Land Drainage in England and Wales

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LAND DRAINAGE |N ENGLAND AND WALES

R.W. Irwin Schoo] of Engineering University of Guelph

Britain is generally thought to be a small, highly industrialized country which relies on the rest of the world for the food it uses, This is a misconception, Jt has a highly developed agriculture. A comparison with Ontario is shown below.

England & Wales Ontario Total improved land (ac) 14,000,000 10,865,000 No. of farm workers 647,000 392,000 No. of full time farms 165,000 95,000

WATER ORGANIZATION PRIOR TO APRIL 1974

Arterial Drainage

Law pertaining to arterial drainage dates from the 12th century. In 1918 the drainage legislation was reviewed and new concepts were introduced which proved to be unsatisfactory in certain regards, The 1918 Act gave Drainage Commissioners the option of laying drainage rates on an acreage basis or on annual value. In 1918 the Ministry decreed that lands which could be rated for direct benefit were the agricultural land below the 8ft (based on 8 ft of wheat roots) contour above the highest known local flood level; urban property was set at flood level. Agricultural land assessment at the coast was based on 5ft above spring tide level for benefit, The Act also set out the flood benefit criteria lines, Rates were usually established on the acreage basis as it was easier to administer. |t was difficult to raise sufficient money under that arrangement, Only lands which received benefit paid prior to 1930.

The Land Drainage Act of 1930 (1) created one authority (Catchment Board) for each main basin; (2) departed from the principle of assessing all the cost of drainage against land in proportion to direct benefit; and (3) established the principle of government grants-in-aid for agricul tural land,

There were 20,000 miles of main river. The Catchment Board, with the Minister's approval, decided what main rivers were to be maintained and improved by the Board, A map was provided showing the main channels of concern to the Act and the watercourses deemed part of the main river. Boards did not lay drainage rate but were financed by (1) grants; (2) precepts (someone else collects) on internal drainage boards who charged on both urban and agricultural lands, but the urban element paid twice, once to the Local Authority and once to the |.D,8.; and (3) Council grants on the general rate (non-agricultural property). The |.D.B. boards were financed by taxes levied against real property in the district, agricultural -70-

jand paying on the basis of its full ''annual value'! and other property, including buildings, at the same rate of 1/3 its annual value (i.e. an assessed valuation of annual rental or production value made for income tax purposes). Because of derating agricultural land did not pay anything toward the main river drainage work unless jn an |nternal Drainage district. Property owners were rated separately for improvement and occupiers were rated for maintenance.

Internal Drainage Boards were under the general supervision of the Catchment Board. Electors were people who own or occupy land in the area, Each elector had votes depending upon the value of his property, The individual was responsible for maintenance, Grants to |,D.B.'s were established at 50/, About * 45 million was paid to 196] on 70 million captial works, Owners of poorer Jand bore a greater burden of the loss from flooding. Urban property made a more appropriate contribution and was assessed at a uniform amount per pound throughout the area, Under the River Boards Act, 1948, Catchment Boards were superceded by River Boards, covering the whole of England and Wales, with responsibility for land drajnage, fisheries, pollution prevention and river gauging. Drainage Boards continued to exercise responsibility for the drainage of areas of special drainage need with River Board areas, The River Boards Act, established a two tier system. Jt brought the river systems or groups of river systems under the control of one authority cutting across county and other administration boundaries, With the addition of abstraction, pollution and river gauging it was the thin edge of the wedge and drainage received less attention.

The Regional Water Authorities set up in 1973 took over everything of terrestrial water. River Boards exercised general supervision over drainage of the whole catchment area, 1|.D,B.'s attended to the local drainage. The 29 River Boards followed the boundaries of the old Catchment Boards,

Outside the |,D.B, the farm ditch is normally separated from the main river by intermediate watercourses which up to 196] were not the responsibility of any authority.

The Land Drainage Act 1961 gave River Boards authority for the improvement, maintenance and level discharges; to raise drainage charges on agricultural land and buildings not in an |.0.8, |.D.B.'s can now only be created or abolished on initiation of a River Board, The River Board submits to the Minister a drainage proposal to improve watercourses and provide for rating charges. These are placed on the map and designated a drain.

The Board, prior to submitting scheme, is to consult organizations representing the people in the agricultural] area, The scheme sent to council and to organizations within the area, not to the ratepayers,

River Boards were superseded in turn in 1963 by 27 River Authorities and 2 Catchment Boards with wider powers especially for the conservation of water resources, The structure of water services pre April 1974 was as follows: “j=

|. Water Supply

Statutory Undertakers

100 Waterboards 50 LA's 7 Committees 30 Water Companies

2, Sewerage and Sewerage Disposal

Loca] Authorities Joint Sewerage Boards

1,364 27

3, River and Water Resource Management

River Authorities Thames and Lee Conservancy

Thus a total of 1,600 authorities were responsible for the administration of water services In England and Wales.

in 1971 a report on ''The Future Management of Water in England and Wales, H.M,S.0.!' was published by the Central Advisory Water Committee, and from this a Government policy was developed to achieve the following objectives:

(i) To secure an ample supply of water of appropriate quality to meet the growing demands of people, industry and agriculture, (ii) To provide adequate sewerage and sewage disposal facilities to cope with the increase in water use, (iii) To ensure that the vital contribution of land drainage and flood protection to both urban and agricultural areas alike is maintained, and where appropriate, expanded, (iv) To achieve a massive clean up of the country's rivers and estuaries by the early 1980s, (v) To make the widest use of water space for other purposes, including recreation and amenity and, where appropriate, the protection and development of salmon and freshwater fisheries and the provision of water needed for navigation, (vi) To protect the interests of those who may be affected by the proposals for the development of water resources in any of these respects,

The New Organization

To achieve these objectives, the 1973 Water Act sets up a National Water Council, 9 Regional Water Authorities for England and a Welsh National Water Development Authority. Between them they will employ some 75,000 staff, the annual revenue wil] be about +} 350 millions and their budget about } 300 millions per annum, The boundaries follow watersheds of the =72-

catchment areas for one or more major rivers.

The original aim for the Regional Water Authorities was to have a multi purpose structure for al] the water services, but in practise it has varied with jndividual Water Authorities. A typical structure of independent division's consists of,

(1) Water Supply Divisions - Regrouping of existing undertakers (2) Sewage Disposal Divisions - Fundamental regrouping to 88 divisions (3) River Divisions - Basically former River Authority areas,

At government level Regional Water Authorities are responsible to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for land drainage and fisheries functions and to the Department of the Environment for other matters, Grant aid for land drainage works Is administered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,

National Water Council

The National Water Council] will,

(i) advise government on all matters relating to national policy for water (ii) Promote efficient performance of the Regional Water Authorities, particularly in relation to research (iil) establish a scheme for testing and approving water Fittings (iv) prepare a scheme for training and education in connection with water services,

The Council consists of a chairman appointed by the Secretary of State, DOE, the chairmen of the RWAs, eight members appointed by the Secretary of State, and two by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,

Water Space Amenity Commission

A commission js to be set up to investigate the amenity and recreational use of water, Regional Water Authorities will be advised by the Commission, Regional Water Authorities

(a) Functions (i) . All functions of the former river authorities, viz Land Drainage, River Pollution, Fisheries, Sea Defence, (ii) Conservation, redistribution, and augmentation of water resources within their area. (iti) Supply of wholesome water within their area. (Statutory Water Companies may act on behalf of the RWA). -73-

(iv) To make arrangements for the sewerage functions under the Public Health Acts, (Local Authorities will be dealing with sewerage functions on an agency basis, but RWA are controlling sewage treatment direct).

(v) To take steps to secure the use of water, and land assocjated with water, for the purposes of recreation.

(b) Membership

Chairman ~ appointed by the Secretary of State DOE Members = between 2 and 4 appointed by MAFF Members - as specified, appointed by DOE Members - as specified, appointed by LA's

Local Authority membership shall have a majority.

Of great significance in the Regional Water Authority structure is the Regional Land Drainage Committee.

Regional Land Drainage Committee

The Regional Land Drainage Committee (RLDC) is a statutory committee charged with carrying out the land drainage functions of each Regional Water Authority, The Authority acts as agents for work to be done.

A RLDC consists of

(a) a chairman and a number of other members appointed by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (b) two members appointed by the Water Authority (c) a number of members appointed by the constituent local authorities (county councils)

Local authority membership has a majority.

Most RLDC's operate through Local Land Drainage Committees (LLDC),

Local Land Drainage Committees

LLDC's have been set up to carry out the functions of the RLDC's on a local basis. In practise they have tended to become the River Divisions of the new RWA's and to a large extent coincide with the former River Authority catchment boundaries.

A LLDC consists of: (a) a chairman appointed from among their own members by the RLDC (b) other members appointed by that committee (c) members appointed by constituent local authorities -7h-

Typical duties to be djscharged and exercised by a LLDC are, (i) exercise of internal drainage functions (2) carrying out of Section 24 Surveys i.e, There is a statutory requirement under the 1973 Water Act, requiring the RWA's to carry out a survey to establish land drainage need and to produce a programme of works to meet this need, (3) preparation of works programmes related to (2) above. (4) execution of such programmes, (5) maintenance of land drainage works. (6) enforcement of land drainage by-laws. (7) recommendations as to extension of main river.

Finance

With the exception of land drainage, all other services will be financed by Water Charges, based on schemes to be designed by the Regional Water Authorities,

Land drainage will be financed by RWA's precepting on constjtuent local authorities (i.e. County Councils or London Boroughs). The monies so raised may only be expended within the LLDC area encompassing the constituent local authorities.

RWAs amay also rajse monjes by means of Genera] Drainage Charge.

An important feature in the 1973 Water Act is the Charges Option Order - this enables RWAs to opt for the financing of Land Drainage Works by Water Charge in 1978, subject to the agreement of the RLDC and the Minister.

Water Authorities: Land Drainage Functions

Water authorities have power to maintain and improve watercourses scheduled as "main rivers'', Their work is concerned with the improvement of land drainage by increasing the capacity and efficiency of rivers, the prevention of inland flooding, and construction and maintenance of sea defences to protect low-lying coastal areas, They also exercise a general supervision over the drainage of their catchment area including the internal drainage boards,

Water authorities also have responsibilities for water resources and supply; sewerage and sewage disposal; the prevention of river pollution; fisheries; water space amenity and recreation; and in some cases for navigation, For all these functions, except fisheries, the Secretaries of State for the Environment and or Wales are responsible,

Water Authorities; Finance

The major part of the expenditure of water authorities on land drainage is met by precepts on the county councils in their areas, by contributions from the internal drainage boards, and by Ministry grants for approved capital works, -/5-

[Internal Drainage Boards: Constitution and Finance

There were no fundamental changes affection IDB's, Internal drainage districts, which cover about 3 million ucres, are established jn low- lying areas where Lhere are special local problems of land drainage, Their boundaries are related to flood levels. The great majority of the boards are elected bodies, comprising members elected by the owners and occupiers of property in their districts on which the boards levy drainage rates, A small number of drainage districts are managed directly by the water authorities themselves, |nternal drainage boards receive grants from the Ministry towards the cost of approved capital works. There are 314 IDB's.

Internal Drainage Board Functions

Internal drainage boards deal with the local problems of land drajnage which exist in their districts. They do this by improving the main drains and ijinor watercourses and, where necessary, by pumping From low-lying land into the main rivers,

Local Authorities

County and District Councils conLinue to have limited land drajnage powers under the Land Drainage Act 1961 to prevent Flooding or to remedy damage caused by flooding From watercourses not under control of water authorities or internal drainage boards - especially in urban areas, Land agents do the work, In the London area land drainage functions are exercised by the Greater London Council and the London Boroughs, Grants are given for approved schemes of capital works,

Drainage Organization of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Chief Engineering (1) Deputy Chief Engineer (Field Drainage) (1) Deputy Chief Engineer (Arterial Drainage) (1) (7 Regions + Wales) Senior Engineers (14), Engineers (18), Assistant Engineers (2),

The Regional Engineers are responsible to both DCE for divisional office work, arterial drainage and vetting schemes submitted by River Authorities. The Field Drainage Experimental Unit (1 + 4) and the Lincoln Training Centre (3) is directly responsible to the DCE (Field Drainage), There is no advisory work or arterial changes. Water Board Engineers do arterial design, At the Regional Office is a Senior Drainage and Water Supply Officer (11) who deals with county council work and is to pass information from headquarters; he coordinates work in the region and divisions, does some project supervision and problem solving. Technical/ profession civil servants only recommend grants, executive people approve grants,

There are 3 to 5 Divisions per Region with a Divisional Drainage and Water Supply Officer | (50) in charge, The Division will have 10 to 15 Area D.W.S.0, 1] (274). Their job is to give advice only, vet applications, do sojl investigations, evolve methods and advise. No farm drainage plans

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have been drawn since 1974 due to cost, Worthwhileness of the project js no longer evaluated for the farmer.

The work of the organization was changed to metric in May 1974.

Grants for arterial] |DB's, W.A., L.A. and C.C. are dealt with through HQ London. Grants for farmers are dealt with locally at Division level. (W.A. - Water Authority; L.A. - Local Authority; C.C. - County Councils).

The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food employs about 350 Drainage and Water Supplies Officers (DWSOs) whose duties include:-

- Advise farmers and professional colleagues on field drainage, farm water supply and irrigation. - Advise executives of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Foods (MAFF) on schemes within the above range submitted for grant aid. - Promotional and Development work within the Agricultural Development and Advisory Services (ADAS) of MAFF and within the above range. - Making surveys of drainage systems in support of engineers who have to report to land tribunals, - Making surveys of field drainage needs in support of engineers who have to report on arterial drainage schemes,

Men and women entering MAFF are under training for 2 years. Subject to the acceptance of the proposals by the Engineers Registration Board their training wil] be:-

6 months at the Drainage and Water Supply Training Centre at Lincoln, 2 months at Rycotewood College, Oxford, 16 months of field training.

Between 1918 and 1939 practicaily no field drainage was carried out but towards the end of this period interest in the subject was revived by Mr. E,A.G. Johnson, FICE, who was responsible in 1940, for setting up an organization within MAFF for designing and carrying out field drainage schemes throughout England and Wales.

The Land Drainage Division was established prior to 1930, In 1943 it had a staff of 18 engineers and technical staff.

Not until 1950, had sufficient experience been built up to enable meaningful training to begin, Knowledge of water supply distribution, treatment, collection and storage, on the other hand, had been fully developed by engineers, chemists, and bacterijologists, [rrigation has only been used in the country extensively since about 1955 and the knowledge on this subject has been largely disseminated through MAFF publications and papers presented to learned institutions by civil engineers, agricultural engineers and agriculturalists,

By 1962 it was evident that the work of DWSOs had advanced so much technically that their initial training could no longer be carried out as heretofore, After a number of courses had been run using the accommodation +77-

at universities, a training centre was set up in Lincoln in 1965, and about the same time a Field Drainage Experimental Unit at Cambridge. The training at the Centre is carried out by men with appropriate qualifications,

DWSOs have been accepted by the Instjtution in various grades for many years and until recently the Institution set an examination in Field Engineering which enabled DWSOs to qualify for Membership. When this ceased there was no practical way in which a DWSO could qualify for "Membership! by examination and an approach has been made to the City and Guilds of London Institute.

Functions of the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

Functions exercised by MAFF (together with other Ministers where indicated) include the following:-

(a) In Relation to the National Water Council

(i) Appointment of two members to the Council (ii) Powers of direction (exercisable jointly with other Ministers).

(b) Im Relation to Regional Water Authorities (RWAs), Including the Welsh National Water Development Authority (WNWDA)

(i) Orders altering boundaries or amending constitution of RWAs (exercised jointly with appropriate Secretary of State). (il) Appointment of Members of RWAs to represent agriculture, land drainage or fisheries (exercised jointly with S of S$ Wales for WNWDA). (iif) Orders determining local authority representation on Regional Land Drainage Committees of RWAs. (iv) Appointment of Chairmen and other members of Regional Land Drainage Committees. (vy) Approval of schemes by RWAs for establishment, constitution, and functions of Local Land Drainage Committees. (vi) Determination of, and variation of, main rivers of RWAs. (vii) Confirmation of land drainage by-laws. (viii) Orders related to the raising and levying by RWAs of drainage charges. (ix) Directions concerning surveys by RWAs of their areas for purpose of land drainage functions, and approval of programmes of work, (x) Grant aid for approved capital works schemes for land drainage, flood protection, sea defence* and flood warning systems, Max. 80% for inland waters and 85% for sea and tidal defence, (xi) Confirmation of compulsory purchase orders associated with drainage schemes.

(i) Confirmation, by order, of schemes of RWAs for constitution or reorganisation of internal drainage boards and drainage districts,

ENGLAND AND WALES

REGIONAL WATER AUTHORITY Boundaries —— HOR TIUMBERLANG County Metropalitin Countins AREAS FOR LAND DRAINAGE Le tO" Batted Atos FUNCTIONS Decsonal boundaries within €achh Authority YORKSHIRE re YORKSHIRE

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(ii) Transfer to RWAs of functions of |DBs (by Order), (iii) Confirmation, by Order, of schemes by RWAs for variation of Awards relating to land drainage. (iy) Confirmation of differential rating orders and exemption from rating orders of |DBs. (v) Confirmation of land drainage by-laws, (vi) Decisions, Orders, and reports to Parliament, on appeals by |DBs against precepts of RWAs, or against refusal of RWS to contribute to |DB expenses. (vii) Making of land drainage regulations and Orders relating to general and specific matters of |DB administration etc, provided for in the Land Drainage Acts. (viii) Grant aid for approved land drainage schemes for capital work, (ix) Miscellaneous authorisations, approvals, arbjtrations, in connection with matters involving |DBs,

(d) In Relation to Local Authorities

(i) Confirmation of land drainage by-laws. (ii) Grant aid for approved land drainage scheme of capital works. (iti) Decisions on appeals against refusal by RWA of consent, or conditions imposed by RWA for drainage work proposed by Local Authorities,

Principal Legislation

Land Drainage Acts 1930 and 1961, Water Resources Act 1963, Part IV of the Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968 and the Water Act 1973.

Farm Drainage

The early works of Elkington and others as leaders in the advocation of land drainage is well known, The impetus given by their work carried on to about the mid 19th Century. From 1870 to 1938 drainage systems were neglected. During the 19th Century about 12 million acres of land was drained,

About half the agricultural land is in need of drainage for full production. The volume of agricultural drainage has increased from nearly zero in 1940 to 268,000 ac/yr in 1974, The cost is about } 70/ac. The jobs are small, mostly less than 12 acres. The most intensive area is north- east of London,

The need for increased production for the war required the reconditioning of old drainage systems and the installation of new. This was encouraged from 1940 by a grant of 50% of the gross cost of approved schemes - both under drainage and the construction or improvement of ditches, The grant was increased to 60% in 1970. The grant is conditional on prior technical approva] by the MAFF, 1!n January 1974 grants on drainage were charged to comply with EEC directions to between 25-55% depending on the capital investment undertaken on the farm the past two years. The average cost in the Midlands to a farmer for an intensive system is | 40/ac. Grants for field drainage js about , 5 million, -B80-

rif GRANT AIDED UNDERDRAINAGE STATISTICS Acres Drained Divisional Totals

National Totals KEY | Financie! Years Tobulated | \eo-67e763 113134.218006 \n Date Order l Wwea-eovvs9-72 170924145. 48) 1967-681966-67 | wro-71 197992 1988-69 wi-72 222931 159-70 72-73 234519 1970-71 1973-74 267 648 171-72 1972-73 ‘ y 1973-74 = 21543 * 35095 a ‘34225 2 31733 alaha24 ~ tiviwd

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The Field Drainage Centre was set up in 1965 at Lincoln to train people to practice field drainage. There are 24 students per year for the 6 months school, In addition a 14 day ''in post" refresher course is taught and a 4 week course for the City Guild examinations. Staff of the school is 3.

The Field Drainage Experimental Unit was originally set up in 1963 at London under Dr. Ede. |n 1964 it was moved to Trumpington, near Cambridge and conducts all types of field and laboratory studies for field drainage.

The Soj|] Physics Unit of the Agricultural Research Institute at Cambridge, originally established by Dr. E.C. Childs conducts fundamental drainage research jn soils,

Agricultural Land Tribunal

The Tribunal is an independant quasi-judicial body appointed by the Lord Chancellor and known for their interest in land drainage, The Regional panel consists of a Chairman and eight or so members, The Chairman assigns persons to a case, usually 2 farmers - one with drainage experience and one legal person usually a judge or retired judge. Jt listens to appeals from Ministry decisions and where landowners default against neighbours, or when a ditch is required on another property.

If a ditch is out of repair the Tribunal may make an order for persons named jn the order to clean, or designate the work to various persons. The Ministry does the work if not done in 3 months and recovers the cost.

Land drainage in Scotland is under the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland. Agricultural extension in Eduction and Advisory Services is under the three Colleges of Agriculture - the system used here many years ago and the present U.S. system although they tend to be general advisors. There are 4 million acres of crops and 2,500 people in the Department.

In Scotland there are no drainage authorities comparable with those in England and Wales. The powers of the Secretary of State for Scotland to grant aid the improvement of agricultural drainage were changed when the Farm Capital Grants Scheme operating under the Agriculture Act 1970 replaced the Agricultural Drainage Scheme operated under the Agriculture Act 1937, The new scheme provides grants toward capital expenditures incurred for purpose of an agricultural business on a wide range of works and facilities, The basic rate is 30% but for field and arterial drainage is 60% and for hill land is 70%. The grant paid for work done in 1972 amounted to 234,000.

The Land Drainage (Scotland) Act 1958 enables the Secretary of State, on application by owners of agricultural land, to make improvement orders authorizing the execution of arterial drainage works for the benefit of such land provided that the estimated cost of the works is considered reasonable in relation to the likely benefit to agricultural production. The Act also provides a 50% grant to be paid on the cost of carrying out such works, On completion of a scheme the owners concerned become responsible for its -83-

maintenance. Only 1 improved order, estimated to cast 10,000, to benefit 161 ac, of agricultural land.

In 1972 the cost of maintaining the work in the 13 arterial drainage sections carried out by the Department under the provision of this Act was 19,478 including the owners statutory contribution of 1,749.

The Flood Prevention (Scotland) Act 1961, empowering local authorities to execute arterial drainage works in order to prevent flooding of urban areas, made exchequer grants available for these works.

Flood restoration works met by government in 1972 due to severe flooding 490,000 total] cost of work. =B4-

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DICKINSON

QUESTION: What are we looking for in field stone or quarry stone?

ANSWER: Looking for a durable stone, one which doesn't absorb water too much, not break down and fs angular in shape.

QUESTION: Please comment on gabion baskets?

ANSWER: Effective way of protecting a slope, not looking for methods here. Gabions are good for steep slopes. Look for a method that is economical and does the job, in many cases rip-rap is adequate.

QUESTION: Are fabric materials sujtable for filter mats?

ANSWER: Many have been tested by the U.S. Department of Transport and are cited in the paper.

COLL|NS

QUESTION: Mr. McDowell has adopted aerial photographs for his work and a sample plan was shown,

ANSWER: | appreciate the comment, it is an effective and economic way of producing a base map and shows much more detail than a regular plan.

QUESTION: Two other sources of aerial photographs may be Ontario Hydro and Conservation Authorities.

ANSWER: | invited engineers to visit the airphoto laboratory at the School of Engineering, University of Guelph, at any time.

QUESTION: ARDA Microdrainage area, Luther area, discouraged to use this as watershed boundaries are in error to those found on the ground.

ANSWER : | agree accuracy js very low, however, lines of sight are correct between objects.

AYERS

QUESTION: Section 3 requires that a B-C statement is required for a requisition drain, yet it is not required for Section 4, Please comment. -87-

ANSWER: This is what the Henderson Report suggested and the legislature implemented, In Section 3 there is usually controversy involved and the council] would no doubt like to have the information provided by a B-C and E-A for making their decision. This is a severe economic handicap consequently few requisition drains will be initiated,

COMMENT: Drainage engineers should form a united front in dealing with the environmental problem because we appreciate how important it is, |f we tend to drain land today that was done 100 years ago we would have no end of coutcrys and yet man has to shove aside the environment from time to time to live. Conservations are getting stronger and the cause is more emotional. We need a@ united front to bring reason to this important problem as costs are sky rocketing. A single person in government can thwart a project and not have to defend his action and engineers must always do so,

ANSWER = Persons asking for an E=A will not take lightly the request as jt must be defendable and those requesting it will have to pay for it. |t is a deterent for requests based on emotion. | agree jt would be a good thing if the drainage engineers could work out a guideline that would be good for everyone.

WHI TELEY

QUESTION: Regarding the title, did you say "yes" or "Ino!'?

ANSWER: | told you how to get the answer.

QUESTION: In your examination of the watershed it was divided into two equal parts and drainage on one and not on the other, what would happen?

ANSWER : That was the 50 percent case, all on one side,

QUESTION: On the Thames River would drainage work on a smal] watershed affect the peaks of the river?

ANSWER; The likelihood of a small area having a big change on a larger river system peak js small, but don't be misled by that, If the changes had occurred all over the watershed that the effect would be small.