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Family Experiments Middle-Class, Professional Families in Australia and New Zealand C Family Experiments Middle-class, professional families in Australia and New Zealand c. 1880–1920 Family Experiments Middle-class, professional families in Australia and New Zealand c. 1880–1920 SHELLEY RICHARDSON Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Richardson, Shelley, author. Title: Family experiments : middle-class, professional families in Australia and New Zealand c 1880–1920 / Shelley Richardson. ISBN: 9781760460587 (paperback) 9781760460594 (ebook) Series: ANU lives series in biography. Subjects: Middle class families--Australia--Biography. Middle class families--New Zealand--Biography. Immigrant families--Australia--Biography. Immigrant families--New Zealand--Biography. Dewey Number: 306.85092 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The ANU.Lives Series in Biography is an initiative of the National Centre of Biography at The Australian National University, ncb.anu.edu.au. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Photograph adapted from: flic.kr/p/fkMKbm by Blue Mountains Local Studies. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents List of Illustrations . vii List of Abbreviations . ix Acknowledgements . xi Introduction . 1 Section One: Departures 1 . The Family and Mid-Victorian Idealism . 39 2 . The Family and Mid-Victorian Realities . 67 Section Two: Arrival and Establishment 3 . The Academic Evangelists . 93 4 . The Lawyers . 143 Section Three: Marriage and Aspirations: Colonial Families 5 . Marriage . 177 6 . Educating Daughters: The Christchurch Girls . 217 7 . Educating Daughters: The Melbourne Girls . 259 8 . Boys . 285 Conclusion . 311 Bibliography . 321 Index . 359 List of Illustrations Wilding family, May 1886. Front row, from left: Julia, Anthony, baby Frank held by nurse (?). Back row: Gladys and Frederick. The Macmillan Brown family at Holmbank, c. 1899. From left: Millicent, Helen, Viola and John, with their gardener in the background and a maid on the balcony above. Helen Connon in BA graduation robes, July 1880. The white camellias symbolise ‘excellence in women’. Mary Alice Morrison Higgins on her wedding day, 19 December 1885. Henry Bournes Higgins and his wife, Mary Alice Higgins, c. 1920. Masson family, Chanonry, University of Melbourne, Christmas 1902. From left: Mary, Elsie, Irvine, Marnie and Orme. Alexander Leeper in the 1880s. Adeline Leeper in the 1880s. The children of Alexander and Adeline Leeper. From left to right: Kitty, Rex, Katha and Allen. Mary Moule, September 1891. She became Alexander Leeper’s second wife in 1897. Mervyn Higgins, Irvine Masson and Robert Bage on holiday at Pentlands, Lorne, summer 1905–6. vii List of Abbreviations ADB The Australian Dictionary of Biography AFW Anthony Wilding AFWLED Life Events Diary of Anthony Wilding ALP Alexander Leeper Papers CMDRC Canterbury Museum Documentary Research Centre CWLED Life Events Diary of Cora Wilding DNZB The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography DOMFP David Orme Masson Family Papers GW Gladys Wilding GWLED Life Events Diary of Gladys Wilding HBHP Henry Bournes Higgins Papers HT The Hereford Times HWRO Hereford and Worcester Country Record Office JMBP John Macmillan Brown Papers JW Julia Wilding JWED Julia Wilding’s Events Diary/Diaries JWHD Julia Wilding’s Household Diary/Diaries LED Life Event Diary/Diaries NLA National Library of Australia NZJH The New Zealand Journal of History WFP Wilding Family Papers ix Acknowledgements I have many people to thank for their help and support over the course of researching and writing this book. Firstly, I am extremely grateful to Trinity College, University of Melbourne, for allowing me access to the Alexander Leeper Papers, and their archivists and Leeper librarians, past and present, who facilitated my research so readily: Gail Watt, Kitty Vroomen, Hazel Nsair, Nina Waters and Ben Thomas. My thanks go also to the staff of the University of Melbourne Archives; the Stonnington History Centre, Malvern; the National Library of Australia manuscripts department, Canberra; the Macmillan Brown Library at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch and the Canterbury Museum Documentary Research Centre, Christchurch. All provided me with friendly and knowledgeable assistance. John Poynter, Marion Poynter, James Grant and Richard Selleck also steered me in the right direction as I began my research into the Leeper and Masson families. This book began life as a PhD thesis carried out at The Australian National University’s School of History. In this regard I am extremely grateful to my former supervisors, Professors Melanie Nolan, Nicholas Brown and Stuart Macintyre, for their generous and expert guidance. My thanks also go to everyone at the National Centre of Biography, where I was based while a student, for their support, encouragement and friendship. Karen Smith also provided me with a great deal of assistance. It is frequently said that historians stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before them. In particular, I gratefully acknowledge biographers John Poynter, Marion Poynter, John Rickard, Len Weickhardt and Margaret Lovell-Smith, whose works provided a starting point for my own. Historian Jim Gardner did not live to see xi FAMILY EXPERIMENTS this book published but he was there at the start of the project injecting it with his typical enthusiasm. Hopefully he would have approved of the end result. His ideas have certainly influenced my own. Special thanks are due also to Chris Connolly, Luke Trainor and Graeme Dunstall, who have always shown an interest in my work since my earliest student days at the University of Canterbury, and have assisted me in various ways with this book. Many thanks to ANU Press for agreeing to publish my work and to the publishing team who saw it through to fruition. Thank you also to the ANU Publication Subsidy Committee for their generosity in providing me with a grant to assist with copy editing costs. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Malcolm Allbrook, who guided me through the early stages of the publishing process, and Geoff Hunt’s patient and thorough copyediting. Any mistakes are, of course, my own. Every effort has been made to locate copyright owners where appropriate. Finally, I owe my deepest gratitude to my family, who have encouraged and supported me through earthquakes and more minor crises, to complete this book. I could not have done it without them. xii Introduction In 1978, when Erik Olssen wrote the essay ‘Towards a History of the European Family in New Zealand’, he did so believing ‘that the history of the family provides the missing link … between the study of culture and the study of social structure, production and power’.1 Some 20 years later he observed that ‘gender’ and ‘gendering’ had, in the intervening years, ‘increasingly supplanted “women” and “family” on the research agenda’.2 One aspect of this recent trend towards a gendered approach to history is a focus on masculinity and femininity as relational constructs. It is therefore something of a paradox that, even though the family has been recognised ‘as a primary site where gender is constructed’, it has not attracted ‘greater interest’ in New Zealand and, by extension, Australia.3 British historian John Tosh observed that ‘once the focus shifted to the structure of gender relations, rather than the experience of one sex, the family could be analysed comprehensively as a system, embracing all levels of power, dependence and intimacy’.4 Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall produced such a work, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850, in 1987.5 Historians of Australia and New Zealand have been slow to follow the British historians’ lead; the family as a social dynamic has been squeezed to 1 Erik Olssen, ‘Families and the Gendering of European New Zealand in the Colonial Period, 1840–80’, in Caroline Daley and Deborah Montgomerie (eds), The Gendered Kiwi, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1999, p. 37; Erik Olssen and Andrée Lévesque, ‘Towards a History of the European Family in New Zealand’, in Peggy G. Koopman-Boyden (ed.), Families in New Zealand Society, Methuen, Wellington, 1978, pp. 1–25. 2 Olssen, ‘Families and the Gendering of European New Zealand’, p. 37. 3 Olssen, ‘Families and the Gendering of European New Zealand’, p. 37. 4 John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England [1999], 2nd edn, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2007, p. 2. 5 Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall,Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850, Hutchinson, London, 1987. 1 FAMILY EXPERIMENTS the margins of historical concern. Even less interest has been shown in the role of the elite middle-class family in shaping Australasian society. This book sets out to explore middle-class family life in two Australasian cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It does so through the experience of five families constructed in the 1880s and 1890s, within the marriages of male British migrants in professional occupations. It seeks to uncover the understandings and expectations of family that they brought with them from the old world as individuals, and to trace the evolution of these ideas as they endeavoured to turn ideals into reality. The close textual analysis necessary to reveal how family life was envisaged and experienced requires strong archival records and dictates a small sample. Christchurch and Melbourne provide significant sets of family archives that allow such close historical interrogation from within a similar occupational band (lawyers and academics), whose members saw themselves, and were seen by others, as part of the colonial intellectual community. Put simply, and to prefigure an argument throughout the book, for this generation of professional newcomers, the migrant/colonial experience was empowering.
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