Lincoln’s Legacy Land-grant colleges and universities The How and Why of Engaging Russia Following the Leaders How Higher Education Visionaries Are Pointing Students Toward the Future Designing a School Where All Students Will be Successful

Winter 2012 CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK vol. 7/no. 1 Investing in Education Is Key to America’s Future Success

by V artan GreG orian, President, Carnegie Corporation of New York

As the just-concluded Republicans and Democrats is wider than gender, age, race election season has or class divides. Indeed, a recent national poll sponsored by shown, Americans seem Carnegie Corporation of New York points out that more than to be painfully divided half of all Americans (53%) believe that substantive biparti- on many critical issues. san legislation cannot be passed in Washington today. Given Nevertheless, we all claim these facts, one must admit that any significant national to be resolutely united investment faces a hard road. in our commitment to Still, the problems we have, particularly in regard to the success of our nation higher education, are not going to go away. Access to col- and to its future. In that lege, the cost of higher education, the relevance of curricula connection, it is helpful both to real-world markets and to human aspirations are to remind ourselves that among the questions that are desperately in need of discus- our country is certainly sion but also, of answers that will actually have a positive no more divided than impact on people’s lives. Towards that end, let me suggest it was during the Civil that now that the presidential election has been decided War, and yet, it was in and President Obama and Congress go about refocusing on the midst of that great reviving our economy, putting people to work and ensuring PHOTO BY MICHAEL FALCO conflict that President our global competitiveness, a critical element of this eco- Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Morrill Act of 1862, nomic agenda should focus on addressing the challenges fac- which established the land-grant colleges that now form the ing our colleges and universities, as well as the more than 21 backbone of our public university system.* Hence, the time million students who depend on these institutions to prepare has certainly come to ask ourselves if we, as a nation, can do them not only for an economically viable future but also to what did Lincoln did: see past our differences to invest in our be lifelong learners who can use their ability to seek out new future. Can we still endorse the ideal that Lincoln pointed to knowledge and employ the skills acquired from an excellent as a foundation of American democracy when he proclaimed education to adjust and readjust to changing times. in 1832—fully three decades before he signed the Morrill American history has proven that personal and public Land-Grant College Act—that, “Upon the subject of educa- investment in college and knowledge yields huge dividends. tion…I can only say that I view it as the most important sub- Following the legislation that created land-grant colleges, ject which we, as a people, can be engaged in.” And further, Vermont’s Senator Morrill, along with his colleague from perhaps it is time that we ask ourselves if we, as a society, Indiana, Senator Daniel W. Voorhees, successfully steered can still muster Lincoln’s faith, foresight and the fiscal for- the legislation through Congress that provided the Library of titude essential to educating the citizens and leaders we will Congress with a permanent home, thus giving it a major role need to keep our nation competitive in the globalized and in the life of our nation. Further, in 1863, President Lincoln knowledge-based economy of the 21st century. In this regard, signed into being the National Academy of Sciences, to we have come to a crossroads and must decide which way “investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any we want to go. Whatever direction we take, like it or not, we subject of science or art” whenever called upon to do so by are going to be making the journey together. any department of the government. And a private citizen, I know that’s a difficult message to try to get across in the Andrew Carnegie joined with cities and towns to establish current national climate. After all, the partisan political gap over 1,600 free local libraries across the United States. (He has nearly doubled in the past 25 years. The Pew Research also created over 900 libraries in other countries.) Center recently reported that the “values gap” between (Continued on page 45)

* See “Lincoln’s Legacy” in this issue of the Carnegie Reporter A version of this essay originally appeared in U.S. News and World Report, July 2, 2102. http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/07/02/investing-in-ed Winter 2012 CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK vol. 7/no. 1

2

2 Lincoln’s Legacy: Land-Grant Colleges and Universities 12 The How and Why of Engaging Russia 20 Following the Leaders: How Higher Education Visionaries Are Pointing Students Toward the Future 20 32 Designing a School Where All Students Will Be Successful 42 Recent Events 46 Foundation Roundup 48 What Is Conservative About Comprehensive Immigration Reform?

A Special Note: Normally, this would be the Fall edition of the Carnegie Reporter but because production was 32 delayed by Hurricane Sandy, this will be the Winter 2012 issue.

About This Issue

As Vartan Gregorian institutions can help to enrich our national tled “Designing a School Where All Students notes in his letter, which life while also helping students to fulfill Will Be Successful.” Lincoln’s Legacy Land-grant colleges and universities The How and Why of Engaging Russia opens this issue of the their aspirations and succeed in a compet- In the international arena, some have Following the Leaders How Higher Education Visionaries Are Pointing Students Toward the Future Designing a School Where All Students Will be Successful magazine, it’s been itive global economy, great steps can be speculated that the U.S.-Russia relationship Winter 2012 CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK vol. 7/no. 1 a divisive time in the taken to connect education to excellence and should no longer be considered a matter of United States, with the wide gap in many red- achievement. Carnegie Corporation created top-level concern to Americans. In “The How state/blue-state opinions on a variety of criti- the Academic Leadership Awards to invest and Why of Engaging with Russia,” Thomas cal issues not even close to being closed—or in the educational initiatives of the men and Graham, whose areas of interest include seemingly, even up for negotiation. Still, as women at the helm of America’s colleges Russian domestic politics and U.S.-Russian Gregorian suggests, there is one subject that and universities who have set their sights on relations, and who has built up a great body most everyone does agree on: education is, invigorating liberal arts education, revitaliz- of knowledge about these subjects through his was, and for the foreseeable future will be, ing curricula, and reaching for other vital edu- work both in government and at the Carnegie the engine of American progress and as such, cational goals. The outstanding work being Endowment for International Peace, has a lot it needs the attention and support of all of us. done by the twelve recipients of these awards to say about why Russia still matters. What that means in practical terms is a ques- is the subject of our story on “Following the Finally, we are pleased to publish an essay tion that’s explored in our story on “Lincoln’s Leaders: How higher education visionaries by Paul T. Mero, president of Sutherland Legacy,” which traces the development and are pointing students toward the future.” Institute, a conservative public policy think impact of land-grant colleges and universi- In the grades leading up to college, pre- tank in Utah, which asks—and answers— ties; without the bipartisan support that gave paring all students for postsecondary educa- the question, “What is Conservative About birth to and sustains these institutions, many tion and equipping them with career-ready Comprehensive Immigration Reform?” aspects of life in these United States, from the skills is at the heart of new designs for We invite you to enjoy these articles along development of agriculture to scientific break- schools that are trying to teach students to with the other features in this issue of the throughs to advances in medicine as well as both know more and do more. Rural North Carnegie Reporter. many other areas, would likely be diminished. Carolina’s Northeast Regional School of When the leaders of higher education insti- Biotechnology and Agriscience is geared up e leanor l erman, Director, Public tutions have a real vision about how their to do just that, as is detailed in the article enti- Affairs and Publications

Cover photo © Corbis. important subject which which subject important subject of education…I education…I of subject Act—Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Act—Abraham we, as a people, can can people, a as we, In 1832—fully three three 1832—fully In declared, “Upon the the “Upon declared, view it as the most most the as it view Land-Grant College College Land-Grant can only say that I that say only can decades before he he before decades signed the Morrill Morrill the signed be engaged in.” engaged be

© FRANCIS G. MAYER/CORBIS LINCOLN’S

LEGACY Land-Grant Colleges and Universities !" 150 YEARS OF INVESTMENT IN KNOWLEDGE AND EDUCATION

by abiGail Deutsch

One winter day in 1914, joy over- Riverside’s unique blend of civic such schools, writes historian Allan took the town of Riverside, California. and citrus pride sprouts from an 1862 Nevins, believed that “no restrictions of “Holiday shoppers danced,” writes piece of legislation called the Morrill class, or fortune, or sex, or geographi- Kathy Barton, a present-day staff mem- Act, which created the American sys- cal position—no restrictions what- ber at the University of California, tem of land-grant colleges. Before soever—should operate.” The same Riverside. “The steam whistle on the passage of the act, higher educa- went for race. Justin Morrill, the sena- the electric plant blew for 15 min- tion had been accessible to only the tor who proposed the act, emphasized utes. Mission Inn owner Frank Miller privileged few. Public and private uni- that African-Americans and Native ordered the bells at the venerable hotel versities alike had offered curricula Americans deserved schooling too. be rung continuously.” Why such mer- based on their European precedents— A diverse curriculum would match riment? The University of California designed for “the male leisure classes, this diverse population. While more Regents had decided to keep the Citrus government leaders, and members and more Americans were recogniz- Experiment Station—a research cen- of the professions,” according to The ing science as a topic worthy of study, ter that had supported California’s Land-Grant Tradition, a booklet pub- few schools taught the subject. But citrus industry since 1907—in its UC lished by the Association of Public for Morrill, pursuits such as engineer- Riverside home. and Land-grant Universities (APLU). ing, agriculture, and the “mechanical For 150 years, land-grant schools Accordingly, coursework at these uni- such as UC Riverside have buttressed versities focused on classical and pre- Abigail Deutsch is a writer based in the development of American science professional topics. New York. Her work appears in The and agriculture. And, as suggested by The goal of land-grant colleges Los Angeles Times, The San Francisco the town’s display of glee, they’ve bol- was, among other things, to democ- Chronicle, Bookforum, The Village stered local communities as well. ratize this system: early supporters of Voice, and other publications.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 3 arts” deserved just as much emphasis a profound impact on the American American tendency: the wish to apply as literature and history. He explained, economy. In the thick of the Industrial science to agriculture. Writes David G. while introducing his bill to Congress, Revolution, the Morrill Act enabled Morrison, formerly of the Louisiana that in land-grant institutions, “agricul- research and created workers key for Experiment Station: “The first settlers ture, the foundation of all present and agriculture and manufacturing, and has quickly learned they had to adapt or future prosperity, may look for troops helped make the United States a global starve. With a great variety of crops of earnest friends… at last elevating it leader in agricultural production. and soils, Americans began, through to that higher level where it may fear- trial and error, to answer agricultural lessly invoke comparison with the most The Educational Legacy production questions early on.” He advanced standards of the world.” And of a Blacksmith’s Son points out that many of the founding yet, he remarked in 1887, the design The senator behind the act might fathers—including George Washington of land-grant colleges “comprehended have benefited from a land-grant edu- and Thomas Jefferson—were farmers not only instruction for those who hold cation himself. A blacksmith’s son who conducted agricultural experi- the plow or follow a trade, but such from Strafford, Vermont, Justin Morrill ments on their fields. Additionally, instruction as any person might need— hoped to go to college but lacked the both men helped found societies geared with ‘the world before them where to money. Later, notes Senator Patrick toward improving agriculture “which choose’—and without the exclusion of Leahy (D-VT), he wanted to provide were pioneers in agricultural science those who might prefer to adhere to the other ordinary Americans with opportu- and education.” classics.” Morrill’s ideal school was a nities that had been unavailable to him. Morrill drew not only on these well-rounded one. Educated largely by practical expe- great American themes, but also on The act operated by granting fed- rience and by deep reading, Morrill more particular developments in the eral land to states—30,000 acres per served in the U.S. House from 1855 to field of education. Many historians of Congress member. Each state could 1867, and then in the U.S. Senate from the Morrill Act point to the contribu- then sell the property, directing the 1867 until his death in 1898. tions of Jonathan Baldwin Turner, a profit toward founding or supporting at In devising the Morrill Act, the pol- Yale graduate who moved west to teach least one school within five years; the itician was knitting together strands of at Illinois College. Librarian Donald state was expected to maintain its col- thought that had long run through the Brown describes Turner as the “sig- lege buildings. fabric of American life. According to nificant promoter of ideas underlying The Morrill Act was, as Michael M. Peter McPherson, president of the the [land-grant] movement”; he led a David Cohen recently wrote in The APLU, three major concepts drove the broad campaign for the establishment New York Times, “one of the most act. The first was a belief in democ- of colleges geared toward agriculture transformative pieces of legisla- racy, paramount in America since the and industry. In 1850, he presented an tion in American history, seeding Declaration of Independence, and a influential address called “A Plan for the ground for scores of high-qual- corollary emphasis on bringing oppor- a State University for the Industrial ity public colleges and universities tunities to as many citizens as pos- Classes,” which included many of the around the country.” The act has cre- sible. The second was the conviction concepts key to land-grant universi- ated many universities—from the that federal government should play a ties—for instance, agricultural experi- University of Illinois to the University role in economic policy. (Morrill and mentation. In 1852, he set out the of Nebraska—and supported some pre- Lincoln—who was president during financial mechanics of a land-grant existing schools, such as Pennsylvania the passage of the act—both admired system in the Prairie Farmer news- State University and the University Henry Clay, who supported the preser- paper. Turner’s ideas appeared often of Wisconsin. A few private schools, vation of a strong national bank, tariffs, in print, and he conducted voluminous such as the Massachusetts Institute and other federal measures designed correspondences with editors, profes- of Technology and, briefly, Yale to bolster industry.) And the third was sional friends, and politicians. University, gained support through the an increasing sense that Americans But Turner did not originate such Morrill Act as well. required science and technology educa- notions either. Rensselaer Institute in Land-grant institutions haven’t tion in order for their country to grow. Troy, New York, had been providing merely provided instruction for mil- Additionally, the Morrill Act “collegiate instruction in the fields” lions of pupils; they’ve also exerted reflected a fourth longstanding since 1824, Brown writes. And in 1841,

4 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 a Captain Alden Partridge of Norwich, Act. Under a blazing midafternoon sun, to enact his legislation twice, and the Vermont, had proposed to Congress a soldier laid a wreath at the Lincoln first time, in 1859, it passed Congress “endowing a national system of techni- Memorial in Washington, D.C. The only to be vetoed by President James cal institutions with proceeds of public Constitution Brass Quintet played Civil Buchanan. The Civil War began in land sales.” War tunes such as “The Battle Hymn of 1861, and by 1862, when Morrill pro- PHOTO BY ABBY ABBY BRACK PHOTO LEWIS BY

Presidents of land-grant institutions and others stand outside the Lincoln Memorial on June 23, 2012, after a wreath-laying ceremony commemorating the 150th anniversary of Lincoln’s signing of the Morrill Act creating land-grant colleges.

One of Turner’s more impres- the Republic” and “Washington Greys,” posed his act again, “northerners had sive accomplishments occurred dur- a march favored by both Union and discovered how ill-prepared they were ing the presidential campaign of 1860. Confederate military bands, according for a crisis,” writes Michael David According to The Life of Jonathan to a catalogue from the event. Cohen. “The peacetime Army had been Turner, he extracted promises from Addressing the crowd with his tiny. Volunteers rallied to defend the both Abraham Lincoln and Stephen back to Lincoln, Carnegie Corporation Union, but what they brought in enthu- Douglas that they would sign his bill if it president Vartan Gregorian remarked siasm they lacked in experience…. To appeared before Congress—which was that he didn’t believe in séances, but win the war, the Army had to create as good as a promise to sign Morrill’s. that he hoped the President could hear citizen-soldiers from scratch.” In President Lincoln, educational him anyway. “You gave us a land of And so Morrill wrote a new provi- causes would find a friend. Himself an opportunity, not opportunists; you sion into the act, one that included mili- autodidact, he once remarked: “Upon believed America not perfect, but per- tary tactics among the subjects offered the subject of education…I can only fectible,” he said, and turned to speak at land-grant institutions. This forebear say that I view it as the most impor- to the statue. “We need leaders like you to the Reserve Officer Training Corps tant subject which we, as a people, more than once a century,” he said. “So (ROTC) program lent the bill a new can be engaged in.” The centrality of thank you, Mr. President. Thank you sense of necessity. Cannily, Morrill Lincoln’s legacy to the land-grant col- for everything you’ve done.” emphasized that urgency. Writes lege system was evident at a conference The timing of the Morrill Act Cohen: “Bemoaning the unreadiness held on June 23, 2012, commemorating was fortuitous not just because of the of Northern men to fight the rebels a the 150th anniversary of the Morrill president in power. Morrill attempted year earlier, he blamed politicians in

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 5 Washington for having ‘long assumed industrialized, agrarian, and dependent second Morrill Act, in 1890, demanded that military discipline’ was as ‘spon- on northern states for production,” that states show race not to be a uni- taneous’ as patriotism. That assump- remarked Michael Adams, president versity admissions requirement, or else tion, he said, had cost many lives. Had of the University of Georgia, at the to found colleges for black pupils, too. Congress earlier passed a law like the anniversary conference. “It was an edu- Such states often ended up with two one he now proposed, ‘The young men might have had more of fitness for their sphere of duties, whether on the farm, in the workshop, or in the battle- field.’” Even though this amendment would have no bearing on the current conflict, the act’s supporters believed that graduates of land-grant schools would be prepared for war by the time the next one began. The timing was advantageous for yet another reason: in 1859, some Southern representatives had opposed the act. But after the secession of the southern states, those politicians were no longer present in Congress to object. At the conference in his honor, attendees praised Morrill for seeing beyond the bloody divisions of the Civil War. “This was nation-building on a grand and national scale,” remarked Senator Leahy. And it was just one element of a historic Congressional session that laid the groundwork for a prosperous America even as the country’s very existence had come under threat. That session passed the Homestead Act, which provided free land for Americans who moved west; the first national income tax, which © CORBIS

helped finance the war; and legislation Justin Smith Morrill (1810-1898), United States representative who that would enable the construction of introduced the Morrill Land Grant College Act (1862). the transcontinental railroad. cational backwater. There were state land-grant institutions, one for black Democratizing Education universities, but enrollment was low. students and one for white. Many his- In keeping with the democratic Our institutions in the South have prob- torically black colleges and universities principles behind the Morrill Act, the ably benefited most from the Morrill stem from this legislation, including land-grant system has held particular Act.” Alabama A&M University, Kentucky meaning for the regions and groups Interestingly, racism helped encour- State University, and North Carolina most lacking in educational infrastruc- age the development of land-grant A&T University. ture. Perhaps ironically, the South is schools in the region. Once the Civil For westerners, too, the develop- one such example. The Northeast had War had ended and southern states had ment of land-grant colleges proved long offered excellent schools, but the rejoined the Union, their governments crucial. It meant that “we need not go South before the Civil War was “non- opted against integrated colleges. A away from home for instruction,” noted

6 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 Edward Ray, president of Oregon State without the services of a land-grant col- Morrill Act has played a crucial role in University, at the conference. He added lege,” in 1967, it gained a $7.24 mil- that effort. that in his region, “being place-bound lion endowment and land-grant status. is natural.” Montana State University, Four years later, American Samoa, Research and Science Aid the University of Idaho, several schools Guam, Northern Marianas, Micronesia, the Progress of American within the University of California sys- and the Virgin Islands made a similar Agriculture tem, and many other western institu- claim: they said they were “the only In the wake of the Morrill Act, the tions have come into being thanks to areas under the American flag which federal government continued to pass the Morrill Act. have not been allowed to participate bills that shaped the land-grant schools. More recently, another group has in the land-grant college program.” In The Hatch Act of 1887 responded to received assistance from the legisla- 1972, they received endowments and farmers’ requests to see “tangible evi- tion. In 1994, the Equity in Education land-grant status as well. dence of the new land-grant colleges’ Land-Grant Status Act named thirty- Morrill’s emphasis on democracy commitment to their well-being,” three Native American colleges land- has enjoyed a long legacy in federal according to David G. Morrison. grant institutions. Generally located educational policy. In the 1940s, the Additionally, once agricultural profes- in “remote, underserved communi- G.I. Bill permitted veterans access to a sors had exhausted their knowledge, ties that lack access to higher educa- university education that might other- they required more teaching material. tion,” these schools “take special care wise have been off-limits. Similar bills The Act helped fulfill both of these to include culturally relevant curricu- accompanied the conflicts in Korea needs, permitting land-grant colleges lum and programs in their institutions and Vietnam, and America continues to establish agricultural experiment sta- so that Native American students and to offer educational benefits to mem- tions that aimed to: communities can take pride in their cul- bers of the military. Immediately after …conduct original and other tural and historical identity,” accord- World War Two, Congress created the researches, investigations, and ing to the United States Department of Fulbright scholarship program, which experiments bearing directly on and Agriculture Web site. funds scholars, students, and teachers contributing to the establishment In many ways, the tribal colleges who want to pursue their research at and maintenance of a permanent are distinct from other institutions home or abroad. The National Security and effective agricultural indus- of higher learning. According to The Education Act of 1991 grants scholar- try of the United States, including Land-Grant Tradition, they provide ships to Americans planning to inves- researches basic to the problems of high school completion (GED), reme- tigate understudied languages and agriculture in its broadest aspects, dial work, professional training, college cultures across the world. and such investigations as have for preparation, and adult basic education Federal support for individual col- their purpose the development and programs. They also function as librar- lege students has also improved access improvement of the rural home and ies and tribal archives and serve as cen- to education. The Higher Education rural life and the maximum contri- ters for elder and child care, as well as Act of 1965 included such provisions bution by agriculture to the welfare for economic and community develop- as the Federal Family Education Loan of the consumer. ment. “It is an underlying goal of all Program, which provided students with The Hatch Act has affected [tribal colleges] to improve the lives of low-interest loans; need-based Pell American agriculture significantly. students through higher education and Grants began in 1974. Research results from experiment sta- to move American Indians toward self- At least partly as a result of such tions have improved the conditions of sufficiency,” notes The Land-Grant laws, enrollment in higher education both farms and farm animals, accord- Tradition. The tribal colleges enroll rose from 4 percent of the college-age ing to the Web site of Oklahoma State about 19,000 students and engage with population, in 1900, to over 65 per- University’s station, largely removing over 47,000 community members. cent by 2000. “The United States,” “the specter of hunger and the drudg- Outside the contexts of these leg- Gregorian remarked during a college ery of subsistence agriculture pro- islative acts, Congress has designated address, “has democratized access duction.” While the system had been still other land-grant schools. After the to higher education and attempted designed to benefit particular regions, District of Columbia described itself as to nationalize opportunity at a scale “more often they have application in “the last substantial area in the nation unprecedented in world history.” The many places, and some breakthroughs

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 7 The NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES resulting directly from Hatch Act fund- ing have literally benefitted every man, woman, and child in the United States and much of the world.” The Citrus In 1863—less than a year after the passage of the Morrill Act—The National Experiment Station at UC Riverside— Academy of Sciences (NAS) was signed into being by President Abraham that cause of great glee in 1914—is just Lincoln. Like the land-grant university system, the NAS marks a partnership one of many stations authorized by the between public and private interests, and holds as its purpose the advancement Hatch Act, which has also enabled soil and application of knowledge. surveys in Nevada, advances in sugar A private, nonprofit association, the NAS consists of about 2,000 research- farming in Louisiana, and many other ers who are elected by current members based on their career contributions efforts elsewhere. to science. The scientists, engineers, and medical professionals who work on With land-grant schools and exper- behalf of the NAS counsel the government on scientific and technological con- iment stations firmly in place, scientists cerns related to public policy and do so on an independent and volunteer basis. began uncovering new knowledge and The Academy’s own achievements are diverse: in the early twentieth cen- producing new guidelines. Yet the ordi- tury, for instance, it hosted an influential debate on the scale of the universe; nary farmer had no easy way to access several decades later, it helped develop America’s first satellite. At about that this information—organizations such time, President John F. Kennedy credited the NAS with prompting a “great as farmers’ institutes, tomato clubs, change…in the relationship between science and public policy”: rather than a and agricultural societies proved insuf- “peripheral concern,” science had become an “active partner” of the state, an ficient to the task, according to the Web “indispensable function of government.” site of Mississippi State University’s Today, the NAS enjoys admiration not just from American presidents but Agricultural and Forestry Experiment also from foreign visitors. The conference celebrating the anniversary of the Station. As a result of this communi- Morrill Act also featured a panel on the NAS, and Ralph Cicerone, the organi- cation problem, Congress passed the zation’s president, noted that he often receives guests from overseas who wish Smith-Lever Act in 1914. The legisla- to set up similar associations in their countries. tion founded a network of cooperative Barbara Schaal, the vice president, explained that one of the NAS’s major extension services, enabling land-grant current goals is the “science of science communication.” She and her peers are colleges to provide ordinary citizens studying the way people form opinions about science, and sometimes interven- with instruction in agriculture, leader- ing: said Cicerone, “When attacks on biology enter the classroom, we enter.” ship, 4-H, and other topics—“diffusing The NAS’s reports provide one such means of outreach. (All such publica- among the people of the United States tions are peer-reviewed by scientists.) Recently the organization published a useful and practical information on volume called Science, Evolution, and Creationism that “explains the funda- subjects related to agriculture and mental methods of science, documents the overwhelming evidence in support home economics, and to encourage the of biological evolution, and evaluates the alternative perspectives offered by application of the same.” Such instruc- advocates of various kinds of creationism, including ‘intelligent design.’” The tion was carried out by agents of the book puts forth science and religion as modes of thought that, while distinct, extension service. need not conflict. In more recent years, inspired by the Other books indicate the organization’s independence from the government. Morrill Act, Congress has begun autho- Its Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI’s Investigation of rizing new kinds of schools. In 1966, the 2001 Anthrax Letters evaluates the science behind the techniques the FBI it established the first “sea-grant” col- used and determines “whether these techniques met appropriate standards for leges. These institutions surfaced after scientific reliability and for use in forensic validation, and whether the FBI the oceanographer Athelstan Spilhaus reached appropriate scientific conclusions from its use of these techniques.” wrote, in Science magazine, that they How did the NAS come about? Other organizations designed to study “would be modernized parallels of the and promote science had predated the Academy, and a particularly influen- great developments in agriculture and tial group—which dubbed itself “Scientific Lazzaroni” in self-mocking hom- the mechanic arts which were occa- age to the laborers of Naples, Italy—helped develop and publicize ideas that sioned by the Land-Grant Act of about a led directly to the founding of the NAS. (Continued on page 10) hundred years ago . . . Establishment of

8 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 the land-grant colleges was one of the outreach, with the goal of encouraging spirited question-and-answer session, best investments this nation ever made. citizens to understand and take part in administrators started shouting out That same kind of imagination and NASA’s projects. their points of pride: the University of foresight should be applied to exploi- And “sun-grant” schools, so des- Georgia, for instance, discovered that tation of the sea.” Today, thirty-two ignated in 2002, partner with federally blueberries grow better than peaches © LORI LOHMEYER

A mural at Purdue University, a land-grant university, depicts Lincoln signing the Morrill Act, which created land-grant colleges. sea-grant programs aim to develop the funded laboratories to help develop in that state, yielding not only delicious sustainable use of American resources a biobased economy—an economy fruit but also considerable wealth. along the coasts, in the oceans, and in based on substances derived from liv- Oregon State University has done won- the Great Lakes, harnessing research ing material. They also aim to support ders for wheat. And the University of and educational programs that dis- American farmers by developing bio- Missouri, proclaims its representative, seminate information ranging from based, renewable-energy raw materials. “saved the global wine industry.” He advanced scientific results to public was referring to an episode in the 1880s school curricula. Land-Grant Institutions: when vineyards in Europe fell prey to “Space-grant” institutions came Still Evolving the phylloxera bug, to which American into being in 1989, thanks to the The contributions of land-grant vines were immune. At the University efforts of the National Aeronautics and colleges to the American way of life of Missouri, scientists started grafting Space Administration. This network are manifold—and as the anniver- French plants into American root stock, of American colleges and universities sary conference made clear, university creating a vine that resisted the dreaded works to improve education in sci- presidents aren’t shy about discussing bug while producing the desired grape. ence and engineering, research, and their schools’ contributions. During a The schools boast impressive

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 9 Continued from page 8

alumni as well. In 1894, George In 1851 Alexander Dallas Bache, a Lazzaroni participant who also served as Washington Carver received his bache- superintendent of the Coast Survey and president of the American Association lor’s degree from Iowa State University, for the Advancement of Science, suggested in a speech that the federal govern- where he later became a faculty mem- ment work with “an institution of science...to guide public action in reference ber. Maurice Hilleman graduated from to science matters.” A few years later another Lazzoroni member, naturalist Montana State University in 1941. He Louis Agassiz, described the structure of such an organization in a private let- went on to discover eight out of the ter. Then came the Civil War, which catalyzed the development of the NAS fourteen regularly scheduled vaccines, much as it had the passage of the Morrill Act. including measles, mumps, hepati- “Amid the din of war, the heat of party, the deviltries of politics, and the tis A, hepatitis B, meningitis, chicken poisons of hypocrisy,” wrote Lazzaroni member Benjamin Peirce in 1863, pox, and pneumonia. It has been sug- “science will be inaudible, incapable, incoherent, and inanimate.” In response gested that he saved more lives than to unfamiliar technical challenges created by the Civil War, amateur scientists any other scientist. Explained Waded were crafting new inventions, and Peirce worried that frauds were besieging Cruzado, the president of Montana governmental and scientific authorities alike. Additionally, according to The State: “He was a man who went to Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America, new college because of an exception, and technologies such as the telegraph and the railroad had altered the nature of he became an exceptional man.” The warfare; scientists needed to organize to evaluate and respond to all the novel- combined efforts of many such excep- ties flooding the scientific landscape. tional scholars have impacted America Yet another Lazzaroni member, Joseph Henry, suggested that the Navy hugely: according to McPherson, since Department found an agency to appraise the new weapons that citizens had cre- 1945, half or more of the GDP has had ated. And a few others joined forces with a senator to draw up a bill for what its root in technology from land-grant would become the National Academy of Sciences. On March 3, 1863, just two universities. weeks after its introduction in the Senate, the bill became law. Today, more than 100 land-grant In addition to helping with the war effort—for instance, solving the prob- institutions (including 18 historically lem of compass deviation in iron-clad warships—the Academy found itself black institutions) thrive in the United charged with a variety of other tasks in its first decades. Its Web site describes States. McPherson points to an increase early committees on “Proving and Gauging Distilled Spirits and Preventing of 23 percent in enrollment in public Fraud,” on “Means of Distinguishing Calf’s Hair from Woolen Goods,” and universities in the last decade, adding on “Quartz Plates used in Saccharimeters for Sugar Determinations.” “While that universities do 60 percent of the some of the topics the Academy was asked to pronounce upon may appear research funded by the government. trivial in retrospect,” the site notes, “they do reflect the concerns of an agricul- According to the APLU, the schools’ tural nation in the process of industrializing.” aim remains “to apply new knowledge In the twentieth century, war again prompted growth for the Academy. The to drive economic activity, enhance First World War, like the Civil War, saw a rise in solicitations for recommenda- agricultural and industrial productivity, tions regarding military technology; the Academy found that it needed more and improve quality of life.” members to contend with these many requests for assistance. The National From a student’s perspective, how Research Council, established in 1916, swelled the Academy’s membership do land-grant schools differ from pri- beyond its former 150 participants, inviting more scientific and technological vate schools? According to Jimmy experts to join its ranks. Cheek, chancellor of the University of In addition to the National Research Council, the NAS has established two Tennessee, such institutions often look other organizations: the National Academy of Engineering in 1964 and the similar. But private schools tend to Institute of Medicine in 1970. Like the NAS, both are advisory bodies to the offer broader curricula and to require government that consist of elected members. fewer courses in any given major, while In 2009, President Obama summarized the National Academy of Sciences land-grant colleges go narrower and in an encapsulation that might describe the land-grant college system as well: deeper. Additionally, land-grants focus “The very founding of this institution,” he remarked, “stands as a testament to more on career, emphasizing applied the restless curiosity, the boundless hope so essential not just to the scientific knowledge rather than knowledge for enterprise, but to this experiment we call America.” knowledge’s sake; where private col-

10 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 leges would offer undergraduate eco- And for better or worse, their prob- That booklet also critiques the nomics majors, land-grants would offer lems have evolved, too. The challenges “management, productivity, and cost business degrees. A comment by the facing most American universities are efficiency” among both administrators president of the University of Georgia, the challenges of land-grant institutions and academics, pointing to a failure to Michael Adams, illustrates that career as well. These include student debt: invest in campus infrastructure. It calls for briefer doctoral and postdoctoral programs that more directly provide students with career training, arguing that too many challenges face young faculty who want to start their teach- ing careers and research programs. It decries the lack of funding for research, and criticizes “a burdensome accumu- lation of federal and state regulatory and reporting requirements,” which “increases costs and sometimes chal- lenges academic freedom and integ- rity.” Citing the decreasing number of large corporate research laboratories, the Counsel also points to a need for © ASSOCIATED PRESS ASSOCIATED © business and industry to team up with Lincoln University is a land-grant institution founded in 1866 by universities “at a time when the new members of the 62nd and 65th United States Colored Infantry knowledge and ideas emerging from and designated a land-grant institution by the state of Missouri under the second Morrill Act of 1890. In 2007, according to U.S. university research are needed by News and World Report, Lincoln University was ranked #3 for society more than ever.” And it notes economic diversity, #5 for campus ethnic diversity, and #9 for most international students among master’s level universities in changes in American demographics, the Midwest. encouraging measures to assist women and underrepresented minorities. orientation: “students are heading to federal and state funding has decreased, Above all, the Research Counsel agricultural colleges because there are particularly during the recent reces- recommends leadership and coopera- jobs there,” he says. sion. Meanwhile, foreign nations have tion among universities, businesses, The student bodies of private and increased support for research and philanthropy, and state and federal public schools differ too: land-grant development, and their universities politicians “if our research universi- institutions expect to teach more stu- have grown more competitive. “While ties and our nation are to thrive.” On dents whose parents haven’t attended U.S. institutions have long attracted its Web site, the APLU suggests simi- college, to offer “opportunity for the outstanding students and scholars from lar measures: “The time has come for masses,” as Morrill had in mind. around the world who have contrib- a renewed partnership between pub- Yet they have evolved to keep up uted substantially to our research and lic higher education and society. Our with the times. While all land-grant innovative capacity, other countries are nation relies on a higher education sys- institutions were at first known as agri- rapidly strengthening their institutions tem operating in the land grant tradi- cultural/mechanical colleges—hence to compete for the best international tion of integrating learning, discovery the “A & M” in many universities’ students and for faculty, resources, and engagement.” I names—the schools have added to and reputation,” notes a booklet by their rosters computer science, marine the National Research Council of biology, ecology, aerospace sciences, the National Academies, Research renewable energy alternatives, and Universities and the Future of America: more, says Edward Ray, the president Ten Breakthrough Actions Vital to Our of Oregon State University. Nation’s Prosperity and Security.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 11 The How and Why of ENGAGING

RUSSIAby thomas Graham

U.S.-Russian relations are in trouble again. After the warming trend of the first two to three years of the Obama administration, tensions began to over- shadow achievements starting last fall, shortly after Vladimir Putin announced his decision to reclaim the presidency from Dmitry Medvedev. This was no coin- cidence. The administration had made no secret of its preference for Medvedev, whom it considered a more liberal, modern, and democratically inclined leader, and Putin had a long record of prickliness in relations with the United States. By the time he stepped down from the presidency in 2008, he had come to symbolize the vast gap in interests and values that separate the two countries. There was no way his return to the Kremlin would not have stressed relations. As memories of the achievements of the reset—the new START, Russian agree- ment to tougher sanctions against Iran, and Russian assistance in supporting U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan—faded, tensions over the Arab spring mounted and the eruption of anti-Putin protests after Russia’s Duma election last December led to sharpened U.S. criticism of Russian domestic affairs. That criticism, and its disregard at times for practical consequences, was on full display this past summer, as Congress failed to graduate Russia from the Jackson-Vanik amendment (which has been used to shine a spotlight on human rights abuses in Russia), concerned

12 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 that that step would reward Russia’s To be sure, we can advance our presented his policies in the regions in “bad behavior,” even though it was nec- interests on most issues without question as supporting popular demo- essary to allow American companies to Russian support—after all, we did that cratic aspirations against authoritar- benefit from the market-related reforms despite vehement Soviet opposition ian regimes, and each administration Russia committed to upon entering the during the Cold War. But in the current explained Russia’s opposition in large World Trade Organization (WTO) in globalized world, a cooperative Russia part by its own authoritarian tendencies. August1 and the amendment has had in would certainly ease our task, as all What explains this pattern of coop- fact little impact on the human rights three American presidents elected since eration and competition? In broad situation in post-Soviet Russia. the Soviet collapse recognized. All of terms, cooperation is only possible To be sure, relations are hardly on them sought to lay a firm foundation where Russia’s great-power aspira- the verge of total collapse, as occurred for long-term cooperation. Clinton and tions do not clash with our desire during the last years of the Clinton and Bush failed; the jury is out on Obama. to promote democracy. We can, for Bush administrations. And the dete- Although the partisan rancor in example, cooperate on strategic sta- rioration is less of shock now because Washington would suggest otherwise, bility—maintenance of the central Obama’s “reset” has been much more the three presidents in fact approached nuclear balance—and nonproliferation modest in ambition than Clinton’s “stra- Russia in similar ways, achieved suc- because that enhances Russia’s sta- tegic alliance with Russian reform” and cess in similar areas, and ran into stiff tus as the other great nuclear power, Bush’s “strategic partnership.” But it Russian resistance for similar reasons. while instincts of self-preservation still marks another setback in our effort For all three, the major achievements outweigh our concerns about Russia’s since the demise of the Soviet Union came in the area of strategic stability authoritarianism. We clash over mis- a generation ago to put relations on a and nonproliferation. Clinton worked sile defense because Russia believes it firm, cooperative footing that advances effectively with Russia in securing the threatens strategic parity and its status American strategic interests. return to Russia of all Soviet nuclear as the other great nuclear power, while This is not a tragedy. Russia rightly weapons from the other former Soviet we are loathe to give a country that RUSSIA no longer lies at the center of our for- states, Bush signed the Treaty on does not share our fundamental val- eign policy, and its global role is much Strategic Offensive Reductions, and ues a degree of control over a system diminished from the Soviet period. Obama negotiated the new START. vital to our security. At the same time, U.S.-Russian discord is not going to All three worked with Russia in the Russia looks askance at our actions in shake the entire international order, framework of the Cooperative Threat the Balkans, the former Soviet space, as it would have during the Cold War. Reduction program (Nunn-Lugar) to and the Middle East that challenge it in But troubled relations still raise major secure nuclear weapons and facilities regions where it has historically acted complications for American interests. in Russia. And all three worked closely Russia, by virtue of its location in the with Russia on global nonprolifera- Thomas Graham, a managing direc- heart of Eurasia, huge nuclear arsenal tion matters, including Iran and North tor at Kissinger Associates, Inc., was and extensive experience in nuclear Korea, even if Russia has never been special assistant to the president matters, vast natural resources, world- prepared to assent to the crippling sanc- and senior director for Russia on the class science, and talented population, tions Washington seeks. National Security Council staff from remains indispensable to any effort Under all three presidents, relations 2004 to 2007 and director for Russian to maintain strategic stability, pre- were strained by geopolitical competi- Affairs from 2002 to 2004. From 1998 vent the proliferation of weapons of tion, in the Balkans under Clinton, in to 2001, he was a senior associate in mass destruction (WMD), and combat the former Soviet space under Bush, and the Russia/Eurasia program at the nuclear terrorism; critical to the secu- now in the Middle East under Obama, Carnegie Endowment for International rity equations in Europe, Central Asia, and by U.S. decisions to develop and Peace. From 1984 to1998, he was a East Asia, and the Arctic; and unavoid- deploy a missile defense system. With foreign service officer. His assignments able in any effort to ensure global heightened geopolitical competition included two tours of duty at the U.S. energy security, master climate change, came mounting discord over Russian Embassy in Moscow, where he worked and manage the global economy. domestic affairs, because each president on political affairs.

1 The amendment denies Russia permanent normal trade relations. Under WTO rules, the United States must grant Russia that status—as it does to all other WTO members— or else Russia is not obliged to extend accession-related market reforms to American companies.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 13 as a great power but which we pres- are more categorical. Ian Bremmer with chronic problems in those areas. ent as advancing primarily democracy, and Nouriel Roubini, two promi- In 2008, shortly after becoming presi- not our geopolitical interests. Discord nent commentators, for example, turn dent, Medvedev identified four “I’s”— over Russia’s domestic politics is then Brzezinski’s doubts into reasons why investment, infrastructure, institutions, inevitable, because we are reluctant to Russia “is becoming increasingly less and innovation—as priorities. More acknowledge conflicts of interests not relevant—as a political power or as recently, one of Putin’s first decrees ultimately grounded in opposing values an attractive emerging market.”3 More upon returning to the Kremlin laid out and because there is in fact a deep gap broadly, that much commentary and a set of ambitious goals for increasing between a democratic America and an reporting is ridden with clichés (how investment, diversifying the economy, authoritarian Russia. And the discord often have we been reminded that and enhancing global competitiveness.6 tends to extremes because there are few Putin is a former KGB officer, as if They have had some success. stakeholders in good relations in either that explained everything we needed to Russia is slowly recovering from the country to moderate it. know about Russia?), bereft of serious global financial crisis—it reached In short, Russia’s great-power aspi- analysis, and marred by simple factual its precrisis GDP peak in late 2011. rations and America’s democracy pro- errors is indicative of a waning belief Although the World Bank estimates motion invariably clash at some point. that Russia matters much now or into that its growth trajectory has flattened The seeds of tension and breakdown are the future. since the crisis, it remains much higher inherent in bilateral relations. Looking The challenges American commen- than that of both the developed Europe forward, can we prevent this clash or at tators raise are real, as Russian lead- economies and the emerging markets in least mitigate its consequences? ers themselves acknowledge. In 2009, the European Union.7 Russia has also There is no simple answer, at least in an ardent appeal for modernization, made progress in improving the quality no simple positive answer. But we then-president Medvedev wrote that of life. Male life expectancy—a datum would be encouraged to seek a positive “Twenty years of tumultuous change often used to illustrate Russia’s pro- one if we could be persuaded of three has not spared our country from its found socio-economic problems—has things: (1) That Russia will matter over humiliating dependence on raw materi- risen slowly but steadily for the past the long run; (2) that Russia will evolve als. ... With a few exceptions domestic decade, even if it remains well below in a democratic direction; and (3) that business does not invent nor create the European standards.8 Russia’s strategic interests overlap in necessary things and technology that To be sure, Russia’s economic significant ways with our own. people need. ... Finished products pro- growth could be more robust with Will Russia continue to matter? duced in Russia are largely plagued by better-crafted and executed policies, Zbigniew Brzezinski, one of America’s their extremely low competitiveness. ... but the point is that the situation is foremost strategic thinkers, perhaps Centuries of corruption have debilitated not nearly as dire as much American best exemplifies the ambivalence that Russia.”4 Earlier this year, Putin called commentary would suggest. The same pervades the American foreign pol- for a “new economy” “with a competi- holds true for the more specific obsta- icy community. In his recent book, tive industry and infrastructure, with a cles to growth commentators often Strategic Vision, he writes that Russia developed service sector, with an effec- note, three in particular. is “destined to play a significant role on tive agrarian sector. An economy with First, the price of oil, a critical the world arena.” But he still harbors a modern technological base.”5 And determinant of budget revenues (in doubts because of “Russia’s demo- Russian leaders have sought to meet the recent years oil and gas receipts have graphic crisis, political corruption, out- challenges. In 2005, Putin launched four accounted for about 40 percent of reve- dated and resource-driven economic national projects—in health, educa- nues9). This year’s budget balances with model, and social retardation.”2 Others tion, housing, and agriculture—to deal oil at about $115 a barrel (for Russia’s

2 Zbigniew Brzezinski, Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2012), pp. 139–140. 3 Ian Bremmer and Nouriel Roubini, “Time to Blackball Russia’s Autocratic State,” Financial Times, May 29, 2012. 4 Dmitriy Medvedev, “Rossiya, vpered!” [Go, Russia!’], September 10, 2009, available at http://www.kremlin.ru/news/5413. 5 “O nashikh ekonomicheskikh zadachakh” [Our Economic Tasks], Vedomosti, January 30, 2012. 6 Ukaz “O dolgosrochnoy gosudarstvennoy ekonomicheskoy politike” [Decree “On Long-term State Economic Policy], May 7, 2012, available at http://kremlin.ru/ news/15232. 7 The World Bank in Russia, Russian Economic Report No. 27, April 2012, pp. 8–9. 8 The World Bank statistics are available at http://databank.worldbank.org. 9 Russia CEIC Database Team, “Russia’s Oil and Gas Revenues: Federal Budget Dilemma,” ISI Emerging Markets Blog, May 16, 2011, available at http://blog.securities. com/2011/05/russias-oil-and-gas-revenues-federal-budget-dilemma/.

14 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 Urals blend).10 The price averaged country. Nevertheless, although cor- kets. According to Goldman Sachs’s just over $112 for the first six months ruption obviously slows the rate of latest projections, Russia will be the of this year, but has fallen sharply in growth, it does not prevent it, as Russia fifth largest economy in the world in recent months as a consequence of the has demonstrated throughout its history 2050 (behind China, the United States, Eurozone crisis and unsettling U.S. and other rapidly growing countries— India, and Brazil) and, more important, and Chinese macroeconomic data.11 especially China and India—demon- a rich one. Goldman Sachs now fore- That said, Russia has the resources strate now. casts that Russia’s GDP per capita will to weather a period of lower prices— Third, technological lag. Most rise from over $10,000 in 2010 to over over $500 billion in international American observers believe that Russia $63,000 in 2050 (or from about 20 per- reserves and a public debt of less than can only close this gap through some cent of the U.S. level in 2010 to nearly 10 percent of GDP, which will allow political liberalization to encourage 75 percent of the projected U.S. level it to borrow easily on capital markets. creativity, innovation, and risk-taking. in 2050).15 Grave problems will emerge only if Putin, however, is pursuing a different Russia should then continue to oil prices drop and remain low for an approach, one that Russia has pursued matter. Will it also be evolving in a extended period, numbered in years, historically with greater or lesser suc- democratic direction? The conven-

Russia’s great-power aspirations and America’s democracy promotion invariably clash at some point. The seeds of tension and breakdown are inherent in bilateral relations. Looking forward, can we prevent this clash or at least mitigate its consequences? not months, and Russia does nothing to cess and one that requires at best only tional American narrative is that Putin diversify its economy—a possible, but minor political reforms. Under Putin, backtracked on Yeltsin’s democratic unlikely scenario.12 Western companies will be required advances, forgetting that Yeltsin’s Second, pervasive corruption, to provide world-class technology Russia was marked by a bitter struggle which acts as a huge tax on the econ- in exchange for access to Russia’s for power, the emergence of the oli- omy while eroding the social fabric. In resources and lucrative markets. This garchs as a political force, the corruption the latest Transparency International approach has already proved promising of the media, and institutional weak- Corruption Perception Index, Russia in the energy and automotive sectors, ness and that by the end the great fear ranks 143rd out of 183 countries, and the plans are to extend it to other was that the country would fail, as the behind Brazil (73rd), China (75th), strategically important sectors, such as Soviet Union had only a short decade and India (95th).13 Putin claims to want pharmaceuticals and information and earlier. Putin came to power with a to combat corruption, as did Yeltsin, communications technology.14 mandate to restore order and to rebuild Medvedev, and indeed Putin in his first In the end, however, the best argu- the state, and his popularity soared as two presidential terms. None made ment for taking Russia seriously is that he did just that. But as U.S.-Russian much process. To the contrary, corrup- the economic and financial experts relations deteriorated, especially after tion grew with the economic recovery continue to predict a bright future for Ukraine’s Orange Revolution in 2004, under Putin as money poured into the Russia, along with other emerging mar- the American explanation focused

10 See “Finance minister: oil price in budget overestimated, should be $92,” gazeta.ru (English), available at http://en.gazeta.ru/news/2012/06/22/a_4637393.html. 11 “Russia’s Average Urals Oil Export Price Down to Six-Month Low in June,” RIA Novosti, July 2, 2012, available at http://en.rian.ru/business/20120702/174359238.html. 12 The World Bank in Russia, Russian Economic Report No. 27, April 2012, pp. 28–29. 13 Available at http://files.transparency.org/content/download/101/407/file/2011_CPI_EN.pdf. 14 ExxonMobil’s recent deal with Rosneft, for example, requires it to share special exploration and drilling technologies and to set up a scientific center in St. Petersburg in exchange for the right to develop fields off-shore in the Arctic. See “Rosneft and ExxonMobil Announce Progress in Strategic Cooperation Agreement,” April 16, 2012, available at http://www.rosneft.com/news/pressrelease/30082011.html. Several leading Western manufacturers agreed to build up auto and component-part production in Russia and to integrate Russia into global engineering and design networks in exchange for tariff preferences and access to a booming local market (now the second largest in Europe after Germany). See Ivan Bonchev, “Russian Automotive Industry Outlook,” Ernst and Young, January 12, 2012. 15 Dominic Wilson, Kamakshya Trivedi, Stacy Carlson, and José Ursúa, “The BRICs 10 Years On: Halfway Through the Great Transformation,” Global Economics Paper No. 208, Goldman Sachs, December 11, 2011. GDP per capita projections are found on p. 31.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 15 increasingly on Putin’s authoritarian ing the country in a democratic direc- in secrecy and operate in the shadows bent as the primary reason.16 tion: the middle class and information (particularly when it comes to its own Since he announced his deci- and communications technology. money-making operations). As the sion to return to the Kremlin last Although there is much debate over prominent opposition blogger Aleksey September, American commentators the size and character of the Russian Navalnyy demonstrated, an enterpris- have been obsessed with Putin. First middle class, we can reasonably posit ing individual can use this technology came warnings of an inevitable resur- that it accounts for about 20 to 25 per- to expose deep-seated high-level cor- gence of authoritarian practices, after cent of the population18 and for a much ruption and disrupt the system. The Medvedev’s (now widely considered larger share in the key cities of Moscow current unrest only reinforces the need sham) liberalization. Then the unan- and St. Petersburg; that it has grown for Putin to find a way to preserve this ticipated large-scale anti-Putin protests richer and gained greater opportunities technology’s promise while preventing that erupted in Moscow and elsewhere since Putin first rose to power; and that it from thoroughly discrediting the rul- after the Duma elections elicited com- it finally awoke politically in the past ing elite and destabilizing the system. parisons with the Arab Spring and near year, demanding greater participation in That will almost surely require some breathless predictions of Putin’s early policymaking and a more accountable political liberalization. demise. When Putin won a convinc- government. Moreover, a subset—well- Besides social and technologi- ing victory in the presidential elections educated, IT-savvy midlevel profes- cal developments, there is one further, in March, commentators took to warn- sionals—is critical to the functioning of more abstract reason to believe Russia ing of an impending crackdown. After both the government and the economy, is moving in a democratic direction: his inauguration in May, they decried as well as to transforming Russia into Russians are Europeans, as Putin him- his steps to undermine the opposition, a modern, innovative society. If their self has stressed, even if they live on including harassment of its leaders and political demands are not met, they have Europe’s fringe. Europe, or the West, laws sharply increasing the penalties for options; in particular, they can take their remains the standard of comparison unauthorized demonstrations, requir- talents elsewhere, as many have already for Russia’s leaders. And for the past ing nongovernmental organizations that done. Consequently, to succeed in his three hundred years, Russia has in receive foreign money to register as “for- own ambitions for Russia, Putin cannot broad outline followed the European eign agents,” allowing for the removal simply brush them aside or crush them path of development toward greater of “harmful” content from the Internet, with force; he needs to assuage and ulti- democracy and liberty, albeit with a and reinstating slander as a criminal mately co-opt them. That will entail that considerable lag, as the eminent histo- offense. The condemnation reached a he find a fine balance between reform rian Martin Malia argued. In his tell- climax in August with the fierce outcry and retrenchment, a balance that will ing, Russia has lagged about fifty years against Putin for the trial and sentencing likely move toward greater pluralism behind Prussia/Germany in movement of a radical feminist group, Pussy Riot, over time as the professional and the along this path, from the establishment for a scandalous anti-Putin performance broader middle class expand and gain of an enlightened autocracy in the eigh- before the altar of one of Moscow’s confidence and political skills. teenth century to the grant of a consti- major Orthodox cathedrals.17 (That the Similarly, modern information and tution establishing a legislative Duma group’s action, mutatis mutandis, might communications technology is essential in 1905. Similarly, Nazi totalitarian- have led to criminal sanctions in many to Putin’s hope of building a globally ism was crushed in Prussia/Germany in Western countries was ignored in the competitive economy. He knows that: 1945, while Russia threw off its totali- stampede to castigate Putin.) In 2007, he called for turning Russia tarian system in 1991. The current pre- As disturbing as these actions may into an IT power by 2015.19 But this dominance of private property and the be, the obsession with Putin has blunted technology poses a serious challenge market in Russia, according to Malia, our appreciation of two other much to a political system in which the rul- should produce the same effect it has more important factors, which are driv- ing elite prefers to make key decisions elsewhere in Europe: the formation of

16 Two journalists, Peter Baker and Susan Glasser, were the first to offer an extended argument on Putin’s backtracking in their Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin’s Russia and the End of Revolution (New York: Scribner, 2005). 17 See, for example, the editorials the Wall Street Journal, “Of Putin and Punks,” August 20, 2012, and the Washington Post, “A Russian Farce,” August 18, 2012. 18 Leonid Grigoryev and Alla Salmina, “The Middle Class in Russia: An Agenda for Structured Analysis,” Social Sciences 1/42 (2011), pp. 3–22. 19 Vladimir Putin, Vstupitel’noye slovo na zadedanii Soveta Bezopasnosti po voprosu razvitiya informatsionnogo obshchestva v Rossii [Introductory remarks at the Security Council session on the development of an information society in Russia], July 25, 2007, available at http://archive.kremlin.ru/appears/2007/07/25/1945_type63378_138519. shtml.

16 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 a civil society and a pluralistic polity. France carved up Africa. Russia’s two nomic levers, especially control of oil The only question is how long. While deep thrusts into Europe, in 1814/15 and gas pipelines, in an effort to reas- Russia will continue to lag behind, and 1944/45, came not as consequences sert its influence. Success has proved globalization and modern information of Russian aggression but as responses elusive. Two key countries—Ukraine and communications technology could to the catastrophic strategic blunders and Uzbekistan —have not been par- accelerate the pace of convergence with of Napoleon and Hitler. Although the ticularly responsive to Russian blan- Western democratic values and norms. 20 Soviet Union was tenacious in hold- dishments or pressure. Ukraine—even One question remains: Is there a ing on to its satellites in Europe—as under a supposedly pro-Russian presi- sufficient overlap in American and the East Germans, Hungarians, Poles, dent—still sees its future in Europe Russian strategic interests to support a Czechs, and Slovaks can testify—it was and not in Russia’s orbit. Uzbekistan broad cooperative relationship? much more cautious in challenging the continues to maneuver among Russia, Russia’s foreign policy boils down United States farther afield. Significant China, and the United States to rein- to one goal: to be a great power, to support for anti-American governments force its independence. Meanwhile, have a seat at the high table of global and movements in Latin America, China is rapidly overtaking Russia politics. That is the goal Putin set for Africa, and Asia, and the invasion of as Central Asia’s leading commercial himself and Russia when he assumed Afghanistan, came only as the United partner, and radical Islamic movements power at the very end of 1999, after a States wallowed in self-doubt after are penetrating into both Central Asia decade of profound socio-economic the Vietnam debacle. Ironically, that and the Caucasus. Under these cir- crisis and national humiliation. He aggressive foreign policy led to the cumstances, the challenge for Russia spent his first years in power rebuilding overstretch that played a large role in remains what it has been for the past the state and reasserting Russia’s role in the Soviet Union’s demise in 1991. generation: recreating itself as the global affairs. He will continue in this Post-Soviet Russia has been much dynamic core of Eurasia, which can mold in this third presidential term. As less aggressive,22 and more conser- both attract neighboring states and reli- he wrote during the election campaign, vative and risk-averse, as it seeks ably project influence abroad. he intends to conduct an independent to manage relations with the three Second, Europe and East Asia. strategic foreign policy that reflects regions—the former Soviet space, These are the strategic poles, between “Russia’s unique place on the global Europe, and East Asia—critical to its which Russia must find a bal- political map, its role in history, and in great-power status, as well as with the ance to advance its global standing. the development of civilization.”21 United States, which in the Russian Strategically, China offers a counter- Many Americans will take little mind poses the greatest challenge to balance to the United States, while comfort in Putin’s vision, for Russia that status. Despite much rhetoric about good relations with Europe provide a as a great power evokes dark images Russia’s return as a major power, the strategic hedge against Chinese eco- of aggression and imperialism. Those results have been decidedly mixed. nomic penetration of Central Asia and fears are overdrawn. The fact is that, To begin with, the former Soviet Siberia, as well as increased leverage since it emerged as a great power some space. Preeminence in that region has in relations with the United States. three hundred years ago, Russia has historically given Russia its geopo- Commercially, improved trade and conducted itself much as any other litical heft. Not surprisingly, Putin has investment relations with China and the great power. Its expansion into east- sought to reintegrate this space, wit- rest of East Asia could provide a bal- ern Europe in the eighteenth century ness the Customs Union with Belarus ance to relations with Europe, Russia’s came at the expense of the waning and Kazakhstan and Putin’s call for a main commercial partner by a wide Swedish, Polish, and Ottoman states, Eurasian Union (along the lines of the margin. The challenge for Russia is to as did Prussia’s and Austria’s. In the European Union) that would encom- maintain good relations with Europe nineteenth century, Russia swept into pass all the former Soviet space. Russia and East Asia and to advance economic Central Asia, as Great Britain and has also aggressively used its eco- integration with both, while reinforcing

20 Malia lays out this argument in detail in Russia under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999). See in particular pp. 17–39, 418–419. 21 Vladimir Putin, “Rossiya i menyayushchiysya mir” [Russia and the Changing World], Moskovskiye novosti, February 27, 2012, available at http://mn.ru/poli- tics/20120227/312306749.html. 22 Russia’s war with Georgia in 2008 was the first time Russia had sent its army across its borders to engage in hostilities since the disastrous Afghan campaign. The military’s performance against a third-rate power was so uninspiring that less than two years later Moscow declined a request from Kyrgyzstan’s new pro-Russian leaders for troops to help stabilize the situation in the aftermath of their overthrow of the previous leader.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 17 its own internal cohesion so that it is To sum up this brief analysis: use of a weapon of mass destruction. not pulled apart by the attractive pow- Russia will continue to matter over the Although the administration wants ers of Europe and East Asia. long run. There is a reasonable chance to pursue further strategic reductions Finally, the United States. As the that its values will slowly converge and bring tactical nuclear weapons into preeminent world power, it presents with ours. It aspires to be a great power, the negotiating framework, it needs to a special challenge to Russia. Behind but must navigate with great care to tread carefully, because they undermine American policies, particularly along maintain that status. And its goals and Russia’s confidence in its great-power their borders, Russian leaders see de- conduct do not preclude cooperation status, which is critical to progress. signs to weaken and contain Russia. on issues of importance to the United Further strategic reductions will This was particularly true under Clinton States, although they make it clear approach the threshold beyond which and Bush, when boasts about the United Russia will demand a steep price. How other nuclear powers, notably China, States as the “indispensable nation” or then should the United States proceed? become players in the strategic balance the “unipolar moment” were common In broad terms, our Russia policy and our missile defense system could fare. In response, Russia has sought to should have three goals: consolidating pose a genuine threat to Russia’s strate- contain American ambitions, to cre- and expanding current cooperation on gic deterrent. At the same time, Russia

Russia will continue to matter…. There is a reasonable chance that its values will slowly converge with ours.

ate conditions that would transform the strategic issues and nonproliferation; will long continue to depend on tacti- United States into what might be called managing geopolitical competition in cal nuclear weapons for defense as it a normal great power, one that recog- part by separating it from differences slowly rebuilds its conventional capa- nizes that it must take into account the over values; and laying the foundation bilities. There may be value to discuss- interests of, and work with, the other for long-term cooperative relations by ing both issues in a general way, but great powers to advance its own. To this increasing the number of stakeholders neither is ripe for serious negotiation. end, Russia seeks to keep issues of war in and articulating a strategic frame- For different reasons, we will and peace in bodies where it has a veto, work for such relations. continue to find the Russians diffi- notably the UN Security Council. It cre- To begin, the building blocks are cult to deal with on specific countries ates coalitions intended to constrain the already in place for a significant part- of proliferation concern, such as Iran United States on specific matters or in nership on strategic issues and nonpro- and North Korea. In these cases, geo- specific regions, such as the Shanghai liferation, including the new START, politics override WMD concerns, and, Cooperation Organization, intended to the 123 Agreement on civilian nuclear as it is true of all geopolitical issues, limit American actions in Central Asia, cooperation, the Cooperative Threat different priorities complicate coop- or the BRICS with the goal of increas- Reduction program, and the Global eration on supposedly shared interests. ing emerging markets’ role in the man- Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. To gain maximal benefit from our rela- agement of the global economy at the Our focus should be on implement- tions with Russia on contentious geo- West’s expense. But, just as important, ing the new START and expanding political issues (which lie primarily in if not more so, it seeks to restrain the and deepening the cooperation within Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Middle United States by partnering with it where the framework of other programs, to East, and the Balkans), we need to set it can, preferably on the basis of juridi- include, for example, developing pro- our priorities, understand Russia’s, cally binding agreements, in the belief liferation-resistant nuclear reactors, and then fashion a delicate balance of that partnership makes the United States promoting best practices for the safety trade-offs within and across issues that more predictable and enhances Russia’s and security of nuclear facilities, devel- advance our goals. At the same time, international standing. The challenge oping technologies and procedures for we need to guard against the ever- for Russia is to find the mix of counter- finding and recovering “lost” nuclear present temptation to demonize Russia ing and engaging the United States that weapons, and devising ways to mitigate in instances of geopolitical rivalry or most benefits its own interests. the consequences of a terrorist group’s posit fundamental differences in values

18 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 as their root cause. This approach does government has promoted people-to- work that could guide and inform cur- little to advance our interests on the people contacts, including university rent decisions. The world today is in a issue at hand, while jeopardizing coop- partnerships, scientific and cultural period of great flux, and a new equilib- eration on other issues of importance exchanges and projects, cooperation rium will gradually emerge to replace to us. It also undermines our interest between nongovernmental organiza- the Western-dominated international in Russia’s democratic development as tions, and similar activities; provided system, which is breaking down under the Russian leadership tends to tighten modest financial and logistical sup- multiple stresses. Ideally, the United the screws internally in response to port to various initiatives; facilitated States and Russia would work together perceived external threats. This does contact by easing visa restrictions and in determining realistic scenarios for not mean that we should not criticize customs regulations; and encouraged global developments and exploring Russia’s domestic politics, only that we the Russian government to act in simi- their consequences for American and need to focus that criticism on specific lar ways. This is important work, but Russian national interests in an effort to violations of human rights or unwar- we must be realistic about expecta- identify overlapping strategic interests. ranted limitations on political rights tions. Nourishing stakeholders takes Ironically, such an effort could dis- and divorce it from Russia’s behavior time, and in the end there are limits to cover that one area of overlap is the on specific foreign-policy and security what governments can do. Individual region that has caused so much trouble issues. Nor does it mean that we should Americans and Russians themselves in relations: the former Soviet space. not support democratic development in must find their own reasons for work- Russia finds itself under pressure all Russia in a general way through vari- ing with people and institutions from along its periphery: China is penetrat- ous exchange programs and people-to- the other country. ing Central Asia commercially and, in people initiatives, only that we need The need for realistic expectations time, perhaps militarily; radical Islam to avoid acting in ways that suggest a is nowhere more true than in business- groups in the Middle East are infect- desire to change the domestic balance to-business relations. Many observers ing Muslims in Central Asia and the to suit our geopolitical interests. hold out great promise for such rela- Caucasus; disarray in Europe impedes Finally, as we manage current tions now that Russia has joined the the economic integration that is vital to affairs, we need to prepare for the WTO. Experts predict that U.S. exports Russia’s future. At the same time, the future by multiplying stakeholders and to Russia could more than double in United States needs to build security articulating a strategic framework. five years, creating thousands of new structures in East Asia, Central/South Our bilateral relations have long jobs in the United States and bring- Asia, the Middle East, and Europe as suffered from the lack of sufficient ing substantial profits to U.S. compa- the foundation for a new global equi- stakeholders, who can act as ballast nies.23 Clearly, our government should librium. A close look at American and whenever relations between our gov- energetically promote trade with and Russian interests and capabilities could ernments sour. To nourish stakehold- investment in Russia. But American lead to the conclusion that, contrary ers inside the government and the companies and investors will make the to the current wisdom in Washington broader public—and to advance our final decisions, and Russia competes and Moscow, the United States needs a interests on a range of security, politi- with many other and often more prom- robust Russian presence in the former cal, and socio-economic issues—we ising markets, so far not with remark- Soviet space and Russia needs an active should reinforce and expand the ongo- able success: Russia is the recipient of American presence all along its borders ing work of the Bilateral Presidential well under one percent of total U.S. as essential elements of the Eurasian Commission. Launched in 2009, the exports and a small percentage of security architecture each country commission brings together officials American outward investment. As a needs for its own purposes. That would and, where appropriate, private sector result, growing commercial relations mark a strategic reversal in Russian players, to work on such issues as agri- are not going to radically change the and American thinking about their rela- culture; counterterrorism; education; nature of bilateral relations in the near tions, one that could decisively break emergency situations; energy secu- future. It will take time. the current pattern of cooperation and rity, health, science and technology; As we nourish stakeholders, we competition to the great benefit of both and space. Within the framework, our need to develop a strategic frame- sides. I

23 Anders Aslund and Gary Clyde Hufbauer, “The United States Should Establish Permanent Normal Trade Relations with Russia,” Policy Brief Number PB11-20, Peterson Institute for International Economics, November 2011, p. 2.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 19 FOLLOWING the LEADERS How higher education visionaries are pointing students toward the future

“The immensely increased demand for educated talent has placed a wholly new emphasis upon the role of colleges and universities in our national life. Virtually the total future leadership of our society— political, cultural, industrial, technical, professional, educational and agricultural—is today being channeled through the colleges and universities…It follows that these institutions will play a far more weighty and powerful role on the American scene than anyone had anticipated. As the cradle of our national leadership, their vitality and excellence become a matter of critical importance.”

While these words ring true in with an abiding concern for American was with Gardner’s legacy in mind that 2012, in fact they were written in 1956. education, he went on to serve as Corporation president Vartan Gregorian The passage appeared in an essay called U.S. Secretary of Health, Education launched the Academic Leadership “The Great Talent Hunt” in the Carnegie and Welfare under President Lyndon Awards in 2005. More than prizes, Corporation annual report, written by Johnson, founded the nonpartisan they were meant to be investments in John W. Gardner, Corporation presi- citizen’s lobby Common Cause and education—a tradition reaching back dent from 1955 to 1967. A psychologist chaired the National Urban Coalition. It to founder Andrew Carnegie. “Most

20 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 University of Pennsylvania President Amy Gutmann with Penn students, 2011.

How higher education visionaries are pointing students toward the future by Karen theroux

Carnegie dollars find their way into col- have received Academic Leadership initiatives,” said Vartan Gregorian, leges and universities,” Gardner also Awards so far; recipients have been president of Carnegie Corporation, wrote. “Andrew Carnegie was deeply heads of first-rate institutions large and who, with the foundation’s Board of interested in these institutions, and his small, public and private, from both Trustees, established the award pro- personal gifts to them were extensive.” coasts and in between. While each site gram. What did the presidents do with Since 2005 the Academic presents a distinct set of challenges, their half-millions? From bioethics Leadership Award has been given peri- what unites these leaders is their dedi- internships to African studies, com- odically, as a way for the foundation cation to teaching and research, their munity arts outreach to international to recognize, develop and sustain best firm belief in the value of higher educa- education initiatives and strengthening practices in higher education. It recog- tion for all and their vigorous outreach math and science options for liberal arts nizes leaders of institutions of higher to the wider community. students—their plans were inventive, education who have demonstrated their Winners each received a grant of pragmatic and always aimed toward the commitment to liberal arts and who $500,000 to be used in pursuing their future. This report reflects the diversity have initiated and supported curricu- academic priorities. “At a time when lar innovations, and it honors leader- resources are scarce, we hope these Karen Theroux is an editor/writer in the ship that actively supports K-12 school awards will allow outstanding lead- Corporation’s public affairs department reform and emphasizes community ers to maintain the momentum of their with many years’ experience in educa- outreach. Twelve exemplary leaders most critical and innovative educational tional publishing.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 21 that exists among some of higher edu- practical experience with theory across honor of Carnegie Corporation’s com- cation’s brightest stars, as well as their the curriculum, providing students with mitments to school reform, President powerful aspirations for all America’s numerous opportunities to work with Bienen specified that the funds be students, now and far into the future. professionals in their field. President used for stipends and fellowships for Henry Bienen, President Bienen placed major emphasis on cre- doctoral students engaged in K-12 of Northwestern University in ating opportunities for undergradu- reform efforts. Evanston, Illinois, was given one of ate research and expanded laboratory The grant also supported undergrad- facilities and programs. The university uate research through the Buffett Center President also teamed up with public schools in for International and Comparative Henry Bienen. Detroit and Chicago, leveraging its Studies and the Program of African

Northwestern expertise to improve classroom learn- Studies. The Buffett Center aids collab- student Josh ing and build human capital. orative interdisciplinary scholarship by Boxer helping rural Ugandans The Carnegie Corporation grant working with a variety of organizations learn to farm accompanying President Bienen’s and communities to solve global prob- ginger. award facilitated the dramatic expan- lems. One of its hallmark programs sion of undergraduate research at is the Center for Global Engagement Northwestern, enabling the university (CGE), a comprehensive student sup- to add a new research assistants’ pro- port center dedicated to preparing gram, an intensive language training undergraduates to address global pov- grant, support for students presenting erty and inequality through experiential at conferences and a program involv- learning. Through CGE, students from ing more humanities and creative arts over 50 colleges and universities form students in undergraduate research. small teams to work at community- “The Academic Leadership Award based organizations in South America, allowed me to support Northwestern Africa, the Caribbean and India. The programs that inspired me as a scholar program begins with classroom work and teacher,” said President Bienen. on international and community devel- “They were among the University’s opment; team building and community top institutional priorities, and reflected consulting as well as cultural, politi- Carnegie Corporation’s focus on edu- cal, social and economic explorations cational reform, international peace of their host countries. Through train- and security and partnerships with ing, fieldwork and reflection, it aims African universities.” These efforts to develop global leaders from various have led to notable accomplishments disciplines to work as partners with from Northwestern students, including local organizations. Nearly 300 stu- many who have gone on to such gradu- dents have participated since 2007. ate programs and fellowships as the Northwestern’s Program of African the inaugural Academic Leadership Rhodes and the Marshall. Meanwhile, Studies (PAS), founded in 1948, has Awards in 2005. Bienen, a political students are learning how to take achieved international prominence for scientist, had been a Princeton pro- responsibility for their education and innovative scholarship and training fessor for 28 years, then dean of the discovering the pitfalls and pleasures of Africa specialists. It promotes both Woodrow Wilson School of Foreign of generating original knowledge. undergraduate and graduate study of Policy, before being named president The School of Education and Africa through interdisciplinary courses, of Northwestern in 1995, where he was Social Policy (SESP) at Northwestern language training, research and student- credited with boosting the university’s benefited from the Corporation award, focused events. PAS offers awards for academic prominence as well as greatly which helped in recruiting talented doc- language study, working groups, travel increasing the quantity and quality of toral students to two outstanding pro- to conferences and archives and sum- applicants. Undergraduate education grams: Learning Sciences and Human mer pre-dissertation research. Today at Northwestern is known for bridging Development and Social Policy. In PAS serves as the academic, social and

22 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 administrative center of the University’s ogy in concert with the humanities and the grant was used to fund both curricu- African Studies community. for advancing students’ science research lum development and enrichment expe- Carnegie Mellon University opportunities. riences outside the classroom. Pres ident Jared L. Cohon also re- President Cohon used the Academic “Because our students tend to be ceived an award that first year. Inno- Leadership Award largely to expand so focused on majors, the best way to vation and growth have characterized Carnegie Mellon’s global curriculum at get their attention is to use their majors the university since his appointment in the main campus. “Over the last several to convey global issues. We invited all 1997, and Car- years the university has become very seven colleges to propose courses or negie Mellon is global in its footprint, with programs modules to incorporate global content widely seen as the in many different countries,” he says. into their particular curriculum.” A leader in linking “At the same time, we saw the need to campus-wide effort was undertaken to technology and enhance the international character of define the components of global liter- education. During the campus in Pittsburgh. This was the acy—intellectual skills, social/cultural his presidency, Dr. focus of the leadership grant: increas- competencies and ethical dispositions. Cohon oversaw a ing global literacy and awareness Among the courses specifically devel- dramatic increase among undergraduates there. oped for this initiative were these: President Jared L. Cohon in the university’s “Every university is thinking about I History: Disastrous Encounters educational ac- how to prepare students for the increas- I Computer science: Technology tivities around the world, establishing ingly ‘flat world’ after they graduate,” for Global Development a campus in Qatar and graduate de- President Cohon explains. “Surprisingly, I Architecture: Mapping Urbanism gree programs in Australia, Portugal our students are not as globally aware I Information systems: Global and China. President Cohon came to as I think they ought to be. Not only Project Management Carnegie Mellon from Yale, where he is Carnegie Mellon global, we’re also I Philosophy: Health, Develop- was dean of the School of Forestry and exceptionally international in terms of ment and Human Rights Environmental Studies after teaching at our student body. But many American I Civil engineering: International Johns Hopkins for 19 years. Known for kids don’t see the need to embrace or at Collaborative Project Management integrating academic and co-curricular least understand global awareness while I Biology: Biotechnology Impact- experiences, Carnegie Mellon Univer- they’re students.” Along with many ing Our Selves, Society and the Sphere sity has earned national attention for faculty leaders, he considered it vital to President Cohon cites one exam- emphasizing engineering and technol- expand students’ global awareness, and ple, a course in information systems, a major separate from computer science Don Randel, former president, University of Chicago. at Carnegie Mellon. “The course cre- ated with the leadership award is Global UChicago UTEP alum Frank Kadri with students at the Carter G. Woodson Campus of the UChicago Charter School. Project Management. Information sys- tems undergraduates from the Qatar and Singapore programs work together on project teams with U.S. students to produce something collaboratively. This gives students exposure to the realities of working across time zones and cultures.” Don M. Randel, President of the University of Chicago, completed the 2005 Academic Leadership trifecta. One of the nation’s foremost musicolo- gists, he came to Chicago after 32 years at Cornell University, first as a profes- sor, then as provost. Don Randel’s pres- idency was characterized by efforts to

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 23 strengthen the humanities and the arts ates for teaching in the Chicago public Award recipient. He was recognized for on campus, as well as outreach to the schools and has since become a well- reinvigorating the city system, which city of Chicago and a buildup of the established model program. comprises 24 colleges and professional university’s programs in the physical The university’s Physical Sciences schools throughout five boroughs, and biomedical sciences. Now presi- division received funding for out- by raising standards, strengthening dent of the Mellon Foundation, Don reach relating to scientific research student preparation and revolution- Randel encouraged a greater awareness programs, including activities for pre- izing financing. Initiatives such as the of the value of diversity, calling for a college students based at two NSF- establishment of focused improvement in this area by funded research centers—the Materials a new honors col- the whole UChicago community. Research Science & Engineering lege offering free In presenting the award, Vartan Center and the Center for Cosmological tuition to over Gregorian cited the University of Physics. Funding also went to collabo- 1,000 of the city’s Chicago’s support for undergraduate ration between the University and the highest achiev- research along with education reform Chicago public schools for computer- ing students; a initiatives and the creation of a resil- assisted and Internet-assisted pedagogy commitment of ient network on Chicago’s South Side and to exploring a partnership between over $1 billion Chancellor among schools, the community and the university scientists and the Museum Matthew for expanding university. “Vartan Gregorian is a very of Science and Industry. Goldstein science facilities; astute observer of higher education, The Divinity School received sup- and partnerships with the Department and that makes this award an especially port for promotion of Islamic stud- of Education to help city students meet satisfying honor,” President Randel ies and general religious discussion. graduation requirements and prepare told UChicago News. “But this is really Michael Sells, professor of Islamic for college success were all imple- not so much an award for me person- History and Literature, got funding for mented under Chancellor Goldstein. ally as it is a recognition of the char- his own research and for his role in lead- Appointed in 1999 after serving in acter of the university. A great many ing a broader discussion of Islamic stud- senior academic and administrative people, including deans, faculty, staff ies in the university, work that led to the positions for more than 30 years, he is and students, have contributed to the Mellon Islamic Studies Initiative, a mul- the first alumnus of the university to initiatives cited.” tidisciplinary, cross-university program hold this position. President Randel divided the that aims to bring the teaching of Islam Chancellor Goldstein believes “stu- $500,000 award among five campus into the mainstream of academic study. dents come to CUNY to change their programs. The largest portion was allo- The Humanities Division used a lives.” Yet while striving to revitalize the cated to the Center for Urban School portion of the grant for the university’s institution that serves the widely diverse Improvement, a multifaceted program participation in “Silk Road Chicago,” a needs of New York City’s students, the of research, training and engage- year-long partnership fostered by Yo Yo chancellor has also drawn attention to ment with the Chicago public schools Ma and Chicago’s educational, artistic what he terms “an alarming trend: fewer (CPS) that has since been expanded and cultural institutions. And funds were students enrolling and succeeding in the and renamed the University of Chicago allocated to a then-nascent program, the disciplines of science, technology, engi- Urban Education Institute (UEI). Half Black Metropolis Research Consortium, neering, and mathematics (STEM).” He the Carnegie funds went to support the a collaboration of Chicago-area institu- sees students scared off by the accurate basic program, which at that time was tions with major holdings of materials perception that these disciplines are dif- developing and testing a training cur- that document African American and ficult, that they require serious work riculum for CPS principals and other African diaspora culture, history and and effort. Highlighting math talent, school leaders, now being shared with politics, especially relating to Chicago. the chancellor has applied part of his urban school districts across the coun- This funding positioned the BMRC to Carnegie Corporation grant to fund the try. The second half of the Carnegie receive major support from other foun- annual CUNY Math Challenge. Open funds for this work supported the Urban dations and federal agencies. to any matriculated CUNY undergradu- Teachers Education Program (UTEP), Matthew Goldstein, Chancellor ate student, the challenge is made up which had been launched to prepare the of the City University of New York, of four rounds of math problems over University’s liberal arts undergradu- was the 2007 Academic Leadership four months. Participants submit their

24 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 answers online for each round, accu- Burns. Open to the public and firmly “We were able to combine the diversity mulating points along the way, with grounded in the academy, these public agenda with the anchor institution role winners moving on to the final round, conversations remain some of the most of Syracuse University and demon- an in-person competition for approxi- viewed events in the Graduate Center’s strate that a private institution can func- mately 30 qualifying students who vie video archive, setting the standard for tion as a public good.” for up to $15,000 in cash prizes. Over future public programming efforts. These projects are distinctive in 400 students rose to the most recent Nancy Cantor, Chancellor and that they are interdisciplinary, incorpo- challenge. President of Syracuse University, Chancellor Goldstein is, in his own was one of two award recipients in words, “a big liberal arts and science 2008. An advocate for diversity in President guy who would like to do away with higher education, her Scholarship in Nancy Cantor; majors and allow students to immerse Action campaign helped to elevate Syracuse Students themselves in an exploratory interdis- the university’s national reputation meet with ciplinary journey,” as he did as a City and to attract students from all socio- local police College math student who learned to economic and cultural spheres. The at La Casita. embrace music, literature and philoso- alliance she forged between Syracuse phy thanks to some outstanding pro- University and the city’s school district fessors. It concerns him that too many to provide new opportunities for qual- students around the United States are ity instruction and enable high school overly career oriented and go to college students to pursue higher education solely to get a job. Education has to be is emblematic of her many efforts to balanced, he stresses. engage with the surrounding com- To broaden students’ horizons, munity and foster ongoing economic a major beneficiary of the chancel- development in the region. Chancellor lor’s Carnegie Corporation grant was Cantor came to Syracuse in 2004 from the Great Issues Forum, a series of the University of Illinois at Urbana- high-profile, free public conversations Champaign. Earlier, at the University featuring artists, intellectuals and poli- of Michigan, she was involved in the cymakers, run by the Graduate Center defense of affirmative action in the of the City University of New York. cases Grutter and Gratz, decided by the rate student learning, integrate outside The inaugural theme for 2008–2009 Supreme Court in 2003. experts and have the potential to bring was power: political, economic, cul- President Cantor’s Scholarship in lasting change. In President Cantor’s tural, military and educational—in Action work was a key factor in her view, the Scholarship in Action proj- an increasingly globalized world. receiving the award, and she felt the ects offered sustainable opportuni- Prominent guests included Nicholas most effective fulfillment of the spirit ties for scholars and students to cross Kristof, Mary Robinson, Naomi of the accompanying grant would be to boundaries and collaborate with com- Klein, Joseph Stiglitz, Tom Stoppard provide seed money for the campaign’s munities of experts to make an impact and Derek Walcott, among others. In faculty-led projects. Combining the on the world. “We’re trying to make 2009–2010, the Forum focused on Corporation’s funds with over $1 mil- the argument that the challenges of religion, and featured scientists and lion from other donors, she supported a this world today are very particular philosophers as well as religious lead- group of designated projects that bring to local contexts, but they resonate ers, who examined fundamental ques- faculty and students together in col- across all frameworks. These projects tions about the nature of religion and laboration with experts from myriad emerged from really superb proposals,” secularity. In its third and final year, the sectors to address critical challenges— President Cantor adds, “which is why Forum turned its focus to the theme of from multicultural community engage- we added other donor money to make place, exploring such issues as urban- ment to inclusive urban education. them a reality. And they have continued ization, environment and regionalism “This award allowed us to jumpstart after the seed funding was spent.” with Malcolm Gladwell, Highline co- the spreading of our vision throughout The following are some of the pro- founder Robert Hammond and Ken the institution,” says President Cantor. grams selected for funding:

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 25 I The LOCAL (Laboratory of for undocumented high school gradu- donors followed, adding hundreds of Com munity, Arts and Learning); this ates and for students from challeng- thousands more. program aims to explore the arts as a ing backgrounds and has launched a Recognizing the need for a staff per- means for collective problem solving, charter school to son who would help these students deal using campus–community partner- develop model with their unique challenges, a donor ships to produce workshops and perfor- curricula for col- provided additional money, but “I got mances in public spaces. lege readiness. A worried about what would happen in I CNYSpeaks encourages respon- fellow of the Na- five years when this funding ran out,” sive leadership by creating mechanisms tional Academy says Chancellor Birgeneau. He then by which citizens can express their con- of Sciences, he took another $100,000 from the grant cerns, the first of which is a “Citizens’ was previously to endow the staff position. “It was Agenda for Downtown Syracuse.” the president of unprecedented,” he says, “but as a result Chancellor I La Casita Cultural Center, an Robert the University of of my good faith funding, another donor anchor institution in the local commu- Birgeneau Toronto and was put up an equal amount, then a third did nity, is designed to serve as a multigen- on the faculty of the Massachusetts In- the same and so on.” With $1 million, erational, multicultural gathering place stitute of Technology for 25 years. CISN is close to being fully funded. to aid the revitalization of the city’s Chancellor Birgeneau decided “The Carnegie Corporation money is transitioning West Side. to use the grant from Carnegie invaluable in convincing other people I Smart Kids-Visual Stories Corporation strategically in support to match,” he explains. “$500,000 is brings voices of young students to the of some of the most disadvantaged enough that you can give $50,000 or fore, using youth-created digital video Berkeley undergraduates. He describes $100,000 to a bigger cause, and if the to represent the experience of urban the commitment to providing for these chancellor gives it, that is large enough.” education and influence how schools students as his “guiding philosophy…a Chancellor Birgeneau has a simi- are transformed. high priority that I gave myself.” When lar funding strategy underway to help I “Say Yes to Education” Com- the chancellor first came to Berkeley, transfer students from under-repre- munity Outreach works to create a it was not recognized that there was a sented populations, most of whom college-going culture bridging the op- subcategory of students who were for- attended community colleges and are portunity gap that prevents many stu- mer foster children. These young peo- from low-income families. And he is dents in urban schools from attending ple had made their way through high devoting personal attention to undocu- college and participating fully in the school and into the university, but were mented immigrant students, who he global economy. left completely on their own by the fos- says face severe challenges. “Once I I Regional Holocaust and Geno- ter care system at age 18. understood how extraordinary these cide Initiative conducts research and Berkeley officials became aware people were in overcoming barriers, it creates coursework to address the fact of their situation when they announced was clear we needed to do something that, despite the recurrent human ca- the intention of closing down the resi- for them as well.” New legislation tastrophe of genocide in our world, the dences over Thanksgiving to save in California has made it possible to topic is not covered in K-12 curricula. money. A group of students then offer state aid to these students, and the Robert J. Birgeneau, Chancel- approached the staff and explained chancellor donated more of the award lor of the University of California, that, since they had no families, closing to seed a school fund for them, which Berkeley, was also recognized in 2008. the dorms would put them on the street. was followed by an anonymous dona- A spokesman for public higher educa- “It was an eye opener,” says Chancellor tion of $300,000. “We have hopes of tion and for maintaining affordability, Birgeneau. Upon receiving his lead- raising ten times that amount of money, particularly for those of limited means, ership award, the chancellor imme- which is what we really need,” he says, he introduced initiatives focusing on diately donated $50,000 to the Cal adding “I cannot imagine anything global poverty, climate change and Independent Scholars Network (CISN), better the Carnegie Corporation grant multiculturalism while building strong which was created to support and pro- could be used for.” links with UC Berkeley’s surrounding vide resources to undergraduates who Two thousand nine was a ban- community. Chancellor Birgeneau has are former foster youth, orphaned or ner year for the Academic Leadership advocated on behalf of financial aid otherwise without parental aid. Other Award, with four recipients in all, among

26 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 them Leon Botstein, Bard College President Botstein opted to apply other liberal arts institutions. Carnegie President since 1975. He was chosen the $500,000 grant accompanying his Corporation’s grant “enabled us to for a range of national, international award to the project he considered Bard purchase essential equipment and hire and local accomplishments, including College’s most significant new aca- talented instructors for this program,” pioneering work in linking higher edu- demic initiative: the Citizen Science President Botstein reported. “It has also cation to public secondary schools. In Program. Created to transform the way given us the opportunity to focus in- conjunction with the New York City science and mathematics are taught and tently on its curriculum and design.” At Board of Education, President Botstein to encourage more undergraduates to the end of the day, nothing less than the established an innovative, tuition-free, pursue science careers, the program is a future of our democracy depends on the high school–early college program for response to the inability of undergradu- cultivation of inquisitive, critical minds, highly motivated students. Under his ate institutions to educate nonscientists and the promotion of science literacy is about significant issues related to mat- an essential component of this vision. ters of scientific analysis and policy President Botstein believes recog- currently facing the country and world. nition for Bard sends a message about President Leon “I believe that for too long liberal edu- the role of liberal arts education. “We Botstein; cation and general education curricula are enormously gratified that we are the Bard students in a Citizen have failed to find a stable and effec- only freestanding liberal arts college Science tive place for science and mathemat- to have received this award,” he says. Program lab. ics,” he explained, stressing the need to “It is very encouraging to see that the equip young people to evaluate scien- liberal arts college, one of the leading tific claims critically and accurately. parts of the private education sector, is The process of reinventing the sci- still deemed relevant. It demonstrates ences at Bard had begun in 1999 when that a smaller college can make itself a panel of distinguished scientists met a significant player in the 21st cen- with the college’s faculty over the tury. What we took from the award is course of a year. They concluded that that we are in the forefront. I want to liberal arts colleges, which produce a express my gratitude that we at Bard considerable number of science Ph.D.s, were chosen to be the one.” had the potential to change science edu- Tulane University President cation for the better, and that Bard was a Scott Cowen also received an award in good place to start. Substantial improve- 2009, which paid tribute to the institu- ments throughout the college’s Science, tion’s reputation for dedication to pub- Mathematics and Computing division lic service under his leadership. During resulted in a measurable jump in the the post-Katrina rebuilding of New percentage of majors in these fields. Orleans, President Cowen was active Introduced in 2010, the Citizen Sci- in helping to achieve the transforma- ence Program is an intensive introduc- tion of the city’s K-12 public schools, tion to the sciences that all first-year stu- including creation of an Institute for leadership, Bard created international dents are required to take during winter Public Education Initiatives as well as education programs in Russia and intercession. Its goal is to give students a charter school, Palestine, a human rights program in the tools, attitudes and motivation to and in sustaining South Africa and another that brings use science and mathematical concepts the city’s health students from emerging democracies to in their daily lives. The program is col- care system. He study at Bard for one year. In addition, laborative, and includes workshops, spearheaded an President Botstein is the music director lectures and service projects. The in- effort to repair the of the American Symphony Orchestra structors are Ph.D. level scientists from campus in time and the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra a wide range of respected institutions to accommodate and co-artistic director of the Bard and the program is meant to be a na- nearly 90 percent President Scott Music Festival. tional model that can be replicated at Cowen of students in

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 27 early 2006, just months after the hurri- developments are inspiring all Tulane ern research university, anticipating and cane’s devastation. President Cowen’s students, regardless of their major, meeting national and societal needs at tenure has seen a quadrupling of appli- to consider a life in which success is the dawn of the 21st century and beyond. cations and implementation of numer- significantly measured by the ‘good Amy Gutmann, President of ous innovative academic and research done’ and not just by material gain.” the University of Pennsylvania, initiatives. Prior to coming to Tulane, As a result, the first assistant pro- was another 2009 awardee. In 2004, President Cowen, an expert in finance vost for Civic Engagement and Social the first year of her presidency, she and management, was a professor and Entrepreneurship was hired to develop instituted the Penn Compact to advance then dean at Case Western Reserve research and curriculum, along with the the university by integrating knowl- University in Ohio for 23 years. first class of Social Entrepreneurship edge, engaging locally and globally To continue Tulane’s efforts to do Professors, five endowed professor- and increasing student access. Under “real good” in the community, President ships to provide a critical mass of President Gutmann’s leadership, Penn Cowen allocated the Academic faculty support for the program’s inter- has recruited an outstanding interdisci- Leadership grant to the social innova- disciplinary endeavors. In the fall of plinary faculty while working to make tion and entrepreneurship program. The 2012, Tulane also began offering an the university more fully affordable to university, which has a national reputa- undergraduate minor in the field. students from all socioeconomic back- tion for its culture of public service and On the community level, Tulane grounds. Penn’s community outreach civic engagement, launched this initia- Empowers mobilizes the university’s has fostered collaboration to improve tive to empower students from all disci- expertise and resources to support public education, public health, eco- plines to utilize their education and ideas existing and future initiatives in civic nomic development and employment as to solve pressing social challenges. The engagement and social innovation. The well as the physical landscape of West program nurtures and inspires social Urban Innovation Challenge provides Philadelphia. A respected political sci- innovation in a wide variety of ways: four $45,000 stipends and a one-year entist, philosopher and author, President through co-curricular programs; in aca- fellowship to innovators working on Gutmann was formerly a professor and demics and research and by engaging ideas for system-level change in New then provost at Princeton University. the New Orleans community. Orleans in the areas of sustainable urban She chairs the Presidential Commission The university’s social innova- development, public education, health for the Study of Bioethical Issues, tors are creating ethical, sustainable, and economic development. These are a which promotes responsible policies for scalable solutions by aligning institu- few of the many ways in which Tulane scientific research, health care delivery tional resources to support and advance aims to represent the best of the mod- and technological innovation. pioneering and transformative ideas. The university-wide, interdisciplin- Dr. Gutmann with GAPSA student leaders Nina Zhao (Vice Chair, Penn ary programs are grounded in teach- Med student) and Joe Friedman (Chair, Penn Law student). ing, research and the practice of social entrepreneurship. Since 2009, the pro- gram has grown from pockets of activi- ties across the campus, into a powerful intertwined strategy that includes a wide range of academic and research activity, student led projects and com- munity partnerships. “Funding from the Carnegie Corporation Award has enabled Tulane University to greatly expand social innovation opportunities for its stu- dents and faculty by creating a new curriculum and a cadre of social inno- vation professorships at the univer-

sity,” President Cowen said. “These THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

28 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 The Academic Leadership Award I Joanna Karaman, a student in science, technology, engineering and grant has been used at Penn to promote the same college, explored architec- math (STEM) education, particularly research partnerships between under- tural plastics and environmental health for minority students. He is commit- graduates and faculty mentors, and to with Franca Trubiano, professor of ted to serving a diverse educational support expanded travel opportunities Architecture in the School of Design; community and positively impacting for graduate and professional students. I Pablo Castillo, from the School the innovation economy through re- It has facilitated significant expansion of Engineering and Applied Science, search activity of the Penn Undergraduate Research worked with Katherine Kuchenbecker and workforce de- Mentoring Program (PURM) to include from the Department of Mechanical velopment. Under rising juniors as well as underclassmen. Engineering to create an online data- Chancellor Kir- Says President Gutmann, “Neuroethics, base of haptic textures for virtual envi- wan’s lead er ship, early childhood development, haptic ronments; and the uni ver sity technologies, modernist Harlem in con- I Catherine Lipsher, a student system partnered temporary literature—these are just a in the College of Arts and Sciences, with school sys- few of the undergraduate student proj- explored ethical, legal and social issues tems throughout Chancellor ects that the Carnegie award has sup- in neuroscience with faculty men- William E. the state to im- ported since 2009 at Penn. Through this tor Dr. Jonathan Moreno, who holds Kirwan prove teaching award, Penn has invested more deeply joint appointments in Penn’s School and student learning. Prior to becom- in these unique opportunities to facili- of Medicine and the School of Arts ing chancellor in 2002, he served as tate the hands-on, face-to-face learning and Sciences as a Penn Integrates president of Ohio State University and between students and faculty that sup- Knowledge (PIK) professor. of the University of Maryland, College ports teaching creativity and the inte- In addition, the Graduate and Park, where he taught for 24 years. gration of knowledge. Interdisciplinary Professional Student Assembly Recognizing America’s urgent need student research—often where the most (GAPSA) used award funds to help for more college graduates, President exciting new knowledge is emerg- graduate and professional students Kirwan chose to leverage his award in ing today—is flourishing at Penn, in cover critical meeting and conference support of USM’s initiative on college part because of this support from the expenses, which has enabled them to completion, furthering the university’s Carnegie Corporation.” present their research at international goal of promoting access and success PURM enables students to develop conferences. Awardees are selected by a for every qualified student. “The United one-on-one relationships with Penn review committee made up of research States is falling behind our international faculty mentors over a 10-week period students, professional students, the vice competitors in the percentage of young during the summer. Many of these chairs for Research and Professional adults receiving a college degree,” he projects extend into the academic year Students and the vice chair of GAPSA. explained. “It is especially important through informal collaborations and By bringing students of different dis- that we enable more first-generation independent study. The award funds ciplines together, GAPSA, the uni- college students and under-represented opened the door for students from versity-wide student government for minorities to gain access to college and Penn’s School of Arts and Sciences, graduate and professional students, has complete their degrees. Engineering, Nursing and Wharton, been instrumental in promoting inter- “Thanks to the generous Carnegie among others. Some notable examples disciplinary research. award, the University System of demonstrate the range of students’ William E. Kirwan, Chancel- Maryland has been able to improve research projects: lor of the University System of pathways to college and increase stu- I Heather Bromfield, a student Maryland (USM), received an award dent retention and completion out- in the College of Arts and Sciences, in 2009. Chancellor Kirwan is well comes,” Chancellor Kirwan said. “We worked with faculty mentor Yin Ling known for striving to make excellent were able to leverage the award and Irene Wong in the School of Social higher education both accessible and attract an additional $1.8 million of Policy and Practice to look at a cross- affordable, and he has significantly ad- matching grants through private fun- cultural research agenda and social vanced efforts to close the achievement draising. Thus, the Carnegie award inclusion for persons with disabilities gap in his state. A respected mathemati- helped us build $2.3 million in total in China; cian, he has stressed the importance of funds for three initiatives—our course

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 29 redesign initiative that is resulting in the STEM fields, largely due to they were years ago, particularly for in higher rates of student success in the Meyerhoff Scholars Program he poor people of all races,” according gateway courses, often at lower deliv- instituted, which recruits, mentors to President Hrabowski. “How do we ery costs; a “near completer” program and supports high-achieving minority make sure that students from different administered through the Maryland students. This program has inspired backgrounds not only enter college, but Higher Education Commission to ben- similar endeavors across multiple dis- also excel? Finding answers—indeed efit USM students who are just a few ciplines, including the humanities and creating answers—to this question, credits shy of graduation, but at risk liberal arts. The university is involved especially in the light of transform- of dropping out due to financial needs; in a number of community outreach ing demographic shifts in America, is and Way2GoMaryland, our information programs including partnerships to clearly in the nation’s interest.” campaign to motivate more students to improve instruction in the STEM dis- Within that context, the president’s begin planning for college earlier.” ciplines and providing tutors and men- intention is to use the Corporation award Maryland’s Course Redesign proj- tors to K-12 students statewide. to take innovation to the next level. ect increases the odds of student suc- President Hrabowski is using the The vehicle is a recently announced cess once in college by getting at-risk Academic Leadership grant to drive Innovation Competition that university students through the most challenging academic innovation, a concept that is leaders believe will stimulate great new academic hurdles. Faculty members already an integral part of the charac- ideas across campus. Starting out with attend workshops designed to pro- ter of the university. The redesign of $100,000 from the grant in “prizes,” the vide a deeper insight into the project, almost all of the science introductory competition challenges faculty members and “USM Course Redesign Fellows” courses and the more recent creation to design one-year projects that aim for are appointed and given stipends. of a writing center equipped with inter- maximum impact on student success. Deserving students who dropped out of active labs within the new performing New teaching approaches, technologies school before earning a degree because arts and humanities building are two or curriculum are all eligible. Instead of of financial or other challenges are relevant examples. Beyond curriculum a new course, teachers are encouraged to given access to counseling and financial design, President Hrabowski empha- take an existing course and completely aid programs aimed at re-engagement. sizes creating the right environment rethink the way it is taught. Entries can The multifaceted college-awareness for learning, and doing so across all the come from any full-time faculty, indi- effort begins in middle school and disciplines. He continually encourages viduals or groups, and entrants are eligi- builds into high school to inspire large faculty to change the way they think ble for one of two types of awards, seed numbers of students to prepare early about teaching in novel ways that will grants of under $3,500 for an expedited on. Regional events around the state for do more to support student success. process; and awards over $3,500 for a students and parents include a college “In many ways, the challenges completely implemented redesign of a fair, information sessions on such top- today are as great, if not greater than course or a series of courses. ics as paying for college and an ever-

improving Web site. President Freeman A. Hrabowski III Freeman A. Hrabowski III, President of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, one of the country’s most diverse insti- tutions, received an award in 2011. President Hrabowski has helped lead UMBC into the ranks of the nation’s best public research universities while making success in science and engi- neering possible for students of all backgrounds. During his tenure, which began in 1992, an impressive number of the university’s African American graduates have gone on to earn Ph.D.’s

30 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 for motivated students is through the American Dream Scholarship Fund at Miami Dade College, which will get part of the Leadership Award grant for its endowment. This scholarship guar- antees free full-time tuition coverage for two years to MDC for each graduat- ing high school senior in Miami-Dade County, including public and private high schools. To be eligible for the scholarship students must graduate with a 3.0 (or B) average and be col- President Eduardo J. Padron lege-ready based on entrance exams measuring basic skill areas. These Proposals will be reviewed and academic programs with support for the scholarship requirements have served ranked by a committee of the best college’s students, most of whom are notice to all students that serious prepa- teachers from across campus. In addi- minorities, preparing them for careers ration and dedication to academic suc- tion, a provost’s symposium on teach- and further education. Although nearly cess will be rewarded by MDC. ing and learning will give innovators half the student population lives below This scholarship fund was started who have received awards the oppor- the federal poverty guideline and many through the generosity of local resi- tunity to assess and talk about their are not initially college ready, Miami dents who saw the necessity of a col- work. Future plans call for two rounds Dade College (MDC) has outstanding lege education for the community’s of competition to be held annually so rates of retention and degree comple- young people and who understood that anyone with a good idea can cap- tion. The university also connects to its benefit to the economic and social ture it quickly rather than wait a whole the greater Miami community through prosperity of the community. year for the next competition. One very neighborhood revitalization, economic Support from the grant will also important requirement for these “inno- development, business programs, go to the planning phase of MDC’s vation fellows” is to find multiple ways health and wellness outreach and the Student Support and Resource Center to disseminate their ideas, and they all arts. President since 1995, Eduardo pilot project. Well aware that low- must produce final reports to be pub- Padron began his academic career at income students experience a range lished online, so their promising inno- MDC in 1970 and served as Wolfson of challenges beyond the classroom, vations can be pushed out all across the campus president for 15 years. Miami Dade College intends to create campus. University administrators have President Padron has often drawn a service and referral center to house already seen a huge amount of interest attention to the fact that America is at a full range of human service support in the competition throughout the uni- a crossroads with regard to education. activities. Working in collaboration versity and anticipate receiving more “For us to be able to retain our position with United Way agencies, organiza- applications at first than they can fund. of leadership in the world, we have to tions that work to provide financial Miami Dade College President wake up and make it a priority,” he told literacy, legal services and access to Eduardo J. Padron also received an ICOSA Magazine, referring to educa- federal and state benefits, MDC hopes award in 2011. Leader of one of the tion as “the country’s most important to make it possible for qualified stu- largest institutions of higher education industry.” While acknowledging that dents who enroll to succeed and gradu- in the United States, with more than the challenge to increase access to ate. “Education all the way through 170,000 highly diverse students spread higher education, especially for low- college is a birthright for each person across its eight campuses and many income and minority students, is daunt- in this community,” President Padron outreach centers, President Padron has ing, he warned that “the price we will maintains. “I have seen thousands of proven excellence and open access are pay in our nation if we do not embrace students arrive badly under-prepared not incompatible. To foster achieve- this broader notion of access is impos- for college but they found that spark of ment and make higher education a real- sible to calculate.” understanding within themselves. And ity for all, he has paired groundbreaking One way he plans to open the door they succeeded.” I

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 31 The Vernon G. James agricultural U.S. education system for over a cen- to the area and applying their know- research center in northeastern North tury. In the process he’s grown accus- how to help make it thrive. As all of Carolina can be a noisy place. The cen- tomed to the sounds of science. this begins to happen, the school itself ter’s labs and 1,500 plus acres of land NERSBA is a regional school, will become a hub for math and science are home to a constant battery of tests which alone makes it fairly unique. It education in both the region and the and experiments conducted by research- opened August 13 with 60 kids from state. In short, many more thousands ers who study corn, soybean, wheat and five counties, four of them among the will, like Davis, grow accustomed to other crops grown in and around the poorest in the state. Within a few years, the sounds of science. inland waterways of the state. it’s slated to enroll 450 to 500 students, These experiments tend to emit all of them engaged in an intense, A Regional Opportunity mysterious sounds at all times of the research-based course of study focused The northeast is North Carolina’s day and night. “There’s been a boom largely on math and science and all of bread basket. It’s dominated by flat here and a pop there,” said veteran edu- them college bound. open spaces where wheat, soybeans cator Hallet S. Davis, Jr., “but nothing If all goes according to plan, a and corn are grown, in addition to major. I haven’t gotten scared and gone number of crucial things will happen tobacco and peanuts. It’s interspersed home yet.” in the northeast and then Davis is the principal of the new across the state: a cadre Northeastern Regional School for of economically disad- Biotechnology and Agriscience, or vantaged young people NERSBA, which is currently located from northeastern North in a few borrowed rooms at the Vernon Carolina will graduate James center. He was tapped to run the from college, beating the new school six months ago, and ever odds that say a degree is since he’s spent long days and nights only a remote possibility. recruiting students, hiring teachers and They will be academically planning for a school that is different in prepared to excel in their many ways from the one-size-fits-all chosen fields with a sig-

high schools that have dominated the nificant number returning ALAN D. MEIJER DESIGNING A SCHOOL w ere a! !tudents ! WILL BE SUCCESSFUL Lucy Hood is a freelance writer and edi- writing for a wide range of respected pub- among others, the Education Writers tor who has been on the education beat lications and nonprofits, including the Association, the Inter-American Press for 16 years, initially for newspapers in Carnegie Corporation of New York and Association, and the Hearst Corporation. Texas, including the San Antonio Express- the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In addition, she was a foreign correspon- News, where she was a senior reporter, Her education stories have won awards dent in Mexico and Guatemala in the mid and more recently as a freelance reporter and special commendations from, ‘80s and early ‘90s.

32 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 LUCY HOOD

WILL BE SUCCESSFULucy ooD by l h with a woody biomass that contrib- one of the school’s biggest cheerlead- it’s not located in a school building with utes to an economy partially reliant on ers and chairman of its board. “That’s locker-lined hallways, cemetery-style lumber and paper products. Despite its our stated goal, and it’s our stated goal desk arrangements or school bells going natural attributes and pockets of eco- for an average everyday kid to get to off at regular intervals. Its setting is an nomic enterprise, northeastern North go there.” agricultural research center jointly run Carolina suffers from some of the high- NERSBA is predicated on the idea by North Carolina State University and est rates of poverty in the state and low that every child, regardless of race and the N.C. Department of Agriculture and levels of academic achievement. In the class, can succeed, said Tony Habit, Consumer Services. The facility has five counties served by the new school, president of North Carolina New two parts, each with distinct names: the the median household income ranges Schools. That idea, he said, “runs head- Vernon G. James Research & Extension from $32,000 to $40,000 a year; the long into historical beliefs that some Center is the building. The Tidewater poverty rate ranges from 21 percent children are worthy and some are not.” Research Center is the 1,500-plus acres to 29 percent, and in a region many The school, he said, is in “a largely of land, and both cater to topnotch sci- miles removed from North Carolina’s agricultural poor region that is defined entists doing cutting edge research on, Research Triangle Park and its three by poverty and divisions of race and among other things, crop yields, soil major universities, fewer than two out geography… [It] cuts across geo- erosion and climate change. of every 10 residents holds a college graphical boundaries, across race and What these researchers study is the degree. In the past, many of the jobs class boundaries [and] runs slam into core of what the region has the potential available in the region were available the notion that some children can suc- to be—a vibrant area that can support in farming or production, so college ceed in high-level academic work and large amounts of agricultural produc- seemed less necessary. some can’t.” tion, as well as fertile ground for sci- “It comprises some of the poorest To ensure that every child does suc- entific research. “It’s the closest thing counties in the United States,” said Vann ceed, NERSBA is doing things very we have to the Midwest,” said Marshall Rogerson, president and CEO of North differently from the norm. For starters, Stewart, one of the many people who Carolina’s Northeast Commission for economic development. The reasons for the economic situ- ation in the northeast are vast and var- ied. Many of the small family farms that once dominated the region have been consolidated into large corpo- rate farms. At the same time, farming as well as the region’s manufacturing plants have become much more high tech, requiring fewer workers over- all but creating a need for many more workers with higher technical skills. Some of leaders in the region are looking toward NERSBA to start to change the trajectory of the most at-risk students in the northeast, and in doing so, change the region itself. “We are trying to have the best school system there is in the state of North Carolina,” said local businessman David Peele,

Hallet S. Davis, Jr., Principal, Northeastern Regional School

for Biotechnology and Agriscience LUCY HOOD

34 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 LUCY LUCY HOOD

David Peele, Chairman of the Board, Northeastern Regional School for Biotechnology and Agriscience

worked to get the new school off the for workers. Across the United States, wheel” he said. It’s in the middle of ground and associate director of the NC there are approximately three million some of the most sophisticated agri- Cooperative Extension Service, which available positions in STEM indus- cultural operations in the country, he oversees the state’s 4-H program. The tries—mostly unfilled because employ- noted, making it the perfect place for northeast has the natural resources to ers have a hard time finding enough NERSBA. become a magnet for bioscience and highly skilled candidates. When it comes to branding the agriculture businesses, sectors that are The hope for NERSBA is that its region as a destination for biotech and projected to grow significantly over the dual focus on STEM education and agriscience companies, “this ag school next few decades. high expectations will play a key role is huge,” Rogerson said. “This helps NERSBA is designed, Davis in the economic development of north- demonstrate in the ag world that we explained, to give students a more than eastern North Carolina. Rogerson, who have some things that are special.” solid foundation in science, math, engi- runs the Northeast Commission, sees As for the students, they too will be neering and technology, which is com- the school as a tremendous asset in at the center of the wagon wheel. They monly referred to as STEM education. his effort to capitalize on the region’s will be able to participate in university STEM is a pathway through which agricultural strengths as well as high lab experiments. “The kids,” he said, students can explore myriad possi- tech endeavors. “could be on the cutting edge of many bilities—in biotechnology, in higher- A key component of his economic scientific developments in one of the skilled manufacturing jobs, in health development strategy is the work that’s poorest areas of the United States.” and in many other industries that are done at the Vernon James research In short, Rogerson and everyone burgeoning, with a serious demand facility. It’s “the center of the wagon else in the new school’s cheering sec-

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 35 tion want NERSBA to contribute to how to read, write, divide and multi- ready for college and career. It’s a com- the revitalization of northeastern North ply,’” he said. At the other end of the mon problem throughout the states, Carolina. spectrum, two students have patents Hamilton said. Over the past few years At the very least they hope a much registered with the United States Patent many have been moving toward a larger number of students will graduate and Trademark office, including one common solution that will raise stan- from high school and go to college. As for a waterless dishwasher. The school dards for all students in the form of the school expands, they also want it is set up to address the needs of all of the Common Core State Standards. to become a professional development these students, and teachers and staff These standards make the issues that hub for STEM education throughout the believe that with the right supports, NERSBA is trying to tackle even state; and they want those who benefit every one of the students will be able to more pressing for districts and regions from the school to return the investment get a four-year college degree. across the country. So far, 46 states and give back to their communities. “Designing a program where all have adopted the Common Core State Whether the new school accom- kids will be successful is important to Standards in English Language Arts plishes these goals will be determined, me,” Davis said. “Not all our kids will and Mathematics. in part, by statistics—test scores, need an extra math class, but a good The Common Core looks to graduation rates, etc. Observers will majority of our kids probably will need emphasize higher, more applied levels also pay attention to the ripple effect a lot of assistance in math to be suc- of thinking and doing for all students NERSBA has on STEM education in cessful. Not all will need an additional to propel them toward college readi- other schools, and there will, no doubt, English class, but a good number will ness. Aligning high school standards in be murmurs—good or bad—in local need extra assistance in reading.” particular with what is expected of stu- restaurants, churches pews and grocery NERSBA dovetails with Carnegie dents when they start college is espe- store aisles. Corporation of New York’s New cially difficult. Designs for K-16 Pathways strategy, Trying to teach students to both Personalized Learning in the which is based on the idea that most of know and do more is at the forefront Common Core today’s schools were designed to pre- of the design of every school that the The 60 students enrolled at pare students for a different economy, North Carolina New Schools initia- NERSBA live in five counties encom- one that required little more than a high tive partners with, and NERSBA is passing a combined total of 3,099 square school diploma. no exception. The New Schools is a miles. The school itself is located in Today’s schools, said Leah Raleigh-based organization that for Washington County, which has close to Hamilton, program director for New the past eight years has been taking its 13,000 people and is among the small- Designs at Carnegie Corporation, have brand of education reform to an ever- est of the five. Student demographics at to be designed to accomplish some- growing number of successful schools. the school more or less reflect those of thing new—to prepare all students for Founded in 2004, it strives to reconfig- the five-county area, which is predomi- college and to equip them with career- ure public schools so all children—rich nantly black and white with a growing ready skills in a knowledge-based or poor—have the tools they need to but relatively small Hispanic popula- economy. excel. Right now, the implementation tion. When it comes to family income, The Vernon James center, she noted, of the Common Co re and making sure Davis said, “I’ve got the full socioeco- is a perfect example of how middle and that all students are truly able to apply nomic range.” The balance, however, high school students stand to benefit the skills they are learning in multiple tilts toward the low end of the income by collaborating directly with scien- contexts are at the top of the list of scale. Sixty-five percent of the students tists who are conducting cutting edge priorities for what they are trying to qualify for the federal free and reduced research that’s pertinent to the rural accomplish. lunch program, and pretty much the agricultural setting in which they live. The North Carolina New Schools same group of kids would be the first in Northeast North Carolina is not the works closely with roughly 115 public their families to go to college. only region in the country that encoun- schools throughout the state, where it’s Academically, Davis said, the stu- ters the challenge of taking some stu- attempting to make personalized learn- dents in this year’s ninth grade class dents who may be one or more grade ing, inquiry-based instruction and col- also run the gamut. “I’ve got kids who levels behind and some who may be lege readiness a reality for all of North come and say, ‘I hope you can teach me a ways ahead and making them all Carolina’s students.

36 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 The results, so far, have been Of the New Schools partner blueprint, one that emphasizes serious impressive. The 2012 graduation schools, nearly a third are focused on scientific research, youth development rate for low-income students in New science, technology, engineering and and personalized learning that uses Schools partner schools is 85 percent, math, and an initiative that includes digital technology to bring the most compared to 75 percent for the state. the creation of four regional, or anchor, options for courses and individualized Likewise the overall graduation rate is schools also focuses on STEM educa- instruction to students in school. The 88 percent in partner schools versus 80 tion. The curriculum in these schools school has the potential to be a new percent for the state; and the 2011 alge- has been very carefully selected to model for the state and the country as bra 1 passing rate in partner schools immerse students in science and math leaders grapple with the implementa- was 78 percent, compared to 70 percent while giving them exposure to real tion of the Common Core and how to for the state. world applications in four different truly make sure that all students are

NERSBA is a regional school, which alone makes it fairly unique. Within a few years, it’s slated to enroll 450 to 500 students, all of them engaged in an intense, research-based course of study focused largely on math and science and all of them college bound.

In many (nearly three fourths) of areas: health and life sciences; energy able to gather the skills they need to the New Schools’ partner high schools and sustainability; aerospace, advanced meet the new standards. designated as “early college” models manufacturing and security; and bio- “The whole purpose is to develop a and located on the campuses of local technology and agriscience. model that we can replicate across the colleges, students graduate from high state,” Peele said. school with both a high school diploma Pathways Forward NERSBA’s relatively small and as much as two years of transfer- NERSBA, which is one of the four 450-student size is part of a larger strat- able college credit or an associate’s anchor schools, is “radically different” egy to foster a sense of community degree. NERSBA is set up to help stu- from any other school in northeastern and ensure that no one falls through dents follow a similar pathway, so gain- North Carolina, said Peele. the cracks. Researchers have shown ing college credits becomes mandatory, NERSBA is designed to put stu- that students who develop high-quality not an add-on to their academic pro- dents on a direct path to college using supportive relationships with adults gram. Among schools like NERSBA teaching strategies that are aligned to are much less likely to have academic that have an early college focus, gradu- the goals of the Common Core. Students struggles that keep them from complet- ation and college readiness results are will end up with a high school diploma ing high school and entering higher even better than in typical New Schools and up to two years of college credit. education. NERSBA is designed to be partners—a 94 percent overall gradua- To accomplish these goals, the cre- small enough that students feel recog- tion rate and a 92 percent passing rate ators of NERSBA are making sure the nized, and because it is connected to the for algebra 1. school adheres to a carefully crafted Vernon James research center, every

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 37 LUCY LUCY HOOD

In a science class, NERSBA students carry out an exercise called “Science Tool Box,” matching images of lab equipment with the appropriate description/definition.

student will have the opportunity to school math credits (instead of three); take online college courses from N.C. engage in hands-on scientific research. and the integration of agricultural State. In a rural region such as north- The emphasis on personalized education into core content areas. In eastern North Carolina, where broad- growth and personalized learning con- addition, the school is engaging in cur- band Internet access is still unavailable tinues in the classroom where the student ricular innovations—teaching science in many homes, allowing students to teacher ratio is 15 to 1. It plays out in in the reverse order that high schools wireless access when they are at school various structured activities, including usually do by starting with physics and and enabling them to use the many small group discussions and collabora- utilizing a math curriculum that seeks resources available on the Internet tive projects that push applying skills to combine a math sequence with rigor- is a key part of empowering them to and solving problems in groups. This ous real world applications. take on the challenges of the world emphasis on hands-on, skills-based A key part of the blueprint is tech- around them. learning that allows students to design nology. By mid-year every student will But the true test of the laptop’s projects according to their interests is have their own laptop, which they can usefulness will be in the classroom. part of the DNA of NERSBA. use to conduct research for class assign- The computers, said Rebecca Stanley, The NERSBA blueprint also ments or their final graduation proj- director of STEM education for the includes an extended school year—200 ect; they can use them to take courses North Carolina New Schools, are not days instead of 180; an emphasis on online through the North Carolina meant to be a substitute for good teach- field studies; four high school science Virtual Public School; and beginning ing. They’re meant to be a tool that credits (instead of three); four high in the 10th grade, they can use them to enhances learning, accelerates it when

38 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 need be, offers remediation on basic how they teach it—are the reason that discussion, guided by the teacher, leads skills when necessary, and closes the NERSBA will be a hub for STEM edu- students to discover what they need distance gap for a student population cation in North Carolina. to know. dispersed over an area roughly the size One of the math teachers will pro- Instead of spoon-feeding stu- of Puerto Rico. vide professional development to dents with information, said Rebecca The goal at NERSBA is to achieve schools in the five participating coun- Stanley, the goal is to help them dis- what some educators call an instruc- ties, and the other will run a classroom cover the answers. As she puts it, “The tional sweet spot—the place where that serves as a go-to, or demonstration, answer is within you. I am going to pull technology, curriculum requirements site for visiting teachers from around the it out of you. I’m not just going to give and teaching strategies come together state. In a similar vein, the other classes it to you.” in a way that truly makes a difference in will also serve as demonstration sites for Angela Gard is a New Schools the classroom. “It’s easy to get caught science, language arts and history. “Our instructional coach who specializes in up in the technology, because it’s whiz- school,” Peele said, “is the beta site.” modeling instruction. A former high bangy, flashy things and ponies,” said school science teacher, she now spends Dean Bill McDiarmid, dean of UNC’s Getting to the Common Core most of the school year crisscrossing School of Education “(but) we have to NERSBA will also be a showcase the eastern part of the state to visit and really think about what it is we’re try- for the implementation of Common assist teachers who participate in her ing to do and then think about what are Core State Standards. One way it plans summertime workshops.

NERSBA will be a showcase for the implementation of Common Core State Standards…one way is through an instructional strategy known as modeling.

the affordances that technology offers to achieve those standards is through “The best thing I ever heard from that are going to help us get there.”At an instructional strategy known as a teacher was, ‘I teach thinking,’” she NERSBA that will be the job of Julie modeling. said. “That’s really what modeling Gurganus, who has a master’s degree In some traditional classrooms, does. It teaches kids to think, and it in library science and certification from teachers dole out facts, figures, for- gives them ample opportunity to sup- the National Board for Professional mulas and other forms of information port what they think with evidence as Teaching Standards. She will work and expect students to memorize what opposed to their opinion.” with N.C. State’s Friday Institute for they’re told. Modeling is focused on The real miracle, she said, is what it Educational Innovation to develop the hands-on learning, and giving students does for kids at the low end of the aca- most effective ways of integrating tech- the confidence to enquire and do things, demic spectrum. “It’s truly not leaving nology with STEM education and day- not just know them. In a modeling any child behind,” she said. to-day instruction. classroom, teachers start with a demon- Plus, she said, students take to it Her job is one of seven full-time stration. It might be a volcanic mixture very quickly. “Once you teach them positions at the school. In addition to of vinegar and baking soda, buggy races how to think and communicate, they Gurganus and Davis, there are five or putting a flame to a porous Cheeto. don’t want to go back and be sponges teachers—two for math, two for sci- Students then work in small groups and recipients anymore. They want to ence and one who teaches language to discuss what they observed. They be in charge.” arts and social studies. These teach- put their ideas on whiteboards, present One local businessman who has ers—along with what they teach and them to the class, and the ensuing class seen these modeled practices in action

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 39 says it looks like organized chaos. “It standing in the hall, and I say, ‘This is except that it draws students from five is not a traditional setting,” Peele said. the problem. What are we going to do counties, not one. It receives a share of “It’s more interactive and there’s more about it?’” Peele has one of the most per-pupil funding for each student from problem solving.” successful biotech enterprises in the their home county. One of the consequences of the region. His company extracts a waxy NERSBA is also not bound by Common Core may be to push the edu- substance secreted by a plant called clar- many of the regulations governing cation system, which can be stagnant, isage, which he grows on 15,000 acres other schools on salaries, procuring into realizing that school should not be of land in northeastern North Carolina. materials for courses, how courses are taught the same way now that it was The fixative extracted distilled structured or how time is used. In short, a hundred years ago. With techniques from the wax is then used in perfume it is free to experiment with size, struc- like modeling or project-based learn- and other scented products. Known as ture and curriculum as long as it meets ing, Hamilton said, the schools will sclareolide, it contributes to the stay- state standards.

As [NERSBA] expands, they also want it to become a professional development hub for STEM education throughout the state; and they want those who benefit from the school to return the investment and give back to their communities.

move toward deeper, more engaged ing power of fragrances found, for learning for students. A recent report example, in Chanel No. 5 and Tide by the National Research Council on laundry detergent. the effectiveness of deeper learning Peele is chairman of the notes, “The development of 21st cen- school’s 11-person board of tury competencies in K-12 education directors, which reports di- and informal learning environments rectly to the state Department opens up many new opportunities… of Public Instruction. In that [and could] prepare a broader swathe and many other ways, the school’s of young people to enjoy the positive governance structure is very differ- outcomes of increased educational ent from most of the other 2,500 public attainment, including greater success schools in the state. Apart from Davis in the workplace, improved health, and and a part-time administrative assistant,

greater civic participation.” there are no other administrators. “The HOOD LUCY The approach of giving a team more board,” Peele said, “runs the school.” responsibility to problem solve col- This arrangement is the result of Many of those who supported the laboratively is already used in many Senate Bill 125, a law enacted last year creation of NERSBA recognize the need high-performing workplaces, including that allows for the creation of NERSBA to do school very differently. Marshall David Peele’s. He explains, “I gather all and other regional schools. NERSBA Stewart, of the NC Cooperative Exten- my smart people here (in my office) or functions much like a charter school, sion Service, is one of them. “It’s been

40 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 LUCY LUCY HOOD

a long time since education has approach, and it’s working.” school is representative of a need changed, really changed,” he For North Carolina in particular, across North Carolina and the United said, noting that the rooms many see NERSBA as important for States to help young people become are the same, desks are a variety of reasons, including the fact accomplished adults who can take on all in a row and there’s that if it is successful it could be rep- skills-based jobs that require a higher the same grade structure licated in many other regions through- level of education than most students that’s been in place for out the state. It is also important as a currently receive. decades. Something new is national model as educators and educa- NERSBA is taking students who needed, he said. “Education tion systems begin to look for ways to may be very far behind in terms of today is what the civil rights implement the Common Core and help skills and academic preparation and movement was in the 60s. It’s students from all backgrounds meet giving them a pathway to participate that significant.” college readiness standards and get in a meaningful way in some of the Stewart also believes NERSBA through college. most challenging, engaging and rigor- and the work of the New Schools The NERSBA campus is small ous occupations that are happening in in general have the potential to be a now, but its size, Hamilton said, is a the region. But the true measure of suc- “true game changer” in the education way to make sure students develop cess will be determined by those who world. Their comprehensive approach relationships with the kind of cutting graduate from NERSBA and in one to school reform “is the epitome of edge science research that can have a way or another do their part to fill the believing any child can achieve,” he massive impact on northeastern North five-county region (and beyond) with said. “They really get it. It’s a different Carolina’s economy. Moreover, this the sounds of science. I

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 41 RecentEvents

a lifetime,” he said, “but if you of hundreds of researchers toiling do it in a way that causes more in the vast reading room would people to understand the role of lift his spirits if he was having a nongovernmental organizations difficult day. and the essential characteristic of The list of titles was deter- cooperation in building alliances mined by curators and scholars so that everybody’s money goes at the Library, which has an farther and their good ideas get online survey to allow visitors spread and our not so good ideas to weigh in on the selections. are judged by writers and crit- get dropped, you may literally “The list is intended to spark a ics. “Congratulations to Anne change the future of this country national conversation on books Enright, Robert K. Massie Powerful alliances are key and the future of the nongovern- written by Americans that have and our finalists,” said Nancy to changing the country’s mental organization movement influenced our lives, whether Pearl, prominent librarian, NPR future, says President Clinton. and the world.” they appear on this initial list or commentator and chair of the not,” said Librarian of Congress selection committee. “We are so President Clinton Kicks excited to have such a talented America’s Rare Books James H. Billington. off 100Kin10 Workshop and deserving group of authors Dozens of 100Kin10 partners on View for our inaugural awards.” New Honors for and funders heard a keynote Common Sense, the Legend “In many ways, librarians are address from President Bill of Sleepy Hollow, Moby-Dick, Outstanding Writers the first book critics many read- Clinton when they gathered in Little Women, Silent Spring and The inaugural Andrew ers come into contact with, and New York City on April 19, 2012 In Cold Blood – these are just a Carnegie Medals for Excellence hence we are deeply thankful for to practice getting their mes- few of “The Books that Shaped in Fiction and Nonfiction went their insight and guidance,” said sage out. Carnegie Corporation America,” an exhibition at the to Anne Enright’s novel The Vartan Gregorian, president of president Vartan Gregorian intro- Library of Congress (sponsored Forgotten Waltz and Robert K. Carnegie Corporation and a for- duced President Clinton, praising by Carnegie Corporation) and Massie’s biography, Catherine the mer president of The New York him for being in the forefront of part of the multiyear “Celebration Great: Portrait of a Woman. The Public Library. “The Andrew public education reform, and for of the Book.” Vartan Gregorian medals recognize the best books Carnegie Medals for Excellence sharing the Corporation’s mis- attended the opening in June in both categories for adult read- in Fiction and Nonfiction take sion of advancing knowledge 2012, where he perused a ers, published the previous year that notion one step further and understanding. rare edition of Mark Twain’s in the United States. Announced and place the librarians’ seal of “We are here to follow up Adventures of Huckleberry at the annual American Library approval on these wonderful on the very important com- Finn, one of the 88 works of Association Conference in books.” Enright and Massie each mitment that was made at last U.S. literature written between June 2012, the winning authors received a medal and $5,000, year’s Clinton Global Initiative 1751 and 2002 that are on view. were chosen by library profes- and finalists received $1,500 meeting for the United States, President Gregorian recalled his sionals who work closely with each. Nonfiction finalists were in Chicago,” President Clinton days as the head of the New York adult readers, a departure from The Information: A History, said, commending the group on Public Library, where the sight most major book awards, which a Theory, a Flood, by James the progress of their 100Kin10 Gleick, and Malcolm X: A Life of program. “Before the meeting Reinvention, by the late Manning even ended, eleven new organi- Marable. Fiction finalists were zations had approached Carnegie Lost Memory of Skin, by Russell Corporation about training new Banks and Swamplandia!, by teachers. Because the com- Karen Russell. mitment was to somehow put together not just the money, but Herbert Scoville Jr. the skills network to train a hun- Peace Fellows dred thousand highly qualified Named for a scientist and science, technology, engineering long-time nuclear arms control and math teachers in the United activist in government and pri- States. vate life, the Herbert Scoville Jr. “If all you do is give us a Peace Fellowship Program was hundred thousand teachers to established in 1987 to commem- assure America’s continued pros- orate his accomplishments and perity and growth for the next Vartan Gregorian peruses some of the Library of Congress’s inspire a new generation. Funded thirty years, that may be worth rare and influential books. by Carnegie Corporation, the

42 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 well as domestic defense spend- other naturalized Americans who ing and the U.S. nuclear weap- were born outside of the country ons budget. and became U.S. citizens. Marcus Taylor (California State Each year on the Fourth of University, Sacramento, 2012) July, the Corporation salutes will work with Tom Collina at the those who have demonstrated Arms Control Association on the their commitment to the United Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty States and their loyalty to the and updating of the nonprolifera- Constitution by becoming citi- tion and disarmament report card. zens, earning all the rights and privileges—as well as responsi- bilities—citizenship entails. At Celebrating Land the same time, the foundation is 2012 fellows (l to r) Que Grant Universities Carnegie Corporation’s supporting efforts to provide a Newbill, Marcus Taylor, On June 25, 2012, some July 4, 2012 ad in clear pathway to citizenship for and Usha Sahay. 75 college and university The New York Times. lawful permanent residents, and presidents and other leaders is committed to helping immi- program recruits and trains the joined Corporation president is a kind of amnesia engulfing grants become integrated into the next generation of policy and Vartan Gregorian at the steps our country today where we are civic fabric of our nation. advocacy leaders on a range of of the Lincoln Memorial for a detached from our past.” James President Vartan Gregorian, international peace and security wreath-laying ceremony. They Billington, the Librarian of who was born in Tabriz, Iran, of issues, providing recent college came to honor the work of Congress; Richard Riley, former Armenian parents and is himself graduates with an opportunity to President Abraham Lincoln and U.S. Secretary of Education; and a naturalized American, stressed spend six to nine months work- Representative Justin Morrill of M. Peter McPherson, President that the United States represents ing with a public-interest organi- Vermont in conceiving the 1862 of the Association of Public and a daring idea that is still being zation in Washington, DC. Morrill Act, which established Land-Grant Universities, also tested: “Here, in America we are Scoville Fellows serve as full- U.S. land grant universities, plus spoke at the ceremony. trying to form a nation that tran- time project assistants at the par- the 150th anniversary of the scends its limits and where the ticipating organization of their National Academy of Sciences. A July Fourth Salute to people transcend their differenc- choice, contributing to the work As the Civil War raged on, “Americans by Choice” es in order to share a common there with research and writing, Lincoln and the members of the Six continents were repre- purpose and common ideals,” he arranging conferences and policy 37th Congress passed this monu- sented in Carnegie Corporation’s said. “We must all understand briefings, and encouraging advo- mental legislation for the benefit ad, “Immigrants: The Pride of that participating in our civic cacy activities. In addition, each of all Americans. The Morrill Act America” in The New York Times life, the rich and vibrant life of Fellow selects a board member enabled educational institutions on Independence Day 2012. A our nation, is not just a right but as a mentor, smoothing the tran- in each eligible state to promote celebration of Andrew Carnegie’s also an obligation. And perhaps sition to Washington, DC. Many “the liberal and practical educa- belief in the value of citizenship, most important of all, it means former Fellows continue to tion of the industrial classes in this year’s full-page ad saluted 45 being a citizen.” work on arms control and peace the several pursuits and profes- honorees along with millions of (Continued on page 44) issues, or attend graduate pro- sions in life.” Eight months later, grams in international relations. Congress passed, and President Three new Herbert Scoville Jr. Lincoln signed, legislation calling Peace Fellows have been select- for the founding of the National ed from among 208 applicants: Academy of Sciences, a guid- Que’Nique Newbill (Grinnell ing force in the evolution of College, 2011) will work with American science and technology. Mona Yacoubian at the Henry L. Drawing a parallel to Stimson Center on Middle East Lincoln’s time, Gregorian said, security especially as it relates to “It is hard to argue that today the Arab transitions. we are not a nation divided. Usha Sahay (Columbia Politically, socially, culturally, University, 2012) will work and even philosophically…We with John Isaacs at the Center have to do a better job of educat- for Arms Control and Non- ing the American public about (Left to right) Ralph Cicerone, Vartan Gregorian, M. Peter Proliferation on nuclear issues in the role of higher education— McPherson, Richard Riley and James Billington at the Iran and U.S.-Iran relations, as both public and private. There Lincoln Memorial.

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 43 RecentEvents... Continued from page 43

Renowned Jurists and Scholars Hold Talks at the Hague At the invitation of Carnegie Corporation and the Carnegie Endowment, the annual Yale Global Constitutionalism Seminar, which gathers the world’s leading jurists to discuss the most important legal issues of the day, met for the first time ever at the Peace Palace in The Hague. Established by Andrew Carnegie as a symbol of his faith in the ultimate possibility of an end to Seminar attendees gather on the Peace Palace steps. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Beyer war, the Peace Palace is home to is front row, far left and Justice Elena Kagan is in the second row, third from the left the International Court of Justice, or World Court, the Permanent participants. This unique event help the states of the former which carries a $50,000 prize, Court of Arbitration, The Hague reflects a common aspiration Soviet Union safeguard and dis- is also a tribute to Andrew Academy of International Law of the Yale Law School Global mantle their enormous stockpiles Carnegie, who dedicated much and the Peace Palace Library. Constitutionalism Seminar, the of nuclear, chemical, and biolog- of his philanthropy to the goal This year’s special conven- Gruber Program for Global ical weapons, related materials of achieving world peace, and ing focused on Law’s Borders, Justice and Women's Rights at and delivery systems. provided the funds to build the and was preceded by a half-day Yale University, the Carnegie “The honor of receiving Peace Palace as a symbol of his scholarly discussion of Andrew Endowment and Carnegie this award soars because of faith in the ultimate realization of Carnegie’s Legacy in an Age of Corporation of New York: to the immense credibility of the that goal. It will be awarded bien- Insecurity. U.S. Supreme Court create an international rule of organizations and the indi- nially by Carnegie Corporation Justices Stephen G. Breyer and law, in which justice can flourish vidual with whom I share it,” of New York and the Carnegie Elena Kagan; Geert Corstens, in peace. said former Senator Sam Nunn, Endowment for International president of the Supreme Court Co-Chairman and CEO, the Peace to an individual or institu- of the Netherlands; Phakiso The Nunn-Lugar Award Nuclear Threat Initiative. “I am tion whose work has resulted in Mochochoko, Head of the for Promoting Nuclear both honored by the award and clear, discernible progress toward Jurisdiction, International Security excited about the future as these strengthening global security and Criminal Court and Robert In September 2012, U.S. outstanding organizations remind peaceful co-existence among Post, dean of Yale University’s Senator Richard Lugar and the world again through this nations by preventing the prolif- law school were among the former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn award how urgent it is, for the eration of nuclear weapons and became the first recipients of sake of peace and the survival of reducing the risk of their use. The Nunn-Lugar Award for humanity, that we accelerate our Promoting Nuclear Security, [nuclear security] efforts.” created in their honor. Vartan “The Nunn-Lugar program is a Gregorian presented the inter- triumph measured in more than national award, cosponsored the hundreds of missiles, thou- by Carnegie Corporation and sands of warheads, tons of the Carnegie Endowment for chem i cal weapons, and scores of International Peace, at an event biological pathogens now under in the Peace Palace in The lock and key or destroyed,” said Hague. Senator Richard Lugar Senator Richard Lugar. “It has and Senator Sam Nunn authored been the basis upon which the the Nunn-Lugar Act in 1991, United States has found construc- establishing the Cooperative tive means to engage former ad- Threat Reduction Program versaries and new partners, united (CTR). The program sought to by a common vision and desire to Carnegie Trustee Ann Claire Williams and William detect and defeat new threats.” Award recipients former Thomson, great-grandson of Andrew Carnegie, in front of The Nunn-Lugar Award for Senator Sam Nunn (left) Andrew Carnegie's portrait at the Peace Palace. Promoting Nuclear Security, and Senator Richard Lugar.

44 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 Investing in Education Is Key to America’s Future Success Vartan Gregorian—continued from inside front cover

During the past 150 years—since the passage of the greatest renewable resource—our intellectual capital—if we Morrill Act—the United States emerged as an industrial and allow critique of academia or passing partisan squabbling to economic giant, democratized education through the land impede investment in higher education. The prescription is grant colleges and public university system, became a global simple: we need to expand college opportunity, redouble sup- leader in science and met every challenge it faced from the port for research, modernize and broaden access to knowl- Civil War to World Wars I and II, through the Cold War era, edge assets, and seek maximum value from the university and beyond. And during this time, continued growth trans- and research systems born from the stroke of Lincoln’s pen. formed American society and kept the nation strong. It pro- On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Morrill duced a new class of wealthy industrialists, a prosperous Act and the creation of the National Academy of Sciences, middle class, and provided opportunity for all Americans, we can reflect with great pride on the accomplishment of including generations of immigrants. It also created the world’s first sustained upwardly mobile labor force. The problems we have, particularly Public investment in higher education, research and knowledge continued throughout the 20th century. Congress in regard to higher education, are not created the National Science Foundation in 1950. After the shock of Sputnik, the nation’s investment in non-defense going to go away. Access to college, the research surged six-fold from 1960 to 1966. Further, the GI Bill opened the doors of colleges and universities to count- cost of higher education, the relevance less returning WWII veterans. Then came Fulbright scholar- of curricula both to real-world markets ships, the development of community colleges, federal loan grant guarantees and subsidy programs and Pell Grants. The and to human aspirations are among list goes on, but one thing remains constant: those who cre- ated and supported these advances did not see the money the questions that are desperately in that brought them into being as mere expenditures. Not at need of discussion but also, of answers all: these were long-term investments occasioned by a belief that the United States, which had re-emerged from the Civil that will actually have a positive War with a determination to take its place on the world stage, had a role to play as a global leader and did not mean to impact on people’s lives. relinquish that status. In that pursuit, education was always seen as the key to America’s success. Abraham Lincoln and the 37th Congress, who, in the midst Today, however, the United States finds itself ranked of calamity, not only saw beyond the battlefields to envision 16th in the world in the percentage of populations with col- America’s resurgence but also set their sights on the nation’s lege degrees in a time when—by 2018—nearly two-thirds future. It is a time to celebrate those visionary leaders, of all American jobs will require a postsecondary degree. including America’s earliest philanthropists such as Andrew While millions go jobless, industries needing workers with Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, along with the educa- advanced skills are struggling to find qualified applicants. tors, scientists, public officials, librarians, working men and For many, no college means no job. At the same time, col- women and the many, many others who have cared about our leges, universities and research institutions must tangibly nation, served it with love and dedication, and devoted them- demonstrate their value, justify their costs and use public selves to its progress. It is in their honor that we recall our resources wisely—they are not immune from accountability. national motto, E pluribus unum—“Out of many, one”—and There is no denying that higher education has many remember that it was, and remains, not merely a string of shortcomings and our colleges and universities, along with words, but a true credo to live by. If those who came before their leaders, deserve criticism where criticism is warranted. us could find a way to do so, shouldn’t we be able to do the But we shortchange our nation’s progress and squander our same? I

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 45 FoundationRoundup

Sheriff’s Office, received $50,000 ing, job preparation and skills and technical support to integrate to help fund its efforts to build building plus a variety of other quality STEM education into participation among Latino immi- support services to ease the tran- their classrooms. In addition, grants and relationships between sition from military employment pilot sites will be provided with 10 Nonprofits Building the immigrant community and to the civilian workforce. the resources and technical assis- Cultural Understanding law enforcement. The Veteran’s Career Center tance needed to integrate STEM Receive $400,000 More than one third of the 2.5 is an outgrowth of the New York education in whole-school and In Grants million residents in California’s City’s Workforce1 program, a job district settings. Ten nonprofit organizations San Mateo and Santa Clara coun- training and placement program Helios’ investment of more that use multi-media, face to face ties are immigrants. Immigration run by the city’s Department than $4 million to fund the conversation and other means to as fueled the growth of Silicon of Small Business Services. Arizona STEM Network’s build understanding about immi- Valley’s technology industry and While the program was already Knowledge Management System grants and their contributions the community foundation has was assisting veterans at their and the Helios STEM School were awarded $400,000 in grants invested more than $6 million in Workforce1 sites throughout the Pilot initiative will help SFAz from Silicon Valley Community its immigrant integration strat- city, the partnership with Robin build out and implement the Foundation. egy since 2009. It has built the Hood allowed the creation of a next phase of the Arizona STEM The grants, which were capacity of nonprofit organiza- new center dedicated exclusively Network which will include: announced in July 2012, are part tions to provide affordable and to serving the needs of the esti- Researching and developing of the community foundation’s reliable immigration legal ser- mated 8,600 veterans currently effective models for STEM edu- immigrant integration strategy, vices, expanded the development unemployed and seeking jobs cation that can be replicated in which is focused on legal services of high quality English language in the metro area. Staffed by classrooms statewide, integrating for immigrants, language acquisi- acquisition programs and helped veterans who understand the spe- best practices of STEM teach- tion and breaking down barriers promote mutual understanding cial needs of their peers, Robin ing and learning into Arizona that keep newcomers from par- between immigrants and receiv- Hood’s grant of $600,000 will schools and districts in support ticipating in their communities. ing communities. allow the city to expand the num- of higher expectations and aca- “Bridging those cultural gaps For a complete list of orga- ber of veterans counseled and demic achievement, leveraging is important for both newcomers nizations and their projects in placed by a projected 50 percent. effective education practices and and the communities they settle this Bridging the Cultural Gap For more information on teaching advances, providing in,” said Manuel J. Santamaria, substrategy, please visit: http:// this initiative and Robin Hood web-based tools for the imple- grantmaking director at the www.siliconvalleycf.org/content/ Foundation’s work, please visit: mentation of Common Core foundation. “We want to make it bridging-cultural-gap-2012 or www.robinhood.org standards, improving data-driven easier for new residents to under- www.silconvalleycyf.org Silicon decision making and measure- stand the norms and rules here so Valley Community Foundation ments of progress, and creating they can enroll children in school, is a comprehensive center for opportunities for the business get jobs, open bank accounts and philanthropy. sector to engage more meaning- participate in their communities.” fully with schools. The grants, which ranged Helios to Invest Additionally, Science from $10,000 to $60,000, are Millions in Arizona Foundation Arizona in col- funding communications cam- STEM Education laboration with its partner paigns that illustrate the real life NYC opens Workforce1 Helios Education Foundation Maricopa County Educational consequences of policy decisions Veterans Center with is investing more than $4 mil- Service Agency (MCESA), led and share the stories of the jour- help from Robin Hood lion through a three-year grant the development of the STEM ney immigrants make in leaving With funding donated through to build a statewide STEM Immersion Matrix tool in one home for another. their veterans initiative, Robin Knowledge Management system response to a need articulated Asian Americans for Hood—New York City’s largest and to fund the Helios STEM statewide: teachers, principals, Community Involvement poverty-fighting organization— School Pilot initiative, a new superintendents and other received a $50,000 grant for teamed up with the City of New and critical part of Science administrators want accessible a project designed to educate York to open a comprehensive Foundation Arizona’s (SFAz) models, qualified information people about the history and job services center dedicated recently launched Arizona and technical assistance to help contributions of Asian American exclusively to serving veterans. STEM Network. bring STEM into their daily immigrants and identify policy The new center, located at 60 Helios and SFAz will work to operations. The tool is available issues affecting that commu- Madison Avenue in Manhattan’s identify several schools across for all Arizona schools at www. nity. Another organization, the Flatiron District, will provide the state to be selected as Helios sfaz.org/stemimmersion. Community Alliance to Revitalize complete employment services STEM Pilot School sites through “Arizona is at a crossroads in Our Neighborhood, a 13-year-old for veterans, including referrals an upcoming RFP process. These education where we have to be project of the San Mateo County and placement, career counsel- schools will be given seed funds more intentional about embed-

46 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 ding STEM education into our PCLP scholars currently lished relationship between the The first seven winners classrooms if our state is going enrolled in medical, nursing and two entities. Since 2005, the of Ford funding are: Asian to deliver students who are aca- physician assistant programs GE Foundation has collaborated Forum for Human Rights demically prepared to compete across the country are being with NMF on the GE-NMF and Development (Forum in a global workforce,” said assigned to community health International Medical Scholars Asia, Bangkok), Centro de Helios Education Foundation centers located in primary care Program that enables fourth- Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y President and CEO Paul Luna. shortage areas in Los Angeles, year minority medical students to Sociedad (Dejusticia, Bogotá), For more information on the Phoenix, Nashville and Jackson, experience practicing medicine Centro de Estudios Legales y Helios Education Foundation and MS. Participants will complete in Africa with a focus on critical Sociales (CELS, Buenos Aires), the Science Foundation Arizona 200 service learning hours includ- regional health care needs. Conectas Direitos Humanos (SFAz), please visit www.helios. ing a leadership development To learn more about these (Sao Paulo), Justiça Global org and www.sfaz.org. component, mentorship from aca- foundations and their work, (Rio de Janeiro),Kenya Human demic institutions and program please visit: www.nmfonline.org Rights Commission (KHRC, advisors, and networking oppor- and www.gefoundation.com. Nairobi),Legal Resources Centre tunities with NMF alumni. (LRC, Johannesburg). “These selective scholars will “This initiative builds on the undergo intense exposure to the seminal human rights voices of GE Foundation challenges facing community the past while opening a door Announces Medical health centers: newly eligible Ford Awards Millions for the human rights visionaries Fellowships for populations, transitioning to to Human Rights of the future,” said Maya Harris, Primary Care electronic medical records and a Organizations vice president of Democracy, Practitioners shortage of primary health care The Ford Foundation Rights and Justice at the founda- In the summer of 2012, the providers. At this early stage announced the first round of tion. “For human rights to thrive GE Foundation announced a of their careers, this hands-on grants in a new five-year, $50 and grow at the global level we $2.3 million grant to National experience will provide them million initiative to strengthen must deepen the movement and Medical Fellowships (NMF) with clinical skills and help them and diversify the global human include those who are closest to for the creation of the GE-NMF recognize their potential to make rights movement to face the the challenges and closest to the Primary Care Leadership a significant and positive impact challenges of a changing world. solutions.” Program (PCLP). Intended to on hundreds, if not thousands In launching the initiative, the By linking the announce- build a primary care pipeline, of lives,” said Esther R. Dyer, foundation announced awards of ment of the seven winners to the program will provide future President & CEO, NMF. $1 million each to seven human Nelson Mandela International healthcare professionals the Scholars were accepted into rights groups from the Global Day—the South African leader’s opportunity to experience pri- the PCLP program after being South, each of which is poised to 94th birthday—the foundation mary care practice in community ranked by a faculty and regional make the leap to the world stage is putting its money behind the health centers across the US. advisory board and NMF’s and contribute to a broader, more idea that the global human rights NMF is a nonprofit organization National Advisory Committee inclusive dialogue on the rights agenda is best advanced by a dedicated to increasing minority based on their personal state- issues facing the world’s most diverse array of organizations representation in medicine and ments, academic achievements, poor and marginalized people. that includes emerging voices the health professions. leadership potential, and recom- “The seminal and enor- from the Global South. The two-year grant from the mendations. mously successful human rights The Ford Foundation will GE Foundation aims to draw “Community health centers groups that Ford has funded commit $50 million over the future health professionals into serve populations that are for- for decades—Human Rights next five years to both new and primary care while building the gotten and left behind by other Watch, Amnesty International, established human rights orga- capacity of community health healthcare providers. These and many others—are more nizations. In selecting organiza- centers. The partnership with students will receive a unique important today than ever,” said tions to support, the foundation NMF builds on GE’s $50 mil- experience not afforded to their Luis A. Ubiñas, president of the will place emphasis on groups lion commitment to increase peers. They will have the chance foundation. “What today’s grants whose work focuses on improv- access to healthcare through to dramatically change the lives recognize is how powerful the ing the lives of the poorest and its Developing Health™ initia- of those in the local commu- idea of human rights has become most marginalized people in the tive—currently in 74 community nity by changing the way care in every corner of the world, world, whose rights are routinely health centers in 20 US cities. is organized and delivered to and how much growth there denied or abused. “With an alarming shortage of patients,” NMF Board member, has been in recent years among For more information on primary care professionals antici- Dr. H. Jack Geiger stated. rights organizations in the South. the winners of the initial round pated in the years to come, PCLP While this is the GE We need to bring those southern of funding, please visit: enlists talented and motivated Foundation’s first US-focused hemisphere voices into the glob- http://www.fordfoundation.org/ students to be part of the solution. grant to NMF, there is an estab- al human rights dialogue.” newsroom/news-from-ford/651

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 47 there would be no such thing one thing in the immigration THE as illegal immigrants. Policies debate was the lack of reason in defining who can immigrate to the anti-immigrant voices. the United States necessarily No rational person wants to be BackPage define who cannot immigrate. on the wrong side of history, but This otherwise obvious point my motivation behind this issue is worth emphasizing: The law was a different one. A huge part Paul T. Mero is currently presi- tion reform? Why would a con- defines legal and illegal immi- of my identity as an authentic dent of Sutherland Institute, a servative political group risk grants. There is no such thing as conservative is reasonableness. conservative public policy think offending its loyal base of sup- a human being who is inherently For me, being reasonable is a tank in Utah. Prior to his service port over such a third-rail issue? illegal—a point that seems to hallmark of conservatism. It digs at Sutherland, Paul was the execu- Why would an organization often get lost in anti-immigration to the core of what it means to be tive vice president of The How- that is highly influential among rhetoric. To say “these illegals a human being. ard Center for Family, Religion, Utah’s overwhelmingly conser- shouldn’t be here” is to objectify and Society in Rockford, Illinois, vative state legislators jeopardize fellow human beings as subhu- where, among other duties, he that influence by pushing ideas man. For conservatives, this erro- administered the Second World clearly contrary to theirs? neous sentiment is also immoral Congress of Families meeting in More importantly, why should and un-American. Geneva, Switzerland, in 1999. other conservative political orga- Sutherland Institute’s journey Paul also worked in the United nizations, especially other state- with immigration reform began States Congress serving two con- based think tanks, pick up the in May 2007. As with most con- servative House members from gauntlet and follow Sutherland servative state-based think tanks, 1987 to 1997. He has written many Institute’s example in pressing immigration was not an issue in articles and given many speeches for intelligent, comprehensive our policy wheelhouse. But as in his career and has co-authored immigration reform? easy pickings for more nativ- a book, with Allan C. Carlson, The The short answer to all of these ist elements, especially in the Natural Family: A Manifesto. He questions is that it is the right Western and border states, Utah is a graduate of Brigham Young thing to do. It’s the prudent thing was not long immune from anti- University in Public Policy. to do—meaning it’s the conser- immigration rhetoric. Many What is Conservative About Comprehensive Immigration Reform? by Paul t. mero

hen Utah Governor vative thing to do, if you are an real problems associated with So I asked: What would I do if Gary Herbert signed authentic conservative. undocumented immigrants liv- I were a Mexican citizen, impov- Wfour immigration bills A more detailed response be- ing in our communities—such erished, with little hope for my into law on March 15, 2011, he gins with the circumstances every as identity theft and other serious future and my family’s future? closed a contentious but often state faces because of the failure crimes—are easily manipulated What would I do for my family inspiring public debate over the of the federal government to re- by populist voices trying to gain if I were one step away from free- state role in immigration reform. form legal immigration policy. political power. In nativist minds, dom and the hope of prosperity? About 20 political and commu- There are approximately every Hispanic living in Utah is Would I risk crossing the U.S. nity leaders stood with Governor 100,000 undocumented immi- viewed as an “illegal,” who in border without documentation? Herbert that day. It was a historic grants living in Utah. Absent a turn is viewed as a criminal. It is My alternative, at best, would moment not just for Utah but for constructive rule of law, these no small irony, in a debate filled be to place myself on a list that the nation—a redder-than-red immigrants are literally unac- with ironies, that anti-immigrant would leave me waiting for years state had just passed the most countable to society, leaving voices object to being character- to process legal documents. But comprehensive immigration them exposed to criminal ele- ized as nativists when they so eas- my family is suffering now. Even reform in the country. ments and forcing them to live ily characterize every Hispanic as so, I’m not a law-breaker. But I was standing that day with in the shadows—harming them illegal and, hence, a criminal—an neither am I a criminal. Is it crim- Governor Herbert as well. I am and their children as well as the irony I’ve referred to as “the pot inal to want to feed my family, to the leader of the most conserva- broader social and economic calling the kettle brown.” provide decent housing for them, tive public policy group in the interests of Utah. That equation For every state-based think to see them safe? No. I realized state, Sutherland Institute, but I is no different for any other state. tank choosing which issues to that it was the law—a law with also helped lead the fight for com- Illegal immigration exists entertain and which to discard, no rational basis—that would prehensive immigration reform. because legal immigration exists. there is that one moment in time, label me a criminal. The mere act Why? What is “conservative” Quite literally, if immigration that one “thing,” that often deter- of taking one step of ground is about comprehensive immigra- were open (“open borders”), mines our choice. For me, that not immoral. Nor is it immoral to

48 CARNEGIE REPORTER — Winter 2012 work and provide for my family. In that paper I made central proved of any state solution to a skirted the pre-emption issue Immigration laws are properly arguments: (1) The American federal problem. The ACLU, for by focusing solely on undocu- classified malum prohibitum1, not conservative tradition supports instance, would not endorse any mented immigrants already malum2 in se, and in this case, the generous immigration laws and proposal that even hinted at pre- living in Utah—the collateral law alone creates the criminal. rejects nativism; (2) “enforce- emption of the U.S. Constitution. damage of failed federal poli- At that point in Utah, the popu- ment-only” policies are impru- Around the same time that cies. As a matter of constitutional lar opinion was that a lack of legal dent; (3) authentic conservatives our working group was meeting, law, we argued, Utah has a right documentation was more than a cherish the deepest meanings of a another bright young mind—a to ensure its public safety, pro- mere infraction. It was immoral. humane rule of law; (4) undocu- public relations professional with tect our freedoms, and promote And that opinion, I decided, was mented immigrants living in Utah the Downtown Alliance, a part- our economic prosperity and we unreasonable. are generally more “Utah” in cul- ner of the Salt Lake Chamber of felt the best way to accomplish As it turned out, that was the ture and character than the state’s Commerce—imagined a docu- those objectives was to champion easiest decision I had to make. existing residents; and (5) these ment, a statement of principles, accountability for undocumented Much harder decisions involved new immigrants are a wonderful around which diverse oppo- immigrants already living among convincing my colleagues at opportunity for conservatives to nents of SB 1070 could rally. us—and any others who might be Sutherland, our board of direc- reclaim and revitalize civil soci- By September I saw a first draft forthcoming. tors, the state legislature, and ety, not to expand government or of the document that ultimately While SB 60 was largely the people of Utah that looking create a police state. became the Utah Compact. ignored in legislative pro- at this issue differently was the Sutherland also made seven In my opinion, the tortured cesses that session (Sen. Robles right thing to do. First, I had to recommendations, including one immigration debate in Utah is a female, liberal, Hispanic make a compelling conservative asking the federal government for involved two game-chang- Democrat), the final bill, HB 116, case for comprehensive immigra- a waiver allowing the state to act ing moments—two moments contains many of its underlying tion reform and then I had to sell independently to ensure its public that changed the course of the principles, not the least of which it to my closest friends. Second, safety, protect its freedom, and debate. The first was Sutherland is the fundamental idea that I had to make the case for a rea- promote its economic prosperity. Institute’s position on how undocumented immigrants ought sonable approach to the problem Another called upon the state leg- Utahns should decide the issue to be lifted to the surface of soci- of undocumented immigrants islature to create an in-state work of undocumented immigrants liv- ety where they can be account- living without accountability in permit. ing among us. Having the best- able and productive members of Utah—a case that became infi- By April 2010, Arizona had known conservative group in their communities. nitely more difficult to make passed the most aggressive anti- the state take that side changed Enforcement-only policies after Arizona came down hard on immigration legislation in the the way many elected officials drive immigrants underground, undocumented immigrants. country, and enthusiasm for viewed the issue. Second, the where they’re not only suscep- The part-time Utah legisla- copying Arizona’s SB 1070 leg- Utah Compact created an easily tible to hardened criminal ele- ture meets every year for 45 islation spilled north into our understandable message for the ments but also powerless in days from late January to early state. Utah State Representative public: Utah is not Arizona. Utah improving their neighborhoods March. The 2007 session of the Stephen Sandstrom flew to is a distinct place with a distinct and partnering with local schools legislature dealt partially with Arizona that month and spoke culture, and our culture does not in the educational lives of their the immigration-related issue of at rallies with SB 1070 sponsor permit us to be unreasonable children. e-Verify, an attempt to use busi- Senator Russell Pearce, vow- toward our neighbors, whether In other words, enforcement- nesses to screen undocumented ing to bring Arizona’s methods citizens or not, and that culture only policies are imprudent. immigrants. It was that debate to Utah. Seventy percent of the was reinforced by the support of The Utah Solution, HB 116, that piqued my interest initially, Utah population agreed with this The Church of Jesus Christ of is set to take effect in July 2013. and the unfinished legislative approach. Latter-day Saints. It has become the envy of many issue was sure to be revisited in At Sutherland’s annual din- As we entered the 2011 legis- other states looking to do the the 2008 session. ner in May 2010, I sat next to a lative session that January, public right thing, the prudent thing, in Several key staff members at bright young Latina state senator, opinion in heavily Mormon Utah state-based immigration reform. Sutherland were either opposed to Luz Robles, who raised the idea had shifted dramatically. In just For conservative organizations taking on the issue in 2007 or in of working together to create an 10 months, opinion moved from and other state-based think tanks downright disagreement with me alternative to SB 1070 for Utah. 70 percent in favor of Arizona’s like Sutherland Institute, this over policy. While I was confident That fortuitous meeting led to the approach to 70 percent in favor issue is ripe for leadership and that Sutherland should prioritize creation of a 30-person working of a unique Utah solution. sanity and prudence. Immigration the issue, I was reluctant to move group comprising diverse politi- Notwithstanding some passionate reform certainly involves eco- forward without my colleagues on cal bedfellows—from the ACLU voices within Utah’s legislature nomic aspects but, more so, it board. By November 2007, I pre- to the attorney general of Utah— that favored Arizona’s enforce- gives its advocates the incom- pared an internal memo making all determined to stop Utah from ment-only approach, the writing parable experience of doing the my case. This eventually turned becoming like Arizona on this was on the wall. An alternative right thing. I into Sutherland’s official position issue. Six meetings were held in Utah solution was going to pass. on illegal immigration, Onus or June and July, and by August the Sutherland Institute and State 1 Generally translated as something that is “wrong” because it is prohibited Opportunity: Conservatism and working group had an idea for Senator Luz Robles favored what by law. Illegal Immigration, a paper that alternative legislation. It’s impor- we often referred to as the gold 2 Generally translated as something that we released on Cinco de Mayo, tant to note that several members standard of state-based immi- is “wrong” in and of itself. 2008. of the working group disap- gration reform, SB 60. This bill

Winter 2012 — CARNEGIE REPORTER 49 CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK Non-profit Org. 437 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10022 US Postage PAID St. Louis, MO Permit No. 1018

aLeague of Peace

Winter 2012

CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK An Address 437 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10022 by Andrew Carnegie Phone: (212) 371-3200 Fax: (212) 754-4073 Web site: www.carnegie.org

Chief Communications and Digital Strategies Officer: Deanna Lee Editor; Director, Publications For much of his life, both as a private and Public Affairs: Eleanor Lerman citizen and a philanthropist, Andrew Editor/Writer: Karen Theroux Foundation Roundup Editor: Adrienne Faraci Carnegie dedicated himself and his Manager, Strategic Communications: George Soule wealth to the pursuit of international Researcher: Ronald Sexton peace. Below, in an excerpt from an Executive Assistant: Patricia Pagnotta address to the students at the University Carnegie Corporation of New York is a philanthropic foundation created by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland, on October promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding among the people of the United 17th, 1905, Mr. Carnegie discusses war, peace, States. Subsequently, its charter was amended to per- mit the use of funds for the same purposes in certain and party loyalty, subjects that have both remained countries that are or have been members of the British at the forefront of our national life and continue to be a global overseas Commonwealth. The goal of the Carnegie Reporter is to be a hub of ideas and a forum for dia- focus more than one hundred years after these words were spoken. logue about the work of foundations.

Board of Trustees Janet L. Robinson, Chair The question has no doubt arisen in your minds, what is your duty and how can Kurt Schmoke, Vice Chair Vartan Gregorian, Ex officio you best cooperate in [the holy work of advancing international peace] and hasten the Pedro Aspe Susan Hockfield end of war. I advise you to adopt [George] Washington’s words as your own, “My Richard Beattie Stephen A. Oxman Geoffrey T. Boisi Ana Palacio first wish is to see this plague of mankind, war, banished from the earth.” Leagues of Richard H. Brodhead Norman Pearlstine Ralph Cicerone Don M. Randel Peace might be formed over the world with these words as their motto and basis of Edward P. Djerejian Ann Claire Williams action. How are we to realize this pious wish of Washington’s? may be asked. Here is Amy Gutmann James D. Wolfensohn John S. Hendricks the answer. Whenever an international dispute arises, no matter what party is in power, Helene L. Kaplan, Honorary Trustee demand at once that your Government offer to refer it to arbitration, and if necessary Thomas H. Kean, Honorary Trustee Newton N. Minow, Honorary Trustee break with your party. Peace is above party. Should the adversary have forestalled your Government in offering arbitration, which for the sake of our race I trust will never occur, then insist upon its acceptance and listen to nothing until it is accepted. Drop all other public questions, concentrate your efforts upon the one question which carries in its bosom the issue of peace or of war. Lay aside your politics until this war issue is settled. This is the time to be effective.

© 2012 Carnegie Corporation of New York.