Natural Areas Weed Management Certification Training IFAS Short Course 2018

Presented by Susan Haddock, UF/IFAS Extension Hillsborough County Presentation by Mary Beth Henry UF/IFAS Extension Polk County Material provided by Ken Langeland and Jeff Hutchinson UF/IFAS Agronomy Department Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Disclaimer: • The use of trade names in this presentation is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.

• Pesticide users must review and comply with all conditions set forth in the pesticide label. Core Training

Natural Areas Certification Over half of Florida’s land area is in agriculture or urban land uses and natural habitats are continually being lost.

Natural areas are protected in > 10 million acres of conservation lands in Florida. Invasive Plant Species Nonnative (exotic) species that form self- sustaining expanding, populations within natural plant communities.

NOTE: 1,300 of 4,500 plant species in Florida are nonnative (31%) Brazilian pepper

Weeds vs. Invasive Plants ? Invasive Plant or Weed

•Invasive Plant: •Weed:

Spreads beyond A plant growing where intended area and is not wanted (yards, invades natural areas golf courses, etc.)

Displaces native Does not disrupt vegetative and alters natural processes natural communities Why the Concern? • Competition with native plants – Water – Nutrients – Space

• Alter hydrology

• Alter fire ecology

• Hybridize with native species What Plants Are Invasive Prohibited – Legislative Authority ✓USDA - Federal Noxious Weed List ✓FL DACS - Florida Noxious Weed List ✓FL DEP - Prohibited Aquatic Plant List ✓Local Ordinances

No statutory authority – updated every 2 years ✓FLEPPC List of Invasive Species (FL Exotic Pest Plant Council) Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council List of Invasive Plants Category I - Invasive exotics that are altering native plant communities by displacing native species, changing community structures or ecological functions, or hybridizing with natives. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Ex. Melaleuca, Brazilian pepper, Australian pine, OWCF, shoebutton ardisia and others. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council List of Invasive Plants

Category II - Invasive exotics that have increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species. These species may become ranked Category I, if ecological damage is demonstrated.

Ex. Guinea grass, castor bean, queen palm, and wedelia and others. Questions Regarding a Specific Plant – DEP/FWC Regional Biologists or County Agricultural Extension Agent

Questions Regarding the ID of a Plant and Record a New Weed Infestation Contact any major herbarium at a Florida University (UF, USF, UM, FSU)

Questions Regarding Listed Species - Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI) maintains a list of endangered plants and animals for each county in Florida. Land managers, natural resource specialists, invasive plant technicians, and biologists should become familiar with the non-native plant species in this book. Know: characteristics of some of the most invasive plants Ex. leaves, fruits, growth habit, bark, etc.

Catclaw mimosa Old World Climbing Fern Coral ardisia Melaleuca Shoebutton ardisia Natal grass Camphor tree Cogan grass White yam Kudzu Air potato vine Mexican petunia Lantana Brazilian pepper Glossy privet Wetland nightshade Gold coast jasmine Tropical soda apple Japanese Climbing Fern Chinese tallow tree Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#/media/File:Leaf_morphology.svg Catclaw mimosa Mimosa pigra • Sprawling thicket forming shrub • Hairy stems with prickles • Alternate, twice compound leaves • Sensitive to touch • Small mauve to pink flowers (.5” across) • Brown-bristy, segmented, flat pod (3” X .5”) Coral ardisia Ardisia crenata

• Evergree, multi- stemmed shrub to 6’ tall • Alternate, dark greenwaxy leaves with distinct scalloped margin • White to pink flowers, stalked in clusters in leaf axis • Bright red, spherical fruit Shoebutton ardisia Ardisia elliptica • Evergreen shrub or small tree to 17’ tall • Smooth stems, new foliage often reddish • Alternate leaves, oblong to oval shaped with entire margins up to 8” long • Flowerrs in axillary clusters • Round fruit, turns from red to black when ripe Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora

• Evergreen tree to 65’ • Twiggs grren or reddish green • Cut stems and bruised leaves give off strong camphor odor • Greenish-white to cream flowers in loose panicles • Small black drupes Winged yam/White yam Dioscorea alata • Vigorously twining herbaceous vine with stems up to 30’, from massive underground tubers • Internodes square with corners compressed into wings • Long petioled opposite leaves • Small flowers in leaf axils • 3-parted capsule Air potato Dioscorea bulbifera • Vigorously twining herbaceous vine up to 66 + feet • Internodes round • Small or absent underground tubers • Aerial, usually round tubers in leaf axis • Small fragrant flower in leaf axis Lantana (Shrub verbena) Lantana camara • Multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub to 6’ • Square stems, bristly hairs, small prickles • Opposite stalked leaves with blunt-toothed margins, hairy, up to 6” long • Small multi-colored flowers in stalked, dense, flat topped clusters Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum • Evergreen shrub or tree to 16-33’ • Dense, round crown • Smooth twigs with corky pits • Opposite, simple, leathery, ovate to elliptic leaves (6 X 2”) • Translucent midvein when held to light Gold coast jasmine Jasminum dichotomum • Evergreen scrambling shrub or woody climber to 8’ • Opposite, oval to oblong, glossy, leathery leaves (2-4” long), short pointed tips • White clustered flowers at leaf axis Japanese climbing fern Lygodium japonicum • Fern with climbing, twining fronds to 90’ long • Fronds are compound, triangular in shape up to 8” • Stems are wiry and green, black or orange forming dense mats • Leaflets are lobed, stalked, with terminal lobes dissected Old world climbing fern Lygodium microphyllum

• Fern with dark brown wiry rhizomes • Climbing twining fronds to 90’ • Leaflets ususally unlobed, smooth on undersides, stalked, leaving wiry stalks when detached Old World Climbing Fern Japanese Climbing Fern Once Compound (2-pinnate) Twice Compound (3-pinnate) Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia

• Evergreen tree with a slender crown • Bark soft, whitish, many-layered, peeling • Leaves alternate, simple, grayish-green, narrow lance shaped, 4” long • Smell of camphor when crushed Natal grass Rhynchelytrum repens • Perennial grass with smooth, erect slender stems to 3’ forming loose open tufts • Short lived • Leaves and stems pale green with purple blotches • Inflorescence loose, open, terminal to 8”, pink to purple Cogan grass Imperata cylindrica • Perennial grass with loose open tufts • Grows from stout, extensively creeping rhizomes with sharp pointed tips • Leaves narrow, erect, pubescent at base, flat and glabrous above • Flowers plume like silky panicle to 8” Kudzu Pueraria montana

• Semi-woody perennial vine, high climbing, trailing to 65’ • Tuberous roots • Rope-like dark, hairy stems to 4” or more diameter • Leaves alternate, with 3 leaflets, hairy margins entire or deeply lobed Mexican petunia Ruellia tweediana

• Perennial herb to 3’ with one to many stemsthat are woody at the base • Leaves dark green, oppositie, lance shaped, to 1x10” with long point • Flowers violet to purple Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius • Shrub or small tree with short trunk • Numerous long, arching, intertwined branches • Leaves evergreen, alternate, pinnately compound with 3-11 leaflets, when crushed smell peppery or turpintine • Bright red spherical drupe Wetland nightshade Solanum tampicense • Straggly, sprawling plant with prickly stems up to 16’ • Stem prickles are white to tan • Stems sparsely hairy • Leaves alternate with prickles Tropical soda apple Solanum viarum • Bushy, prickly perennial to 6’ • Stems armed with broad- based, straight or downward pointing prickles • Leaves alternate and also prickly • Fruit green when immature, dull yellow when ripe Chinese tallow Sapium sebiferum

• Deciduous tree to 52’ with milky sap • Leaves alternate, entire, rhombic to ovate, 1-2.5” wide • Petioles long and slender with 2 glands at apex Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• The coordinated use of multifaceted pest and environmental information with available pest control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. What IPM is/is not: – Use of “least toxic pesticides” – Minimum use of synthetic pesticides – Maximum use of biological controls – Alternation of control methods Six Methods to Control Invasive Plants 1. Prevention – quarantine 2. Cultural – public education, regulation 3. Habitat Manipulation – prescribed burns, water level manipulation 4. Physical Removal – Manual or Mechanized 5. Biological – insects or disease 6. Herbicides – selectively remove invasive plant species with minimal disturbance to leaf litter & soil; minimize damage to nontarget native plant species Managing Invasive Plants (6 methods)

Mechanical Manual

Habitat manipulation

Biological Biological control - Examples: Melaleuca – Melaleuca weevil, bud gall fly, snout beetle, psyllid •Includes insects or disease •Takes years •Implemented by state & federal agencies •Cannot be expected to solve all invasive plant problems Herbicides Herbicides

• Chemicals used for killing plants or severely interrupting the normal growth process • All herbicides used in NA are synthetic organic compounds • May be legally applied only to sites expressly mentioned on the labeling Herbicides Used in Natural Areas • Triclopyr amine – Garlon 3A

• Triclopyr ester – Garlon 4, Pathfinder II

• Glyphosate – Terrestrial: Roundup Pro, Glyphos, Glypro Plus – Aquatic: Rodeo, Aquamaster, Aquaneat, Eagre, Aquapro, Glypro Herbicides Used in Natural Areas • Imazapyr – Arsenal, Stalker

• 2,4-D – Riverdale products, Amine 400 2,4-D Weed Killer, Weed Rhap A-4D, Weedar 64

• Hexazinone – Velpar L, Velpar ULW

• Metsulfuron methyl – Escort XP Herbicide Characteristics The chemical makeup of the active ingredient determines:

•Solubility •Absorption and Translocation •Persistence – Mobility in soil – Breakdown •Toxicity •Mode of Action Herbicide Solubility

The ability to dissolve in water •Water soluble – forms a true solution – Polar (electrical charge) • Salts of acids (e.g. amines)

•Oil Soluble – must dissolve in oil to form true solution – Nonpolar • Esters Herbicide Solubility

• Amine – readily dissolve in water

• Ester – do not mix with water - most readily dissolve in oil Same AI may be formulated as water or oil soluble Triclopyr amine 2,4-D amine Triclopyr ester 2,4-D ester O CH2 CH3 + O CH2 C O NH CH2 CH3 Cl CH2 CH3 Polar (charged) N - mixes with H2O Triclopyr amine Cl (Garlon 3A) Cl

O Non-polar O CH2 C O CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 Cl (no charge) N - does not mix Triclopyr ester with H2O Cl (Garlon 4) Cl Herbicide Solubility • Water soluble • Oil Soluble (Polar - amine) (Non-polar - ester)

– Glyphosate – Triclopyr ester

– Triclopyr amine – 2,4-D ester

– 2,4-D amine

– Imazapyr

– Hexazinone

– Metsulfuron Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)

• Oil soluble products with emulsifiers • Form emulsions in water – emulsifying agents enable oil soluble product to be uniformly dispersed in water • Examples: – Garlon 4 (triclopyr ester)

– Stalker (imazapyr) “can be mixed in oil or water” No Oil Emulsifier Water

Oil Add Emulsifier oil and water mix

Water Garlon 3A Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil

Oil Oil Oil Oil Water

→ the polar part of the emulsifier molecule has an affinity with water and the non-polar part (fatty chain) tends to be attracted to the fatty phase Herbicide Formulations

• S or WS = Water-soluble

• OS = Oil-soluble

• W or WP = Wettable powder

• DF = Dry-flowable

• E or EC = Emusifiable concentrate

• Others: granules, pellets Absorption: Movement of a substance (herbicide) into the plant

Adsorption: Retention of a substance on a surface such as soil particle or plant surface

Translocation: Movement of a substance within a plant

Which of these would cause an herbicide to become unavailable for uptake from soils? Diffusion: Herbicide moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Active Transport: Energy requiring; herbicide movement up a gradient from low concentration to high concentration Molecules

Lipid Concentration bilayer gradient

Diffusion Channel Carrier transport mediated No energy Active required transport Passive transport Routes of Herbicide Absorption How herbicides move into plants • Leaves - Foliar application

• Stems –Basal bark application –Cut stump application

• Roots –Soil application Foliar Absorption move downward in the phloem

Herbicide must Know outer layer (epidermis) pass thru: and its 3 components Hairs Epidermis

➢ Cuticle (diffusion) – Waxy ➢ Cell Wall (diffusion) ➢ Plasma membrane (active uptake) Leaf Cross-section Foliar Absorption - Barriers Hairs– prevent contact with epidermis •use surfactant to overcome Cuticle – thickness influences penetration, mature leaves have thicker cuticle, thicker on upper side of leaf •Oil soluble more readily penetrates •For water based herbicide use penetrant to overcome waxy barrier Plasma membrane – environmental stress reduces movement Root Absorption – move upward in the xylem, active transport through the plasma membrane • Move upward in xylem to site of action • Availability – Adsorption – Humus, Clay – Glyphosate readily binds to soil so not root absorbed • Bound at surface will not reach roots • Readily leaches moves past roots • Photodegrade at surface • Environmental stress Stem Absorption - move upward in the xylem and/or move downward in the phloem Herbaceous Woody – Epidermis – Bark • Cuticle • Corky • Cells Wall • Waxy • Plasma membrane

May be difficult for herbicides to penetrate Oil based or injection of water or oil based Herbicide Translocation - Once absorbed herbicides are either deactivated physically or chemically or translocated to site of action Deactivation – becomes inactive when – Adsorbed, hydrolyzed, precipitated Translocated short or long distance Vascular tissue movement: – Upward in xylem toward growing points • Non-living - wood • Upward with transpiration stream – Downward in phloem to roots • Living • Downward with photosynthate BREAKDOWN AND PERSISTANCE

Persistance – the time an herbicide remains in the environment, related to the chemistry of the herbicide & environmental conditions

Reported as “half-life” – the time for chemical to be reduced in half

NA herbicides vary from 10 to 142 days BREAKDOWN AND PERSISTANCE Breakdown Half-life Mobility 2,4-D Microbial 10 days Low

Glyphosate Microbial 47 days Bound (none) Hexazinone Microbial 90 days High Photolysis (leaching to non- target area) Imazapic Microbial 120 days Moderate

Imazapyr Microbial 25-142 days Moderate

Metsulfuron Microbial 30 days Moderate

Triclopyr Microbial 30 days Moderate Hydrolysis Breakdown of Herbicides

• Photolysis – energy (heat) absorbed by light causes the chemical bonds of molecules to break.

• Hydrolysis – chemical bonds are broken when herbicide reacts with water.

• Microbial – metabolization (degradation) of herbicides by soil microbes. (Note: herbicide loss also occurs by leaching and adsorption) Absorption, Translocation And Mode of Action Absorption Translocation MOA

2,4-D* Foliage, roots Phloem Organo-auxin

Glyphosate Foliage Phloem Protein synth.

Hexazinone Roots Xylem Photosynthesis

Imazapic Foliage, roots Xylem, phloem Protein synth.

Imazapyr Foliage, roots Xylem, phloem Protein synth.

Metsulfuron Foliage, roots Xylem, phloem Protien synth.

Triclopyr* Foliage, roots Phloem Organo-auxin

*Organo-auxin herbicides require additional record keeping under Florida Pesticide Law Volatile – can move from application site several days after application – destroy nearby crops Herbicide Movement • Foliar Uptake (Phloem): - Glyphosate (rapidly & tightly bound by most soils)

• Root Uptake (Xylem): - Hexazinone (strong tendency to leach)

• All others: - Primarily by foliar but also with some root uptake Xylem and Phloem and Xylem Phloem Phloem Translocation Translocation

Phloem Xylem Xylem Translocation Xylem Modes of Action 1. Auxin interference (tissue development)

2. Amino acid or protein synthesis interference

3. Photosynthesis inhibitor Herbicides target biological processes unique to plants. This is why herbicides with relatively low toxicity to non-plant organisms work. Mode of Action

• Auxin Interference - 2,4-D, Triclopyr

• Amino Acid or Protein Inhibitors - Glyphosate, Imazapic, Imazapyr, Metsulfuron

• Inhibit Photosynthesis - Hexazinone Other Modes of Action

1. Cell membrane disruptors (contact herbicides) – diquat

2. Growth inhibitors (interfere with cell division) – soil applied / root uptake

3. Pigment synthesis inhibitors (bleachers) – fluridone

4. Lipid / fatty acid inhibitors – effective on grasses and small seeded broadleaf plants These are seldom used in natural areas weed mngt. Factors That Affect Herbicide Activity • Rainfall • Temperature – Wash-off – Stress/growth – Soil moisture • Humidity • Drought – Drying – Transpiration – Soil moisture • Growth stage – Morphology • Wind – Coverage • Season – Stomata closure – Translocation Factors that adversely affect herbicide activity • Low relative humidity

• High or cold temperature

• Drought

• Rainfall immediately after application

• High winds Spray Adjuvants – improve herbicide effectiveness • Surfactants – allow spray mixes to overcome surface tension and stick to leaves - Nonionic surfactants usually recommended • Drift control agents – control droplet size • Penetrants – enables a water-based herbicide to overcome the waxy barrier on many leaf types • Anti-foaming agents – reduce foaming during mixing • Emulsifiers – allow oil-based herbicides to mix with water • Colorants – keep track of vegetation treated (limit spray on non-target damage) Environmental Considerations • Wildlife toxicity

• Endangered species – Florida Natural Areas Inventory

• Selectivity – Ability to control the target plant without harming nontarget plants Herbicide Toxicity 1. Low activity to higher forms of life

2. Target unique biological processes that are unique to plants - Photosynthesis - Specific growth regulators (auxins) - Amino Acids and Proteins (ALS and EPSP)

---These biological processes or pathways do not occur in animals--- Toxicity (LD50 mg/kg) Bobwhite quail Laboratory Rat 2,4-D amine >5,620 >1000 Glyphosate >4,640 4,300 Hexazinone >10,000 1,690 Imazapic >2,150 >5,000 Imazapyr >5,000 >5,000 Metsulfuron >5,620 >5,000 Triclopyr amine >10,000 2,574 Triclopyr ester 9,026 1,581 Caffeine 192 Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI) • Maintains a list of endangered plants and animals for each county in Florida.

• Contact if there are questions regarding a Threatened or Endangered species in the area to be treated with herbicide Selectivity Herbicide selection Herbicide placement

Broad spectrum herbicides Best method to control - Control most plants target species (monocots and dicots) Method of application - EX. Glyphosate • Colorants • Minimize “drift” Selective herbicides – Droplet size - Control either monocots »Drift control (grasses) or dicots (broad- agents leaved plants) – Use lowest pressure - EX. Triclopyr – Use largest nozzle – Watch wind • Lots of variability Minimizing spray drift:

• Do not spray into wind (spray downwind)

• Use a large-orifice nozzle tip

• Use the lowest possible hydraulic pressure

• Spray during calm (no wind) periods

• Add drift control agents to spray mixture Minimizing Spray Drift

• Spray downwind (do not spray into wind)

• Do not spray under windy conditions

• Use low spray pressure

• Use a nozzle tip with a large orifice (i.e., larger spray droplets)

• Add drift control agents Flat Fan Tips Coding

• TP1502 • TP2503

- 15 degrees spray - 25 degrees spray angle angle

- Delivers 0.2 - Delivers 0.3 gallons per minute gallons per minute at 40 psi at 40 psi Application Methods

1) Foliar

2) Basal bark

3) Hack and squirt

4) Cut stump

5) Soil application Foliar Applications

• Herbicides – Rodeo, Roundup, etc – Garlon 3A – Arsenal • Surfactants – Penetration – Spreading • Organosilicones are long chain polymers with good spreading abilities Basal Bark Applications Low pressure from backpack, hand held spray bottle to the bark & circumference of each stem or tree from the ground up to 15-20” above ground • Herbicides – Oil soluble (EC) - best • Pathfinder • Garlon 4 • Stalker Diluents • Vegetable oil - best – Most readily breaks down – Mineral oil – Do not use Diesel fuel – Toxic to wildlife Hack and Squirt Applications • Herbicides – Arsenal – Roundup, etc. – Triclopyr

• Equipment – Machete – Squirt bottles Hack and Squirt Applications

AKA Frill or Girdle •Cuts into the cambium completely around the circumference of tree with no more than 3” intervals between cut edges •Angle incisions downward to hold herbicide •Cuts can be wrapped with tape to prevent rain from washing into soil •Slow & labor intensive – used in mixed communities Cut Stump Applications After cutting & removing – spray, pour or paint herbicide on cut surface • Herbicides – Roundup, Rodeo, etc. – Garlon 3A; Garlon 4 – Arsenal

• Treat as soon as possible (w/in 15 min of cut)

• Cut as level as possible – less runoff Herbicides move downward in cut stump by diffusion Bark Inactive xylem

Cambium and phloem (living tissue)

Active xylem Soil Application – soil active • Granular herbicides applied by hand, spreaders, or blowers.

• Do not apply where the roots of non- target plants may occur.

• Highly water soluble, leach readily, and may contaminate groundwater (refer to label) Best Treatment Methods (Examples)

• Treatment of a dense • Treatment of stand of torpedograss scattered (sparse) with no native Brazilian pepper trees vegetation nearby: among dense native vegetation:

- Low volume - Basal bark treatment broadcast foliar spray with a hand-held sprayer Best Treatment Methods (Examples)

• Treatment in an undisturbed site with dense overhanging vegetation:

- Hand-held spray bottle Application methods that can selectively control invasive plants • Basal bark application • Hack and squirt • Cut stump • Low volume foliar application with hand- held sprayer When would you use broadcast application? What type of herbicide would be best for broadcast application when non-target native species are present? Laws Pertaining to Pesticides • Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, And Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) – Requires all pesticides to be applied in accordance with product labeling and that containers are properly disposed of • Florida Pesticide Law (Chapter 487 FS) – Pesticides are registered and label laws enforced by Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Florida Department of Environmental Protection – Aquatic plant control permits – Funding for aquatic plant control – Aquatic Plant importation, transportation, transportation, and cultivation Final Legal Interpretation of Label

• Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services (FDACS) Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

Agency that issues permit authorizing herbicide application to public body of water Label Interpretation

• Active ingredient

• Directions for use

• PPE

• Mixing instructions, conversions

• Maximum rate per acre Garlon 3A Label

-Active ingredient

-Acid equivalent

-Environmental hazards

-Mixing instructions

-Maximum label rate

-Applications methods

-PPE required How many pounds of Triclopyr, expressed as acid equivalent , are contained in one gallon of Garlon 4?

• Active ingredient (AI) = chemical in the formulated product responsible for herbicide effects on plants

• Acid equivalent (AE) = the percentage of acid in the active ingredient

• Product = formulated herbicide under a trade name to include active ingredient + inert ingredients A.I. vs A.E. • Active ingredient (AI) – represents the unaltered form of the chemical molecule.

Yet is some cases, the herbicide molecule has been altered by adding some additional characteristics to improve solubility, foliar penetration, and greater translocation without destroying the herbicide property.

• Acid equivalent (AE) – that portion of the original salt or ester molecule that represents the acid form of the molecule Key: Just know how to find AI and AE on the label Site Descriptions on Label! • “Natural areas” does not appear on most labels • Must be sure that one of the site descriptions on the label accurately describes the target weed location. • Products registered for use in forestry or noncropland sites are defensible choices for non- aquatic natural areas • Label must specify “aquatic use” if it is to be used over standing water. • Herbicides may be used in wetlands when water is not present unless specifically prohibited by the label Special Local Need Label (SLN) • Special registration for controlling specific weeds • Allows a state to further specify how the pesticide is applied • Applicators must have copy in their possession when applying a SLN herbicide • Current Example: Metsulfuron (Escort XP) for treating Lygodium microphyllum

New method or timing of application, new pest, altered rate, application in a particular soil type, new product/different formulation, product useful for managing pesticide resistance Workers Protection Standard (WPS)

• Pertains to people • SO, natural area performing tasks herbicide applicators related to should follow NON- agricultural activities WPS PPE instructions listed on • Does not pertain to the label people performing tasks related to non- Note: Know differences cropland sites between agricultural applicators and non -agricultural applicators Label Signal word

How much active ingredient

Personal protective equipment Which woody species requires a cut surface treatment for best results? Which woody species will most likely require a re-treatment for best control? Which herbicide is not registered for use in combination with this product in Florida? Which conditions would most favor spray droplet evaporation of this product? What is the best source for information about the product if you have questions? How much undiluted product should be injected into the bark of a tree for a tree injection treatment? What is the maximum rate of this product that should be mixed with 3 gallons of water to make a high volume foliage treatment for control of woody plants??

3 gallons = 128 oz/gal X 3 = 384 oz 384 oz/100 gal spray solution = 3.84 oz/gal 3.84 oz/gal X 3 gal = 11.52 oz QUESTIONS NOW …..for some “herbicidal” calculations Two Methods (of many)

• Method 1 • Method 2

- Convert each variable - Set up equation one at a time to get to desired rate or mixture - Cross multiply

KEY IS TO PRACTICE WORKING THESE EQUATIONS Constants Used for Preparing Spray Mixes and Determining Herbicide Rates

• One gallon = 128 ounces

• One gallon = 8 pints

• 1 pint = 16 ounces

• 1% Solution = 1.28 ounces per gallon

• One Acre = 43,560 square feet (ft2) Other Constants for Tank Mixes • 1.0% / gal = 1.28 oz gallon

• 1.5% / gal = 1.92 oz gallon

• 2.0% / gal = 2.56 oz gallon

• 3.0% / gal = 3.84 oz gallon

• 5.0% / gal = 6.40 oz gallon

• 10.0% / gal = 12.80 oz gallon Calculating Dilutions • How much Garlon 4 should you add to prepare 4 gal of spray solution equivalent to mixing 20 gal Garlon 4 in 100 gal spray mix?

1) 20 gal ÷ 100 gal = 0.2 (20% herbicide product in spray mix)

2) 0.2 x 4 gal = 0.8 gal (20% herbicide product x 4 gallon spray mix)

3) 0.8 gal x 128 oz/gal=102 oz (convert to oz or pints) Or 102 oz x 1 pt/16 oz = 6.4 pt 1) Set up equation: 20 gal G4 X gal G4 100 gal spray mix 4 gal spray mix

2) Cross multiply: (20 gal G4) (4 gal spray mix) X gal G4 100 gal spray mix 0.8 gal G4

3) Covert gallons to ounces:

(0.8 gal G4) x (128 oz) 102 oz G4 1 gal

---Don’t forget to convert to the amount requested in the question--- Calculating Dilutions • How much Garlon 4 should you add to prepare 4 gal of 1.5% spray solution?

1) 4 gal x 0.015 = 0.06 gal (1.5% product in 4 gallons) 2) 0.06 gal x 128 oz/gal = 7.68 oz (Convert gal to oz)

4 gal x 1.92 oz = 7.68 oz

Recall that 1.5% / gal = 1.92 oz per gallon Spray Volume Per Acre • How many gallons spray mix would be applied per acre if 60 oz are applied to 400 sq ft?

1) 400 sq ft ÷ 43,560 sq ft/acre = 0.0092 acres (Convert 400 sq ft to acres) 2) 60 oz ÷ 128 oz/gal = 0.4688 gal (Convert 60 oz to gallons) 3) 0.4688 gal ÷ 0.0092 acres = 51 gal/acre (Divide gal by acres to get gal per acre) 1) Set up equation: 60 oz spray mix X oz spray mix 400 sq. ft. 43560 sq. ft.

2) Cross multiply: (60 oz spray mix) (43560 sq. ft.) X oz 6534 oz spray mix 400 sq. ft.

3) Covert ounces to gallons:

1 gal 6534 oz x 51 gal 128 oz Spray Volume Per Acre

• How many gallons spray mix would be applied per acre if a sprayer delivers 40 oz per minute and 400 sq ft are treated in 5 min?

1) 400 sq ft ÷ 43,560 sq ft/acre = 0.0092 acres

2) 40 oz/min ÷ 128 oz/gal = 0.3125 gal/min

3) 5 min ÷ 0.0092 acres = 543.5 min/acre

4) 0.3125 gal/min x 543.5 min/acre = 170 gal/acre 1) Set up equation, determine minutes to spray an acre: 400 sq. ft. 43560 sq. ft. X min 544.5 min 5 min X min

2) Determine oz per acre: 544.5 min 40 oz 21780 oz x acre min acre

3) Covert ounces to gallons: 21780 oz 1 gal x 170 gal / acre acre 128 oz Herbicide Per Tank • How much Roundup (oz) should be added to a 3 gallon spray tank to apply 7 pints of Roundup per acre for a sprayer that delivers 167 gal per acre?

1) 7 pt/acre x 16 oz/pint = 112 oz/acre

2) 112 oz/ 167 gal = 0.67 oz/gal

3) 0.67 oz/gal x 3 gal = 2.01 oz 1) Set up equation: 7 pints X pints 167 gal 3 gal

2) Cross multiply: (7 pints) (3 gal) X pints 0.1257 pints 167 gal

3) Covert pints to ounces:

16 oz 0.1257 pints x 2.0 oz 1 pint Determining Amount of Herbicide Needed Surface Area Applications

Herbicide needed = recommended pounds per acre x surface area to be treated or recommended gallons per acre x acres to be treated Example

How much Velpar ULW is required to treat an area that measures 270 feet by 470 feet with Velpar ULW (granules) at a rate of 2 pounds product per acre?

1) Determine acreage: Acres = 270 ft x 470 ft  43,560 ft2 pr acre Acres = 2.9 acres

2) Determine herbicide needed 2.9 acres x 2 lbs per acre = 5.8 lbs Determining Amount of Herbicide Needed for Proportion or % Solution in Spray Solution

• If recommendation is given as herbicide volume per final spray volume – Herbicide volume = (Given herbicide  Given spray volume ) x spray volume

• If recommendation is given as percent solution – Herbicide volume = Spray volume x (% recommended  100)