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Influence of Soil Water Potential and Environment on the Internal Water Status of Grasses

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Influence of Soil Water Potential and Environment on the Internal Water Status of Grasses Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1974 Influence of Soil aterW Potential and Environment on the Internal Water Status of Grasses Ray W. Brown Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Ray W., "Influence of Soil aterW Potential and Environment on the Internal Water Status of Grasses" (1974). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4849. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4849 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFLUENCE OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE INTERNAL WATER STATUS OF GRASSES by Ray W. Brown A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. in Biology (Plant Physiology) UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1974 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research described here was conducted at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Exper- iment Station, Logan, Utah. I am deeply grateful to all the personnel at the Laboratory who helped with this effort, either directly or indirectly. Particulary, appreciation is extended to Mr. Paul E. Packer, Director's Representative, for his cooperation and authorization of this work. Thanks are due Mrs. Audrey Wacha and Mrs. M. L. H. Caldwell for their help during the early phases of this study. Sincere gratitude is extended to Mr. Chester E. Jensen and Mr. J. W. Homeyer, statisticians, who helped with the analyses of data, and to Mrs. Myrtle Mabe who typed the manuscript. Deepest appreciation is offered to Dr. Herman H. Wiebe, Professor of Botany and connnittee chairman, for his guidance, encouragement, and willingness to lend his services during times of need. To the other members of my cormnittee, including Dr. Martyn Caldwell, Dr. Eugene H. Cronin, Dr. Inge Dirmhirn, Dr. Walter T. McDonough, and Dr. John Hanks, gratitude is expressed for their many helpful suggestions during the course of this study. Also, thanks are due the late Dr. Sterling A. Taylor for his stimulating encouragement during the early phases of this study. I am deeply indebted to my family, all of whom displayed infinite patience, understanding, and tolerance, particularly during periods of disappointment and crisis. Ray W. Brown iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii ABSTRACT X INTRODUCTION . 1 Nature of the Problem 1 Objectives and Scope 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Characteristics of Smooth Brame and Intermediate Wheatgrass 4 Taxonomic and morphological characteristics 4 Origin and ecological characteristics 4 Physiological characteristics 7 Water in the Soil-Plant Atmosphere Continuum 9 Terminology in water relations research 10 Water potential 11 Matric potential 11 Osmotic potential 12 Pressure potential. 12 The components of water potential 13 Distribution of water potential components in plant tissues 13 Partitioning water potential components in plant tissues 16 Measurement of water potential . 18 Plant Water Relations 21 Absorption of water by plants 23 The role of transpiration in water relations 24 The development of plant water deficits 28 Wilting phenomena in plants 34 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page METHODS 39 General Procedures 39 Preliminary Growth 39 Experimental Conditions . 41 Experimental Procedures 44 Water potential measurements 47 Soil water potential 48 Leaf water potential 48 Leaf osmotic potential 55 Data calculation 57 Leaf pressure potential 58 Measurement of environmental influences 58 Leaf temperature measurement 59 Leaf resistance measurement 59 RESULTS 64 Plant Responses to Environmental Conditions . 64 Water potential responses 64 Leaf resistance responses 77 Leaf temperature responses . 79 Wilting Phenomena 82 Time required to reach wilting . 82 Leaf water potentials at wilting and collapse 87 DISCUSSION 98 Comments on Techniques and Design 99 Influence of Soil Water Potential 103 Influence of Environmental Conditions 105 Days to reach wilting and collapse . 105 Leaf water potential at wilting and collapse 106 Soil water potential at wilting and collapse 108 Leaf water potential and leaf resistance 108 Leaf water potential and leaf temperature 109 The Wilting Phenomenon in Plants. 111 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 116 LITERATURE CITED . 120 APPENDICES 135 Appendix 1. Individual data observations of both replications for smooth brome and intermediate wheatgrass. Symbols are: leaf water potential, bars Cw); osmotic potential, bars ( T ); pressure potential, bars (~p); soil water potential, bars C~s); leaf resistance, sec cm-1 (R); and leaf temperature, °C (T) . 136 Appendix 2. Leaf water potential at the calculated wilting protoplast collapse points for each plant studied of smooth brome and intermediate wheatgrass. Data are shown for both replications 145 VITA 148 vi LIST OF ~BLES Table Page 1. Summary of same wilting points of plants quoted in the literature, the environmental conditions under which they were measured, and the leaf water potentials at stomatal closure (if reported). 37 2. The nine sets of environmental conditions programmed in the growth chamber under which the water relations of smooth brome and intermediate wheatgrass were studied 44 3. Chronological order in which the water relations of smooth brome and intermediate wheatgrass were studied for each set of environmental conditions 47 4. Summary of the mean leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf resistance, and leaf temperature. Data are arranged by species, temperature regime, vapor pressure deficit regime, by day of drought cycle (1,2,3,4), by replication (Reps.) and the mean of both replications (1, 2, and X). Standard deviations (Sd) are for both rep- lications and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is in mm Hg 65 5. Summary of number of days required to reach the physiological wilting point and protoplast collapse for smooth brome and intermediate wheatgrass. Also shown is the pressure potential at collapse (bars) 84 6. Summary of analysis of variance test for significance of difference between species and environments for days to reach wilting and collapse 86 7. The physiological points of wilting and collapse for smooth brame and intermediate wheatgrass expressed as bars of leaf water potential (leaf) and soil water potential (soil) . 89 8. Summary of analysis of variance test for significance of difference between species and among environments for leaf water potential at wilting and collapse 90 9. The number of days between which the plants of both rep­ lications of each environment were studied, and the maximum difference between each replication in terms of leaf water potential (~), leaf water potential at wilting, and leaf water potential at collapse, for both species 101 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Smooth brorne, showing tall leafy growth and creeping rhizomes 5 2. Intermediate wheatgrass, showing the shorter growth form and rhizomes 6 3. The stainless steel tubes used to seal the leaf segments collected from each plant 49 4. The segments of leaf tissue were removed from the tubes in a humidity chamber to reduce evaporation 50 Sa. Sample changers consist of a brass housing containing a single thermocouple psychrometer, a six-chambered sample changer containing Teflon vials, a spring-loaded handle, and a water tight cap 51 5b. Sample changer fully assembled 52 6. A 6 em-long segment of leaf tissue was rolled onto a Teflon rod, and then inserted into the sample chamber 54 7. The nine sample changers were placed in a water bath at 25 °C 56 8. The sensing head of the Barnes infrared radiometer used to measure leaf temperature 60 9. The leaf cup of the diffusion pororneter used to measure leaf resistance 61 lOa. Relationship between time in days and leaf water potential (~), leaf osmotic potential C~y), soil water potential C~s), leaf resistance (R) in sec ern- , and leaf temperature (T) in °C; for smooth brome (SB) and intermediate wheatgrass (IW) under the 15/10 °C temperature regime and the 6.2, 8.8, and 11.4 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit regimes 71 lOb. Relationship between time in days and leaf water potential (~), leaf osmotic potential (~~), soil water potential C~s), leaf resistance (R) in sec cm-1, and leaf temperature (T) in °C; for smooth brome (SB) and intermediate wheatgrass (IW) under the 20/15 °C temperature regime and the 6.2, 8.8, and 11.4 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit regimes 72 viii LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page lOc. Relationship between time in days and leaf water potential ( l)J), leaf osmotic potential (l)Jn), soil water potential ClJJs), leaf resistance (R) in sec crn-1, and leaf temperature (T) in °C; for smooth brorne (SB) and intermediate wheatgrass (IW) under the 25/20 oc temperature regime and the 6.2, 8.8, and 11.4 mm Hg vapor pressure deficit regimes 73 11. The relationship between soil water potential and leaf water potential for smooth brome (SB) and intermediate wheatgrass (IW) for the nine environmental conditions. Each curve is for a vapor pressure deficit of 6.2, 8.8 , and 11.4 mm Hg. 76 12. The relationship between leaf resistance and leaf water potential for smooth brome and intermediate wheatgrass. The data from all environmental conditions were pooled 78 13a. The relationship between leaf surface temperature and leaf water potential for smooth brorne under the 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20 °C temperature regimes . 80 13b. The relationship between leaf surface temperature and leaf water potential for intermediate wheatgrass under the 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20 °C temperature regimes 81 14. The relationship between days and leaf pressure potential for smooth brome (SB) and intermediate wheatgrass (IW).
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