4PNFHBJOTGPSXPNFOPCTFSWFE HFOEFSNBJOTUSFBNJOHQPMJDZBOE QSPWFNFOUTBSFPGUFOMPXPOUIFMJTU GSPNXFMMUBSHFUFEJNQSPWFETFSWJDFT TUSBUFHZ UIF(81HFOEFSTUSBUFHZ PGGBNJMZJOWFTUNFOUT BOEXPNFO JODMVEFUIFGPMMPXJOH  UIF6/8BUFS BOEHJSMTTVêFSNPSFJOEJHOJUZBTB 5BTL'PSDFPO(FOEFSBOEXBUFS  SFTVMUɨFJSQSJWBDZBOETFDVSJUZBSF t8FMMUBSHFUFETFSWJDFTIBWFJN- UIF88"1POHPJOHQSPKFDUPO QBSUMZEFUFSNJOFECZFBTFPGBDDFTT QSPWFEUIFIFBMUIBOETFDVSJUZPG HFOEFSJOEJDBUPSTBOETFYEJTBHHSF- UP BOEMPDBUJPOPGTBOJUBUJPOGBDJMJ- XPNFOBOEUIFJSGBNJMJFT BOE HBUJPOPGEBUB UJFT*OQSJNBSZTDIPPMT UPJMFUTBSF GSFFUIFNUPFOHBHFJOTPDJBM FDP- t8PNFOBTBDJWJMTPDJFUZHSPVQIBT PGUFOJOBEFRVBUFUPTFSWFUIFOFFET OPNJD BOEQPMJUJDBMBDUJWJUJFT UIVT TUSFOHUIFODPOTJEFSBCMZ BOEUIFJS PGHJSMT SFTVMUJOHJOOPOBUUFOEBODF UBDLMJOHAUJNFQPWFSUZUIFTJUV- SPMFJOSFBMJ[JOHBDDFTTUPXBUFS EVSJOHNFOTFT"OBQQBMMJOHQFS- BUJPOXIFSFXPNFOTUJNFJTJO- and sanitation has gained acknowl- DFOUPGUIFHJSMTJO*OEJBMFBWFTDIPPM GMFYJCMF DPOTVNFECZSPVUJOFBOE FEHFNFOUBOEJTJODSFBTJOHMZQSBD- BMUPHFUIFSXIFOUIFZCFHJOUPNFO- OPOQSPEVDUJWFUBTLT QFSQFUVBUJOH UJDFE CPUIBUUIFOBUJPOBMMFWFM TUSVBUF*O"GSJDBFBDIHJSMMPTFT UIFJSBCTFODFGSPNEFDJTJPONBL- BOE NPSFJNQPSUBOUMZ BUUIFMPDBM MFBSOJOHEBZTEVSJOHGPVSZFBSTPG JOHBOEPUIFSQSPGJUBCMFQVSTVJUT level as well. IJHITDIPPMoFRVJWBMFOUUPBMNPTU 8PSME#BOL   t(FOEFSFRVBMJUZIBTJODSFBTFEJO XFFLTPVUPGXFFLTPGMFBSOJOHo t4DIPPMFOSPMNFOUBOESFUFOUJPO UIFXBUFSTFDUPS CVUJTBHBJOUIBU EVFUPNFOTUSVBUJPO PGHJSMTJODSFBTFTXIFSFUIFSFBSF TUJMMOFFETUPCFGVSUIFSXPSLFE .BJOTUSFBNJOHBHFOEFSQFS- JNQSPWFEXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPO VQPO5IFSFSFNBJOTTJHOJGJDBOU TQFDUJWFEVSJOHUIF%FDBEFCVJMET services. Viewing sanitation solu- HFOEFSEJTQBSJUZBTXPNFOBOE HJSMTTUJMMGBDFUIFCVSEFOPGDPM- lecting water and the gender gap JOXBUFSQSPGFTTJPOBMTBUBMMMFWFMT is still large. “Having access to water is key to all other forms of empower- t8PNFOBSFOPMPOHFSQFSDFJWFE ment for women. In rural areas, it is only when a woman has water TPMFMZBTBWVMOFSBCMFBOEEJTBE- at home that she is able to invest some time in an economic activity. WBOUBHFEHSPVQ8PNFODJWJM If a woman is engaged in the daily routine of searching for water TPDJFUZBSFJODSFBTJOHMZTFFOBT by walking miles and miles away from home, it is practically im- actors in their own rights in this possible to engage in anything that brings in money for her! If she EFWFMPQNFOUQSPDFTTBOEBTBHFOUT has to search for water, she has to let other forms of empowerment PGDIBOHF5IFZBSFJODSFBTJOHMZ go because then they are a bit unrealistic for her to attain! This is included as an equal partner in evident in Katosi among the women groups.” QBSUJDJQBUJPOQSPDFTTFT XIJDI TPNFUJNFTEPFTOPUPOMZNFBOCF- JOHJOWJUFE CVUBMTPCFJOHHJWFO Rehema Bavuma, KWDT UIFGBDJMJUJFTBOENFBOTUPNBLF QBSUJDJQBUJPOQPTTJCMF

24 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 #VUXFBSFOPUUIFSFZFUɨF SFBDIJOUFOEFECFOFë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approach. FWFS UIFPQFSBUJPOBMMFWFMJTPOFPG EFUFSNJOFXPNFOTPQUJPOTUPMFBE ɨFXBUFSHFOEFSEFWFMPQNFOU NPTUJNQPSUBOUJOUFSGBDFTGPSHFOEFS productive lives and restrict their OFYVTSFNBJOTBMBSHFMZVOUBQQFE JOXBUFSBOETBOJUBUJPO CFDBVTF BDUJWFDPOUSJCVUJPOTUPTPDJFUZɨJT DPOOFDUJPOXJUIDPOTJEFSBCMFQPUFO- EFDJTJPOTNBEFIFSFTIBQFFOHBHF- BMTPJODMVEFTXPNFOTBDDFTTUPBOE UJBMUPIFMQBDIJFWFTVTUBJOBCMFBDDFTT NFOUXJUIDPNNVOJUJFT UIFTFDUPST JOWPMWFNFOUJOEFDJTJPONBLJOH GPSUIFIBSEUPSFBDITFHNFOUTJO VMUJNBUFUBSHFUHSPVQ*OTUJUVUJPOT PWFSXBUFSɨFZBSFTFFOBTVTFGVM TPDJFUZɨJTXJMMSFRVJSFBEFRVBUF FOHBHFEJO8"4)PQFSBUJPOT TVDI GPSDBSSZJOHXBUFS CVUOPUGPSNBL- TVQQPSUTPXPNFOBSFGVMMZFRVJQQFE BT/(0T VUJMJUJFT EPOPSBHFODJFT  JOHEFDJTJPOTBCPVUJU UPQBSUOFSXJUIUIFXBUFSDPNNV- BOEMPDBMHPWFSONFOUCPEJFT OFFE #VUXPNFOTDMPTFJOWPMWFNFOU OJUZUPKPJOUMZBDIJFWFUIF)VNBO to adopt institutional policies and NFBOTUIFSFBSFNVMUJQMFCFOFëUTUP 3JHIUUP8BUFSBOE4BOJUBUJPOJOUIF strategies that address gender at two JODMVEJOHUIFNJOUIFEFTJHOBOE DPNJOHEFDBEF MFWFMTJOUFSOBMXPSLQMBDFQPMJDJFT  QMBOOJOHTUBHFTGSPNDSFBUJOHMPDBM 8BUFSGPSQSPEVDUJPOoGSPNIZ- BOETFSWJDFEFMJWFSZTUSBUFHJFT PXOFSTIJQBOEDPSSFDUMZBEESFTT- ESPQPXFSEPXOUPXBUFSJOHBTNBMM JOHDPNNVOJUZOFFET UPCVJMEJOH HBSEFOoSFMBUFTUPTPDJPFDPOPNJD TVTUBJOBCMFTPMVUJPOTBOEVTJOH EFWFMPQNFOUBOETFMGSFMJBODF ZFUBD- indigenous knowledge to prevent DFTTUPUIFNFBOTPGQSPEVDUJPOBOE FYQFOTJWFNJTUBLFT8FWFMFBSOFE DPOUSPMPWFSSFTPVSDFTPGUFOFYDMVEFT UIBUJOWPMWJOHXPNFOBTXFMMBTNFO XPNFO"HFOEFSTFOTJUJWFTUSBUFHZ JOQSPKFDUTNBLFUIFNNPSFMJLFMZUP BJNTUPFOTVSFUIBUXPNFOCFOFëUCZ

Heikeyu System in Mweteni,

Organization: Tegemeo Women Group; Women for Water Partnership; Marie Stella Maris

Mweteni village consist of 4 sub-villages that have all faced an acute shortage of safe and clean water for a long time leading to the increase of water related diseases, poverty, long walking distance and excessive time spent on fetching water. A grassroots women’s group in Mweteni, called Tegemeo Women Group, has initiated a water project in order to improve access to water and sanitation in Mweteni. The Mweteni water project is a larger program implementing 5 separate gravity schemes and a system. The project that is supported by Marie-Stella-Maris concerns the Heikeyu scheme. The creation of this scheme ensures access to safe and sustainable drinking water for approxi- mately 1900 people. Making it easier for women to fetch water stimulates local economic development as a result. Hygiene education will be provided as well, which improves the overall community health. The community of Mweteni isn’t part of the government water plan. Because the water situation has become increasingly grim, the Tegemeo Women Group (TWG) took the initiative to ensure access to clean drinking water for its people. They gained the support of the whole community and its leaders as well as district authorities and the national government. The government sees the WfWP and TWG water & sanitation project in Mweteni as a prime example of decentralized and participatory water management. The same district wants the project to expand to cover the entire district. To share their knowledge and experiences, both within and outside their com- munity, the women in Tegemeo Mweteni built a water & sanitation communications centre. Here they provide the community information and advice about sanitation and hygiene.

25 THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AS WE SCALE UP AND ASCEND THE LADDER OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Tere is an increas- has reviewed and provided guidelines 8BUFSJTBEFMJDBUFJTTVF DPO- JOHSFDPHOJUJPOPGUIF CBTFEPOUIFQSJWBUFDPNNVOJUZ DFSOJOHWJSUVBMMZBMMTUSBOETPGMJGF  JNQPSUBODFPGPSHBOJ[FE PQFSBUPSTFYQFSJFODFJOSVSBMBSFBT NFBOJOHUIBUJUJTBMTPBNBUUFSPG BOETQFDJBMJ[FEXBUFSBOETBOJUB- 5PEBZXFTFFUIBUUIFSFJTB DPNQFUJOHVTFTBOEJOUFSFTUTɨF UJPOTFSWJDFQSPWJEFSTGPSTDBMJOH UFOTJPOCFUXFFOFYQMPSJOHUFTUJOH OFDFTTJUZGPSMPDBMXBUFSDPPQFSB- VQ8"4)JOUFSWFOUJPOTɨFZ BQQMZJOHNPSFEFDFOUSBMJTFEMPDBMMZ tion and working with all relevant BSFOFDFTTBSZGPSNBLJOHTFSWJDFT BEBQUFETNBMMTDBMFTPMVUJPOTJOUIF stakeholders at local level has now TVTUBJOBCMFBOEPWFSBMMGPSQSPHSFTT XBUFSTFDUPSBOEIPXUIFTFTIPVMECF USJDLMFEEPXOJONPTUQMBDFT CVU POUIFMBEEFSPGXBUFSBOETBOJUB- QSPWJEFE DPOTJEFSJOHTPDJBMDPODFSOT NBLJOHJUXPSLJTTUJMMBEJêFSFOU UJPOTFSWJDFT"DSPTTNBOZEJêFSFOU and its linkages with other sectors TUPSZɨFOFFEGPSCVJMEJOHUIF regions and countries local govern- TVDIBTXBTUFNBOBHFNFOUPSQVCMJD DBQBDJUZPGMPDBMHPWFSONFOUTUP NFOUTIBWFLFZSFTQPOTJCJMJUJFTJO IFBMUINBOBHFNFOUFUD5SVMZXPSL- act as the convener and coordinator UIFQSPWJTJPOPGXBUFSTVQQMZBOE JOHNPEFMTPGDPMMBCPSBUJPOCFUXFFO PGMPDBMTUBLFIPMEFSQSPDFTTFTTUJMM sanitation services. UIFQVCMJDBOEQSJWBUFTFDUPSXIJDI OFFETNPSFFêPSU"UUIFFOEPGUIF *OUIFEFWFMPQJOHDPVOUSZDPOUFYU ZJFMEXJOXJOTJUVBUJPOTPOCPUI %FDBEF IPXFWFS JUDBOCFTBJEUIBU XIJMFEFDFOUSBMJ[BUJPOIBTJODSFBTFE TJEFTTUJMMOFFEUPCFCFUUFSDPN- MPPLJOHCBDL UIF-PDBM"HFOEB PQQPSUVOJUJFTGPSUBJMPSJOHXBUFS NVOJDBUFEUPPUIFSMPDBUJPOTXIFO -PDBM"DUJPONPWFNFOUIBTMFEUP NBOBHFNFOUBQQSPBDIFTUPMPDBM BQQFBSJOHUPCFTVDDFTTGVM BDPSOVDPQJBPGOFXTFUVQTNFDIB- OFFETBOEJOUFSFTUT UIFSFRVJSFEDB- QBDJUJFTPGMPDBMHPWFSONFOUTJODMVE- JOHUIFëOBODJOHGPSUVSOJOHQMBOT JOUPBDUJPOXFSFPGUFOBOEBSFTUJMM “With the intensifcation of work on water we’ve come to the MBHHJOHCFIJOE.PSFTVQQPSUGPS realization how much more complicated things are than we thought local level actors is needed. they were 10 years ago, but also we have been able to see how "XBSFUIBUDPNNVOJUZXBUFSTVQ- much more interconnected they are and so the idea of the nexus is QMZJTLFZJOSVSBMBSFBTBOEUIBUCPUI not just water, energy and but it’s also within the water sector developing and developed countries looking at these various issues and I think that was the basis on BSFNPSFGSFRVFOUMZBTTPDJBUFEXJUI which the SDGs now embrace a much bigger water picture than PVUCSFBLTPGXBUFSCPSOFEJTFBTFT they would have 15 years ago.” 8)0BOE841 8PSME#BOL IBWF CFFOUBLJOHEJêFSFOUJOJUJBUJWFT Robert Bos, International Water *OUIFDSFBUJPOPGUIF8)0 QSPNPUFE*OUFSOBUJPOBM4NBMM$PN- NVOJUZ8BUFS4VQQMZ/FUXPSL NBL- JOHFYQMJDJUUIBUJUXBTBOJOJUJBUJWF “It appears as if sustainable urban water management has ben- TVQQPSUJOHFTUBCMJTIFEiBUUIFPVUTFU efted from social innovation spurred by Local Action 21 in the last PGUIF6/%FDBEFi8BUFSGPS-JGFw decade: more decentralised/localised approaches, more grass-  BTUIFSFXBTBOFFEUP engagement, more recognition of smaller-scale solutions. QVUJOQMBDFBWBSJFUZPGDPOUFYUBOE There are also promising developments that the understanding of DVMUVSFTQFDJëDNFBTVSFTTVJUBCMFUP the strengths of an integrated approach, rooted in a good gov- EFMJWFSTBGFXBUFSUPTNBMMPSSFNPUF ernance environment, works best. It will be up to the Decade of DPNNVOJUJFTXPSMEXJEFw4JODFUIFO implementing the water-related SDGs to proof whether these obser- $PNNVOJUZ8BUFS4VQQMJFT/FUXPSL vations hold true.” NFNCFSTIBWFXPSLFEUPHFUIFSUP EFWFMPQBEWJDFBOE&YDIBOHFFYQFSJ- Barbara Anton, ICLEI, at the UN-Water 2015 Zaragoza Conference FODFT"NPOHPUIFSJOJUJBUJWFTUIF 841QSPHSBNNFPGUIF8PSME#BOL

26 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 The EU-funded SWITCH (Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrows Health) re- search programme set out to achieve more sustainable and integrated urban water management in the ‘ of the Future’. It brought stakeholders from a range of institutions together in multi-stakeholder platforms (‘learning alliances’) at neighbourhood, city and in some cases national and global levels. The stakeholders jointly discussed problems and developed and tested ideas for improved integrated urban water management. SWITCH was carried out in 2006-2011 by a consortium of 33 partners from 15 countries, coordinated by the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. This model is now being expanded to cities in India. (Butterworth ed. 2011).

OJTNTJOMPDBMHPWFSOBODF PGUFO JOJUJBUFEGSPNCPUUPNVQɨFSFIBT CFFOUSFNFOEPVTDSFBUJWJUZTPDJBMJO- OPWBUJPOGSPNXIJDIBMTPOFX NPSF QBSUJDJQBUPSZGPSNTPGXBUFSNBO- BHFNFOUDBOCFFYQFDUFEUPCFOFëU ɨFSFBSFNBOZPVUTUBOEJOHFYBN- QMFTUPEBZBUMPDBMMFWFMPGFNCBSLJOH PODPNQSFIFOTJWFIPMJTUJDQBSUJDJQB- UPSZBQQSPBDIFTUPNBOBHJOHUIFJS VSCBOXBUFSTZTUFNTBOENPSFDBOCF HBJOFECZVTJOHTNBSUUFDIOPMPHJFT OFX*$5TFUD

Notes [1]. From Mr Sanjay Wijesekera, Chief WASH, [10]. World Health Organization (2004), “Costs /Worldbank/document/Poverty%20 UNICEF at the High Level Conference in and benefits of water and sanitation at documents/WB-PREM%20financing-for- Dushanbe, June 2015. the global level”. Available at http://www. development-pub-10-11-13web.pdf. [2]. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanita- who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh- [17]. http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Account- tion – 2014 update http://www.wssinfo.org/ 0404summary/en/. ability_in_WASH_Explaining_the_Con- fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP_re- [11]. Aquafed at the UN-Water 2015 Zaragoza cept.pdf. port_2014_webEng.pdf. Conference. [18]. These suggestions draw from the contribu- [3]. Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care [12]. UNDP and AEPC (2010), “Capacity Develop- tions of stakeholders at the 2015 UN-Water facilities Status in low- and middle-income ment for Scaling Up Decentralized Energy annual international Zaragoza conference, countries and way forward http://www. Access Programmes: Lessons from available at http://www.u.org/waterfor- who.int/water_sanitation_health/publica- on its role, costs, and financing”. Available lifedecade/waterandsustainabledevelop- tions/wash-health-care-facilities/en/. at http://www.undp.ro/download/capac- ment2015/. [4]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ ity_dev_energy_access%20full%202010. [19]. WHO Monitoring Water and Sanitation: PMC4255778/. pdf. for evidence based policy and interven- [5]. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health [13]. Guy Hutton at the 2015 UN-Water Zaragoza tion http://who.int/phe/events/wha_66/ /publications/glaas_report_2014/en/. Conference. flyer_wsh_monitoring.pdf. [6]. UN Water GLAAS 2014 Report http://www. [14]. Source: UN Special Rapporteur on the [20]. Leo Heller at the HLE on the International who.int/water_sanitation_health/publica- Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Decade for Action. March 30, 2015. tions/glaas_report_2014/en/. Sanitation (2014). [21]. No Ceilings Report on Women’s Global [7]. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/endo- [15]. GLAAS Country Survey 2013/2014. Participation (2015) http://noceilings.org/ pendefecation.shtml. [16]. The World Bank Group (2013). “Financ- report/report.pdf. [8]. GLAAS 2013/2014 Country Survey. ing for Development Post-2015” available [9]. GLAAS 2013/2014 Country Survey. at: https://www.worldbank.org/content/

27 Integrated Water Resources Management and Transboundary Water Cooperation: Progress, Achievements, And Lessons LeArned over the United nAtions internAtionAL decAde for Action ‘WAter for Life’ 2005-2015

INTRODUCTION

he Implementation of Integrated Water national Year of Water Cooperation (IYWC) - Te United Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Nations General Assembly noted the role water plays as Efciency Plans are among the internation- an instrument of peace, recognizing that “cooperation is ally agreed goals to insure sustainable use essential in order to strike a balance between the difer- Tand management of water resources. ent needs and priorities and share this precious resource Over the Decade we have seen progress in the imple- equitably.” mentation of Integrated Resources Management and in In this chapter we present what progress we have seen the development of transboundary water cooperation, in IWRM; how progress has been supported through the including in the framework of the Watercourses Conven- Water Decade themes; the greater recognition of the plan- tion and the UNECE Water Convention. Te Decade’s etary limits and of interdependencies: the nexus approach. highlight for both water cooperation and the focus on We also look at what has changed in water cooperation integrated water resources issues in general was 2013. In and specifcally in the context of the Water Conventions; a resolution specifcally recalling the “Water for Life” De- why agreements and institutionalization ; and the cade, the United Nations declared 2013 to be the Inter- lessons and tools for water cooperation.

THERE HAS BEEN PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Te Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Over the Decade it has been recognized that In- approach has now been accepted internationally as the tegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and way forward for efcient, equitable and sustainable de- Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) depend velopment and management of the world’s limited water on the input and involvement of a range of stakeholders resources and for coping with conficting demands. operating at diferent levels, including local water users,

28 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 The IWRM concept is based on the Dublin Principles and propagates: a) a holistic approach, taking into account the different water uses, including adequate concern for ecosystems and the environment; b) a participatory approach, taking into account the different users and their different roles and respon- sibilities in ensuring water security and in managing the resource sustainably.

IWRM was defned as “a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.”

Global Water Partnership, 2000 government agencies, industry, basin proaches as stated in Agenda 21, advanced infrastructure develop- authorities, and Non-Governmental and affirmed in the Johannesburg ment, but even more efforts are Organizations (NGOs).[1] Stake- Plan of Implementation. needed to ensure appropriate levels holder involvement ensures that t5IFSFBSFEJGGFSFODFTBDDPSEJOHUP of coordination. those reliant on water resources will development of countries: overall t$PVOUSJFTSFQPSUBHSBEVBMCVUQPTJ- be involved in water management PGDPVOUSJFTEFWFMPQFEJOUF- tive trend in financing for water re- decisions, and that information will grated water resource management sources development and manage- be readily exchanged. QMBOT BOESFQPSUBOBEWBODFE ment with more diverse sources of Tere has been important prog- stage of implementation. However, finance, but little progress on pay- ress according to the UN-Water progress appears to have slowed, ment for water resources services. Rio+20 report on implementation or even regressed, in low and me- t$PVOUSJFTSFQPSUJNQSPWFNFOUT of WRM:[2] dium Human Development Index to the institutional framework (HDI) countries since the last together with improved policies, t4JODF PGDPVOUSJFT TVSWFZJO.VDISFNBJOTUP laws, and systems over the past 20 embarked on reforms to enable be done to finance and implement years. This has led to better water the environment for better water plans in many HDI countries. resources management practices resource management based on t$PVOUSJFTUIBUIBWFBEPQUFEJO- bringing important socio-eco- the application of integrated ap- tegrated approaches report more nomic benefits.

TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION HAS INCREASED OVER TIME

Cooperation on transboundary water eral to multilateral, basin-wide. Long Basin, have shown the critical impor- resources has evolved. Important term World Bank experience in the tance of water cooperation develop- negotiations in the 50s and 60s, Ganges (between Bangladesh, India ment taking into account each coun- such as the agreements made on the and Nepal), the Nile Basin Initia- try’s ambitious development goals Mekong, Indus, and Senegal rivers, tive (NBI), and work in the Aral particularly in areas such as growth, helped gain experience on how to make cooperation successful. While some of these were bilateral agree- “There was an enormous push (WWF, Green Cross Internation- ments, institutions like the Tennessee al, University of Dundee and many others) during the Decade to Authority, the World Bank, get the Watercourses Convention into force. It was the 1st global and United Nations were called upon Convention but the challenge was the need for ratifcations. We to bring expertise and help settle a need to highlight the level of ratifcations during the Decade.” deal. Since then, more international frameworks and knowledge sharing have developed, and negotiations Karin Krchnak World Wide Fund for have moved more from being bilat-

29 poverty alleviation, sus- and sustainable management of Te development of water coop- tainable development, water resources. Te Convention eration in the framework of the two and food, energy and was amended in 2003, opening it conventions has facilitated the adop- water security. for accession by any Member State tion by countries of better policies for *OUIF6/&$& of the United Nations and in Febru- the management of water resources, Convention on the ary 2013, this convention can be resulting in many cases in an overall Protection and Use of JNQMFNFOUFECFZPOE&VSPQF improvement of their water status. In Transboundary Water- non-UNECE States took part in the the pan-European almost all courses and Internation- sixth Meeting of the Parties in , the countries have taken measures to al Lakes (UNECE Water /PWFNCFS establish cooperation on shared wa- Convention) was adopted. Five years Te International Convention on ters under this common framework, MBUFS JOUIF6/(FOFSBM"T- the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses many have entered into bilateral and sembly adopted the Convention on of International Watercourses was multilateral agreements and estab- the Law of the Non-Navigational BEPQUFEJOɨFBJNXBTUPDSF- lished joint bodies for transboundary Uses of International Watercourses. ate an equitable and reasonable treaty water cooperation. Tese Conventions have developed that could be universally applied; a Te Decade has seen considerable during the Decade, and particularly framework convention that is fexible advances in concretizing water coop- in the Pan-European region. In 2015 to apply to diferent international wa- eration building on the principles of we celebrated that the UNECE Wa- tercourses. It established agreed upon the two conventions. After 2005, the UFS$POWFOUJPOIBTCFFOJOGPSDF principles to use for dispute resolution conventions and developments that years and has provided a framework and seeks to prevent harm to other began before the Decade have been and an intergovernmental platform states sharing the watercourse. It en- nurtured and we can see positive de- for the promotion of cooperation tered into force in August 2014. velopments also on the global level.

THE UNECE WATER CONVENTION HAS DEVELOPED IN THE COURSE OF THE DECADE

Over the Decade the parties have ground in specifc river basins that mechanism to support implemen- increasingly seen the UNECE have developed under the convention tation, which is the implementa- Water Convention as a framework as well as increased opportunities tion committee. Tis committee to improve implementation on the to exchange experiences. Tis focus facilitates, promotes and safeguards ground. Tis has been refected in on supporting implementation has implementation and compliance with a proliferation of projects on the culminated with the adoption of a the convention. It’s very novel and

“Through the Decade, there’s been more and more awareness of the complexity which affects the water sector, and there have been several areas in which the Water Convention has really developed. This has included the focus on implementation and the work at national level. The implementation Com- mittee is very novel and it’s one of the most promising tools for the future.”

Attila Tanzi, UNECE

“The recognition of the links between national water governance and transboundary cooperation is something that has been there since the beginning of the Convention – if you look at the legal text of the Convention the focus on national measures is very strong and it’s been something growing throughout the Decade.”

Francesca Bernadini, UNECE

30 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 it’s one of the most promising tools for the future. Tere are other areas “The main achievement [of the Water Convention] has been the that also support implementation but impact on the ground where the Convention provided the legal through other means, such as techni- framework for developing transboundary water cooperation. In cal support and work in specifc many cases, the Convention’s institutions facilitated legal, thematic areas. technical and practical assistance to establish transboundary wa- A area of development is ter agreements and joint institutions. The major successes of the the work at the national level. Parties Convention include the advancement of the integrated approach to have recognized that transbound- transboundary water management, based on the basin (catchment ary cooperation relies very much area) approach. The Convention actively promoted cooperation on on national water management. At both and . Among the successes, I would also the beginning of the Decade UN- mention the Convention’s work on adaptation of water manage- ECE and OECD started work on ment to climate change. Although climate change is not even men- EU Water Initiative National Policy tioned in its text, the Convention provides the framework for Parties Dialogues (NPDs); an activity at the to address jointly this challenge from the policy point of view and national level to support national wa- to share their experiences in this area.” ter governance. NPDs were initiated in 2006 in two countries and now Iulia Trombitcaia, Environmental Affairs Offcer, UNECE there are nine ongoing in countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Te UNECE Water Convention Protocol on Water and Health under has also engaged in issues emerging the Convention entered into force at “The Protocol well refects during the Decade such as climate the beginning of the Decade in 2005, what we see now in the discus- change and the growing demands on and now has 26 parties. Tis tool has sion on the Sustainable Devel- water driven by other sectors, like been key in promoting the under- opment Goals: the same path food production, energy production, standing that access to water and has been followed by negotia- also preservation in the sanitation is beyond building pipes tors moving from an MDG fo- water/food/energy/ecosystem nexus. and building systems. It is linked to cused on access to water and So the Convention more and more the whole . Te protocol sanitation to a much broader became involved in analyzing and helps to analyze the links between SDG water goal. If you look recognizing these connections driven access to water and sanitation, how at the proposed water goal it by global changes such as population to manage resources, and governance looks at all dimensions of wa- growth, production and distribu- issues - from interministerial coop- ter, in line with the Protocol. tion patterns and climate change. eration to public participation - and So it’s certainly a modern way Tis is important for water manage- the role of the private sector. Te of dealing with water issues. ment in general, but even more for Protocol has also been instrumental And it’s something that will transboundary cooperation, where for translating into practice the hu- remain very important in the issues of inter-state relationships add man right to water and sanitation in future, including to support the to the complexity. Work on adapta- the UNECE pan-European region, implementation of the SDGs.” tion to climate change started under because it has a very strong focus on the convention in the beginning all the dimensions of the right - the Attila Tanzi, UNECE of the Decade and now tools have quality, availability, accessibility, been developed to facilitate work in acceptability and afordability of ac- transboundary basins. Similarly, the cess to water and sanitation without more recent work on water-food- discrimination. A particular strength energy-ecosystems nexus (work began has been the participatory approach in 2012) was initiated. to the development of the Protocol, Transboundary water cooperation involving civil society as important extends beyond the water sector. A stakeholders. Tis has led to the good example is the focus on wa- Protocol emerging as a concrete tool ter and human health, which was for the translation of the rights into a dominant topic in the UNECE reality, and efective cooperation in Convention during the Decade. Te the implementation afterwards.

31 THERE HAS BEEN A GREATER RECOGNITION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER THROUGH THE DECADE´S THEMES

Over the Decade difer- water intersects with cities, energy ‰8BUFS4DBSDJUZ ent themes have been production, culture, food security to ‰4BOJUBUJPO addressed showing the disaster risk reduction and adaptation ‰5SBOTCPVOEBSZ8BUFST need for an integrated to climate change and overall sustain- — 2010 Water Quality approach to water man- able development. — 2011 Water for Cities agement. Tis have ranged from scar- Te following themes have been — 2012 Water for Food Security city to water quality and sanitation; addressed in the course of the Decade — 2013 Water Cooperation from water cooperation between linked to World Water Day. — 2014 Water and Energy stakeholders and between nations — 2015 Water for Sustainable De- to fnancing water and ensuring — 2005 Water for Life velopment women’s participation; from where — 2006 Water and Culture

“One of the biggest differences is that we have become increasingly aware that we have to talk with people outside the water sector. And that water is not really managed by water people, rather it is managed by the agriculture sector, by municipality governments. We have realized that we have been spending a lot of time talking to the converts and to each other, our closed circles, and realizing that while we are talking others are using the water.”

Flemming Winther Olsen, Senior Advisor, Department for Environment, Energy and Climate. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark

Decade’s Initiatives:

For each theme the UNW-DPAC programme has prepared a dedicated web page updated with UN publications, has prepared readers and information briefs on the subject, has organised since 2009 the annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conferences for engaging stakeholders and has organised the UN-Water Best Practices Award. This has lead to the preparation of a platform of good practices and different toolboxes and advise related to the themes.

We have seen the need to consider to ensure sustainable development

4JODFXIFOXBUFSTDBSDJUZ ment Report 2015 (on Water and population could be subject to water was the theme of World Water Day Sustainable Development) and stress. Te private sector now regards much has changed. Tere is now a the Global Environment Outlook water risks to be the number one greater recognition by global actors recognized that if the present un- threat to continued prosperity.[3] and countries that water is a fnite sustainable trends of water use and With its inextricable links to food and irreplaceable resource that is management continue then about security, economic development, and fundamental to human well-being. CJMMJPOQFPQMFXJMMCFMJWJOHJO energy production, water scarcity is It is only renewable if well managed. regions with absolute water scarcity now recognized as one of the defn- Te latest World Water Develop- CZBOEBCPVUPGXPSME ing problems of the 21st .

32 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Decade’s Initiatives: Capacity Development to Support National Management Policies

Launched in 2013, the UN-Water’s Decade Programme On Capacity Development launched the initiative on Capacity Development to Support National Drought Management Policies brings together WMO, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertifcation (UNCCD), FAO, the Convention on (CBD) and UNW-DPC with the aim to improve the abilities of relevant stakeholders to formu- late and adopt national drought management policies. Its online project platform in the UNW-AIS can be accessed at www.ais.unwater.org/ drought management.

Outreach initiatives

Since 2009 the UNW-DPAC programme has a dedicated web page on water scarcity updated with UN publications and other materials regularly. The offce has supported UN-DESA project on CD for Drought Management

Water-related risks and competi- t5PEBZ NPSFUIBOCJMMJPO tion could be living under water tion for water resources are perceived people live in river basins where stressed conditions. by a majority of countries to have depletion through use exceeds nat- t8JUIUIFFYJTUJOHDMJNBUFDIBOHF increased over the past 20 years. At ural recharge, a trend that will see scenario, almost half the world’s the end of the Decade we are more two-thirds of the world’s popula- population will be living in areas aware than even that water can pose tion living in water-stressed coun- of high water stress by 2030, in- a serious challenge to sustainable USJFTCZ"SPVOENJMMJPO DMVEJOHCFUXFFONJMMJPOBOE development but when managed ef- people in 43 countries suffer today 250 million people in Africa. In ciently and equitably, water can play from water scarcity. addition, water scarcity in some a key enabling role in strengthening t#Z CJMMJPOQFPQMFXJMM arid and semi-arid places will dis- the resilience of social, economic and be living in countries or regions QMBDFCFUXFFONJMMJPOBOE environmental systems in the light of with absolute water scarcity, and million people. rapid and unpredictable changes. two-thirds of the world’s popula-

There is more awareness of the importance of water quality and the opportunities derived from its improvement

“The water sector has In addition to issues of water quanti- uses of water. Major sources become a lot more profes- ty there are also problems with water include agricultural runof, domestic sional over the last 10 years. quality. Te 2010 World Water Day (also a source of microbial A small concrete example is theme helped highlight how pollu- pollution), industrial efuents and Water Quality, which is now tion of water sources is posing major atmospheric inputs from fuel in most places monitored in a problems for water users as well as for burning and bush fres. transparent manner with per- maintaining natural ecosystems. During the Decade we have seen formance indicators, which Globally, the most prevalent water progress on the drinking-water com- allow tracking and shows im- quality problem is eutrophication, ponent of the Millennium Develop- provements.” a result of high loads of NFOU(PBM .%( 5BSHFUDIBT (mainly phosphorus and ), been reached. However, at the end of Dominique Gatel, Veolia which substantially impairs benefcial the Decade we are now more aware

33 of the need to assess the access to safe drinking-water at base- Clean water is not only vital for safety of drinking-water MJOFBOEQSPHSFTTUPXBSET5BSHFUD industrial processes; its provision can beyond whether or not because many improved sources will provide signifcant opportunities to it comes from an im- not provide safe water, particularly in economies chasing lucrative foreign proved source. It is likely developing countries. Water quality investment. What is necessary here is we may be overestimat- considerations are now becoming that the supply be of quality: consis- ing both the proportion a priority when assessing progress tent and predictable. of the population with made in access to water worldwide.

“ may be water scarce, but our water programmes Decade’s Initiative: have made us attractive to , because we can guarantee a Safe Use high quality, very reliable water supply. We can’t afford any inter- of Wastewater ruption to this supply, the jobs of Singaporeans depend on it. So in Agriculture now when you see companies like Rolls Royce in Singapore, our water supply has played a major role in this and all Singaporeans are benefting” Launched in 2011, this project brings together FAO, George Madhaven, WHO, UNEP, the UNU Insti- Director (3PN), PUB (Singapore’s National Water Agency) on NEWater tute for Water, Environment and Health (UNUINWEH) and UNW-DPC, in collaboration with the International Commis- “There must be agreement not just from those in charge of main- sion on and Drain- taining the city economy but also those charged with water con- age (ICID) and the Internation- servation and the environment. For example, businesses which will al Water Management Institute impact natural resources are obligated to compensate. They must (IWMI). Together, these orga- trees to safeguard the watershed, or take some equivalent nizations have been building action. Because of our efforts, we use less chemical pesticides in national capacities in develop- agriculture which will hopefully improve people’s health. And we ing countries and countries in have been planting broad-leafed trees to encourage biodiversity. In transition for the promotion of the future, we hope to collect data to support this.” safe practices where wastewa- ter is used in agriculture. The project’s online platform is ac- Seio Utsunomiya, International Affairs Offce, cessible at www.ais.unwater. Tourism, Culture & Exchange Bureau, Kumamoto City, org/wastewater.

We have increased our understanding of the connection between water and energy

Te 2014 World Water Development crops for biofuels and powering the water-energy nexus as demand Report and the activities of the year turbines. Energy is itself required for electricity grows and water sup- on the theme of World Water Day to make water resources available plies are more uncertain in certain helped to highlight how all sources of for human use and consumption regions across the world. energy require water in the produc- (including irrigation) through - Te 2014 UN-Water Zaragoza tion process: the of raw ing, transportation, treatment, and Conference and World Water Week materials, thermal cooling processes, . Long overlooked, more were two key occasions that served to cleaning processes, cultivation of people are becoming familiar with highlight the need to avoid responses

34 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 “One of the themes [at Stockholm World Water Week 2014] is energy, and the in the last 10 years the debate about has changed totally. We’re not talking about whether hydro should hap- pen but where it should happen, what kind of hydro and so on, and I think that’s a big step forward. It’s been accompanied by a massive increase in the amount of funding for hydro, particularly from Chinese loans and that’s a big difference.”

James Winpenny, Wychwood Economic Consulting that fx one problem at the expense synergies between water and energy. sumption process, are all alternatives of worsening another. Te multiple Moving towards less water intensive that take advantage of these synergies. interdependencies between water energy sources and less energy inten- Solutions can and have been imple- and energy mean that coordinated sive water sources, saving water and mented by building partnerships responses can take advantage of the energy in any production and con- between water and energy actors.

And we recognize how vital water is to food security in all countries

2012 World Water Day served to processes. Demographic pressures, population, making the links be- improve awareness on how water climate change and the increased tween production and consumption and food security afected all coun- competition for land and water are more complex, and calling for more tries, in diferent ways. It served to likely to increase vulnerability to sophisticated measures – to deal with highlight how water is key to food food insecurity. Te challenge of diets- and also infrastructure. Global security. Livestock needs water, providing sufcient food for a global agricultural markets become more needs feed that needs water to grow. population has never been greater. integrated; with expansion of futures Agriculture requires large quanti- At the same time, urbanization trade, they also become more specu- ties of water for irrigation and of has led to new consumption pat- lative and therefore risky.[4] good quality for various production terns for the majority of the world

“There’s been an important recognition that water is important in the food supply chain, and promot- ing that. 90% of the water that we need as a society as individuals is in this supply chain. The way that we consume water is detached. And we’ve realized farmers can increase productivity with better water management. We’ve got a global system and cheap food is of the highest priority. Society’s been de- luded into thinking food just happens.”

Professor JA (Tony) Allan, Department of , King’s College

“The nexus with other sectors, eg. energy and food, is increasingly addressed in policy. In the future, I hope for great transparency and that the involvement of affected populations will be key success fac- tors for sustainability, and stronger river basin authorities will provide improved guidance on catchment management and water allocation.”

Jean-Benoit Charrin, Executive Director, Waterlex

35 “We are now really looking seriously at the contribution of water to the wider picture. In the organization of the European Union we still have an eye on water and sanitation but more and more we’re looking at the links with energy, agriculture in particular because energy and agriculture are key to development policies.”

Andre Liebaert, Programme Manager – Water policy Water, Energy, Infrastructures, European Commission

“We engage much more now with other sectors, mostly the food and energy sectors and in that process this nexus has been very helpful. It has helped getting these others actors to the table.”

Torkil Jonch Clausen, DHI

THERE HAS BEEN A GREATER RECOGNITION OF THE INTERDEPENDENCIES. THE NEXUS APPROACH HAS GAINED MOMENTUM

In 2011 the German Government proach has lead to a myriad of global, interlinked, and choices made in organized the Water-Food-Energy regional, country and local initiatives. one area will inevitably impact the Nexus Conference. It was a catalyst Te World Water Development choices and hence resources avail- for recognition of the need for policy Report 2014 has highlighted that able in the others. Analyzing the coherence, for coordinated actions considering the competition over interdependences and the trade-ofs and for implementing measures that water is central in the difcult policy involved in managing each sector, can build synergies and help achiev- choices that are posed by the water- either separately or together can help ing triple benefts for water, for energy food-energy. Tese three pillars of fnd mutually benefcial solutions. and food. Since then the nexus ap- any functioning society are closely (WWAP, 2014).

THERE IS NOW A GREATER RECOGNITION OF THE PLANETARY LIMITS. THERE IS A CLEARER ROLE FOR AN ECOSYSTEMS APPROACH, AND UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Over the Decade we have improved Ecosystems also play a key role in the global dialogue has meant an our understanding of linkages be- in regulating the availability of increased awareness of how healthy tween ecosystems, water, and food water and its quality. We have now ecosystems can bring concrete ben- production and how important they improved awareness of how ecosys- efts to the people. In the discussions are to the health of all three. Water tem management can contribute to on the post 2015 agenda the water is a key driver of several ecosystem sustainable water. community is providing evidence on functions, including biomass and We now know how in many how crucial is the transition to an crop yields, as well as various sup- places, changes in the global water economy that not only improves hu- porting and regulatory ecosystem cycle, caused largely by human pres- man well-being and lessens inequality services. Te health of ecosystems sures, are seriously afecting ecosys- but also reduces environmental risks, across the globe relies on a consistent tem health and human well-being. ecological scarcities and brings ecosys- supply of safe water. Te increasing prominence of water tems in as solutions for water security.

36 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 “10 years ago water ecosystems were something that were added on at the end. It was really dif- fcult to bring enough water to accommodate the local people’s needs. The ability to fsh or the ability to be able to simply farm and have enough water. Now, 10 years later after, we’re talking about Trans- boundary Water Assessment Programme (5) and ‘ecosystems’ is becoming one of the recognized uses of water, along with energy, food, people’s drinking. There are four uses now that people are talking about balancing. And not just ‘I want hydropower, I need water for the city. I need water to grow food’. ‘Ecosystems’ is part of the discussion now. 10, 15 years ago it really wasn’t. It’s really good to see this. And that was really the goal of our facility.”

Albert Duda, former Global Environmental Facility

During recent years, and espe- become less predictable and more environment, IWRM can make an cially in the context of the Rio+20 subject to extreme weather events ecosystem approach operational in conference in 2012, the important and . the context of green growth and concept of a ‘’ entered At the end of the Decade we have optimize the benefts of integrated the global discourse. Healthy people increasing evidence on how IWRM, natural and built infrastructure. need a healthy ; preserving the supported by systematic environmen- Tere are other tools that came out delicate balance of nature while pro- tal assessment, provides a framework of this Decade to help advance this viding enough water for an increas- for planning and allocating water at approach to water management. Tis ingly thirsty human population is of the basin level that helps deal with includes the analysis paramount importance. Te planet planetary limits and includes ecosys- and the Alliance for Water Steward- is a living that must be tems as “natural infrastructure” to be ship (AWS) as this is the frst ever sustained so we can survive. Tis is managed in order to achieve water global water stewardship standard. It our greatest challenge. goals. Te application of an ecosys- set the baseline for what is considered Te 5th Assessment Report of the tems approach has been increasingly good water stewardship and can be Intergovernmental Panel on Climate recognized as essential in the course used and bring cooperation among Change Report 2014, concludes that of the Decade. It necessitates the governments, business and civil resources are vulnerable valuation and use of natural infra- society.[6] Te International Resource and will be strongly impacted by structure, supported by tools that Panel work, a science-policy platform climate change with wide-reaching include, for instance, Payment for DSFBUFECZ6/&1JO TIPXTUIF impacts on societies and ecosystems. Ecosystem Services, remediation opportunities for governments and Due to global warming and associ- through sustainable dam and reser- businesses to work together to make ated hydrological changes on account voir management, and strategic river the case, create and implement poli- of changing patterns basin investment.[5] While formal cies to encourage sustainable resource and receding , most of the Environmental Impact Assessments management and decoupling eco- world’s water-stressed areas will can quantify the efects that pro- nomic growth from resource use and get less water and water fows will duction and water use have on the environmental impacts.

“The big change in my community is that we’re not just doing esoteric research, how rivers fow and how ’s chang- ing and so on, what we’re trying to make the hydrological research that we do relevant to the needs of society, we’re asking what are the needs of society in terms of better prediction of foods and and better prediction of how much water is available in quantity and quality for all the various ways in which water is used. We’re looking to try to satisfy the needs to society.”

Gordon Young, International Association of Hydrological Sciences

37 “Water cooperation is challenging but it is helpful for stakehold- ers to come together around a common understanding of shared water risks. We have found this in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo where we are working across governments, private sector, and civil soci- ety on source water protection, improving agricultural management, and restoration.”

Karin Krchnak World Wide Fund for Nature

WE LEARNED ABOUT WHAT WORKS FOR ENABLING WATER COOPERATION

Water Cooperation as a goal of the of enabling conditions that need to be decision-makers regarding political International Water Decade ‘Water established before mutually benefcial risks and opportunities have been for Life’ 2005-2015 is instrumental and enforceable agreements can be much less explored. According to the in implementing IWRM in River Ba- reached. A clear understanding of World Bank the critical change that TJOT"DDPSEJOHUPUIF8PSME#BOL <> how this happens is the key to foster needs to be promoted is the shift in there are some important lessons on similar processes in the future. While people’s perception so that, frst, op- what works in water cooperation. We the associated economic benefts portunities must be perceived as more have seen that making cooperation and costs of cooperation are gener- important than the risks involved work is a long process requiring a set ally well analyzed, the perceptions of in cooperation and, second, the

38 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 perceptions of the benefts are more benefts of water cooperation, build- contribute. Water management signifcant than the opportunity costs ing mutual respect, understanding must also be consistent with other of not coming to an agreement. As and trust among countries and pro- government policies and vice-versa. the World Bank experience shows, moting peace, security and sustain- All the while, social, political and in many countries risk reduction was able economic growth. economic decisions must be made an important pre-condition before From the various initiatives we in a way that seeks to balance and countries would progress to negotia- have learned that: fairly distribute the allocation of tions and consider and even sign an natural resources while keeping in agreement. For that reason the World t"NVMUJMFWFM JODMVTJWFBQQSPBDIGPS mind the biophysical limits of the Bank has identifed seven areas that, water cooperation works best. Wa- environment. depending on the context, may help ter resources management issues t*OOPWBUJWFBQQSPBDIFTGPSXBUFS in reducing risk and facilitating a shift must be addressed at the local, na- cooperation can help. Mobilizing from confrontation or deadlock to tional and at appropriate regional political will and commitment to productive agreements. Tese areas and international levels. Involving address water issues worldwide are: knowledge and skill expansion, all stakeholders, including those in remains crucial. Equally important institutional development, program government, international or- are forward thinking and a willing- design, fnancing, facilitation, and ganizations, the private sector, civil ness to consider innovative ways to decision legitimacy. society and academia, has mul- approach local, regional and inter- Te diferent initiatives imple- tiple benefits. It ensures informed national cooperation. Open discus- NFOUFEEVSJOHUIF%FDBEF<>IBWF decision-making, makes that the sion of the issues shaping our water helped member states to openly needs of all beneficiaries are taken resources today and strong citizen discuss transboundary issues, nurtur- into consideration – including participation in decision-making ing the opportunities for coopera- paying adequate attention to the (which is key to fostering good tion in water management among livelihoods of the poor and most governance and a climate of ac- UNEP all stakeholders and improving the vulnerable people; and it makes comprehension of the challenges and the population understand and © UNEP

39 “The last Decade has seen incredible advancement in specifc tools such as the Hydropower Sustainability Protocol. This still is an untapped tool when it comes to cooperation in transboundary basins but offers a lot of potential. WWF partnered with MRC and ADB to develop the Rapid Basin-wide Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Tool. Also, we developed with our partner The Coca Cola Company a website to share lessons learned on coopera- tion—it might be helpful as the elements have broad applications.”

countability and transparency) can Karin Krchnak World Wide Fund for Nature stimulate cooperative action and political commitment. Promot- http://wwfcocacolapartnership.com/lessons-learned/ ing a culture of consultation and increasing participative capacities will help to deliver benefits in all ally has sufficient water resources to be managed within a sound, areas, including collaborative water to provide ‘water security’ for all. integrated socio-economic and en- management. Throughout , nations have vironmental framework. Upstream t8FOFFEUPIJHIMJHIUUIFCFOFGJUT learned how to share the benefits and downstream, water stakehold- of cooperation and develop com- of the river. The key issue here has ers will have to be involved in mon values, principles and rules of always been and remains to be the management decisions. It is im- conduct. At the global scale, the development of common values possible to maintain the integrity effective and mutually beneficial and rules of conduct to develop of a balanced ecosystem without solutions of water resources-related joint management and handle dis- an overall strategy on water re- problems are important for peace, putes peacefully. sources management. We all have security and stability of our na- t$PPQFSBUJPOJTFTTFOUJBMGPSFOWJ- a shared responsibility for protect- tions. Fortunately, our planet actu- ronmental sustainability. It needs ing the shared environments sur-

rounding rivers and their associated watersheds.

WE HAVE LEARNED THAT JOPSEFSUPëHIUQPWFSUZBOE but to make them efective workable INSTITUTIONS AND spur economic development in the monitoring schemes, enforcement AGREEMENTS MATTER region by promoting equitable use mechanisms, and specifc water of, and benefts from, common water allocation provisions that address Cooperation and water sharing have resources. Te nine Niger River Basin variations in water fow and changing been negotiated and maintained even countries agreed on a framework for needs are required. as conficts have persisted over other a similar partnership. Over the De- issues. Cambodia, Laos, Tailand and cade the importance of institutions Vietnam, have been able to cooper- to efectively develop and support a BUFTJODFXJUIJOUIFGSBNFXPSL process of engagement has become of the Mekong River Commission, increasingly obvious. and they had technical exchanges Te importance of reliable throughout the Vietnam War. Since freshwater for countries and socio-  *TSBFMBOE+PSEBOIBWFIFME economic uses is a powerful incentive regular talks on the sharing of the for cooperation and dialogue, com- Jordan River, even while in a legal pelling stakeholders to reconcile even state of war. Te Indus River Com- the most divergent views. Over the mission survived two wars between International Year of Water Coopera- India and Pakistan. A framework for tion it was highlighted that there are the Nile River Basin, home to 160 more than 3,600 agreements and million people and shared among treaties signed over time and these 10 countries, was agreed in February are an achievement in themselves,

40 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 © UN-DESA/UNW-DPAC

ɨF6OJUFE/BUJPOT$PO- ing shared watercourses: “equitable establishment of institutions, joint vention on Non-Navigational Uses and reasonable use” and “the obliga- bodies and long-term transboundary of International Watercourses as well tion not to cause signifcant harm” cooperation, providing a supportive BTUIF6/&$&8BUFS$POWFO- to neighbours. However, it is up to institutional framework worldwide. tion have provided a framework for countries themselves to spell out and Facilitation of higher environmental countries to specify their own terms agree on what these terms mean in standards and national water sector of cooperation. Te conventions have their watersheds. Te two conven- reforms have been made possible, established two key principles to tions have been crucial as guidance and have provided an invaluable guide the conduct of nations regard- to establish, sustain and support the framework to support the step-by-

step approximation of legislation of the Central and Eastern European countries that acceded to the EU in the 2004 BOEJOUBLF

WE LEARNED ABOUT of Water Cooperation (IYWC), the event of 2013, it built upon progress PRACTICAL TOOLS International Annual UN-Water made in water cooperation with case Zaragoza Conference ‘Water Cooper- studies and global experiences with TO ENHANCE WATER CO- ation: Making it Happen!’ took place XBUFSUSFBUJFTPSDPOWFOUJPOT<> OPERATION in Zaragoza, Spain, in January 2013, Te Zaragoza conference con- and focused on tools to make coop- cluded that while political will, le- Kicking of the International Year eration happen. As the frst IYWC gal frameworks, accountability and

41 institutional structures provide a solid foundation for water cooperation, “achieving water cooperation is the result of a long-term process which requires time, patience and mutual trust”. Key elements for Decentralized cooperation allows integrated management plan that North-South partnerships to increase is to be implemented and followed success in water fnancing for development projects. up. Te WWF assisted ZAMCOM cooperation For example, in , the Oudin- (Zambezi Watercourse Commis- Santini Law made it possible for sion) and dam operators to help MPDBMHPWFSONFOUTUPEFWPUFPG show the benefts of maintaining Active and contin- their water and sanitation budget to environmental fows downstream. uous involvement of a third emergency aid projects or medium- By using studies and making these party mediator long term development projects. Tis analyses accessible, they help change allowed the City of Lorient´s sanita- operations of to replicate food In the Indus Water Treaty, the World tion network to help train and plan patterns that restore freshwater and Bank played a critical role in negotiat- HR for a Senegalese village who had ecosystems.16 Te Mekong River ing between India and Pakistan. Tey a waste water plant, but not enough Commission and Asian Development ofered funding, support staf, and skilled staf to manage it. Similar bud- Bank have created the Rapid Basin- proposals to advance cooperation. get laws or taxes have been also place wide Hydropower Sustainability Te Vatican had a mediating role in Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Assessment Tool, based on mapping in the development of the Zambezi and the Basque Country in Spain. and assessments, to guide decision on River agreements between 11 states. which site, design, operations, and engagement is must sustainable for Creation of incentives developing hydropower. Involvement of social through shared benefit aspects models Scenario planning Te White Mission in the Mekong Te Organization for the Devel- Committee found that maximum opment of the Senegal River was One of the keys to success in Oka- beneft of the projects for irrigation designed to distribute economic vango River Basin agreements was and power developed by engineers benefts based on how much each developing scenarios to response could only be achieved with extensive country puts into the project. Such for changes in fows, biotic health, training of the local population. benefts also led Guinea to join water quality, hydraulic, geomorphic, the Senegal River Charter in 2006 ecosystems, and socio-economic after only have been an observer. impacts. All riparian parties were Creative methods Payment for environmental ser- involved to have better understand- of financing vices (PES) schemes has helped give ing of how systems function within farmers/land managers incentives for the basin.14 Conservation Interna- In the Nile Treaty, efcient water management policy. tional helps develop decision support agreed to fnance water enhancement Simple mechanisms like direct con- tools for the Mekong region based on projects in Sudan in exchange for tracts between buyers and sellers are trade-ofs of developing hydropower additional water that made available. mostly used in developing coun- vs. maintaining fsheries. tries, but countries like have instituted green water credits to try to incentivize best practices. Con- Step by step approach servation measures resulting from this program are expected to have a Te Finnish-Russian cooperation ten-fold return on investment. on transboundary waters has lasted through the Cold War and the for- mer collapse because of Water assessments/Data strong political commitment. Tis is analysis due to a step by step approach taken over 50 years going from establishing Te ICPDR Tisza Group used institutions to resolving issues, to de- their river basin analysis to create an veloping principles, engaging stake-

42 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 © Leo Saldanha

holders, making joint rules, created a Water Action Hub where giving consumers more transparency. making long term commitments, and partners who share water risk could examining new challenges. be identifed and organized informa- Private sector involvement/ tion is available to help bring col- Having a functioning partnerships lective action. Te Rainforest Alli- Secretariat ance has partnered with the World Te CEO Water Mandate helped Resources Institute to give training in bring a strategic framework for water management practices in Africa. Te In the Sava River Basin Commission, sustainability for companies. Tey Rainforest Alliance mark can be used among others, the Secretariat helped as certifcation for companies who build and maintain engagement and conduct their business sustainably,

Notes [1]. Global Water Partnership (2000). Integrated [4]. FAO http://www.fao.org/. [8]. UN-Water 2013 Zaragoza Conference: Water Water Resources Management. TAC Back- [5]. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/00 Cooperation, Making it Happen. ground # 4. Available at: http:// 2257/225741E.pdf#page=153. World Water [9]. For more examples, refer to the outcomes www.gwp.org/Global/ToolBox/Publica- Development Report 2014 Transboundary document from the UN-Water Zaragoza tions/Background%20papers/04%20Inte- Water Assessment Programme (TWAP) in- International conference 2013, which fo- grated%20Water%20Resources%20Man- terim report available at http://twap-rivers. cused on water cooperation: http://www. agement%20(2000)%20English.pdf. org/. zaragoza.es/contenidos/medioambiente/ [2]. http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_ [6]. http://www.allianceforwaterstewardship. onu/1027_eng_water_cooperation_in_ac- upload/unwater_new/docs/UNW_status_ org/. tion.pdf. report_Rio2012.pdf. [7]. Reaching across the waters. Facing the Risks [3]. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Glob- of Cooperation in International Waters. al_Risks_2015_Report15.pdf. World Bank, March 2012.

43 The role of Global Processes and Actors Progress, Achievements And Lessons LeArned over the United nAtions internAtionAL decAde for Action ‘WAter for Life’ 2005-2015

INTRODUCTION

ver the Decade a myriad of global enti- Te aim of this chapter is to analyze what types of ties have embarked on diferent activities actions have been more efective; who has contributed and their roles have evolved. Tey include and how; to help us examine how the Water Decade – as intergovernmental, inter-agency, civil soci- global processes – did indeed provide an efective frame- Oety, NGOs, private sector, professional, research. Many work for promoting and supporting implementation of of these global actors have indeed contributed to the the globally agreed eforts. achievements of the goals of the Decade. In this document we highlight the developments Te Decade as a global process has served to promote during the Decade including the importance of WASH the water agenda both at political level and to support monitoring and reporting, the development of common implementation, creating an enabling environment for re- knowledge, new paradigms and global fora, high level gional, national and local action. Global processes and ac- advocacy, the engagement of the private sector and the tors, from the UN and beyond, have been able to improve evolving role of UN inter-agency coordination, including monitoring and have provided a platform for evaluating the role of global communications and outreach actions progress and discussing and deciding on the way forward. and partnerships.

WE HAVE SEEN THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF GLOBAL MONITORING, REPORTING AND INFORMATION GATHERING

As main actors who made specifc pledges at the begin- the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), which has been ning of the Decade, WHO and UNICEF have main- consolidating data from Member States for more than tained impressive eforts to track progress on the MDG 20 years. Progress on Financial Flows and other means of targets related to access to basic water and sanitation ser- implementation have been monitored through the WHO vices and on the fnancial fows to water supply and sani- GLAAS process. Both have been essential in monitoring tation services. Monitoring of progress against outcomes the MDG targets on water and sanitation and together on drinking water and sanitation is undertaken through allow reliable, disaggregated data on progress.

44 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 © NewWater - PUB Singapore

Whereas the Millennium Devel- the report also highlights the rela- 7% of aid is directed at maintaining opment Goals provided a focus and tively low proportion of aid targeted services. We know that focusing on direction for the international com- to basic services; those that are more efective asset management to sustain munity and to governments on the likely to serve the poor. services can be as important as new priorities, efectively and consistently Tracking progress has helped point infrastructure. tracking specifc targets has served to out which groups need increased atten- Tracking progress has provided improve policies and targeting and tion. We now know how low income ideas on how to move forward on the has pointed out the need for coher- populations and rural populations need to strengthen the collection of ence and improved fnancing. It has are lagging behind and that we WASH fnancial information with a created peer pressure for governments need to target rural and low income harmonized method of data collec- and hence it has incentivized further groups supported by JMP collect- tion and monitoring. Existing levels investments through detailed analysis ing and analyzing information by of household and private invest- on enablers and barriers to progress, income group. We know that funds ments are poorly understood, but indicating where additional support are disproportionately targeted for available data suggest that they are is needed to make progress. extending services in urban areas, signifcant sources of fnancing that Te analysis of the Joint Moni- even in countries where urban areas could make major contributions to toring Programme report results and are relatively well served and rural supporting operation and mainte- the GLAAS Reports has allowed us areas of-track. nance of services. to understand where development Tracking progress has helped Water resources management, in- assistance is evolving and to which point out where funding is needed: cluding water-use efciency, sustain- countries it is going versus where it Data suggests that funds spent on able withdrawals, Integrated Water is most needed. Te latest GLAAS operation and maintenance are Resource Management (IWRM) and Report points out that only 60% of insufcient; a majority of countries water quality, has proved, to be more development aid for sanitation and indicate that rural water supply pro- complex to monitor. drinking water is targeted to the are not efective due to lack Te IWRM report for Rio and MDG regions in sub-Saharan Africa, of operational funding, whereas one the World Water Development Southern Asia, and South-Eastern third of countries report that urban Reports[1] since 2005 have served to Asia where 70% of the global under- cities lack revenue to fund opera- monitor progress made on meet- served live. Even more pertinently, tion and maintenance. In fact only ing the other internationally agreed

45 targets to ‘Develop in- ral resources are mainstreamed in progress has gained momentum, it tegrated water resources development planning and national strengthens the water agenda includ- management and economic accounts. WAVES helps ing where it intersects with other water efciency plans countries to adopt and implement sectors. It has underpinned the by 2005, with support the central framework of the System importance of a universal water goal to developing countries, of Environmental-Economic Ac- in the SDG processes. through actions at all counting (SEEA), adopted by the We also see now that the water levels’ agreed at the UN Statistical Division, to develop community is taking the SDGs much World Summit on Sus- an ecosystem accounting methodol- more seriously from the start and tainable Development ogy. Water is often the most ad- how the education organizations/uni- (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002, vanced area incorporated into such versities are engaging in supporting through the Johannesburg Plan of accounts. Te multi-lateral environ- the post 2015 agenda (inequalities, Implementation (JPoI). ment agreements (notably the Con- rural, sustainability, health centers). Te global information on water vention on Biological Diversity and Communities of practice have been uses and resources that has been on ) engaging from the start in these used for the assessment is based, to already require data and monitoring eforts (regulators, small operators, an important extent, on a multi- in many ecosystem relevant areas at local authorities, business, media and agency project, requiring just the national level. communications). kind of multidisciplinary approach In addition to the above the Given the evidence of how useful UN-Water was designed to help United Nations Global Environ- and infuential WASH monitoring coordinate. Tis has been the Feder- ment Monitoring System Project has been in driving action, UN-Wa- ated Water Monitoring System and (GEMStat) is dedicated to providing ter has been working on developing Key Water Indicator Portal (KWIP) environmental water quality data and indicators and monitoring systems[3] managed by the Food and Agri- information of the highest integrity, to support their implementation. culture Organization (FAO). Te accessibility and interoperability. Te UN-Water inter-agency Global objective of these tools is to improve Tese data are used in water assess- Expanded Monitoring Initiative the availability and accessibility to ments and capacity building initia- (GEMI), focusing more broadly on water resources-related information tives around the world. GEMStat is water resource management and in order to facilitate policy- and designed to share surface and ground water quality, complements and decision-making while reducing the water quality data sets collected from builds on the JMP, which has dem- load on member countries. Infor- the GEMS/Water Global Network, onstrated that credible monitoring mation is constantly updated here. including more than 3,000 stations, focuses national and global policies http://www.unwater.org/kwip. close to four million records, and and resource allocations. GEMI also Te World Bank WAVES part- over 100 parameters.[2] complements and builds on a wide nership (Wealth Accounting and the Overall tracking progress and range of the other monitoring initia- Valuation of Ecosystem Services) improved monitoring of the water tives and data centers in the water has been another initiative over the related MDGs targets has proved sector, such as FAO AQUASTAT Decade. It aims to ensure natu- to be a changer. Tracking and UNEP’s GEMStat.[4]

“Effective SDGs, targets, and their indicators will serve as a management tool to help countries develop implementation strategies and allocate resources accordingly. They will also serve as a report card to measure progress towards sustainable development and to help ensure the accountability of all stakeholders for achieving the SDGs. Indicators will be the backbone of monitoring progress towards the SDGs at local, national, regional, and global levels. The mechanics of SDG monitoring are still being worked, but an emerging consensus suggests that the focus of SDG monitoring will be at the national level. Complementary monitoring will occur at regional and global levels. Moreover, each major the- matic community, such as health, education, agriculture, and so forth, will mobilize technical expertise around its key thematic issues.”

Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals; Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2015)

46 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 WE HAVE SEEN HOW THE PRIVATE SECTOR ACKNOWLEDGES WATER AS A SHARED PROBLEM AND HAS FOUND A ROLE IN GLOBAL PROCESSES IN WATER

During the past Decade the topic of recognizing that well managed water direct operations, and into areas water has risen from obscurity and is good for business. Starting with such as the supply chain, water- neglect to a key issue and priority for the impetus of the Water Decade the sheds and river basins, with an growing numbers of business organi- international business community emphasis on collaboration. zations, across industrial sectors and also made advances in the area of tHigher transparency and disclosure. . Te rising importance of water cooperation, especially through More and more companies are water has been reinforced in January initiatives such as the UN Global showing the willingness to commit 2015 with the release of the World Compact’s CEO Water Mandate, to action, backed up by account- Economic Forum’s annual ranking launched in 2007 with just fve ability and disclosure. The UN of global risks. Water was identifed endorsing companies, which now Global Compact and CEO Water as the world’s 3rd largest risk – as it comprises more than 125 large cor- Mandate initiatives both require is so vital for so many processes, yet porations with public commitments annual progress reports by endors- it is not always managed sustainably to water stewardship. ers, expelling companies that fail or priced appropriately, especially for Te CEO Water Mandate has to communicate progress. agriculture – and the premier risk in identifed several achievements. tInterest, respect and support for the terms of impacts on communities human right to water and sanita- and economies. tStrengthening of the concept of ‘cor- tion. These were declared human Te private sector increasingly porate water stewardship’, a holistic rights by both the UN General came on board as a willing part- approach that takes companies Assembly and UN Human Rights ner, with many private companies beyond just water management in Council in 2010. Companies are

“Water, for the frst time, has been identifed by business as the world’s number one risk in terms of impacts on communities and economies.”

Gavin Power, CEO Water Mandate

“The water issue has been recognized as a strategic issue for business and a strategic issue for the globe. So that has signifcantly changed in the last 10 years.“

Joppe Cramwinckel, World Business Council Sustainable Development

47 “I’m so proud to say that PEPSICO actually is explicitly now involved in water and sanitation and we made a public commitment back in 2009 to get 3m people access to safe water, we met that commit- ment three years early and we’ve now doubled it, so admittedly 6m people is small compared with the nearly 800 million on the planet [without access to safe water] but if other companies can follow our lead that’s when you start to see the needle move.”

Dan Bena, PEPSICO

“10 years ago there were lots of disputes about the privatization of water, that’s gone. The human right to water is recognized and within the water discussion there’s much more about water resource management and water resource capacity. 10 years ago it was still very much focused on water supply and sanitation issues. The issues have broadened quite substantially. And the realization of the water resource challenges has of course increased.”

Anders Berntell, 2030 Water Resources Group

“Over the last few years we have really tried to defne a stronger role or a different role for the private sector because the private sector of course has always played a big role in water in many ways but very often as sub contractors only. And we are realizing that many of the private sector players are increas- ingly seeing the need to engage in sustainable water resource management. It’s a business case for them now. So I think that that involvement of private sector as a partner is something that we are working on quite seriously right now.”

Flemming Winther Olsen, Senior Advisor, Department for Environment, Energy and Climate. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark

“Recognition of how the private sector can be part of this is new. Seven years ago, there was very little – just a few people from the companies showing up, mainly to provide philanthropic support. Now water stewardship, how companies can really do something about water issues, has really become mainstream.“

Lifeng Li, Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)

beginning to see an opportunity by the United Nations, there is other hand, is untenable, leading to space in going beyond respect to increased interest in exploring the potential greater confict over water actually contributing positively policy and operational aspects of resources, decreased social license to to supporting human rights, on a respecting the human right to water operate, and increased reputational voluntary basis. This is an espe- and sanitation. This largely entails risks. Te business case for action on cially exciting space in relation to a focus on do-no-harm and proper WASH is based upon the recognition partnership projects. An example due diligence. CEO Water Man- that adequate water for employees, is the CEO Water Mandate’s Wa- date is officially launching its Guide communities, and society is essential ter Action Hub, the world’s first to Respecting the Human Right to to the long term well-being of busi- on-line platform to match-make Water and Sanitation in this line. nesses. Improving access to water, companies and other stakeholders sanitation, and hygiene ensures that on projects on specific watersheds Businesses leaders recognize businesses have a thriving work force and river basins around the world. the business imperative to improv- and consumer base, ensures high t6OEFSUIFProtect, Respect, Remedy ing access to water and sanitation levels of productivity, and overall eco- framework put forth by Special as central to their own long term nomic wellbeing. Te business sector Advisor John Ruggie and adopted growth. Not taking action, on the is taking a number of approaches to

48 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 increasing access to water and sanita- Responsibility Law (CSR) mandates Companies who are tion by frst ensuring that they are companies to contribute 2% of their both water users and meeting their responsibility to respect profts to development initiatives, water service provid- the human rights to water and sanita- some of which can be earmarked ers are developing new tion, and in some cases are going directly to water and sanitation mechanisms to ensure even further to support the rights. In projects. In the water services sector, greater access to WASH many cases, company action is heav- companies are looking at imple- services. Tese focus on ily reliant upon not only sole com- menting new models of fnancing to a variety of avenues from pany action, but greater cooperation enable communities to have greater improved water delivery across sectors, with governments, access to water, such as social funds, systems to the develop- civil society, and academia. special tarifs, and special pricing par- ment of new products that focus on Major water-using companies ticular for those who cannot aford it. behavior change by consumers and have undertaken a number of dif- In order to properly meet their local communities. Companies are ferent tactics towards contributing responsibilities around the hu- looking not only at new innovations to fnancing for greater water and man rights to water and sanitation, and technology, but also at ways of sanitation access. Tese have included companies realize that they need to ensuring that these technologies are major pledges and working with make sure their own operations are adapted to the needs of local commu- established NGOs who specialize in in order. Tis fundamentally starts nities. Tere is an increasing aware- the implementation and delivery of by ensuring that they provide WASH ness of the need to change people’s WASH services. Companies are also services for their employees. Many understanding of the value of water engaging in co-fnancing projects companies have codes of conduct for both the present and the future. that provide or upgrade local water for ensuring adequate facilities in Scaling-up solutions and ensuring the infrastructure projects that serve not operations. Te main challenges arise long term sustainability of projects lies only their own needs but those of lo- in further expanding access beyond at the heart of these solutions. Com- cal communities. Finally, innovative- operations to their supply chain, and panies recognize the need to work in ly, in India, a new Corporate Social into local communities. an integrated manner to ensure that

“The involvement of the water using private sector is dramatically different now compared with 10 years ago. Early on private sector involvement was primarily the big water utilities, now we see all the big companies in food and beverage, energy, and manufacturing, they are all involved now.“

Anders Berntell, 2030 Water Resources Group

Changing partnerships

There has been a shift in the type of partnerships, from community investment grants to a more so- phisticated analysis of the risks business faces. In 2006, The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) joined forces to help make the promise of improved ac- cess to clean water reality. The overarching goal of the partnership is to accelerate the achievement of the water and sanitation related MDG targets. Every is a model of how business sector partnerships can work for development. UNDP and TCCC work as partners, from project design through to implementation. The Every Drop Matters initiative has implemented more than 50 projects in some 20 countries of East Europe and CIS, Asia Pacifc and Middle East, partnered with more than 30 NGOs/ CBOs. In total the project enabled 320,000 people to gain access to water and sanitation, it improved around 204,000 people’s resilience to climate change and it educated more than 166,000 individuals on the responsible use of water sources.

Source: http://www.zaragoza.es/contenidos/medioambiente/onu/1027_eng_water_cooperation_in_action.pdf

49 water, sanitation, and the public, private, and civil society Responsible Business Engagement in hygiene issues are tackled sectors to explore how they can work Water Policy, a guidance document together rather than better together to ensure the required on Guidelines for Managing Integrity setting individual targets resources and capacities for increased in Water Stewardship Initiatives,[5] for each sub-issue. Tey access to water and sanitation. Te and the OECD’s work around water are also looking at how key will be to understand how to governance, focused particularly on to upscale the use of the ensure that mechanisms and frame- stakeholder engagement. technologies through works that involve the private sector In the fnal stage of the Decade, partnerships and coop- are efcient, transparent, and ac- business is showing interest and eration with a wide range countable to the public. A number of involvement in relation to the Post- of actors to get technology from devel- guides and documents have emerged 2015 agenda and the development of opment to adoption to scale. focused specifcally on trying to un- Sustainable Development Goals. Te Te governance gaps in ensuring derstand and provide frameworks for companies have actively promoted access to water and sanitation have addressing these risks. Tese include the idea of dedicated targets for water created space for innovative ways for the CEO Water Mandate’s Guide to and sanitation.

Case: The WASH Pledge

Billions of people without safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is an unacceptable situation for human, social and economic development, which violates basic requirements of human dignity and safety and has enormous impact on people’s health, education, and capacity to lead fully productive lives. This is incompatible with World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s (WBCSD) vision 2050 of 9 billion people living well within the limits of the planet, nor with the human right to water and sanitation. A frst step in accelerating action from business is to obtain company commitment to ensure appropriate access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene for all employees in all premises under company control. Longer term vision is to go beyond the fence to advocate for access for all employees along the value chain and ultimately employee homes and communities where employees live. By sign- ing this pledge companies commit to: implementing access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene at the workplace at an appropriate level of standard for all employees in all premises under their control within three years after signature. The WASH Pledge has associated guidance for self-evaluating operations as well as guiding principles for the implementation of the pledge. The WASH Pledge and the CEO Water Mandate Guidance document provide companies a framework for understanding how they might meet their responsibility to respect the rights to water and sanitation. The WASH Pledge and related support tools provide companies with guidance for what companies can do in terms of 4 engaging their em- ployees, while the Mandate Guidance document gives companies a framework for how to manage for HRWS issues both within their companies and in the communities where they operate. These documents and cases highlight the Importance of company buy-in and developing the case for action by compa- nies. There is a need to develop a solid baseline understanding as well as the context (family, societal) where companies operate in order to ensure appropriate facilities and other means particularly with those organizations with whom a company has a business relationship (such as contractors).

Case Studies:

Agbar, Aqualogy, Unilever, Lifebuoy, Pureit, and Domestos programs that focus on increasing access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services for people. Agbar and Unilever are undertaking different routes in technology to address the access to water and sanitation problem. The companies’ focus is not only on innovation and products but also on how to get these innovations into the hands of consumers that en- able either greater access to water (through innovative community-shared connection) or better hygiene (through the use of products).

50 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Case Studies:

The establishment of a new Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Law in India provides an interesting case example of how new government frameworks en- courage increased participation from the private sector towards meeting development goals. The new CSR Law in India focuses specifcally on trying to promote greater private sector fnancial contribution to meeting sustain- able development. Companies in India will now be required to contribute 2% of their profts each year into social develop- ment projects, including those around water. This new fnancing measure flls an important gover- nance gap. Yet its implementa- tion also provides an interesting study into how to best utilize the expertise of the private and the public sectors towards serving the greater public interest.

WE HAVE SEEN A CHANGE IN PARADIGMS AND HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DEVELOP AND SHARE OUR KNOWLEDGE ON GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND POLICY RESPONSES

Our knowledge about the global ing the contributions of leading the changing conceptual paradigms water situation and our conceptual experts on what are the variety of including Integrated Water Resources paradigms has evolved drastically policy responses available. Presenting Management, Risk Management, during the Decade. Tis Decade remarkably comprehensive overviews Green Economy, Green Infrastruc- has witnessed the emergence of new of water and policy issues - including ture, the need to move beyond the and modifed paradigms. Te Green independent views on issues consid- water box, the water-energy-agricul- Economy/Growth and the Water- ered controversial in some regions ture nexus. Te WWDR has provided Energy–Food nexus have become - these reports have led thinking in evidence on the growing global water subjects of international debate, global processes in water, become a crisis threatening the security, stability reinforcing cooperation across sectors key reference for scholars and policy and environmental sustainability of as part of an integrated approach. makers, and helped to set the con- many developing nations. Tey have Te United Nations World Water ceptual frameworks for global action. signaled how a growing population Development Reports (WWDR) Te United Nations World Water pressure on fnite water resources, played a key role in highlighting and Development Reports (WWDR) coupled with industrialization and leading global knowledge develop- have been leading in their analysis of urbanization, globalization and trade ments, inter alia by systematically the changes in the status and uses of policies are resulting in increasing assessing the global water challenges, water resources and the likely future demand for water, and in upstream identifying key trends and gather- scenarios as well as in highlighting and downstream conficts. Further

51 Morrison et al., Pacifc Institute 2013, Evolution of Key Conceptual Frame- the United Nations Commission on form for participants to expose their Sustainable Development - that in work, exchange information, and works for Water Resource Development 1998 called on UN agencies to com- analyze possible contributions to deal and Management .[6] bine their eforts to produce them - it with challenges at diferent scales. concentrates essentially on evaluat- Researchers, administrators, policy ing what progress has been made, or makers and politicians participation not made, since the Rio Summit and has provided the necessary impetus they have highlighted that physical on developing efective assessment and has maintained the momentum availability of water does not guaran- methodologies. for water. Te Global Water System tee a safe and afordable water supply Te evolution of thinking is Project (GWSP) has supported in- for all and how the resulting decline refected in the Decade’s key themes novation and refection on changing in water quantity and quality will be that were identifed earlier in the De- paradigms gathering major thinkers exacerbated by climate change. cade and have been revised yearly by with a multidisciplinary perspective. As a collective UN system-wide UN-Water. Tese have ranged from Te World Water Forums with over efort it has brought together the access to sanitation, to water quality 20,000 participants as the largest in- knowledge of UN agencies, global and scarcity; from water cooperation ternational water event in the world stakeholders and leading profession- between stakeholders and between has been a key event in this regard. als. It has encompassed a broad range nations; from fnancing water to Te widely engaging Tematic, of components, including the analysis ensuring women’s participation; from Political, Regional, and Science & of the merits of diferent types of integrated water resource manage- Technology Processes with participa- policies, legislation, social pro- ment to where water intersects with tion of heads of state, parliamentar- grammes, economic approaches and cities, energy production, food secu- ians, local governments, and other management strategies through which rity and sustainable development and stakeholders from most countries we need to seek water sustainability. disaster risk reduction and adaptation have represented a unique opportu- Te frst 2003 WWDR entitled to climate change. nity to progress and maintain water Water for People, Water for Life – Specialized forums and confer- in the political agenda. provided the knowledge base for the ences such as the triennial World World Water Week in Stockholm Water Decade, approved the same Water Forums and the yearly World has grown during the Decade to be a year. As the response of the UN to Water Week have provided a plat- leading annual meeting point for the

52 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 globe’s water issues with over 3,000 Some countries have clearly led nual Zaragoza Confer- individuals, more than 250 convening globally on specifc themes and they ences (see later), as part organizations from more than 140 have followed up with projects and of its Decade eforts. countries. It has consistently been programmes. Te German Govern- Tey have slowly but gathering experts, practitioners, deci- ment created a new movement in re- surely become highly sion-makers, business innovators and lation to the food-water-energy nexus infuential in policy young professionals from a range of starting with the seminal 2011 World and have helped devel- sectors. It has provided a platform for Conference on the issue. Many oth- oping more detailed presenting their work and their fnd- ers have advanced knowledge and knowledge related to ings, to network and exchange ideas understanding on WASH, IWRM, implementation on the fostering partnerships and alliances. climate change and water related Decade’s themes, helping collect It has helped highlight new thinking disasters through diferent initiatives. experiences from key practitioners and research. Its infuence in articu- Building and linking on the col- to be able to move from the analysis lating the science–policy interface has lective UN system-wide knowledge of challenges and policies to action. been outstanding with regional and generated through the World Water Tey have helped documenting and country-level water develop- Development Reports and other socializing best practices and have ing all over the world, making the agency initiatives, UN-Water has facilitated technology and knowledge organizer SIWI a key actor in global been organizing diferent Capacity transfer and outreach programs to policy development and advice. Development activities and the An- varied audiences.

“I think the Water Decade made a signifcant change in the public debate environment…if you see when the discussion started in Mar del Plata [1977] continued in the Dublin Principles [1992], followed up in the Bonn Freshwater Conference in 2000, then fnally with the Nexus Conference that accompa- nied this Water Decade. The Water Decade has been able to deliver and create more understanding not only about the human dimension of water, also about the political dimension of the water.”

Fritz Holzwarth, Germany’s former Water and Marine Director

HIGH LEVEL ADVOCACY DURING THE DECADE HAS PROVED TO BE SUCCESSFUL AT CREATING POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND AT MAINTAINING THE MOMENTUM FOR POLITICAL ACTION AT GLOBAL LEVEL – MOVING TO COMMITMENTS AND THEIR FOLLOW UP ON WASH

Over the Decade high level political United Nations Secretary General, vocating with the media, the private advocacy has played an important Kof Annan as an independent body, sector and civil society. role in maintaining the attention on in order to give him advice as well Since 2004 and over the De- water issues and advocating action on as to galvanize action on water and cade UNSGAB members have water with political leaders – one of sanitation issues. Te advisory board consistently and tirelessly provided the main objectives of the Decade. A is composed by a wide range of input in global dialogue processes; key actor in this regard has been the dignitaries, technical experts, and supported raising global awareness UNSG’s Advisory Board on Water individuals with proven experience through mass-media; infuenced and Sanitation (UNSGAB) which at providing inspiration, moving the global, regional, national institutions was established in March 2004 by machinery of governments, and ad- at highest level; and taken actions to-

53 wards MDGs and Water UNSGAB´s early calls for a organizations and other multilateral related Disasters. UN- dedicated water goal in the post- partners has been working both at SGAB has been instru- 2015 development agenda with three the national and global levels in order mental in de-tabooing objectives on universal access to safe to catalyze high level political action, the issue of sanitation drinking water and sanitation, im- improve mutual accountability and and in particular of open proved wastewater management and use scarce resources more efectively. defecation, through pollution control, and better inte- SWA has been recognized in UN constant advocacy and grated water resources management, resolutions and has successfully through initiatives such have proved to be highly infuential convened three high level meetings as the International on the documents being negotiated. attended by fnance, development Year of Sanitation and the Sanitation As an independent broker, UNSGAB cooperation and sector ministers. Drive to 2015, to the point that the has been able to get parties talk and Partners work towards a common issue of open defecation ended up address together major issues, and vision of universal access to safe being named in a UN GA Resolu- agree on the most pressing priori- water and adequate sanitation. At the tion. At regional level, UNSGAB ties for the water sector. UNSGAB’s global level, SWA has encouraged a has catalyzed the organization of the journey, from its inception in 2004, dialogue amongst decision-makers, African Union Summit on Water in has been in service of the global especially governments, to prioritize Sharm El-Sheik, 2008. UNSGAB cause of sanitation. Bringing it into water and sanitation using the main also strongly supported the emerg- the mainstream, garnering attention global meetings to promote their ing movement for regional sanitation from the public and putting pressure views, such as those of the General conferences. Te Board played an on leaders – both by exposing the Assembly, the G8, G20, and World important role in conceptualizing human tragedy of the problem and Economic Forum. A key instrument AfricaSan as stipulated in the 2008 by demonstrating the clear benefts has been the High-Level Commit- e-Tekwini Declaration. It has water and sanitation provision can ments Dialogue (HLCD) where partnered closely with AMCOW bring to societies. Technologies developing countries and donors in all its AfricaSan conferences to UNSGAB has championed include develop context-specifc commit- date. UNSGAB initiated, together Integrated Water Resources Manage- ments focused on achieving results with the then president of the Asia- ment and the nexus approach. Te on the ground and the SWA PacifcWater Forum, the First Pan group has also used its infuence to High-Level Meeting (HLM) which is Asian Meeting in Beppu 2007, where bring global scrutiny to the issue of hosted at the World Bank in Wash- sanitation problems were specifcally pollution. ington DC with ministers respon- articulated, and followed up in sub- Since 2009 the Sanitation and sible for fnance, water and sanitation sequent regional meetings. Te same Water for All (SWA) partnership has from developing countries, ministers processes occurred in south Asia with also been working to advocate greater of development cooperation from Sacosan events and in Latin America attention and resources for WASH donor countries, and high-level rep- with LatinoSan conferences. UN- from high level decision makers. As resentatives from development banks SGAB has also promoted the Water a multi-stakeholder partnership of and leading sanitation and water Operators Partnerships (WOPs) over 95 govern- agencies, including from civil society. hosted by UN Habitat. ments, bilateral donors, civil society Over 300 commitments to improv-

“Without political commitment we cannot achieve anything. Declarations are key, implementing them on the ground is more diffcult. In Africa this includes the Ministerial Declaration on “Water Security for All”; the “eThekwini Declaration” about sanitation. The Sharm-el Sheikh Declaration on Water and Sani- tation which put water and sanitation high in the agenda. The advocacy role played by the Decade has increased awareness on water and sanitation in Africa. Before the Decade very few countries in Africa had ministries of sanitation, after the eThekwini Declaration this has changed: Now there are several countries with ministers of sanitation, such as Senegal, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa. You can see sanitation in the ministries now with a budget line, before you could not see that.“

Bai Mass Tal, Executive Director of African Ministers’ Council on Water

54 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 ing WASH services, ranging from: the members of the UNGA’s Open enhancing political commitment; Working Group for Sustainable De- improving evidence based decision velopment Goals agreed to propose making; and strengthening national a stand-alone water goal (number planning processes, were made by the 6), “Ensure the availability and 43 developing countries participat- sustainable management of water ing in the 2014 HLM. Tese com- and sanitation for all.” Tis refects mitments will be monitored by the that water and sanitation is a key SWA Secretariat hosted by UNICEF. priority for member states. UN and At the national level, SWA has been stakeholders, experts and the water promoting country–led, coordinated community at large have contribut- multi-stakeholder eforts to strength- ed, engaging with politicians, policy en national WASH sector planning, makers, governments. budgeting, investments and account- Other high level advocacy on spe- ability frameworks. cifc issues such as climate change (the Advocacy for a dedicated goal Climate Change coalition) has been on water has been supported by all led by non-UN organizations such as global actors. Finally, in July 2014, the Stakeholder Forum and SIWI.

WE HAVE SEEN THE CREATION OF A DEDICATED POLITICAL PROCESS FOR WATER AND IMPROVED INTER-GOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION ON WATER ISSUES

Intergovernmental coordination on initially as a platform for the imple- sociation of likeminded countries in water issues, in the context of the mentation of the United Nations promotion of the UN water agenda. General Assembly, can be seen as General Assembly resolution 64/198 High level inter-governmental a main result of the Decade. Te “Midterm comprehensive review of coordination on water in the GA General Assembly Group of Friends the implementation of the Interna- and especially in the context of the of Water (FoW) was established tional Decade for Action, ‘Water for Decade process has continued to by the initiative of the UN Perma- Life’, 2005–2015”. Later the Group rely heavily on the leadership of the nent Mission of Tajikistan in 2010, became an informal voluntary as- Republic of Tajikistan. Trough the

Recognition of the central role of water:

“At the end of the Decade the global community has now recognized that ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation is key in our efforts to achieve sustainable development. The impact of water on human health as well as economic wellbeing is better understood than a decade ago, including water’s critical importance for households, industries, agriculture, cities, energy production and transportation. We also learnt how the water cycle underpins the ’s ecosystems and stability for the effects of climate change. The Water for Life Voices exhibit affrms water for life, water as a human right, water for development and for security. The SDG on Water underpins progress in many areas and can drive advances on sustainable water management. Water must be one of the highest priorities for development, life, dignity and maintaining peace and security. Sanitation is a matter of death or life to many people.”

Jan Eliasson, DSG of the UN at the March 30 HLE on the International Water Decade in UNHQ in NY

55 Decade High Level Te specifc political process on Cooperation (including a Gender meetings convened by water in relation to the ´Water for Forum) in Dushanbe. Tajikistan. the Government of Ta- Life´ 2005-2015 Decade include the The Dushanbe Declaration re- jikistan with the support following High Level Events: sulting from the event is a ‘non- of the Friends of Water negotiated text’ listing a number Group of the Gen- t22 March 2010: High-Level In- of initiatives. eral Assembly and many teractive Dialogue on the imple- t11 March 2014: Special Event at G77 countries have mentation of the International UN HQ “Taking Stock of the become a main dedi- Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ International Year of Water Coop- cated water platform for 2005-2015. UN Headquarters, eration and Advancing the Global strengthening inter-governmental New York. Four documents were Water Agenda Post-2015”. coordination, supporting stock tak- presented: t30 March 2015: High-level In- ing and maintaining the momentum teractive Dialogue ‘The Interna- as well as providing impulse to the — Water, peace and security: tional Decade for Action: Progress water agenda on the Decade themes, transboundary water coopera- achieved and lessons learned lead by and considering the priorities tion (A/64/692 and A/64/692/ relevant to the achievement of sus- of the LDCs and SIDS. Corr.1). tainable development’. Te specifc political process of — Organization of the midterm t9-11 June 2015: High Level Inter- the Decade has had as a result the comprehensive review of the national Conference on the imple- following resolutions: International Decade for Ac- mentation of the International tion ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015 Decade for Action “Water for t23 December 2003: Proclamation (A/64/693). Life”, 2005-2015 in Dushanbe, of 2005-2015 the International — Water, climate change and disas- Tajikistan. Decade for Action “Water for ters (A/64/695). Life” (UN General Assembly — Water and the internation- In 2012 the Friends of Water Resolution of December 23, 2003, ally agreed development goals Group organized fve thematic discus- 58/217, 58th session). (A/64/694). sions in the Rio+20 Conference with t21 December 2009: Resolution call- the goal of bringing added value to ing for a Midterm comprehensive t8-9 June 2010: High-level Interna- the sustainable development discus- review of the implementation of tional Conference on the Midterm sions through pragmatic and result- the International Decade for Ac- Comprehensive Review of the Im- oriented approaches. Since then the tion ‘Water for life’ 2005-2015 (A/ plementation of the International Group has been infuential in the post RES/64/198). This UNGA deci- Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2015 processes and has organized sion announced the meeting in Ta- 2005-2015. Dushanbe, Tajikistan. diferent events in the context of the jikistan and requested information The Dushanbe Declaration on Wa- General Assembly. 39 UN Mem- on the progress of the Decade. ter (A/65/88) is an ‘non-negotiated ber States are the members of the t20 December 2010: the United Na- text’ listing a number of focal areas Group of Friends of Water: , tions General Assembly adopted for the remainder of the Decade. Argentina, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, resolution 65/154 by which it t19-20th October 2011: Prepara- Belarus, , , , proclaimed 2013 the International tory Conference “Towards the Chile, Egypt, , France, Ger- Year of Water Cooperation in the UN Conference on Sustainable many, , Iraq, Italy, Japan, context of the International ´Wa- Development (RIO +20): Water , Kyrgyzstan, Republic of ter for Life´ 2005-2015 Decade. Cooperation Issues” Dushanbe, Korea, Laos, , Netherlands, t11 February 2011: ‘Sustainable Tajikistan. , Portugal, Russian Federa- sanitation: the five-year drive to t20-21 August 2013: High Level In- tion, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, 2015’. The resolution makes refer- ternational Conference on Water Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tailand, ence to the Decade. t19 December 2014: UN General Assembly adopts resolution on International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015, and further efforts to achieve the sus- tainable development of water resources (A/RES/69/215).

56 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 “One of the biggest differences that we have been we have been increasingly aware that we have to talk with those other than water people, and that water is not really managed by water people but is managed by the agriculture sector by municipality governments, we have realized that we have been spending a lot of time talking to the converts and to each other, our closed circles and realizing that while we are talking others are using the water.“

Flemming Winther Olsen, Senior Advisor, Department for Environment, Energy and Climate. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark

Turkmenistan, , , Summit for a UN intergovernmental preparatory processes of the trien- of America, Uruguay, panel on water and sanitation. A nial World Water Forums, organized Uzbekistan, Yemen. proposal also made by the President by the World Water Council with Some key countries have pro- of and considered favorably the host countries (Turkey, Mexico, vided leadership in this context. In by the Ministerial Declaration of France and Korea). Te political im- 2012 the Steering Committee of the the 7th World Water Forum, held in portance of the Forums can be evi- Group of Friends of Water (FoW) Korea in 2015. Mexico has also taken denced by the engagement of govern- was established with the participa- a leadership role in the context of the ments, Parliamentarians and Local tion of Finland, Tajikistan, Tailand dedicated water intergovernmental Authorities in its political process. In and Hungary. Te countries in the processes of the UNESCO Inter- the 7th World Water Forum of Korea FoW group and especially those in national Hydrological Programme in 2015 9 heads of State, 80 govern- the Steering Committee have actively dedicated to Science and Education ment ministers and 100 ofcial na- taken diferent initiatives to sup- in Water Management. Te IHP tional governments delegations par- port the water agenda. Te support has the longer standing intergovern- ticipated. Tey formalized a roadmap for a Global Water Goal emerging mental process specifcally on water and a formal commitment has been from Rio+20 has been refected on in the context of the UN. During signed to ensure all stakeholders take the proposals of the Open Work- the International Decade for Action appropriate action. Te Forums are ing Group being negotiated and on ¨Water for Life¨ 2005-2015, after progressing in linking their outcomes recent work on indicators. long discussions among UNESCO- with the formal inter-governmental Te need to improve coordination IHP member states, it was identifed processes in the context of the Gen- and continue strengthening global that the major challenge to face was eral Assembly. In Korea it was agreed action is refected in the proposals to address water security and that that the pledges made during the 7th of the President of the Tajikistan for short and long term plans should be Forum will be carried to New York as a new post 2015 Water Decade and implemented for it. a major contribution to the adoption the proposals and the recommenda- Governments have also been ac- of a Sustainable Development Goal tion of the 2013 Budapest Water tively engaging in the context of the on water.

WE HAVE SEEN A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEED FOR STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND SUPPORTING PARTNERSHIPS FOR A BETTER FUTURE

A key aspect of the Decade has been ner. Organizations such as the Global Increasingly, the private sector, increased awareness of the intercon- Water Partnership have been provid- energy sector, food production and nectedness of water issues. Tere has ing tirelessly support for a worldwide others have also been brought into been a growing recognition that if movement towards Integrated Water the discussion to further cooperation we wish to manage water resources Resources Management, improved between water and non water stake- efectively then we must approach water governance and to meaningful holders. Tis has seen some unex- this together in an integrated man- stakeholder participation. pected results with striking examples

57 such as that of the Rus- optional: it is essential if we are to Regional Water Partnerships. GWP sia and Finland trans- achieve our vision of a water secure has the convening power to bring boundary cooperation world. Tis vision requires funda- together diverse stakeholders who where energy companies mental changes in values, beliefs, can contribute to the social and and the private sector perceptions and political positions political change processes that help from the two countries among all stakeholders. bring the vision of a water secure were able to come to GWP has been an active pro- world closer to reality. GWP sup- agreements. moter of sustainable and integrated ports countries to realize its vision In the area of civil Water Resource Management at by helping them to advance their society engagement for global level while at the same time, governance and management of instance, the Women for Water Part- providing a platform for multi- water resources for sustainable and nership has emerged as an efective stakeholder partnerships at regional equitable development. Instead of platform and support mechanism for and national levels. Founded as a taking the traditional development women’s empowerment and partici- multistakeholder network in 1996 approach in which projects are pation in water issues that concern to foster integrated water resources often not connected, GWP works them, and the World Youth Parlia- management (IWRM), it developed with key stakeholders to design ment on Water increasingly raises into an intergovernmental organiza- strategic approaches for improv- the voice of young people. Much tion (GWPO) in 2002 that sup- ing water management. Tis builds more remains to be done however, in ports the work of the GWP regional local capacity in the long term. particular involving the engagement and country water partnerships GWP does not operate in isolation; of women, youth and indigenous and facilitates water cooperation. indeed its networking approach peoples including at national levels. 2004 marked the redefnition of the provides a mechanism for coordi- We need the contributions of all the GWP strategy towards facilitating nated action and adds value to the stakeholders. Tere is no doubt that IWRM. By 2006 the Number of work of many other key develop- no single set of actors holds the key Country Water Partnerships sur- ment partners. A neutral platform to efectively addressing the chal- passed 50 and the number of formal for multi-stakeholder dialogue at lenge of efective management of Partner organizations exceeded global, national and local levels that water resources. Governments, both 1,000. At the close of the Water for connects water resources planning national and local have a key role. Life Decade, there are more than and operations at diferent scales But the private sector and the palette 3,000 partner organizations in 172 – transboundary, regional, basin, of civil society actors have their own countries. Te network includes 85 national and local – for coherent role to play. Working together is not Country Water Partnerships and 13 and sustainable action.

“In the last 10 years it is “We have realized that water is not just for water people to deal amazing to me how many with. We cannot do this alone. So I think in the last 10 years, we different partners are starting have been a lot better at actually going out of the box, as we said to collaborate now. When I we would. We engage much more now with other sectors, mostly frst started this years ago, the the food and energy sectors and in that process this nexus has been idea that the private sector very helpful. It has helped getting these others actors to the table. could engage with the United This is a very important positive development, I think, within the last Nations was taboo, but more 10 years. Another development that I think is really notable is that and more the private sector is a lot of the countries in the south were depending on development being invited to different round assistance, and we now see a totally different world, a lot more self tables by the UN. It’s not that reliant and a much stronger role of the private sector. Infrastructure any one actor holds the solu- in Asia and Africa is built by the private sector, not by the govern- tion but together is where the ments anymore.“ solutions will arise.“

Dan Bena, PEPSICO Torkil Jonch Clausen, DHI

58 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 WE HAVE SEEN HOW THE DECADE HAS HELPED THE IMPROVEMENT OF INTER-AGENCY COORDINATION WITHIN THE UN AND WITH GLOBAL PARTNERS: WHY IS THIS SIGNIFICANT?

UN-Water was set up by the internal of freshwater. Two Decade pro- the Decade programmes support to United Nations High Level Com- grammes were created which started UN-Water’s designated agencies on mittee on Programmes in 2003, operations in 2007 and UN-Water diferent themes, the system has been the same year as Members States stirred their actions especially to able to support the United Nations approved the General Assembly support and strengthen UN-Water 31 entities with water programmes to Resolution on the 2005-2015 Water as a mechanism, on issues of capac- act as ‘One UN’. Decade. UN-Water was tasked by the ity development (UNW-DPC) and Trough the work of the Task United Nations General Assembly to Advocacy and Communications Forces and Tematic Priority Areas coordinate the Decade. (UNW-DPAC). UN-Water has mainstreamed the In fact one of the main achieve- Both Decade programmes have Decade in its activities. Beyond policy ments and results of the Decade has been tirelessly supporting UN-Water coordination the two UN-Water been the development of UN-Water in the development and implementa- Decade Programmes have facilitated itself. Recognizing the cross-cutting tion of UN-Water’s work programme overall UN-Water’s development nature of water, UN-Water, as the for promoting coherence in, and and implementation of clear, practi- platform for internal coordina- coordination of, UN system actions cal and specifc system wide activi- tion of the UN entities, has grown, aimed at the implementation of the ties, many of them envisaged in the developed and strengthened inter- agenda defned by the Millennium Decade’s Secretary General 2005 Plan agency coordination in order to Declaration and the World Summit of Action, on capacity development, maximize system-wide coordinated on Sustainable Development as it knowledge management, outreach action and coherence on all aspects relates to its scope of work. Trough and communication and has sup-

The UN Resolution as- “The big thing has been the growth and development of UN signed responsibilities for water. And if you go back another 10 years, back to the Dublin the decade implementation conference and the frst Rio summit, the precursor of UN water to both, UN-Water and the was really not very strong and because there was a sort of void Member States. As per the if you like, a weakness in the UN system in the , that led to SG Decade Plan: UN-Water the creation of the World Water Council and the Global Water is in charge of coordinating Partnership, so this is getting a much longer perspective. It has activities of the United Na- meant that everybody in the UN system and a whole lot of signif- tions for implementing the cant partners are working much more effectively together and that Decade, including with non- is really noticeable. It’s led to the advocacy for water issues being United Nations partners. much stronger and UN water is playing a very very signifcant role now in the water debates.“

(United Nations, 2005). Gordon Young, International Association of Hydrological Sciences

“I think it’s also very good that the UN agencies are working together more closely than they were. Partly because of things like UN Water but also because of initiatives taken by these agen- cies. That’s what I think is most exciting.”

Dr Graham Alabaster, Senior Technical Offcer, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health (WSH), WHO Department of Public Health and Environment

59 ported the process of a system of indicators for a monitoring in the diferent activities and espe- preparation of the WW- mechanisms for the new post 2015 wa- cially in Task Forces and Tematic DRs and other strategic ter related targets – the GEMI project. Priority Areas and importantly in the processes. In addition Strategic advice has been pro- working groups preparing advice to the programmes have duced both through UN-Water’s strategic processes above and other prepared and organize contribution to the UN Confer- key outreach activities such as the diferent UN-Water ence on Sustainable Development UN-Water Zaragoza Conferences and platforms including: and Rio +20 and to the processes to Capacity Development activities. the Decade Web page defne the post 2015 development Moving beyond policies requires (providing an update on agenda. Tree key products in this analysis of implementation challenges development on news and events and regard have been the UN-Water and responses. Since 2011 and as on updates on the Decade themes); 2013 Tematic Consultation on part of the Decade eforts of support- the UN-Water and Sanitation Docu- Water, the 2014 UN-Water advice ing moving to action, the UN-Water mentation Center; the UNWAIS sys- “A Post-2015 Global Goal for Water – Annual Zaragoza Conferences, tem (including the results of mapping Synthesis of key fndings and recom- organized by UNW-DPAC, have the existing projects and programmes mendations from UN-Water” that gathered UN agencies, reaching out on the Decade´s themes: 182 proj- fed into the work of the Open Work- to global stakeholders to discuss and ects to do with transboundary water ing Group (OWG) on Sustainable learn with and from practitioners, to issues, 161 involving water quality Development Goals (SDGs), and the debate, share and analyze action ori- issues and 100 dealing with climate 2015 “Draft compilation of means of ented experiences. Te Focus on ef- change); the Best Practices Platform, implementation aspects of water and fective stakeholder participation, the among others. sanitation” for the 2015 GA 21-24 tools for water cooperation, for water Over the Decade – and especially April meeting on means of imple- in the Green Economy, on partner- since 2012 when a head of agency mentation and global partnership ships on water and energy and on became the UN-Water Chair – UN- for sustainable development. tools for the implementation of the Water has in fact seen an evolution UN-Water´s evolution over the SDGs has led to a variety of products from a mainly internal coordination Decade has included articulating supporting action on specifc Decade mechanisms to becoming much more the contributions of multiple global themes at country and regional level infuential in supporting Member stakeholders to the formal intergov- including, tool boxes, guidance, States on global policy processes and ernmental processes and improv- information briefs and a platform of debates by a) providing the global ing global stakeholder engagement good practices. evidence base for decision-making in UN-Water activities to move to In addition to this, over the – included in its assessment and action – the mark of the Decade. Decade, UN-Water has also played monitoring reports on WASH and UN-Water has now 37 global part- a central role in raising public aware- WRM; b) providing strategic advice ners ranging from Global NGOs to ness each year through its central role and transmitting the voice and needs professional and civil society groups, in diferent Campaigns including of a wide range of stakeholders, as it research and advisory organizations the communication actions in the has grown to have 34 partners with a with global range and outlook. Tey context of the International Water global reach; and c) jointly preparing are participating at diferent degrees Decade. Of particular importance

“In the course of the Water for Life Decade the major themes of integrated water resources manage- ment have been addressed in a dedicated UN-Water Day speeding over the Year. The Zaragoza Annual International Water Conference, themed with the year’s World Water Day, is an important opportunity for key actors to meet and jointly address the challenges the water theme presents. Through the Zara- goza Water Conference and other activities, UNW-DPAC has over the years effectively joined all the major stakeholders to address water related issues in a holistic way, forging partnerships at different lev- els, in which civil society, including the Women’s Major Group, has been included as an equal partner.“

Alice Bouman-Dentener, founder, Women for Water Partnership

60 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 “UN-Water has pushed the water challenge higher up in the global agenda. It has mobilized all partners to break the silence on open defecation, World Toilet Day November 19, an initiative of the government of Singapore, has drawn up attention on this urgent issue.“

Jan Eliasson Decade HLE Interactive Dialogue, March 30, 2015 has been the following: World Water Day, the Decade’s logo and Water for Life Voices, the sanitation drive to 2015, and since 2013, this has been further supported by World Toilet Day. UN-Water’s Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communications has helped UN-Water to successfully implement these actions by support- ing lead agencies or by leading the implementation of these campaigns.

WE HAVE SEEN THE IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL AWARENESS RAISING AND COMMUNICATIONS

Global awareness raising and com- tool for mobilizing public awareness the Day poses. Te Decade has seen munications have been recognized as on specifc issues, as well as bringing a proliferation of global and local key over the Water Decade. World experts together to search for con- campaigns with diferent objectives Water Day has proved an excellent sensus and solutions to the problems and a development of communica-

61 tion tools as we have adopted. Te campaign’s primary aim most quickly adopted technology in never seen before. was to mobilize support for bringing the history of the world. It has saved A precursor has sanitation and hygiene to the global enormous amounts of time in rapid been the Global WASH agenda. At the World Summit for Sus- communications during times of Campaign which was tainable Development in 2002, sanita- disaster, or when information needs launched in 2001 as a tion was then added to the Millenni- to be disseminated quickly. It’s made response to the failure of um Development Goals, a signifcant communications more fexible as world leaders to recog- step towards this goal. http://www. people can be contacted anywhere nize sanitation as a target wsscc.org/wash-advocacy/campaigns- – again, vital during disasters. Te at the UN Millennium events/global-wash-campaign . rise of social media has also had an Summit in 2000, where the Millenni- A lot has changed in the way we impact on communications and on um Development Goals (MDGs) were communicate, the cellphone is the other specifc areas such as disaster

Global Campaigns of the decade

The Water for Life (logo) Campaign. The UN Department of Public Information engaged in coordinat- ing the creation and use of the Decade’s logo, the preparation of an advocacy guide – that has been updated according to the World Water Day Themes and other communication initiatives. More than 26 international organizations and 100 national initiatives have joined the Water for Life Decade logo Campaign. It has been embedded within or has coordinated other campaigns below. It ended with a Water for Life Voices Campaign and Exhibit in NY.

World Water Day: World Water Days has served as the annual awareness raising focal point during the decade. Since 1994, each World Water Day has featured a thematic focus. Observed on 22 March since 1993 it has increased its impact and attention over the decade. States were invited to devote the Day, as appropriate in the national context, to concrete activities such as the promotion of public aware- ness through the publication and diffusion of documentaries and the organization of conferences, round tables, seminars and expositions related to the conservation and development of water resources and the implementation of the recommendations of Agenda 21. This has served as an annual reminder to draw the world’s attention and focus the of supporting parties to raise awareness of a key issue in water. Viewed together over a longer period, these themes also highlight the myriad ways in which predictable and safe provision of water impacts the planet.

World Toilet Day: WTD was launched in 2001 to raise awareness of the global sanitation crisis. It takes place each year on 19 November.

Five-year Sanitation Drive: The Drive to 2015 grew out of an initiative within the United Nations as part of the water decade. The Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation proposed the idea and called on others working in a range of sectors to join the effort. UN-Water, the association of all UN bodies working on water and sanitation issues, is coordinating the work. A number of civil society groups around the globe have pledged their support to achieve the objective of sanitation for all people. The USG Jan Eliason Call to action on Sanitation has urged the achievement of the sanitation targets.

Open Defecation Campaign: aims at raising awareness on the reality of open defecation. In parts of the world where open defecation is not an issue, the fact that the issue is so poorly understood or even known is seen as a reason why the issue is not getting the attention and the response it deserves. Open defecation is known about and a daily reality for millions of people, but may be a taboo or unpopular topic of conversation. Nonetheless, there are many groups, including a number of national govern- ments, who are taking action. The campaign wants to spur the conversation, break the silence, and celebrate the efforts undertaken.

62 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 relief, an example being during the either preferred not to talk and think useful. Te global community has Fukushima earthquake in Japan about (e.g. Sanitation). Conferences been able to communicate better on 2011. Facebook & Twitter allowed and events and thematic days have specifc issues on sustainable develop- families to make contact with one an- been useful during the Decade for ment, food and energy. other when phone lines were down. targeting diferent audiences. While Communications have helped As the world moves to smartphones, public engagement is necessary to put behaviour change – we have realized it remains to be seen whether increas- pressure on governments to address it’s not enough to provide interven- ingly complicated mobile phones water challenges, directly engaging tions; we need to raise awareness of will continue to be such a useful decision makers in government and why, for example, hygiene is impor- tool in rapid communications. Yet water users in the private sector helps tant and also provide training and the dramatic impact of the adoption to speed the process of addressing key information to introduce people to of mobile technology is the greatest issues. Using UN ambassadors has better practices. Education target- change in mass communications in also given a greater voice to issues, ing has worked well, with the last 10 years. especially since the rise of social net- children disseminating messages to In targeting the developed world works and video sharing sites where family and friends. for awareness raising, easy to share these messages can be more rapidly While journalist outreach is global social campaigns, such as shared, viewed and assimilated. imperfect (for the reasons discussed those produced by WATER is LIFE Water is life – and the areas in above) it has proved invaluable for (#1stWorldProblems) or Water.org which water plays a role are almost expanding networks of people with (Toilet boycott) have increased the overwhelming. By agreeing thematic local knowledge and expertise bear- visibility of water issues among the areas for annual days and in certain ing independent witness to projects general public. Maintaining inter- cases creating additional themed and programmes at ground level. est in such campaigns will be reliant days, years or Decades, a tight focus Te journalist feedback and ability to on the creativity of those involved has been brought to issues, with disseminate trusted information is in- with designing them as the market all associated agencies acting col- valuable and will only become more becomes increasingly saturated. lectively for the greatest impact. Te so in the future, where it is increas- Te World Water Days have been efort through communications of ingly easy to share information but useful in highlighting underserved streamlining and clarifying messages where expert knowledge and trust are areas that people have traditionally and information has been extremely more than ever at a premium.

Notes [1]. “The WWDR is an annual and thematic re- [2]. http://www.gemstat.org. of ecosystems as solutions for water prob- port that focuses on different strategic wa- [3]. www.unwater.org/gemi/en/. lems – eg. Aichi Biodiversity Target 14; this ter issues each year and aims to provide de- [4]. Ibid. concept was picked up in the water out- cision-makers with the tools to implement [5]. http://ceowatermandate.org/disclosure/. comes of Rio + 20 – and will hopefully be sustainable use of our water resources. It [6]. “Ecosystems/environment” have evolved as subsequently incorporated into pos-2015 also includes regional aspects, hotspots, concepts relevant to water. Eg. Rio Conven- SDGs. GWP refers to the Global Water part- examples and stories, making the report tions (1992/1993) UNFCCC, CBD, UNCCD, nership. MUS refers to the Multiple Use relevant to a broad range of readers, at dif- - eg. CBD 1992 – adoption of Strategic Plan Water Services Group. ferent levels and in different geographical for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020 (2010) which areas.” – UN-Water. now includes explicit reference to the role

63 The Contribution of the Water for Life 2005-2015 Decade

Looking to the end of the decade and beyond

INTRODUCTION

he Water Decade has been successful for In the last part of this chapter we look into what water and for sanitation and there are many is next, what are the challenges ahead and the types of lessons that can be taken for the future. Te actions necessary for the implementation of the water re- question is whether much of these would lated sustainable development goals and what need to be Thave happened without the United Nations Internation- tackled to be able to move forward on the basis of what al Decade for Action. we have learned. In this chapter we discuss what has been the value added by the Decade. How and where the Water Decade has indeed provided an efective framework for promot- ing and supporting increasing the number of projects and THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE DECADE programme and attention to WASH, water cooperation, women engagement and IWRM eforts, by providing political impulse and helping in raising awareness and As we have explored, the impetus of the Decade at highlighting action oriented activities (best practices and the start was immense. Expectations were high as the tools for cooperation and action). global water community saw the Decade providing the In this chapter we discuss how helpful the Decade has embedding mechanism for bringing together the many been in providing a political process for maintaining the fragmented initiatives that were taking place and help- attention and for taking stock and regularly evaluating ing create a more coherent and better coordinated – less results – analyzing the actions that have been efective in fragmented - global water governance both within the promoting water cooperation and IWRM. We analyze the UN and with non UN actors. Te Decade was agreed specifc impact of the Decade´s 2013 International Year of through a Resolution of the General Assembly which Water Cooperation, and of the UN Ofce to Support the provided the mandate for the UN agencies to support Decade for Action: Water for Life, taking into account and for the member countries to engage in it. With a the actions of UNW-DPAC and UNW-DPC. legislative framework in place, the Decade had a plan

64 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 © Yakar Africa

of action from the UN Secretary toring Programme report, Water related to supporting advocacy General, with pledges from UN and for Life: Making it Happen. It and raising awareness on WASH non-UN entities, and an initial deci- also started with UNICEF/WHO issues through high-level advocacy sion on the priority themes for the pledges for actions through the exemplifed by the work of UN- Decade. Te preparation of a Global 2005 SG plan for the Decade from SGAB, and the Decade´s Five Year Campaign by the Department of WB, GWP and UNDP, among oth- Sanitation Drive, as well as com- Public Information (DPI) includ- ers. Tis was refected later in the munication actions with traditional ing the necessary branding activities 2006 Human Development Report and new media. Te Decade Ofces (logo and rules of use by non-UN on ‘Water: Beyond Scarcity’ advo- have explicitly supported aware- actors) and an advocate guide served cating for a greater focus on basic ness raising and capacity develop- as guidance for communications and services, linking the MDGs to the ment activities in the developing advocacy actions. water community. world – emphasizing sanitation, for Since then, the WASH commu- example, the importance of hygiene nity has progressed in implement- and implementation of the Human WASH ing many of the envisioned ac- Right to Water and Sanitation in tivities, including monitoring and collaboration with the Special Rap- reporting with the JMP reports, porteur. Te Ofce to support the Te UN and non-UN WASH com- and in creating a high level advo- International Decade for Action has munity saw the potential of the cacy and multifunctional platform been instrumental in this respect, Decade and started to engage with for WASH through “Sanitation supporting such diverse organs as it at an early stage. Te Decade and Water for All”. Tese activities the media, the actions of the WHO began with an ambitious diagnosis have only been partially branded network of regulators and small wa- and a plan of action 2005-2015 for as Decade activities. Some of the ter operators, and preparing WASH WASH in the 2005 Joint Moni- explicit Decade activities have in health centres.

65 “I think the Water Decade made a signifcant change in the public debate environment. Water was more or less marginalized, locked in technical words and technical discussions, but there was no clear understanding of how water is interlinked with other areas. …So I think the Water Decade made a signifcant difference and also, during the Decade, the Conferenc- es, both offcial and unoffcial, all these activities created this difference and made clear that water can no longer be ignored on the political agenda and on the agenda of the local level.”

Fritz Holzwarth, Germany’s former Water and Marine Director

“The Decade helped insuring water was high in the international agenda as a cross cut- ting issue. It has raised awareness especially in developing countries. The Zaragoza Offce supported this as well as the improvement of inter-agency coordination helping translate policies into action to insure a better focus and more effcient actions.”

Spanish delegation at the High Level Interactive dialogue on the Water Decade March 2015

IWRM and Water cooperation

Te baseline for the Decade on Meetings and gatherings and says that by 2030 it shall imple- IWRM was the 2003 World Water knowledge activities have been taking ment integrated water resources Development Report (Water for place before and during the Decade. management at all levels, including Life, Water for People) and the CSD What is then the special added value through transboundary cooperation 13th session water matrix. By driv- of the Decade? Te Decade helped as appropriate. Te global focus on ing the focus on IWRM through bring consistency and coherence. water cooperation in the Decade the Decade’s themes (water scarcity, Te international UN-Water and in the International Year 2013 food security, water and energy, Decade and its International Year has made a notable diference, creat- water quality, water and sustainable of Water Cooperation 2013 have ing a platform for water coopera- development), the Decade helped supported the increase of awareness, tion and keeping water cooperation bring consistency and coherence; the dissemination of knowledge and central on the global agenda after connecting the large variety of the creation of partnerships and the conclusion of the Year itself. Te themes in which water plays a key water cooperation initiatives. 2013 Year of Water Cooperation served role. Te Decade stimulated “out-of- was an important year for water. to catalyse ratifcations and actions the-water-box” thinking and action Te cooperation objectives of the of the 1992 and 1997 UN Water and was able to highlight examples Decade have now been refected in Conventions, enabled the sharing of where IWRM has been successful. the proposals of the United Nations knowledge on tools and what works, Te Resolution of the Decade em- Open Working Group – co-chaired and of the importance of water phasized the need for a Decade ‘for by Hungary – Under target 6.5 it cooperation at all levels. action’ answering to member states concerns about the need for prag- matic and result-oriented approach- Political process and inter-governmental coordination es. Te two Decade ofces focused on capacity development actions on some of the Decade themes and on Te Decade through the leader- the Government of Tajikistan with implementing outreach actions to ship of Tajikistan, created a unique the support of the Friends of Water support engagement of major stake- political process on water, and a Group of the General Assembly and holders, exchange of good practices, dedicated platform for intergovern- many G77 countries it has contrib- the development of toolboxes and mental coordination in the context uted to maintaining the momentum information briefs and readers and of the General Assembly. Trough and providing impulse to the water other materials. High Level meetings convened by agenda, lead by and considering the

66 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 The lessons learnt during the International Decade include:

“If ambitious targets are set, the means allocated for the implementation should be also ample. Goals can only achieved if effcient mechanisms are in place and specifc plans for the implementa- tion, assessment and review are available. New actions should be informed by adequate means of implementation, in particular fnancial resources, capacity development and technology. - New conditions and realities and opportunities demand a renewal and optimization of global partner- ships in the interest of sustainable development. - We should take into consideration a number of actors that define the future framework and opportuni- ties for water cooperation. Example of transboundary cooperation in Central Asia: In a context with new realities, cooperation can bring benefits to all the countries involved. It is important to reinforce cooperation for equitable allocation joint assessment of monitoring, financing etc.”

Sirodjidin Aslov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan at the HL Interactive Dialogue, 30 March UN HQ

priorities of the LDCs and SIDS. It Te Decade process has created an tional year of water cooperation and is an example of the convening power additional platform for regularly for the end of the Decade have served of the G77 countries that have always monitoring and taking stock of the to analyze and refect on progress been behind it. Decade themes and cross cutting and what needs to be done. Trough Reporting and monitoring on goals (water cooperation, women this the Decade has contributed by the global agenda of water has been engagement, rising attention, increas- generating momentum for the water- linked mainly to the MDGs pro- ing programmes and projects). Te related SDGs, and by incorporating cess. So what is the added value Tajikistan meetings for the interim water cooperation as a theme in the of the Decade as a process in rela- evaluation of the Decade, for prepar- General Assembly’s Development tion to monitoring and reporting? ing for Rio+20, during the interna- Agenda to 2030.

Inter-agency coordination

Te Decade allowed the creation has allowed the implementation of Sanitation Drive and the Internation- of two ad-hoc ofces supporting a multitude of joint actions bring- al Year of Water Cooperation have the Decade that have strengthened ing together an important number been explicit Decade activities. inter-agency coordination in the of UN entities, including some that Te entities of the UN system course of the Decade and of the UN do not participate in the formal have indeed engaged in the imple- system with external global actors meetings. It has also strengthened mentation of many of the activities Although not always branded as UN-Water communications actions initially pledged by them by them in Decade activities, UN-Water has Not only the Water for Life Logo the 2005 SG´s plan for the Decade, mainstream the Decade´s themes in and Voices campaigns but also others although these have not always its activities. UN-Water has indeed such as World Water day, the 5 year branded as Decade activities. been working to an important extent implementing the initial plan with joint activities on the Decade themes. Moreover tthrough the Decade´s programmes interagency coordina- tion has improved. UN-Water guided the programmes so as to support the UN-Water Task Forces, Tematic Groups and other activities. Tis

67 Stakeholder engagement

Te global water com- a diverse target audience capable of felds. Te various fora and Decade munity is now less frag- taking direct action has ensured a far conferences have encouraged engage- mented. Has this been clearer timeline to efective change ment of a diversity of stakeholders the result of the Decade? and progress with regard to water is- and high level people (eg. decision Te Resolution of the sues. Greater inclusiveness – bringing makers), thus supporting awareness Decade emphasized the all water stakeholders to the table – at political, or CEO private sector need for coordinated has contributed to increased collabo- levels along with more traditional en- action of UN and non UN-actors ration and cooperation between these gagement of experts, women, youth, over the Decade. Te Decade has actors on issues of relevance to the farmers, energy producers, academia allowed multiple UN entities and international water agenda. and civil society with practitioners. other groups to come together to Te domain where the Decade Greater inclusiveness – bringing all highlight yearly themes over the has perhaps had the most impact water stakeholders to the table – has Decade, thus avoiding a mish mash is indeed stakeholder engagement. contributed to increased collabora- of messages, and enhancing clarity. Te Ofce to support the Interna- tion and cooperation between these Te diversity of themes tackled has tional Water for Life Decade helped actors on issues of relevance to the also broadened the water discus- make the connection of the UN international water agenda. sion, while it has given experts and with the non UN UN-Water part- practitioners a spotlight within their ners, between governmental and respective felds. Te organization non-governmental actors, not only National and local of various fora and conferences have acknowledging their role and inviting encouraged engagement by a diver- them to the table, but also furthering sity of stakeholders and high level diversity and inclusion and creat- Te Decade has also brought about people (eg. decision makers), thus ing a space for major groups such as changes at national and local level. supporting awareness at political, or women, youth, business, academia. An example is the formation of CEO private sector levels along with Te Resolution of the Decade National Resources Committee in more traditional engagement of ex- specifcally called for the meaning- Myanmar and its work to develop perts, women, youth, farmers, energy ful participation of women and the IWRM in the country, which was producers, academia and civil society Decade has given impetus and global aided in its creation by the Decade’s with practitioners. Facilitating this recognition to their work leading to commitment to stakeholder engage- more ‘direct’ communication with a myriad of concerted actions in all ment, and has given momentum to

“I perceived the Water for Life Decade as an opportunity for civil society to engage as equal partners by branding their activities as Decade activities, not conducting their actions in isolation, but including them in the general framework of concerted action towards water security for all.“

Alice Bouman-Dentener, Vice Chair Steering Committee, GWP

Cambio de las asociaciones

“The Decade has helped to establish the National Water Resources Committee, advocated ecosystem based system and IWRM. There has been progress with respect to IWRM. There has been increased attention on water cooperation as well. NGOs and governments have been supported to push political reform since 2011.”

Htun Lwin Oo, Secretary of the National Water Resources Committee and Director General of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems Republic of the Union of Myanmar

68 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 © Jesús Antoñanazas/UNW-DPAC national level actions. Likewise in ment. In terms of understanding how To date more than 26 interna- Canada and at local level in support- valuable water is as people and as an tional organizations and 100 national ing women’s engagement in specifc economic driver, and also they have initiatives have joined the Water for cases through the Women for Water contributed to understand that the Life Decade’s Logo Campaign and Partnership’s network. idea of limitless abundance is a myth. have been doing activities to promote Women for Water Partnership Over the Decade the partnership had the international water agenda. (WfWP) joined the international hundreds of partners who have been Te end of the Decade Water for Decade and contributed to many of involved one way or another with Life Voices Campaign and Exhibit its activities and in doing so it has their initiatives. Tey have been able has brought the Voices of the People been able to use the Water for Life to publish 12 books on water and wa- who have benefted from improved platform to highlight the benefts ter policy, they have generated media water and sanitation projects and of more participatory and inclusive attention and change attitudes and programmes, highlighting the role of water governance. Te Decade has understandings, infuencing policies. communities and diferent actors. contributed then to establish WfWP as a main actor in the international arena and has helped the creation of partnerships of women´s organiza- RECOGNITION AND CHALLENGES tions with other major stakeholders. Te Canadian Partnership Initia- tive in support of the United Na- Te Water Decade has been suc- the crosscutting objectives of the tions International Decade of Action cessful for water and there are many Decade. Water has now been recog- “Water for Life” 2005 – 2015 has lessons that can be taken for the nized in Rio+20 and in the proposals been part of a tremendous change in future. We are now better equipped for SDGs as at the core for sustain- attitudes in Canada. In the last three in our knowledge on the Water able development. Diferent actors years in particular there’s been move- Decade themes and on the value of have developed during the Decade

69 and they have found diferent ways Statements made during the High Level to coordinate actions. Countries have acknowledged the important legacy International Dialogue on the International of the Decade. Tis was made clear at the High Level Interactive Dialogue Water Decade March 30 UNHQ on “Te International Decade for Action `Water for Life¨ on March 30 2015 at the United Nations Head- “We have made signifcant progress but still challenges remain.” quarters and at the High Level Con- ference on the Implementation of the Sirodjidin Aslov, Water for Life Decade 2005-2015 in Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan Tajikistan 9-11 of June 2015. Some key challenges of the De- cade have been: “The international Decade has increased attention to water is- sues: we have now a dedicated water goal, water and sanitation — 10 years is a long time. There is is a Human Right, we know more about the benefts of water coop- a need for milestones to maintain eration, the advances on the UNECE Water convention have been the process. Different types of important.” milestones are useful: political, outreach, communications. The Kai Sauer, PR of Finland to the UN High Level International Confer- ences, the UN-Water Zaragoza Conferences, the World Water “The Decade has resulted in multiple improvements for women. Days and the International Years Important steps on universal access to WASH have resulted in mul- have been essential. tiple benefts to women.” — Decades may more explicitly cre- ate a political process for regularly Sarina Prabasi, taking stock and reporting on key CEO, Water Aid America implementation commitments and actions. — There needs to be a process to in- “Three major achievements of the International Decade: Improve sure accountability of the differ- access to water and sanitation, improved cooperation and water ent actors in relation to their roles recognised as a cross cutting issue.” and planned actions. — Leadership and support structures Thani Thongphakdi, are essential for the Decade pro- PR of to the UN cess to be effective. Leadership needs to be more clearly assigned to member states. “Identifcation of problems and challenges on the implementa- — Decades may help create a forum tion of goals from the Decade has been important. WASH is now a to support better donor coordina- priority in the political agenda and African governments are mak- tion at global level ing commitments.” — The work at country level during the Decade needs to be analyzed. Wilfried Inotira Emvula, Member states have not been en- PR of Namibia to the UN gaged through the national commit- tees, the logo users have otherwise provided impetus at national level. “The agreement of a framework for disaster reduction 2015- — Branding of actions as Decade 2030 is one of the achievements of the Decade, which emphasizes actions has been inconsistent investment on risks reduction.” by the UN and non-UN global stakeholders and member states. Motohide Yoshikawa, PR of Japan to the UN A clearer strategy in this regard will be necessary.

70 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 THE SPECIFIC IMPACT OF THE DECADE’S INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF WATER COOPERATION

In February 2011, the push for improve water governance and water eforts of many actors water cooperation advocacy gained management at all levels; to provide led to a steep increase in momentum. In the context of the water and sanitation for all; and to ratifcations of the 1997 International Decade for Action improve the management of trans- Water Convention. In “Water for Life” 2005-2015, the boundary water systems, both surface 2013, the accessions of UN General Assembly decided to and groundwater. Cooperation is also four Member States were registered, proclaim 2013 as the International an adequate means to foster education the highest number since 1997, Year of Water Cooperation (IYWC) and capacity development; it must be on par with the four accessions in to promote action at all levels and based on sound scientifc understand- 2012 (when a ratifcation was also achieve water related development ing of water issues; and it must be registered). And fnally it entered goals through cooperation. inclusive of all the actors involved in into force in August 2014, because Tajikistan, a key initiator of using and managing water and who in May 2014, Vietnam the 35th this resolution, held a Preparatory can contribute to the processes required, country ratifed the convention. In Conference in 2011 that developed extending to hitherto underrepresented 2013 the UNECE Water Conven- recommendations for the Rio +20 actors, like indigenous groups and the tion (on the Protection and Use of conference, where later a Tematic poor. Furthermore, the International Transboundary Watercourses and Session specifcally for Water Co- Year of Water Cooperation reminded us International Lakes) achieved a major operation was held. Tajikistan also to fnally achieve gender equality in the landmark as it opened up to coun- hosted the High Level International domain of water, both, by the means tries all over the world (see below). Conference on Water Cooperation of and in cooperation.”[1] Secretary- Te International Year of Water during the IYWC in August 2013. General Ban Ki-. Cooperation and the World Water Tis series of events was a tipping Day also supported the creation of point. Dialogue on Cooperation in During the International Year new water-related dynamics in the the context of the formal post 2015 of Water Cooperation 2013 new international development agenda. processes began and has continued dynamics developed within existing Te many events worldwide and the ever since, keeping water coopera- processes. For example, the concerted large numbers of people involved, tion at the forefront as one aspect in the post 2015 agenda. Tis has been refected in the proposal for the “In 2013, the amendments opening the Water Convention Sustainable Development Goals of to participation of countries from all over the world entered into the General Assembly Open Work- force. The amendments enable countries from outside the UNECE ing Group, Goal Six on Water, which region to become Parties to the Convention. The global opening recognizes the need for water coop- represented a great opportunity for the Convention to increase its eration. Tis had not been incorpo- contribution to international water law and the promotion of trans- rated only two years earlier in 2012 boundary water cooperation at the global scale. The global open- in the outcome document of Rio+20. ing also meant a number of challenges – the Convention would 2013 served to highlight, cre- need to prove its relevance to the various conditions worldwide ate and, importantly, disseminate a and its responsiveness to address emerging issues. As a global wealth of knowledge on water coop- instrument, the Convention is also expected to support the post- eration. It meant more actors sharing 2015 Sustainable Development Goals. Better implementation can experiences and best practices, which be achieved through targeted assistance in those basins which in turn led to better cooperation. Te are facing diffculties in developing cooperation. In this regard, it UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, is important that the Convention as a framework is used not only in his Report on the Year of Water by countries and the secretariat but also by intergovernmental Cooperation said: organizations, NGOs and other actors in their efforts to promote cooperation in specifc basins.” “Te International Year of Water Cooperation made it clear that water Iulia Trombitcaia, UNECE cooperation is the tool of choice: to

71 as well as their diverse CEO Water Mandate’s Water Action take independent research regard- backgrounds, demon- Hub attracted ever-growing interest, ing transboundary water issues and strated the great rel- ending the year with almost 300 col- provide advisory services. evance of water coopera- laborative projects posted in water- Overall, the International tion. Te IYWC helped sheds around the world. All these UN-Water Decade ‘Water for Life’ to increase awareness helped reinforce political will and 2005-2015 - through its Interna- about its importance existing legal frameworks, account- tional Year of Water Cooperation and knowledge about ability and institutional structures 2013 – served to increase awareness, where and how coopera- providing a solid foundation for disseminate knowledge and support tion is taking place and water cooperation.[3] creation of partnerships, reinforcing the key ingredients for success. Te In 2014, the process continued existing water cooperation initia- UN entities specifcally produced key with several events that have kept tives in the framework of the Water seminal publications.[2] Some of the water cooperation at the forefront. Conventions. In an increasingly innovative actions during the year As a way to build capacity on the water scarce world, joint coordinat- included the systematic involvement subject, UNESCO reached an ed eforts at UN-level have helped, of youth representatives, women and agreement with to open and have supported development of men, and the international business an International Center for Water cooperation between parties with community taking initiatives. Te Cooperation. Te center will under- diferent interests

WHERE DO THE OFFICES TO SUPPORT THE INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR ACTION FIT IN?

Te United Nations Ofce to Sup- ences linked to the Decade and other port the International Decade for major strategic and political processes Action “Water for Life” 2005-2015 lead by UN-Water and by Tajiki- and the UN-Water Decade Pro- stan. It has strengthened UN-Water gramme on Capacity Development as the inter-agency coordination have played a key role in supporting mechanism – specially its work as the implementation of the Decade, knowledge hub and in reaching out supporting the High Level Confer- to non-UN actors.

Knowledge hub

By coordinating key information, detailed information on case studies Since 2008 the Ofce has been connecting members, partners and and thematic areas, interviews with implementing action-oriented external practitioners and profession- key fgures in the water sector and an activities supporting UN-Water and als in the water sector and other sec- extensive library of water papers and facilitating close collaboration be- tors, and promoting these activities, documents.[4] Te Decade’s Weekly tween UN-Water members and part- the Ofce has sought to promote the has been unique in providing weekly ners, task forces and thematic prior- water agenda and present issues to information on policy relevant news ity areas. Te Ofce has established both the general public, specialized and events of the UN system and the a UN Knowledge hub for a variety audiences and to decision makers. Publications Bimonthly and Readers of audiences on the Decade themes, Te Ofce’s Decade website has have become a single entry point to a Best Practices Programme with a grown to be a signifcant learning the wealth of publications produced Water For Life Award and Media tool on the Decade’s Temes, with by the UN system. and Communication programme. It

72 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 has supported UN-Water in strategic Activity Information System (UNW- Decade, UNW-AIS hosts the online processes during the Decade and has AIS) which is an online platform to platforms for UN-Water projects such served to reinforce collaboration be- present and share information on as the “Safe Use of Wastewater in tween UN-Water members reach to water-related projects and learning Agriculture” and “Capacity Develop- out to UN-Water partners establish- initiatives from UN-Water Members ment to Support National Drought ing new institutional relationships and Partners. In addition to a learn- Management Policies. with key partners. ing centre which houses information A specifc development during on a variety of materials related to the Decade has been the UN-Water the themes UN-Water chose for the

Outreach in support to strategic processes

Te Decade´s ofces have supported and to other strategic events on energy producers, academia and civil the diferent strategic conferences the have allowed multiple society with practitioners. Facilitat- organized or lead by the Govern- agencies and groups to come togeth- ing this more ‘direct’ communica- ment of Tajikistan in collaboration er to jointly address a single issue, tion with a diverse target audience with the Friends of water Group. thus avoiding a confused collection capable of taking direct action has Te Zaragoza Annual International of messages, enhancing clarity and a far clearer timeline to efective Water Conference, starting in 2011, creating integration. Te diversity change and progress with regard to has been themed to coincide with of themes tackled has also broad- water issues. Greater inclusiveness the year’s World Water Day, allow- ened the water discussion, while it – bringing all water stakeholders to ing a soft topic introduction, many gives experts a spotlight within their the table – has increased collabora- key actors to meet, and the theme respective felds. Te organization tion and cooperation between these to stretch beyond the day itself. Te of various fora and conferences have actors. Tis is vital, as talks and Zaragoza conference prefgures the also encouraged engagement by a decisions are meaningless when all public awareness of World Water diversity of stakeholders and high water stakeholders, including those Day by putting the topic at the level people (eg. decision makers), out of the box, are not involved. forefront of expert minds a full two thus driving awareness at political, Tis work has lead to some practical early. or CEO private sector levels along outcomes that have been incorporat- Te contributions of the ofce with more traditional engagement ed in UN-Water advice papers and to the annual Zaragoza Conferences of experts, women, youth, farmers, in toolboxes and platforms.

73 Promoting best practices

Promoting and acknowl- gies to do so is often more useful for 2015 through recognition of those edging good practices practitioners. Tis have been pro- outstanding best practices that can helps in the implemen- moted through the cases selected by ensure the long-term sustainable tation of the interna- the UN agencies for the UN-Water management of water resources and tional water agenda as Zaragoza Conferences. Te ‘Water contribute to the achievement of in- they provide examples for Life’ UN-Water Best Practices ternationally agreed goals and targets. on the way to go for Award has been also main activity Tese cases have been incorporated member states and stakeholders alike. of the Decade to promote eforts to into a platform of Best Platform of Highlighting the difculties that fulfll international commitments Good Practices. need to be overcome and the strate- made on water and related issues by

The communication actions

To date more than 26 international ference audiences and a guidance on Campaign to collect voices from organizations and 100 national ini- communication practices for water experts, business, academia, civil tiatives have joined the Water for Life operators have helped diferent actors society and practitioners. It included Decade’s Logo Campaign and have to raise attention on these issues. At the Water for Life Voices Exhibit been doing activities to promote the the end the Decade the Ofce has in UN HQ in NY which travelled international water agenda. Te end launched the Water for Life Voices through 2015. of the Decade Water for Life Voices Campaign and Exhibit has brought the Voices of the People who have benefted from improved water and Supporting media sanitation projects and programmes, highlighting the role of communities and diferent actors. Te media networks set up during development issues in the media, and Te Ofce also has provided the Decade, through capacity devel- in increasingly prominent places. strategic communications support opment workshops, and supported Facilitating the work of journalists to UN-Water to launch and develop by the Ofce in Latin America and means exposing projects and pro- campaigns to raise public aware- the Caribbean (LAC), Asia and Af- grammes to independent scrutiny by ness, to hear the voices of diferent rica, have been actively contributing the public. Projects are by their nature stakeholders on vital issues such as to communicating and informing on a collaborative exercise. Tis social climate change. Tis has included the Decade themes. Work with jour- accountability is intended to publicize support to World Water Day, World nalists, particularly in the developing and promote good work but also to Toilet Day, and the 5 year Sanitation world, helping to facilitate them with shine a spotlight to deter corruption, Drive as well as on the preparation of expert contacts and providing sup- and highlight good practices and messages on Climate Change for dif- port to their networks has helped put where practices can improve.

By facilitating self-managed journalists groups, the Water Decade aims to help journalists learn about new projects within the UN system, help journalists make contact with key UN fgures for interviews and share information about key thematic areas in a timely fashion.

Key groups: Water Journalists Asia https://www.facebook.com/groups/WaterJournalistsAsia/ Water Journalists Africa http://waterjournalistsafrica.com/

74 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Interactive news sites can increas- agencies or development workers. ingly bring communities into the Tis is vital for the facilitation of process and journalists are excellent empowerment, which the Decade at reaching out to these audiences in has shown is key to successful water a language they will understand. and sanitation interventions to be Good journalists develop relation- sustainable. Tey are also capable of ships and trust with communities, disseminating information through relationships that may help introduce channels which might be ignored by the community to unfamiliar UN non-specialists.

Capacity Development on the Decade’s themes

A major activity throughout the world, up to 50 percent of drink- cation between policymakers, water Decade has been an international ing water is lost in distribution operators, researchers and technical workshop series, coordinated by systems, particularly in ageing urban service providers. Other major activi- UNW-DPC and the United Nations area infrastructures. In an efort ties have included the coordination Human Settlements Programme to address this widespread issue, a of the “Safe Use of Wastewater in (UN-Habitat) with its Global Water series of activities between 2009 and Agriculture” and “Capacity Develop- Operators’ Partnership Alliance 2014, including international and ment to Support National Drought (GWOPA ), on “Drinking Water regional workshops throughout Latin Management Policies” projects for Loss Reduction: Developing Ca- America, South East Europe, Arab UN-Water, and the coordination of pacities for Applying Solutions”. countries, Africa and Central Asia, UN-Water’s participation in a pavil- Safe drinking water is a necessity for encouraged local follow- up projects ion and session at the biennial IFAT life, yet in many places around the and the establishment of communi- trade fair in Munich.

WHAT’S NEXT? LOOKING TO THE END OF THE DECADE AND BEYOND

When things are working well, it’s easy We understand that while the tors and monitoring systems. Syn- to suggest “business as usual” and a design and implementation of ergetic eforts can be contemplated continuation of previous good practic- sustainable development policies with parallel initiatives in this feld es. Tat is no longer possible for water. will be at the national level, achiev- (eg. OECD’s ongoing development Te goal for water will require long ing sustainable development will of water governance indicators). term thinking and close collaboration require international support and Te work of UN-Water on the and cooperation between disparate cooperation. third piece of the puzzle: ie.: imple- entities. Populations are growing, Te challenge for policymakers mentation commenced at the 2015 not shrinking. Development means is to and incentivize more Zaragoza Conference. It has been a industry and ever more water will be of these diverse sources of fnancing collective endeavor with the partici- required. Our successes today will not into desired investments in sustain- pation of representatives of 18 UN last in perpetuity without continued able development. entities and 8 UN-Water Partners adaptation to a changing world and a Transparency and accountability and more than 50 collaborating changing climate. must underpin all fnancing to en- organizations. It served UN-Water to Change is necessary. Te global con- hance legitimacy and efectiveness.[5] identify implementation challenges text has changed. Change will require 2015 is the cornerstone for water and collect information on exist- new ways of understanding. Tere and sustainable development. 2015 ing tools under diferent categories needs to be a concerted efort of all has seen the decision on the new wa- (technology, science and innovation, stakeholders to ensure that we imple- ter related Sustainable Development fnancial and economic instruments, ment the new post 2015 water agenda. Goals for 2015-2030. In preparation capacity development and social Learning through social processes would of the proposed set of targets of the instruments and governance and be a key transformative force to bring water related SDGs, UN-Water has monitoring), and analyze the perfor- the change about. been working on developing indica- mance of the tools in specifc cases.

75 Tis has been included in a UN-Wa- for UN-Water members and partners ter toolbox, which includes a section to listen to diferent stakeholders. on lessons learnt and a discussion Te conference facilitated a space forum and which will be updated to for dialogue, to discuss the diferent serve member states and stakeholders stakeholders’ views on their contribu- in the implementation of the water tions to the implementation of the related SDGs. Te Zaragoza Confer- post 2015 agenda; which needs to be ence has represented an opportunity provided continuity.

CHALLENGES FOR TOMORROW

UN Processes resources, the human and social ca- Besides gathering new fnancial pacities and the technologies avail- resources, it is also important to From the Rio+20 conference able. Tey can be achieved by better use those already in place better – emerged a new and wider water agen- water governance, the development more efciently –Efciency must da including universal access to basic of individual and social capacities, go beyond building new facilities water and sanitation services, water the difusion and adaptation of ex- to guarantee their efective use and quality and protection of ecosystems, isting and new technologies and by replacement. Between 20-40% of water resources management and properly designed and implemented the resources may have not been dealing with water related risks and economic and fnancial instru- applied to its intended purpose due disasters. Now there is a Goal 6 for ments. Achieving the water SDG to corruption. Te above mentioned water and water is a key component does not, however, merely depend GLAAS report also points to the in 4 other targets for other Goals. on the water community or water fact that funding may not be going In all these, water is considered as policies alone. to those in greatest need and there crucial to the attainment of most, if are issues of countries/communi- not all, development objectives. ties having low absorptive capacity, Finance according to the criteria of fnancing institutions. Implementation Reaching the water related Sustain- Some new and expanding op- able Development Goals will be portunities to bring more fnancial Te implementation challenges for benefcial for those directly afected resources to the water agenda come achieving universal access to water and for building a more equitable from nexus of water and energy, food and the other targets are immense. and prosperous society. For instance, and climate change adaptation. An Forty-six countries still have more an investment of USD 1 in basic important opportunity may be, for than 50% of their population with- services can provide a return of USD example, the new Green Climate out improved sanitation and there are 5.5 in benefts (avoided costs in Fund to support country actions at least 800 million people experience health services and improved educa- delivering adaptation and mitigation. drinking water contaminated with tion, productivity, etc.) But gathering Improving use of resources . Disparities in the provision the fnancial resources to make this through results-based contracts and of water and sanitation services are happen is still a challenge. output-based aid have been exten- at the base of inequalities in many Achieving the new water related sively used by UN system organiza- countries in Africa and in poor SDGs would require investing 1% tions such as the World Bank. Tis countries. Costs of further advances of GDP (Human Development includes using existing aid to provide are mounting, as they imply both Report UNDP), an average of USD collateral and warranties designed to improving coverage in massive slums 20 billion per year. But paying for attract private capital to risky projects in urban areas and providing for scat- water services is out of the reach of – including local community projects tered populations in rural ones. the poor and according to the 2014 and supporting the establishment of But it is also clear that achieving GLAAS report, 77% of countries local credit systems. the Sustainable Development Goal have insufcient fnancing for basic Many of these smart fnancing for Water are in the range of the services provision alone. mechanisms are only possible when

76 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 accompanied by better governance, lag behind in a number of areas that experts are part of the inputs to a enhanced capacities and properly can inform and focus our sustain- capacity-building programme, and adapted technologies. able management practice, particu- online platforms of open content larly around ecosystems and climate education and training materials can change. More innovation is necessary help facilitate these processes. Tis Technology, science in these areas to in order to better is particularly the case with IWRM, and innovation understand and address risk. In the which requires a cycle of responsive- hands of a willing and able society ness to capacity development needs Good water management is a proven technology works better, hence the coming from diferent target groups driver for innovation. Advances in importance of developing local ca- around the world, along with and water and sanitation have come pacities. Inclusive technology choices adaptive knowledge management about with important advances in are also important to compare and systems. new technologies adapted to the decide, for instance, between con- Capacity-building can be the scale, and the capacities and the ventional technologies such as dams engine and driver to achieving the local conditions when the services and other new alternatives, and to SDGs, yet increasing investments in are required. Technology through deal with potential conficts arising capacity-building is a major chal- monitoring is also how we monitor from the diferent environmental lenge facing not only the water and indicators, assess risk, and track prog- and social impacts of the alternative sanitation sector. It is important to ress. Nowadays there are an increas- technologies. note that capacity development costs ing number of varied, innovative and can represent a signifcant portion of low cost technologies for sanitation the overall costs of projects, especially (such as UN-Habitat Vacutug) and Capacity Development in the initial stages, and must be water harvesting (Blue drop) as well fully taken into account in planning as technologies to increase efciency Te concept of capacity-building programme budgets. Yet there is in water provision and water use (by entails much more than building strong evidence from other sectors businesses, agriculture, etc), as well schools and training people. It com- that investing in capacity-building as technologies for adaptation to cli- prises the establishment of a solid not only makes sound economic mate change (Itaipu -Brazil) knowledge base and awareness at all sense in terms of return on invest- and for the reduction of the risks levels, including those of individuals, ment, but it can also help leverage derived from foods (Mekong River organizations, partnerships, commu- additional sources of funding. In Planning). nities and the enabling environment a recent UNDP project, initially Tis picture brings to the front- as well as the untapped ability of funding from public sources played a line the importance of transforming volunteerism to engage and beneft dominant role in the beginning (well water prices and public involvement all segments of society. over 90 percent), much of which from barriers to drivers for inno- Te obligation to implement was dedicated to capacity develop- vation. Low water prices and low national Integrated Water Resources ment. Yet the share of public fnanc- public investments and insufcient Management (IWRM) plans, has ing gradually declined to about 50 eforts in making information on been accepted and embedded in percent at a later stage, suggesting of innovative technolo- international development agendas that the pivotal role of public invest- gies available, may be among the since Agenda 21 in 1992 and is ments in developing national and multiple barriers to boost technol- included in the SDG 6 under target local capacities subsequently attracted ogy innovation in the water sector. 6.5. By its very nature, IWRM private fnancing. Following the In addition, it is equally important requires a special focus on capacity- publicly fnanced capacity/building, to identify and remove governance building at each stage in order to be communities and households made barriers to innovation, ensure a successful. signifcant contributions to imple- synergetic science-policy interface, Yet information on IWRM is ment them.[6] and promote the uptake of inno- limited and it is even less accessible In the water and sanitation sec- vative practices across responsible to partners in the developing world. tors, capacity-building is closely authorities, levels of government and Obtaining new skills requires im- linked to investments which support stakeholders. proved access to information, sharing the use, adaptation and transfer of Technology choices are an integral capacity (eg. when trainees become new technologies. Te water develop- part of any water policy decision trainers) and its application. Infor- ment goal (Target 6.a), for example, making process. From a monitor- mation materials, training materials, highlights the need to expand inter- ing perspective, technology may still knowledgeable capacity builders and national cooperation and capacity-

77 terms of human development when civil society partnerships). Tese can social-cultural aspects are taken into help mobilize and share knowledge, account and when locals and their expertise, technology and fnancial institutions understand the value of resources to support the achievement building capacities. Tis may require of the SDGs in all countries. For undertaking intensive communica- water and sanitation management in tion to bridge the gap between deci- particular, supporting and strength- sion makers, experts and local com- ening the participation of local munities. Advocacy, scaling up, social communities is fundamental for the mobilization/building networks are implementation of SDG 6*. building support to developing coun- also necessary means and should be In the water sector, integrated tries in water and sanitation-related focused on implementation. planning is a key instrument for activities and programs, including Te SDGs call for people-cen- building policy coherence and water harvesting, desalination, water tered approaches to development, coordination so as to connect water efciency, , yet human resources are perhaps the policy, planning and to take recycling and reuse technologies. most underused resources that must advantage of the multiple synergies be unleashed in order for commu- between water and food security, Yet to be successful, capacity- nities to achieve the water goal. In energy development, industrial building in the water sector should particular, in the water and sanitation progress, etc. It helps in dealing with also include the design and imple- sectors it is important to recognize various pollutants from agriculture, mentation of new fnancing instru- the central role of women and to give energy and manufacturing which ments as well as capacities to water value to inter-generational responsi- remains a critical issue, in particular resources management, and especially bility for transformation. Successful within developing countries. Co- to make the most of water coopera- examples exist whereby women have ordinated policy approaches are tion and stakeholder engagement. become efective and reliable water needed to overcome the institutional Policy and technology choices managers and where young people silos in which water, land planning, must take existing capacities into were trained a community-level to agriculture and industrial policies account and their implementation build and maintain low-cost toilets, are defned and implemented. Te must consider processes that enable or hand in rural areas. integrated responses required must be people to implement policies and based upon sustainable development make use of innovative technologies strategies at the national and sub-na- in due time. Tis also requires identi- Governance tional level and a global partnership fying local knowledge and mobilizing for sustainable development at the it from the start. Decision-making Policy and institutional coherence are international level.[7] and capacity-building should there- covered by Targets 17.13 to 17.15. Integrated water management fore be considered simultaneous and Integrated responses are called for in plans must therefore be an integral mutually reinforcing. Otherwise, in- many sectors, based upon sustain- part of national development strate- novative solutions cannot be adopted able development strategies at the gies, but they are of little use unless and the required capacities never national and sub-national level and they are implemented. External sup- built – and the cycle continues. a global partnership for sustainable port agencies, UN, Donors, pres- Capacity-building is an accumula- development at the international sure groups need to help countries tive learning by doing exercise. It is level. Yet the nature of the water to implement their plans and not not just a process of absorbing infor- cycle calls for a particular need for promote a constant cycle of plan mation and skills brought by experts, integrated responses, in addition to formulation that never leads to whether local or external, but one of a sector-specifc focus on the en- implementation. assuming responsibilities and being hancement of global macroeconomic When reshaping legal frameworks able to adapt existing knowledge and stability, policy coordination and and institutions, policy-makers need to assume new knowledge in order policy coherence across the diferent to consider the ability to cope with to respond better to local circum- ministries and agencies involved with risks. Governments must develop stances. Capacities are also needed to water. Given that water afects and institutional systems for coordinated implement, monitor and report on is afected by many constituencies, and coherent responses on disaster development plans and strategies. particular efort is needed to pro- risk managements and risk reduction Capacity-building works bet- mote multi-stakeholder partnerships across diferent sectors and between ter and delivers better outcomes in (public-public, public-private and central and local governments.

78 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Improving regulation and en- well as the gradual development of forcement can help to curb envi- the capacity to stream information ronmental degradation and reduce into the decision making process is health risks particularly in developing a means to allow people and institu- economies. While the WHO pro- tions to access new insights and in- duces international norms on water novations as well as to build a better quality in the forms of guidelines connected and empowered society which can serve as a basis world- which enables transparency and trust wide,[8] many countries will need to in the pursuit of collective goals. A develop or adapt their own national necessary prerequisite for this is ade- guidelines for “acceptable” water quate, reliable monitoring of relevant quality for household consumption, parameters on the status of water standards for industry efuents or for resources and on pressures exerted the minimum water quality require- on them. Tis access is important in ments for irrigation water for food, terms of diferent levels and stake- forage or industrial crops. holders across and between sectors A well-designed institutional and agencies, such as the scientifc framework of water use rights, community, for example to allow regulations and water allocation for the development of information has to be established and combined products that can eventually become with more conventional engineering operational, and to civil society, to works. Strengthening safety regula- ensure transparency. tion dealing with water-related risks Information on the extent, would contribute to better planning, condition and functioning of water development and monitoring mitiga- services infrastructure is also impor- tion measures and ensure resilience tant, but monitoring that is variably of societies and the environment. a public sector-private sector joint Tis will encourage sound enforce- efort. Remotely sensed information ment and compliance mechanisms, can valuably support water resources accurate and consistent data and planning and decision-making, better disclosure of information to contributing, for example, in areas of the public. Efectiveness of regulation food control and monitoring of pres- is improved by harmonization across sure sources on waters. borders, notably in the case of shared Tis can serve to support holistic waters, where appropriate. decision making approaches able to Guaranteeing the stability of the cope with water management, water regulatory framework is fundamental and sanitation services and water to protect long-term water manage- related risks. Water management and ment objectives and principles from water risks are often interlinked and the threats of short-term political spill over to diferent sectors (drought . Once decisions on targets in agriculture, fooding in land plan- and the distribution of responsibilities ning, modifed freshwater systems for are made in the political arena, deci- hydropower, etc.). Comprehensive sions regarding their implementation, policy support needs to include the including benchmarking, needs to be tools for assessing risks and options based on technical criteria. Indepen- for achieving win-win outcomes dent regulatory bodies must have the across various sectors. possibility of self-fnancing. Tis inde- Opportunities are increasingly pendence is critical in order to make opening to apply analytical tools to the right decisions for the disadvan- inform decision-making to policy taged and underrepresented groups. domains “outside the water box”, Te disclosure of timely, com- revealing opportunities to improve, prehensive, and forward-looking for example, water use efciency in information in accessible formats as energy planning and agriculture. © Pedro Yus/UNW-DPAC

79 The future for water and cities

Reducing the gap between cities and only 28% in rural ones. By 2012, 80% rural areas. More than half of the of urban dwellers and 47% of rural global population now lives in cities, ones had access to better sanitation. and urban areas are still better supplied In 1990, 95% people in urban areas with improved water and sanitation could drink improved water, compared than rural ones. But the gap is de- with 62% of people in rural regions. creasing. In 1990, more than 76% of By 2012, 96% of people living in people living in urban areas had access towns and 82% of those in rural areas to improved sanitation, as opposed to had access to improved water.

The importance of youth

Bringing youth into the debating “[In the past] I had to explain in the dialogue on water, because they sphere was an important innovation of why I was [attending water fora] and are aware that young people are some the International Year of Water Coop- what young people can contribute to of the most important stakeholders for eration. Te biggest change has been the debate and it was a big surprise the future and also at present society putting young people in a position for all actors at the forum. And now- young people can contribute as agents where they can engage the entire audi- adays when we’re here, people know of change for changing behavior.” ence – delegates, policy makers – and each other, people know young people. Bart Devos (De Vos), President of see their views refected in outcome Tey’re not surprised any more when the World Youth Parliament for documents and recommendations. there are young people participating Water (WYPW).

The future for women’s engagement

As the UN Women position and central to achieving sustainable To enable women to contribute on the post-2015 development development. Notwithstanding the meaningfully, the underlying causes of agenda notes, a signifcant body long-term acknowledgement of the gender inequality need to be addressed. of research, much of it champi- importance of women in this sector, Women’s empowerment and strength- oned and occasionally authored by the potential contributions of women ening women’s civil society groups are the Water Decade, indicates that to water development remain largely therefore intrinsic elements of a trans- women’s empowerment and gender untapped to date. formative development agenda. equality have a catalytic efect on the achievement of human develop- ment, good governance, sustained Regions for today and tomorrow peace, and harmonious dynamics between the environment and hu- man populations. Africa organizations have been, and are Tis includes the broad domain Africa has 63 river basins, of which being developed to focus on coop- of water, as water is the key to life 20 have international agreements in eration, like the Southern African and a powerful catalyst for develop- efect and 16 with institutionalized Development Community (SADC), ment in itself. Meeting current and forums.7 Progress is building over Niger Basin Authority (NBA), Lake future water needs for food, energy, time, with areas in South Africa hav- Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), or health, sanitation, economic activity ing more equitable rights since the African Ministers´ Council on Water and ecosystem maintenance is one abolition of apartheid policies. Many (AMCOW). SADC created a Proto- of the main challenges of our times, continental, resource, and national col on Shared Watercourse Systems

80 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 in 1995 that later was revised and criticize agreements that do come in military conficts in the past between adopted to be in line with the 1997 place because they are meant to look over them. With many of these UN Watercourses Convention. environmental, as well as vehicles to countries located entirely within an In Africa alone by 2020, 75-250 promote hydropower development international water basin, water will million people may be exposed to or irrigation expansions. While rivers always be a central topic. Basins are increased water stress due to climate may have coordinated cooperation shared by diferent countries such change. in many places of the continent, as the Indus basin shared by India, International fnance and donors groundwater resources still lack Pakistan, and Bangladesh. India and are playing a key role in founding institutions. Conficts in places like Pakistan signed the Indus Water most of these organizations; some Darfur and Sudan are leading to large Treaty in 1960, but are increasingly international actors include the G8 displacements of people, some into coming under stress. Africa Action Plan, Africa´s Develop- refugee camps, which have aggravated Developing giants and ment Action Plan (NEPAD), EU an already stressed water supply with India are still working on reaching Water Initiative, World Bank, and increasing and concentrated demand agreements trying to understand United Nations. Large diferences for resources. Political instability, how these may be benefcial. Both in development levels of riparian mass migration, and limited resources countries have expanded hydropower, countries make cooperation even are making cooperation difcult. with China´s Tree Gorges Dam be- more necessary, an example being ing the most visible example, and one Nile-dependent Egypt and less devel- which is having an especially large oped, upstream countries involved in Asia impact downstream. the Nile Basin Initiative. However, Tere are in Asia less signatories Africa is still faced with huge water South Asian water resources connect of the UNECE water convention. challenges that cross borders. Many many countries that have seen even South Asia lacks the coordination

81 that EU countries have tries in Latin America and the Carib- able integration of water resources with economic and legal bean (LAC) has already achieved or management. An special efort policies. Global frame- is likely to achieve the Millennium from governments will be required works like the UN Wa- Development Goal for drinking to consolidate operational water tercourses Convention water, despite a great variety among management institutions to develop require prior notifcation countries. Access to sanitation on the water management strategies valuing and data sharing when contrary has only been achieved by the local knowledge and practices; planning to develop 46% of the countries. Despite the to develop and implement water rivers, which can be remarkable advances in the expan- management and economic instru- seen against national sion of access to improved services ments (water use rights and discharge sovereignty. Cooperation will be even between 1990 and 2011 (going from permits, efcient costs, markets and more important to the area as climate 85% to 94% for drinking water and social evaluation, etc.); to create change varies the fows from glacial 68% to 82% for sanitation), Latin decentralized and independent water melt. Te South Asia region is aware America remains the most urbanized authorities; and to design water al- of this situation and looks at the and unequal region in the world, location (and especially reallocation) European region for examples and with still almost 36 million people systems that promote investment in knowledge on cooperation without access to improved sources of the water sector. that can help them start and replicate drinking water and over 110 million Climate change impacts, disaster cooperation initiatives. Yet there is people without access to improved risks and defciencies in water and progress being made towards coop- sanitation facilities. In the majority sanitation have been identifed as eration. While still missing some key of cases, it is not a problem of water the main challenges for the West actors, the Mekong River Commis- scarcity – as the region has abundant Asian region, as well as drivers of sion has been helping countries in water resources in general terms - but an emerging focus towards water the lower Mekong basin move from of insufcient investment. security and Water-Energy-Food humanitarian cooperation to eco- Inequalities are still one of the nexus approaches. Predictions show nomic cooperation. Several examples main challenges in the region. Gaps that climate change will strongly of participative social governance in service mainly afect low-income exacerbate the levels of water stress in at local level are providing efective groups, which means that between the region, driving strong river fow and win-win results, highlighting the 70% and 85% of the people lack- variations, rainfall variability and potential of building and strength- ing access to water services are in increased occurrence of food and ening local capacities and creating the two lowest income quintiles. In drought events, with implications in awareness on their own problems to rural areas, coverage is consistently the infrastructure, agricultural and achieve successful horizontal gover- lower: 15% in the case of drinking health and social systems. Mean- nance formulas. Nevertheless, bring- water and 24% in the case of sanita- while, exposure of the population to ing water access to remote rural areas tion services. Future challenges in the natural hazards is getting higher as a remains an important challenge. region include the reduction of such result of more frequent and severe ex- In Central Asia, more coordi- inequalities between rural and urban treme events such as typhoons, which nation is being seen, especially in areas and service improvement, par- have increased the rate of economic response to the challenges. ticularly in regards to uninterrupted losses up to 16 times since 1970. Te Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turk- services. It is also important to take rate of access to water supply in the menistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan into account that water sources are region has successfully reached some formed the Interstate Commission threatened by climate change. 88%, while access to sanitation re- for Water Coordination of Central According to a study performed mains lower, 53%, with the weakest Asia and pledged 1% of their budgets by CAF, the Latin American Bank progress made in South West Asia. to help recover the sea. for Development, to calculate the Te focus to address these challenges costs of reaching the water related is being put on the improvement SDG targets, the investment required of water management to guarantee América Latina y el Caribe would amount USD 12,500MM water security, as well as on the adop- annually, the equivalent to 0,31% of tion of a Water-Energy-Food nexus Te most recent data from the the Region’s GDP in 2010. approach, uniting the forces of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring To overcome this situation, the three sectors to cope with the future Programme for Water Supply and region will need to improve and population growth driven increasing Sanitation (JMP) indicate that the consolidate its water governance with demands for food, energy and water overwhelming majority of the coun- a paradigm shift towards the sustain- and their interconnections.

82 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 WHAT ROLE CAN ETHICS PLAY?

A values and principles based ap- with the adoption of the Secretary tion. Tere are these others proach to water management: Te General’s Bulletin entitled “United initiatives. Tere’s water overriding ethos of the industrial Nations system-wide application of stewardship that’s a huge one powers was wedded to a western ethics: separately administered organs for the environment. of nationalism that has been and programmes” to help ensure co- integrity I consider the whole instrumental in fostering notions of herent application of ethical standards governance spectrum, looking national distinctions based on race, within the United Nations. at the ethics of governments, geography, or ideology. Industry Te Ethics Panel of the United and stewardship is looking has also nurtured a faith in techno- Nations is charged with developing at the ethics of environment, logical fxes and an ethos of proft. a unifed set of ethics standards and ecosystem protection in a way. Te current tendency to solve the policies for the UN Secretariat and And then there’s the human challenges facing humanity from the the separately administered funds right to water and ‘social’ is current industrial ethos by recourse and programmes, and to consult on not really covered.” - David to technological fxes, pricing poli- important and complex cases and Groenfeldt, Author: Water cies, and market economies are both issues having United Nations-wide Ethics: A Values Approach to misguided and insufcient. Te cur- implications. Solving the Water Crisis. rent situation has been precipitated For Ban Ki-Moon, this means “What has changed for in the frst place by such policies dignity – eg. Providing gender main- the better is the start of more over the last 200 years.[9] streamed sanitation services for all so long term thinking. Te An ethics focused approach sees that no one need sufer the indignity discussion around the post people through a rights-centred lens. of open defecation. 2015 agenda has been of From a water perspective, this has “My hope for the future is that higher quality than I would meant monitoring to avoid corruption. awareness will accelerate and the have expected. Tat gives some It has meant interventions that commitment to working with eth- hope for partnerships and a are planned to empower, rather than ics, to look at ethics and values as more honest approach with aid. For example, training and capac- leverage for water policy. Not just as regards to what needs to be ity building in water scarce regions something out there but as something done. Tere is a far more open allows the people there the ability that we’re already using. We’re using attitude towards discussion to guide and determine their own values and ethics unconsciously, and about sensitive issues such future, rather than becoming reliant we need to make it conscious. And as integrity and good water on handouts from richer nations. UNESCO already did that through governance at least in international Ethics is important in the UN their ethics programme from 1997 platforms. For example, OECD (Or- context. Te Ethics Panel of the Unit- until 2004 and then it sort of slacked ganisation for Economic Co-operation ed Nations (formerly known as the and now we’re trying to bring it back. and Development) has put corruption United Nations Ethics Committee) What’s diferent now is that there’s on its agenda, as have others.” - Teun was established in December 2007 water integrity, there’s water coopera- Bastemeijer, Water Integrity.

Notes [1]. http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_ [4]. Access the Decade’s website here: http:// documents/1322HLPF_Brief_5.pdf. upload/unwater_new/docs/Report_SG_ www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/. [8]. See WHO drinking water quality guidelines, IYWC.pdf. [5]. http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/in- available at http://www.who.int/water_san- [2]. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural- dex.php?menu=1558. itation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/. sciences/resources/periodical/a-world-of- [6]. Ibid. [9]. http://waterethics.org/wp-content/ science/vol-11-n-1/in-focus-water-cooper- [7]. High-level Forum on Sustainable Develop- uploads/2012/05/2-A-Historical-Perspec- ation/. ment Issues Brief (2014). Available at http:// tive.pdf. [3]. Ban Ki moon, UN Secretary-General, 2014. sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/

83 Epilogue: A new Decade for Action on Water and Sustainable Development

he Decade has been a time of great change develop and better share knowledge on global challenges in the water sector, and beyond, with impor- and policy responses. tant advances in achieving the internationally A High Level Special Event on “Catalysing Implemen- agreed goals for water supply services and for tation of the Water-related SDGs” took place during the Tsanitation as well signifcant progress in Integrated Water United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 25-27 Resources Management and Water Cooperation. We of September 2015, co-organised by the Permanent Mis- have also observed better coordination on water policy at sions to the United Nations of Tajikistan, Tailand, Fin- global level both within the United Nations and between land, Hungary and Switzerland and the United Nations member states, and most importantly there has been a rise Development Programme. It addressed how to improve in global awareness and involvement of the civil society coordination and global processes in water to support the in the process. During the Decade there was prepared a implementation of the water related sustainable develop- long term strategy and plan of actions at global level and, ment goals with some key recommendations below. most importantly, a political process was established. Te It was discussed the SDGs demand cooperation and Decade also contributed to improved coordination and a coordination from all global stakeholders and processes. less fragmented international water community. During Stock taking, follow up, cooperation and exchange on the Decade member states, UN entities, global organiza- achievements and actions taken needs to engage all stake- tions, business and other Civil Society organizations have holders will be needed. Some existing platforms such as actively engaged in pursuing the objectives of the Decade. the World Water Week may be useful for this. Catalysing It also helped making the connection between govern- cooperation, facilitating commitments on actions and mental and non-governmental actors, as well as created funding and their follow up may build on some success- a space for some global groups such as women, youth, ful models such as that of the Sanitation and Water for business and academia. In addition, relevant structures All initiative. Stakeholder coordination can be supported and mechanisms have been created that strengthened by the Global Water Partnerships (GWP) platforms at inter-agency coordination in the course of the Decade. regional and national level, and other organisations such We have seen at a global level the transformative power of as the World Water Council. global monitoring, reporting and information gathering; A mechanism such as a new Water Decade, if sup- we have seen a change in paradigms and have been able to ported by member states, can facilitate cooperation and

84 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 Courtesy of Government of Tajikistan

implementation of the water related overview, review and monitoring instruments within the water sector; SDGs, building on the existing ini- of progress and achievements at tackle the growing urban water and tiatives and organisations working at global level must be strengthened at sanitation crisis; involve the private diferent levels. Te new Decade can the UN General Assembly, includ- sector more strongly in dealing with serve to promote mutual support and ing at ECOSOC. Likewise the growing water-related risks; govern- coordination of existing initiatives of intergovernmental processes of the ments must take proactive and pre- the UN and global stakeholders; sup- United Nations Conventions must ventative action on growing water- port intergovernmental coordination be strengthened. An intergovern- related risks; the UN must adapt mechanisms at global level, includ- mental mechanisms for monitoring in order to better support Member ing in the context of the High Level implementation may also be needed. States in addressing water-related Political Forum activities and review Te road maps that emerged at the risks; form high-level alliances to functions; supporting high level ad- Korea World Water Forum 2015 can tackle priority water-related chal- vocacy and awareness raising actions also serve as a base for monitoring lenges that are ripe for action. at all levels. Beyond that it can serve implementation. Te United Nations Secretary to facilitate actions at country level In November 2015 UNSGAB General Report on Water and Sanita- by bringing together member states Final Recommendations “the tion (UNSGAB) “ the UNSGAB donors and multilateral organisations UNSGAB Journey” for implement- Journey” presented in November and serving as a platform for making ing the water agenda to 2030 were 2015 supported some of these rec- commitments and their follow up. It delivered in an Special Event at the ommendations for a more efective can serve countries and stakeholders UN Headquarters in New York global water architecture: to exchange experiences and provide and include the need to promote a policy advice on the water compo- global approach to water for Water 1. Establish a UN intergovern- nent of the sustainable development issues cross boundaries, to WASH, mental committee on water and strategies and the technology facilita- disaster prevention, scarcity and sanitation tion platform. pollution as this is vital for long 2. Form a UN scientific and practice It was considered that the In- term sustainable action; make better panel on water and sanitation tergovernmental mechanisms for use of existing international legal 3. Strengthen UN-Water

85 4. Set up a comprehen- access to this knowledge, as well can become powerful advocates and sive and independently as generating new information actors within communities through reviewed global moni- relevant to the water related SDGs their ability to work collectively. Tis toring framework needs to be supported. becomes part of the empowerment 5. Make sure there is an t5IFTVQQPSUPGFYJTUJOHBOEOFX process that helps the community independent voice – be- initiatives for facilitating country itself lead to appropriate diagnosis. cause government s and level commitments and their fol- After a Decade working with grass- the UN benefit from low up, as well as donor coordi- roots women, we know how vital independent advice on nation by strengthening existing their contributions will be to achiev- water-related challenges. coordination initiatives at global ing the SDGs. and regional level, are of utmost A new Decade must build on Expectations for a new Decade importance. the social capital generated by the are high. Te Tajikistan Government last including at international level. is confdent that the new Decade will For the new Decade to be efec- Tis is not only about governments strengthen and enhance the prog- tive, it may need to start with a 10 but also about adequate stakeholders ress achieved during the “Water for year Plan to 2025 and have clear participation; which requires con- Life” Decade and will create a good delivery mechanisms. Tese could sidering the importance of factoring platform for consolidation of eforts include establishing benchmarks in the costs of mobilizing the social aimed at further management of and opportunities to take stock – a capital that is so important for ‘hard- water issues for the post 2015 period. political process - including measures to-reach’ populations. Our knowledge and experienced for follow up after the Decade to Ten years from now, a decade that gained during the “Water for Life” 2030. It needs to include country- is not so far away, close to 2 billion Decade will enable us to take joint ef- level implementation mechanisms to people will be living in water-stressed fort for lifting the barriers in our way support action and multistakeholder areas. Already 40 per cent of the to achievement of all water related platforms at diferent levels (private, population get their daily amount goals. Tis knowledge and experience NGOs, governments and society). of water from trans-boundary water provide valuable guidance for dealing Te Water for Life Decade 2005 – catchment areas, and we’ve already see with the remaining challenges in the 2015 has taught us that diferent di- how the scufe has started for water. new post 2015 sustainable develop- mensions of inequality (for example, With 60% of the population and ment agenda. being inclusive of gender, including only 36% of the water resources of the poor) in the provision of basic the world. Asia will face critical water t(SFBUFSDPPSEJOBUJPOBOEJODMV- water, sanitation and hygiene services issues very soon, if not already now in siveness is important. Flexibility, require diferent way of acting and certain parts, such as here in Central- adaptation to local circumstances, programming. Te specifc focus on Asia. Here, more than anywhere the and pro-actively working with all women’s participation can further very simple truth of “Water connects, relevant stakeholders are crucial if reveal and unleash the potential of it does not divide” could have a very we want our interventions to be women as agents of change. useful meaning for constructive and sustainable and effectively reach By helping women to overcome mutually fruitful dialogues. the intended beneficiaries. structural barriers, such as demands Mutual dependencies will only t5IFTVQQPSUPGLOPXMFEHFHFOFSB- on their time, lack of fnancial increase over time as regions and tion and dissemination, ensuring resources, cultural prohibitions, they sectors exposed to water shortage rely

86 “Water for Life” Decade 2005-2015 under the umbrella of UN- “Empowered populations can become agents of change, build Water are in the process of social networks, through them relationships, and these can tackle elaborating a monitoring social issues that inhibit development – for example the taboo in concept under the GEMI some parts of India that states that girls cannot attend dur- project. Tese eforts focus ing menses. There are key steps to success for sustainable commu- on the monitoring of water nity initiatives, the most important of which is to build projects on resources which is weaker local evidence and knowledge and not on perceptions of needs and considers rivers, lakes or context.” but also may need to pay more attention to the (the largest part Corinne Wallace, United Nations University of the fresh water reserves worldwide – approx 60% of fresh water reserves-) more and more on waters controlled agenda supporting the universal and to water quality. It’s by others. Water must therefore be water goal by continuation of the absolutely necessary for treated as a high political priority Decade’s successes. an efcient water man- that is integrated into other policy We cannot aford to delay imple- agement to improve data areas. Cooperation will continue to mentation. It took several years, collection and monitoring. be essential – not only between sec- to agree on how to implement the But this is only the start to tors, but also across geographical and MDGs and monitor progress. For drive implementation. political boundaries. the SDGs, the process for indicator Te 31 UN Agencies Integrated approaches and con- defnition has been agreed upon, involved with water issues certed actions at all levels – which with the proposal by the Statisti- have certainly to further are needed to ensure water security cal Commission expected in March increase their coordination and sustainable governance of the 2016 and adoption by the General in a future Decade and resource – are long-term and com- Assembly in September 2016. For specifcally in the context plex process which can only happen drinking water and sanitation, a of UN-Water, which need with leadership and agreement on monitoring system is already in to play an essential coordi- the overall objectives. We should place through the Joint Monitor- nation role within the UN continue this approach, which has ing Programme that can be adapted system and create mecha- developed through the Water for to the respective SDG targets. On nisms to be accountable to Life Decade into the post-2015 other water subjects, UN agencies member states.

A DECADE FOR WATER, A DECADE FOR LIFE

Contributing to the primary goal of and political momentum in favour of the Water for Life Decade, Spain has the water and sanitation agenda at all agreed to provide resources to the levels during the Decade. United Nations Ofce to support United Nations to establish an Ofce Te designations employed and the International Decade for Action to support the International Decade the materials presented in this pub- ‘Water for Life’ (2005-2015) for Action (UNO-IDfA). Located in lication in no way represent opin- Zaragoza, Spain, and led by the Unit- ions of the Secretariat of the United Casa Solans ed Nations Department of Economic Nations or the UNO-IDfA ‘Water Avenida Cataluña, 60 and Social Afairs (UNDESA), the for Life’ 2005-2015 concerning the 50014 Zaragoza, Spain Ofce implements the UN-Water legal status of any country, territory, Tel. + 34 976 724 220 Decade Programme on Advocacy city or area, or of its authorities, or Fax + 34 976 724 233 and Communication ( Te Ofce) concerning the delimitation of its [email protected] aimed at sustaining global attention frontiers or boundaries. www.un.org/waterforlifedecade

87

United Nations Office to support the International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015 (UNO-IDfA)

UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC)

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Publication sponsored by Aquae Foundation