Bulletin of the California Lichen Society

Volume 1 8 No. 2 Winter 201 2 The California Lichen Society seeks to promote the appreciation, conservation, and study of lichens. The interests of the Society include the entire western part of the continent, although the focus is on California. Dues categories are (in $US per year): Student and fixed income ­ $10, Regular ­ $20 ($25 for foreign members, or $20 foreign student memberships), Family ­ $25, Sponsor and Libraries ­ $35, Donor ­ $50, Benefactor ­ $100, and Life Members ­ $500 (one time) payable to the California Lichen Society, PO Box 472, Fairfax, California 94978. Members receive the Bulletin and notices of meetings, field trips, lectures and workshops.

Board Members of the California Lichen Society: President: Bill Hill, [email protected] Vice President: Shelly Benson, [email protected] Secretary: Erin P. Martin, [email protected] Treasurer: Kathy Faircloth, [email protected] Member At Large: Tom Carlberg [email protected] Editor: John Villella, [email protected]

Committees of the California Lichen Society: Database: Bill Hill, chairperson Conservation: Eric Peterson, chairperson Education: Erin P. Martin, chairperson Poster/Mini Guides: Susan Crocker, chairperson Events/Field trips/Workshops: vacant, chairperson Outreach: vacant, chairperson

The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society (ISSN 1093­9148) is edited by John Villella ([email protected]). The Bulletin has a review committee including Larry St. Clair, Shirley Tucker, William Sanders, and Richard Moe, and is produced by Erin P. Martin. The Bulletin welcomes manuscripts on technical topics in lichenology relating to western North America and on conservation of the lichens, as well as news of lichenologists and their activities. The best way to submit manuscripts is by e­mail attachments in the format of a major word processor (DOC or RTF preferred). Do include italics for scientific names. Please submit figures in electronic formats with a resolution of 300 pixels per inch (600 minimum for line drawings). Email submissions are limited to 10MB per email, but large files may be split across several emails or other arrangements can be made. Contact the Production Editor: Erin P. Martin, at [email protected], for details of submitting illustrations or other large files. A review process is followed. Nomenclature follows Esslingers cumulative checklist online at http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/essinge/chchlist/chcklist7.htm. The editors may substitute abbreviations of authors names, as appropriate from R.K. Brummitt and C.E. Powell, Authors of Plant Names, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1992. Style follows this issue. Electronic reprints in PDF format will be emailed to the lead author at no cost.

The deadline for submitting material for the Summer 2012 CALS Bulletin is 30 April 2012.

The California Lichen Society is online at: http://californialichens.org/ and has email discussions through http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/CaliforniaLichens/.

Volume 18 (2) of the Bulletin was issued on 15 February 2012.

Front Cover: Lepraria pacifica, from Tolumne Grove in Yosemite. See article by J. Lendemer page 1. Image by James Lendemer. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society

VOLUME 1 8 NO. 2 Winter 201 2

Why Lepraria? Why Lichens? Eight years of studying Lepraria in California.

James C. Lendemer Institute of Systematic Botany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx, NY 10458­5126, U.S.A. [email protected]

My name is James Lendemer and I'm a of Arizona because I didn't drive or own a student working on my PhD at the City car. So you can imagine how excited I was University of New York and The New when Kerry invited me out to California to York Botanical Garden in New York City. explore the mountain ranges of southern In 2008 I received a student grant from California with him for a week. Without CALS to support my dissertation studies any coaxing I bought a bus ticket and rode on the sterile lichen genus Lepraria. the Greyhound from Phoenix to Riverside. Although I used the funds in the first year As the desert of Arizona and eastern of my work, I waited to submit this article California gave way to date palms, hills to the Bulletin because the funding was covered with grasses, and mountain ranges used primarily to generate data that is coated with scrub I had no clue what lay beginning to be published now that I have ahead. And I certainly didn't know that the nearly finished my dissertation. trip would set in motion a study of My introduction to California almost a Lepraria that would consume much of the decade ago was a fitting one. After years next decade of my life. of e­mails and phone calls to my friend Kerry met me at the bus station in Kerry Knudsen, we were finally going to Riverside, and after brief introductions we meet in Riverside. At that time I was drove off towards the Santa Ana working for Tom Nash at Arizona State Mountains. Climbing the crest of a ridge University. Tom had hired me to manage on a winding road I received the first of the lichen herbarium after Bruce Ryan's many lessons on Californian geology. I passing, and I moved to Tempe in the also saw many lichens for the first time height of summer. (Everyone reading this outside of the color photos in Ernie should beware of invitations to Phoenix in Brodo's Lichens of North America. the dead of winter, that's how they get you Although Xanthoria elegans and Lecanora hooked!) Despite my close proximity to muralis may not be the rarest gems of the the Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran California lichen biota, they were Desert Region, both the actual living flora considerably more festive than the lichens and the printed books, I didn't have much I was used to back east in Pennsylvania. opportunity to explore the natural habitats We even found the shiny brown crustose

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lichen Miriquidica scotopholis, though at many more sites, and at each one I found the time we didn't know what it was myself focusing on the sterile lichens. For because the concept of it was confused someone in their early twenties it seemed (Knudsen & Owe­Larsson 2005, remarkable that any organism would give Lendemer & Knudsen 2008). Eventually up sex and reduce itself to tiny cotton we made our way to a series of crumbling balls that resemble dust and divide rock walls along an old dirt road. There, endlessly into the future. Needless to say, covering the decomposing granite, was a when I returned to Tempe I had a huge strange green crustose lichen. It was box of what Lichens of North America sterile, and most people at that time refers to as the dust lichens. After learning probably wouldn't have collected it. But the basics of Thin Layer Chromatography having a natural aversion to following from Tom I spent several months contemporary wisdom we collected ample attempting to identify what I collected. material. We could not have known it When I returned east later that year to would take another three years before continue my undergraduate studies in Kerry could collaborate with Jack Elix in Philadelphia I brought my box of Australia to finally ascertain that this Lepraria with me.....many remained species produced argopsin and was new to unidentified. science. They formally described it as Each subsequent year that followed, Lepraria santamonicae, a California Kerry and I would make arrangements to endemic (Knudsen & Elix 2007). spend a week or so exploring the lichens After stopping at several more sites we of California, and on each trip I would drove through the mountains to Kerry's return with another box of Lepraria and a house. There we talked over gin and mind full of field observations. We tonics well into the evening. The next day we made our way to the heights of the San Jacinto Mountains where we visited an unusual ravine along the North Fork of the San Jacinto River. This ravine was narrow and deep, cool and shaded, and perhaps most importantly it was moist. Every surface was carpeted with Lepraria. I had seen some of these lichens back east, however the ones at North Fork were entirely different. In my zeal I made many collections, especially of a species with a thick felty thallus. Only later would I learn that this had been my first encounter with Lepraria rigidula, a rare species in Figure 1. Terraces formed by Lepraria central and southern California that is caesioalba in Tuolumne Meadow in more common further north. Yosemite, CA. Photo by James Lendemer. During the rest of the week we visited

2 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Lendemer ­ Lepraria continued to search the mountain ranges of York City. I moved into an apartment in southern California, collecting in the Santa The Bronx and an office in the top floor of Anas, San Bernardinos, Santa Monicas, the museum building at the Botanical and San Jacintos where we found isolated Garden. From my desk I could see the lush remnants of a more northern lichen biota. greenery of the grounds through my Encountering an entire wall of the window and, more importantly, the boxes northern species Lepraria eburnea on brimming with Lepraria stacked all Palomar Mountain is particularly around me. Earlier that year it had become memorable. Soon Kerry began working in clear to me that contrary to popular belief, coastal habitats, such as those at Torrey there were discrete micro­morphological Pines State Park and Point Loma in San differences between Lepraria species Diego. There for the first time I was able (Lendemer & Harris 2007). The first to see the unusual coastal species Lepraria course I took as a graduate student was xerophila, which Tor Tønsberg had Dominick Basile's techniques in described in the Sonoran Flora. Growing microscopy. Starting then, and continuing with it was a less showy blue lichen which for three years, I spent one day each week TLC revealed contained pannarin and examining how Lepraria thalli were zeorin. I had previously encountered the organized using a scanning electronic blue spot of pannarin while studying microscope. During this time I developed Lepraria from Pennsylvania and the a system to describe the thallus of Ozarks. Thus we connected the Lepraria and implemented a preliminary geographically disparate populations of a version to describe a new endemic species species we described as Lepraria adherens from the southeastern Coastal Plain, L. (Knudsen et al. 2007). Growing with L. friabilis (Lendemer et al. 2008). This was xerophila and L. adherens at Point Loma, when I decided to undertake a revision of Kerry found another unusual species with Lepraria in North America as the topic of pannarin and zeorin. It would take another my dissertation. three years for me to describe it as L. From my previous experiences in terricola, another rare California endemic California I knew that many species of (Lendemer 2010). One year we decided to Lepraria, including several that were attend a meeting of CALS where Kerry apparently new to science, occurred in the was scheduled to give a talk. We drove up state. Some of these species were unlike the coast and spent time in Morro Bay, others in the genus and thus understanding collecting in the unique chaparral them would be critical to understanding communities, coastal bluffs, and riparian Lepraria as a whole. Since California willow woodlands. Then we made our way figured so prominently in my early to San Francisco where we attended the fieldwork, and hosted such a wide meeting and several local field trips (the diversity of Lepraria species, I knew it Doells were wonderful hosts, and made a would be an important part of my good martini!). dissertation. So I applied for funding from And so it was that in 2007 I found CALS to support the cost of generating myself beginning my PhD studies in New DNA sequences from some of my

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specimens. I also requested funds to allow Roccellaceae (I'm not quite sure I could me to purchase more plates for TLC so have done that from sterile specimens!) that I could identify more of my and sent some to the lichenologists collections from California and abroad. working on that family for the Sonoran While working up my collections from Flora. The specimens came back marked California I also borrowed on loan all of as not Roccellaceae, presumably because the Lepraria collections from the Santa the lichen had the wrong photobiont. Barbara Botanic Garden herbarium and the The first batch of DNA sequences I University of California Riverside generated with funding from CALS herbarium. Going through these formed the first piece of a dataset collections I came across an unusual representing more than four hundred lichen that Kerry Knudsen had collected individual specimens of Lepraria. I on the Channel Islands and in Lime Kiln attempted to obtain DNA from many more State Park along the Central Coast. At first samples than that, but contamination is a we thought the species might be L. frequent problem with the genus because lecanorica which Tor Tønsberg described the loose airy thalli apparently provide the in the Sonoran Flora. However eventually perfect home for quite a diversity of other TLC and aid from Jack Elix confirmed unrelated fungi. These data taken together that the species produced erythrin, a have formed the backbone of a series of substance typically found in the revisions of various groups of Lepraria Roccellaceae which is a common family in where molecular data was used to examine coastal lichen communities in California. the circumscriptions of species. The first Kerry visited the site on the Channel of these studies has been published in Islands again and discovered a fertile Mycologia (Lendemer 2011) and involves population. This confirmed not only that the populations that have collectively been the species was not a Lepraria, but that it referred to as L. incana over the years. was in fact an unusual member of the This study confirmed that the populations genus Lecanographa in the Rocellaceae. from western North America represent a Unlike all of the other species in the distinct species that is chemically similar genus, this lichen had somehow to L. incana. I named the species L. commandeered a green coccoid alga for its pacifica because it occurs frequently on photobiont rather than the typical chain the bark of conifers that are endemic to forming Trentepohlia. And so, we western North America. The type described Lecanographa insolita, another specimen came from an expedition to California endemic (Lendemer & Knudsen Yosemite National Park that Bruce 2010). While checking all of the McCune and Martin Hutten invited me to specimens on loan from Santa Barbara I participate in. Indeed, the species is quite discovered that Shirley Tucker and Cherie common in the redwood groves of Bratt had collected L. insolita several Yosemite. times on the islands and on the mainland As was mentioned above, I used the near Santa Barbara. They had correctly hundreds of micrographs collected during guessed the species belonged to the my lonely days in the SEM lab in the

4 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Lendemer ­ Lepraria basement of Lehman College in the Bronx morphological terminology and descriptive scheme to form the basis of a new system to for Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae). The Lichenologist understand how Lepraria thalli are 43(5): 379­399. organized. These micrographs, reinforced Lendemer J.C. 2010. Notes on the genus Lepraria by the results of the studies mentioned s.l. (Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America: above, allowed me to cement my new species, new reports, and preliminary keys. morphological concepts. This culminated Brittonia 62(3): 267­292. in the publication of a paper in the Lendemer, J.C. & K. Knudsen. 2010. Lichenologist (Lendemer 2011a) that was Lecanographa insolita, a remarkable new species a profusely illustrated guide to describing from western North America. The Bryologist the morphology of Lepraria. 113(2): 350­355. It is hard to believe that nearly five Lendemer, J.C. & K. Knudsen 2008. Studies in years have passed since I arrived in New lichens and lichenicolous fungi: further notes on York, and it is even harder to believe that North American taxa. Mycotaxon 103: 75­86. I've spent eight years on Lepraria. Now, as Lendemer, J.C., K. Knudsen & J. A. Elix. 2008. my dissertation studies draw to a close the Lepraria friabilis, a new species from Eastern papers based on my fieldwork in North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 5: 61­66. California and the laboratory studies Lendemer, J.C. & R.C. Harris. 2007. Lepraria funded by CALS are beginning to be normandinoides, a new widespread species from published. I would like to take this eastern North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 4: opportunity to thank CALS for supporting 45­50. my work, and I would like to thank Kerry Knudsen for exposing me to CALS.

Literature Cited Knudsen, K. & J.A. Elix. 2007. A new Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) from the Santa Monica Mountains in southern California. The Bryologist 110(1): 115­118. Knudsen, K., J.A. Elix, & J.C. Lendemer. 2007. Lepraria adherens: a new species from North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 4: 5­10. Knudsen, K. & B. Owe­Larsson. 2005. Miriquidica mexicana in Southern California. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 12(1): 7­ 8. Lendemer, J.C. 2011. A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Lepraria s.l. that produce divaricatic acid, with notes on the type species of the genus L. incana. Mycologia, first published on June 3, 2011 as doi:10.3852/11­032 Lendemer, J.C. 2011a. A standardized

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A B

C D

E F

Figure 2. SEM (Scanning Electron Micrograph) images of Lepraria. A and B are Lepraria elobata (Lendemer 9804). C and D are Lepraria caesioalba (McCune 29620). E and F are Lepraria squamatica (Elix 37755).

6 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Knudsen ­ Parasites

Parasites

Kerry Knudsen 33512 Hidden Hollow Drive, Wildomar, CA 92595 [email protected]

In healthy woodland that has not Carl Zimmer’s modern popular science burned recently, the leaves and twigs of classic Parasite Rex (2001). Many parts of California oaks are adorned with many this book can give you nightmares and conspicuous multi­colored galls. They are phobias. But the final message of the book formed by over 150 species of gall wasp. is quite different. The gall wasp eggs hatch inside the gall Nature is full of parasites. A healthy and are parasitic on the oak tissue of the environment has not only a diverse tumor­like gall. Research on gall amount of species of mammals, birds, formation has shown that some galls are amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, formed by the genes of the parasite mushrooms, and microorganisms, but it manipulating the genes of the tree has even a greater diversity of parasites (Zimmer 2001). The wasp can be from bacteria and fungi to protozoa, identified by the shape, color, and size of nematodes, tapeworms, insects, and even the gall (Russo 2007). The galls are vascular plants like mistletoe. For instance specific to certain species of oaks and in a Costa Rican rainforest reserve, certain parts of the trees. They are parasitologist David Brooks estimated for harmless to the oaks and form an 940 vertebrate species there were an important part of oak woodland ecologies. unbelievable 11,000 parasite species In one study, one species of gall wasp (Zimmer 2001). In another study in supported 70 other insect species, Canada, healthy eels in unpolluted rivers including parasites on the wasp as well as and streams were found to contain many other herbivores that ate the galls parasites, while those in a polluted river (California Oaks Foundation 2011). One contained none (Zimmer 2001). Recently can enjoy identifying galls using the Armand Kuris, professor of zoology at excellent Field Guide to Plant Galls of UCSB, said, "Parasites are at least half of California and Other Western States all biodiversity. And they are different in published by the University of California some very basic ways than other life Press (Russo 2007). forms. However, ecological science We often think of parasites as horrible usually ignores them. How can we things. There are giant tapeworms six feet possibly understand how life works if we long that live in the human intestine. don't look at half of the species ­­ the Blood flukes can penetrate your legs as parasites?” (Science Daily, 2011). you wade in a cool pond. Ticks suck blood Lichenicolous fungi, which are parasitic as they swell up like a balloon on your on lichens, are considered bio­indicators back after a summer hike. And they are of the long ecological continuity of a horrible if you have one! A great read is habitat. For instance, you find them in

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California in relatively undisturbed exposure and high relative humidity. habitats, where they often are equal to ten I concentrated on hunting for per cent or more of the lichen species lichenicolous fungi, scanning meters and present. The best recent places where Jana meters of lichens with my hand­lens. It Kocourková and I have collected was exceedingly boring like fishing lichenicolous fungi are on the north without getting a bite. I found no Channel Islands and in Joshua Tree, both lichenicolous fungi on the quartzite walls national parks containing many along Highway 140. undisturbed habitats. A healthy lichen We finally ended up back at Pigeon flora usually has lichenicolous fungi. Gulch. The area had been disturbed by the Though it should be kept in mind that building of the Highway 140 as well as by some habitats, with no history of the operation of a barium mine. But disturbance, may have few or no somehow a diverse community of lichens lichenicolous fungi, but usually this is had survived. Again I had no luck finding because of low relative humidity or very any lichenicolous fungi on the abundant low lichen diversity dominated by species lichens. This lack of lichenicolous fungus that have no known fungal parasites. convinced me the founding population had Recently in the Sierra Nevada been small. Maybe it had grown high up Mountains, along Highway 140 and the on an adjoining rock outcrop that was now Merced River in the Sierra National buried beneath moss and dirt, out of the Forest, I spent a few days collecting with reach of heavy machinery and dynamite. Alan Fryday and Martin Hutten. We were In the last sixty years lichens had spread interested in the lichens on the quartzite and recolonized a couple hundred feet of walls along the highway because several quartzite wall. But somehow a diverse new records for California and even one community of lichens had survived on the for North America had been found at rock wall between Pigeon Gulch and Cold Pigeon Gulch during the Yosemite Canyon. Bioblitz organized by Bruce McCune Giving up on the rock wall, I carefully (Lendemer et al. 2010; Fryday climbed up Pigeon Gulch on wet rocks on unpublished). the side opposite the trail. The gulch too Over sixty years ago the outcrops of had been disturbed during barium mining quartzite on the north side of the Merced but one side of creek was a rocky wall and River had been dynamited, scrapped, and some boulders which had probably been exposed to build Highway 140. This past undisturbed. Here, during the Bioblitz, I disturbance was immediately evident as had collected rusty iron­loving Ionaspsis we began exploring the quartzite walls lacustris (With.) Lutzoni growing with the along the highway. Most had no lichens or equally ferriphilous Acarospora sinopica only a few hardy species. It was obvious (Wahlenb.) Körb., both new for California. the rock outcrops and road cuts had not I edged over the boulders enjoying the fully recovered from the building of the spray from the creek and its gentle roar. highway, despite the excellent growing Then I slipped, banging my elbow hard on conditions for lichens including a northern the rock. I scrambled back on my feet. It

8 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Knudsen ­ Parasites hurt and I held my elbow in my hand. I considered climbing back out before I slipped again. But then I saw a thick patch of lichens on the wet rocks and my curiosity grew as the pain dulled. I wiped off my misting hand­lens. Feeling better, I hunkered down. There were many wet brown thalli of Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach., a common species in both Europe and North America, mixed with Ionaspsis lacustris and Acarospora sinopica. Immediately I spotted on L. fuscoatra the galls of a lichenicolous fungus. The galls were the Figure 1. Polycoccum slaptoniense. Photo by: same color as the thallus, with many Jana Kocourková. perithecia, and did not appear to cause any serious damage to the lichen, which back to the car. remained fertile and healthy­looking. It Back at the UCR herbarium the next was not hard to guess the galls probably week, I quickly identified the collection as belonged to a Polycoccum or another Polycoccum kerneri while chatting with genus with many gall­producing species. I Jana Kocourková on Skype. It has collected a small specimen for abundant branching interascal filament identification (Knudsen 13646, UCR). and dark 1­septate ornamented ascospores Like oak galls, lichen galls are with a distinct gelatinous sheath, 13­16 x conspicuous (Fig. 1). As you can see in 7­8.5 µm. What was especially exciting this picture of Polycoccum slaptoniense was not only was it new to California, it which grows on Xanthoria parietina in was only the second report for North Europe, like oak galls they are swollen and America. It was originally collected by rise above the thallus surface, and can Hans Hertel and Tom Nash in Arizona in even be a different color than the host. The Coconino Co on Mongollen rim on galls on Lecidea fuscoatra looked just like Lecidea tessellata at about 2300 meters the galls of Pyrenidium aggregatum K. (Hafellner et al. 2002). Despite the type Knudsen & Kocourk. on Phaeophyscia host Lecidea fuscoatra being quite (Fig. 2), but were brown. I couldn’t wait common in Europe and North America, P. to get back to UCR and my microscopes. kernei is currently globally rare known Anyway, the rest of the trip I found no from less than ten collections from Europe more lichenicolous fungi on the quartzite (Czech Republic, Great Britain, France, walls and road cuts along the north side of and Greece) as well as Canary Islands in Highway 140. I often finished an hour North Africa (Kocourková 2000). In early, popped the cap off a green bottle of Europe, there have been a relative large Pilsner Urquell, and watched the river number of mycologists and lichenologists flow as I waited for Alan and Martin to get actively collecting lichenicolous fungi

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since the 19th century. Few reports on a once spread for miles on quartzite along common lichen species are a real sign of the north side of the Merced River…a rarity. In North America, with few lichen flora, which probably contained collectors and much more unexplored several species of lichenicolous fungi and habitat, we may find an area where P. lichens that may never be found in kernei is frequent. Maybe. But I have California again….gone forever from a looked at a lot of Lecidea in the field over beautiful stretch of highway that leads to the last ten years and never seen any galls the wonders of Yosemite Valley. before. Probably Polycoccum kernei spread to Prague, July 2011 California long ago as glaciers pushed Copyrighted by K. Knudsen Holarctic lichens and their parasites south and covered Washington with mile­thick Literature Cited sheets of ice. It possibly thrived in that un­ California Oak Foundation. 2011. Ron Russo glaciated stretch of the quartzite­rich area Gall Wasp Poster. along the Merced River, while ice carved http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/WaspGall Yosemite Valley from granite. As s_RonRussoPoster.pdf. Accessed July 17, 2011. California dried out over the last 10,000 Hafellner, J., D. Triebel, B.D. Ryan, BD & T.H. years it persisted in the high relative Nash III. 2002. On lichenicolous fungi from North humidity along the river. But it had barely America. II. Mycotaxon 84: 293­329. survived the 20th century, an active Kocourkova`, J. 2000 Lichenicolous fungi of the barium mine and the building of Highway Czech Republic. (The first commented checklist). 140. Acta Museis Nationalis Pragae, Series B., Historia Now Polycoccum kernei and some of Naturalis 55: 59–169. the lichens of Pigeon Gulch are a relic of a Lendmer, J.C., K. Knudsen & A. Friday. 2010. richly diverse Holarctic lichen flora that New and interesting lichens, lichenicolous and allied fungi from Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.A. Opuscula Philolichenum 8: 107­ 120. Available for free download. Russo, Ron. 2007. Field Guide to Plant Galls of California and Other Western States. (California Natural History Guides). University of California Press. 400 pages Science Daily. 2011. Parasites Help Reveal New Ecological Rules: Animal Species Large and Small Follow Same Rule for How Common They Are in Ecosystems. Accessed July 22, 2011. Zimmer, Carl. 2001. Parasite Rex. Free Press. 320 pages. Figure 2. Galls of Pyrenidium aggregatum on Phaeophyscia. Photo by James C. Lendemer.

10 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

Notes on Hyper­maritime Foliicolous Lichen Communities of Northern California

John Villella 324 Avery St. Ashland, OR 97520 [email protected]

Tom Carlberg 1959 Peninsula Drive Arcata, CA 95521 [email protected] Hypermaritime foliicolous lichen and are confined to tropical regions. communities were investigated at several Genera commonly found in these locations in Northern California. The communities include: Arthonia, Bacidina, composition of these communities was Byssoloma, Coenogonium, Enterographa, found to be species depauperate when Fellhanera, Graphis, Opegrapha, Strigula compared to tropical foliicole communities and many others. but resembles them in several ways. As one moves into higher latitudes Observations of species rarely foliicolous lichen communities become encountered in California are given and more species depauperate and less their known distribution in coastal conspicuous on the landscape. Despite California and the Pacific Northwest is this, areas in those latitudes that have mild discussed. Novel substrates for some enough climates can host unique species are discussed and several lichens foliicolous communities. One such area in are recorded as new to California. North America is the hypermaritime Introduction coastal strip along the Pacific Ocean. This Cryptogams that grow on the leaves of area is well documented as a refugium for higher plants (termed foliicoles) are a otherwise subtropical and tropical conspicuous and diverse community of macrolichens (Glavich et al. 2005) and organisms in tropical forests. Bryophytes, this is also the area where one can subaerial algae, cyanobacteria, and lichens encounter interesting foliicolous lichen are the most conspicuous groups communities. Perennially moist habitats represented in these communities. such as the coastal strip and waterfall Foliicolous lichens found here form a splash zones further inland seem to favor diverse assemblage of species and in some foliicolous lichen communities in Western areas they form the majority of lichen North America (Spribille et al. 2009). species encountered on the landscape. Tucker noted that a search of appropriate Leaf substrates colonized in these habitats foliicolous habitats might turn up new include long­lived evergreen broadleaf lichen records for northern California species, palms, and understory vines (Tucker 2009). Although not as diverse or among others. Many of the lichen species well developed as their tropical encountered here are obligate foliicoles equivalents these communities

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nonetheless represent a unique assemblage of species and a growth habit noteworthy in California (Figure 1). There are some major differences between tropical and temperate foliicole communities. Lichens encountered in temperate communities are almost always facultative foliicoles, and many are widespread and common epiphytes. Temperate foliicolous communities also tend to be dominated by lichens and free living algae with relatively fewer bryophytes or cyanobacteria represented. Figure 1. Northern California foliicolous Host species are obviously different as lichen community on sword fern including well, with long lived conifer and lichens Fellhanera bouteillei, Enterographa ericaceous shrub leaves hosting the most oregonensis, Arthonia muscigena, and free well­developed foliicole communities. living algae Trentepohlia sp., Phycopeltis sp. Evergreen huckleberry, Grand fir, and Sitka spruce are probably the most pools in the open dune areas, and semi­ commonly encountered hosts for these permanent bogs in the forested areas that communities in the Pacific Northwest. include Lysichiton americanus, and Folicole communities are less often provide year­round humidity. The encountered on sword fern and salal. dominant understory species include For this paper, hypermaritime foliicole Polystichum munitum, Gaultheria shallon, communities were investigated at three Arctostaphylos uva­ursi, Garrya elliptica, locations in Humboldt County, California Rubus ursinus and Vaccinium ovatum. in 2011. The sites are described below. Understory cover values are typically Photography is by the authors unless 100%. This site had dense pockets of otherwise noted. foliicolous lichens growing in rain­shaded Ma­le’l Dunes Cooperative microclimates on Vaccinium ovatum and Management Area ­ This location is a Picea sitchensis. series of stabilized and dynamic dunes on Foliicolous species encountered here: the northern peninsula separating Fellhanera bouteillei, Scoliciosporum sp., Humboldt Bay from the Pacific Ocean, Opegrapha herbarum, Opegrapha sp., composed of open dunes, dunes covered in Enterographa oregonensis, and dune mat vegetation, and forested areas Chrysothyrix candelaris. covered with an overstory of Picea Big Lagoon State Park ­ This coastal sitchensis, Myrica californica, state park centers around a brackish Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta var. lagoon that is fed by Maple and Tom contorta and Salix hookeriana. Creeks, and by seasonally intermittent Topography includes dune swales at or streams. The sand spit separating it from below the water table, resulting in vernal the Pacific Ocean breaches periodically

12 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens during the winters, draining the lagoon but Vaccinium ovatum and Gaultheria shallon, also allowing incursions of salt water. The with Pteridium aquilinum and trace forests surrounding the lagoon on three amounts of Polystichum munitum. sides are dominated by Picea sitchensis, Foliicolous species encountered here: Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta var. Enterographa oregonensis, Fellhanera contorta, with Polystichum munitum, bouteillei, Chrysothyrix candelaris, Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium ovatum, Scoliciosporum sp., Opegrapha herbarum, and Maianthemum dilatatum in the Arthonia sp., and Opegrapha sp. 1. understory. There are many broken snags Noteworthy Species Encountered that serve as seabird roosting areas and Arthonia muscigena Th. Fr. Villella dense foliicolous communities were found 11­16 on Picea sitchensis needles at the bases of This species is widespread in Europe these snags. Rain­sheltered Polystichum with reports from The Czech republic munitum fronds host a diverse community. (Palice 1999), Ukraine (Vondrák et al. Trentepohlia and Phycopeltis were both 2010) and the British Isles (Coppins observed to be common epiphyllous green 1989). It is reported as epiphytic in ruderal algae. Vaccinium ovatum was targeted at habitats and foliicolous on Buxus in this site but no foliicoles were located on Belgium and Luxembourg (Diederich et this substrate here. al. 2011). It is also reported from Foliicolous species encountered here: Macronesia (Haffelner 2008). Arthonia muscigena, Enterographa In Oregon and British Columbia it oregonensis, Fellhanera bouteillei, grows as a foliicole on evergreen Chrysothyrix candelaris, Opegrapha huckleberry and Sitka spruce in the herbarum, and Opegrapha sp. company of Enterographa oregonensis, Lanphere Dunes Unit of Humboldt Fellhanera bouteillei and Chrysothrix Bay National Wildlife Refuge ­ This candelaris (Sparrius and Björk 2008). It is coastal dune complex is composed of also reported on an unspecified substrate stabilized and unstabilized dunes. Largely in the Queen Charlotte Islands (Brodo through the 1940 conservation efforts of 12089D CNALH record). This species Hortense Lanphere, it contains the most occurs in the foliicole community on pristine remaining dune ecosystem in the sword fern with Enterographa Pacific Northwest (California Coastal oregonensis, Fellhanera bouteillei and Conservancy, 2008) and supports rare and Chrysothrix candelaris. This is the first representative examples of older forested report of this species for California. dunes, young active dunes, dune swale Byssoloma (Figure 2). wetlands, and coastal salt marsh. The Three species in this genus are reported forest cover on the stabilized dunes is from the Pacific Northwest and two dominated by Pinus contorta ssp. species have recently been reported from contorta, Picea sitchensis, Abies grandis northern California. Byssoloma and Garrya elliptica, with lesser amounts leucoblepharum is reported from of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Arbutus Mendocino Co. as an epiphyte (Tucker menziesii. The understory is dominated by 2009). It has also been reported as an

13 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

Figure 2: Byssoloma subdiscordans on Vaccinium ovatum from the City of Reedsport municipal watershed, Douglas County OR.

epiphyte on Alnus rubra in coastal British habitats in southern Oregon. It may also Columbia (Aproot 1996). Byssoloma occur in the hypermaritime foliicolous marginatum is reported growing on lichen communities in Northern redwood leaves in the upper canopy California. (Williams & Sillett 2007) in northwest Enterographa oregonensis Sparrius & California as well as on unspecified Björk. Villella 11­10, Villella 11­18, substrate along the Pacific Northwest Carlberg 02532, Carlberg 02636. associated with Micarea xanthonica This recently described lichen (Sparrius (Coppins & Tønsberg 2001). Byssoloma & Bjork 2008) is distinguished by its subdiscordans is reported from coastal irregular pseudostroma, halonate 5­septate locations in southern Oregon (Sparrius & spores and Phycopeltis photobiont. It is Bjork 2008). In Washington it is known to very recognizable with a hand lens, due to occur on Thuja plicata and Tsuga the orange color of the discs of the open, heterophylla. Richard Droker records B. curved, ellipsoid to lirellate apothecia. subdiscordans on Tsuga heterophylla in Prior to this publication this species Meadowdale Park in Edmonds, was known from only two other locations, Washington at sea level a couple hundred both from coastal foliicole communities, meters from Puget Sound where it was in Oregon and in British Columbia (Björk quite abundant on several leaves and twigs pers. comm.). In northern California growing in association with Fellhanera locations, as in those more northern bouteillei (Droker pers. comm.). In Ireland locations, E. oregonensis often co­occurs it grows on non­native Picea sitchensis with Arthonia muscigena, Fellhanera (Coote et al. 2008). Although we bouteillei, and Chrysothrix candelaris. At encountered no foliicolous Byssolma Big Lagoon State Park it was found during this study we have seen it in similar growing only on Polystichum munitum in

14 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

Figure 3. Enterographa oregonensis on sword fern, and multiseptate halonate spore. a rain sheltered location approximately 20 foliicole at other locations but we found it feet inland from the waterline in the to also grow on twigs at some of the campground. It is common on the leaves locations that we observed this species. of Vaccinium ovatum and Picea sitchensis This is the first report of this species at Ma­l’el Dunes, more typical substrates growing on sword fern (Figure 3.) and in its northern ranges. At Lanphere Dunes grand fir and the first report of this genus it was also common growing on many of and species in California (Tucker 2009). the same substrates as above and Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda. additionally on Abies grandis. According (Figure 4). Villella 11­09, Carlberg 00372, to Sparrius and Björk (2008) it is a strict Carlberg 02698. This is a common and well­known lichen that has an almost worldwide distribution (Thor et al. 2000). It is reported as an epiphyllous lichen in other temperate locales including Italy (Puntillo & Vězda 1994), Turkey (Aslan et al. 2005), Japan (Asahina 1932), Chile (Lucking et al. 2003) and Australia (Sipman 1991). Although it was known to be somewhat common in Sweden as late as the 1950s, it has declined in Scandinavia since then as air quality has deteriorated (Arup & Ekman 1994). It may be sensitive to air pollution as it has Figure 4. Fellhanera bouteillei on sword recently been found recolonizing the fern. Netherlands, in an area from which it had

15 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

Figure 5. Fellhanera bouteillei apothecium and spores.

been extirpated in the past (Sparrius 1999), spores (Figure 5). although it is known to be common in the In California this species was first Puget sound area of Washington growing reported as a foliicole from Santa Cruz Co. associated with eutrophic species. (Santesson 1952) and it has subsequently In British Columbia it occurs in the been reported as an epiphyll on redwood Queen Charlotte Islands and on the coast. leaves in the mid­canopy in more inland It is also found as an epiphyte and is even locations in Humboldt County (Williams reported on rock in maritime Washington & Sillett 2007). This species was common (Rhoades 2008). In Oregon it occurs on as an epiphyte and as a foliicole at all of the coast (Jim Riley 1545 CNALH record) the locations visited during this study. It and inland (B. McCune 25695 CNALH was observed growing as a foliicole on record). In our experience it is almost Abies grandis, Polystichum munitum always a conspicuous lichen species in (Figure 4), Vaccinium ovatum, Pinus temperate Western North American contorta and Picea sitchensis. foliicole communities (Figure 1). Scoliciosporum sp. (Figure 6). Villella Microscopically it is recognized by a 11­12, Villella11­14, Carlberg 02534, colorless hymenium with an exciple that is Carlberg 02705. later excluded, and by 2­celled colorless This lichen has been collected by

Figure 6. Scoliciosporum sp. on Picea sitchensis needle from Ma­le’l Dunes Cooperative Management Area.

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needles (Figures 6 & 7), possibly to the exclusion of all other epiphyllous species on some of the needles it occupies. It was also found on sheltered Vaccinium ovatum leaves, but where the dune forest breaks against the open dunes, a location exposed directly to incoming Pacific storms, it grows on twigs and needles of Pinus contorta var. contorta. At Lanphere Dunes it was also found on Abies grandis foliage. Stefan Ekman has reported a new Figure 7. Habit of Scoliciosporum sp. coastal U.S. Scoliciosporum with a green hymenium, that differs in having a streaky numerous individuals (McCune, pers. green hymenium and somewhat wider, com., Kofranek, pers. com.) but is more numerously septate spores. Another apparently undescribed. It is distinguished species with green in the epihymenium by the colorless hymenium except for the that occurs in California is S. umbrinum, green epihymenium, and the relatively which occurs as a bark epiphyte and it has straight spores (Figure 8). Miller et al. a mixed blue­green and olive­brown (2011) report a similar undescribed epihymenium. It also differs from our Scoliciosporum as a foliicole on Picea specimen in that it has distinct green­ sitchensis (Kofranek 4037), and Vaccinium yellow C+ pink soralia (Ekman & ovatum (McCune 29875) where it is said Tønsberg 2004). to be mostly restricted to the coastline Description: Thallus crustose, thin, (Miller et al. 2011). It appears to be scurfy­granular, the granules greenish­ conspecific with the specimens cited here brown and corticate; apothecia biatorine, (McCune pers. comm. ). translucent pink to red to nearly black, At Ma­le’l Dunes Cooperative 0.14 ­ 0.75mm diameter, becoming Management Area this lichen was found hemispherical, often raised above the growing abundantly in the sheltered dune general level of the granular thallus forest on Picea sitchensis twigs and (broadly stipitate?), and appearing dusty;

Figure 8. Scoliciosporum sp. apothecium cross section and spores.

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Figure 10. Opegrapha herbarum cross­ Figure 9. Habit of Opegrapha herbarum. section of apothecium. proper exciple poorly developed, hyphal is commonly encountered on bark and cells resembling paraphyses; hymenium twigs in California and the Pacific 40­54μm, colorless with green­ to dark Northwest in hypermaritime localities green epihymenium, without crystals; (CNALH records) but we could find no hypothecium green, without crystals; asci records of it being recorded as a foliicole. broadly clavate, to 14μm; ascospores 5­9 Thallus black or dark brown; apothecia celled, 25­33 x 3­4μm, acicular to (Figure 10) lirellate, black, 0.25 ­ 0.50 x fusiform, straight or broadly curved, 0.18 ­ 0.25mm; margin slit­like or more­ widest above center, tapering gradually or­less open, sometimes with thalline below broadest point, 8/ascus. Found to fragments; exciple carbonized; hymenium occur as a foliicole on Picea sitchensis, 67 ­ 99μm, colorless with blackened Pinus contorta var. contorta, Abies epihymenium; hypothecium light brown; grandis, and Vaccinium ovatum. asci cylindrical; ascospores (Figure 11) 4­ Opegrapha herbarum Mont. Carlberg celled, occasionally the terminal cell 02544, Carlberg 02639. poorly developed or missing, 18 ­ 20 x 6 ­ This species is fairly common from 7μm, fusiform, straight or slightly curved, British Columbia to California. In this 8/ascus. study it was found as a dominant in Opegrapha sp. 1. Villella 11­08, proximity to a snag used as a bird perch, Villella 11­22. and occurring on understory Picea The tiny black lirellate apothecia sitchensis needles and twigs (Figure 9). It apparently belong to an Opegrapha. This

Figure 11. Spores of Opegrapha herbarum.

18 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

Figure 12. Habit of Opegrapha sp. 1. Figure 13. Spores of Opegrapha sp. 1. specimen was collected on Polystichum often with the penultimate cell a bit longer munitum alongside Fellhanera bouteillei, than the others. The spores age to brown Enterographa oregonensis, Arthonia with minute papillae. The photobiont is muscigena, and Chrysothrix candelaris Phycopeltis (Figure 14). In Santesson's (Figure 12).Thallus clear or very light foliicolous crust monograph (Santesson brown, very thin and more­or­less clear, 1952), none of the eight species of allowing the bright orange of the Opegrapha treated match (Björk pers photobiont to show through. Apothecia comm.). (Figure 14) round to lirellate, black 0.1 ­ Arthonia sp. 1 Carlberg 02635, 0.4 x 0.1mm; margin slit­like or more­or­ Carlberg 02695. less open; exciple carbonized; asci This species of Arthonia was detected cylindrical; ascospores (Figure 13) three­ while sectioning apothecia of Fellhanera septate, approximately 5μm wide and bouteillei; it was at first assumed that the

Figure 14. Opegrapha sp. spores and asci, squash mount, and Phycopeltis photobiont. Photography by C. Björk.

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the leaf?” but “How long does it take an epiphyllic lichen to colonize and reproduce?” We took branches from Sitka spruce, grand fir and evergreen huckleberry, and made a census of lichens on them. Branches were selected that had obvious fresh tender leaves at the tips, indicative of current years’ (2011) growth, and cut them apart at each bud scale scar. The bud scale Figure 15. Arthonia sp. habit. scar is the scar remaining on the branch from the terminal bud, which is the Fellhanera apothecia had aged to brown maximum extent for each prior years’ (Figure 15). The resemblance is growth. Each resultant branch segment superficial, as the structure of the represented one year’s growth, and was apothecium is different, and the spores are surveyed for epiphylls that were mature larger and more complex (Figure 16). enough to have produced apothecia or Apparently a species nova, in our lirellae, except for Chrysothrix candelaris. determination it most closely resembles A. Many sterile thalli were encountered, but “vivida” in ed. Björk. in the absence of reproductive structures, Recruitment and Development of no attempts were made to identify these. Epiphylls Lichens growing on twigs or on dead leaf Some substrates hosting epiphyllic tissue were not counted. Squash mounts of lichen species are relatively long­lived. A fertile structures were made to assist rule of thumb among botanists on the identification. The results are in Table 1. northwest coast is that conifer needles last No ascomata were encountered on any about seven years, but a literature search 2011 growth, although sterile crustose resulted in almost no professional thalli were frequently present on these publications on leaf longevity. In any case, fresh green leaves, especially if the leaves the important question is not “How old is were adjacent to older substrates hosting

Figure 16. Arthonia sp. spores.

20 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

Table1. Maximum ages for reproductive thalli of some foliicoles on three substrates, collected during the summer of 2011. Y = reproductive thallus present.

abundant epiphylls. All substrates had at was made by Emily Limm, of Save the least two fertile epiphyllic species on Redwoods League (Limm, pers. comm.): growth from 2010. Casual observation of “I’ve monitored leaf demography on new leaves makes it clear that colonization Polystichum munitum and can say with of the substrate takes place within a few certainty that the leaves live for about 30 months of the emergence of new growth, months before they start to turn brown. especially when abundant propagules are New fronds emerge between March and present; however the development of June and then begin to die in the fall of ascomata seems to require a longer period their second year. The leaves don't detach of time. From the data in Table 1 it can be from the base though, so it isn't unusual to inferred that approximately one year is see half­brown fronds lingering on the needed. These ascomata were all truly crown base for another 6 months beyond fertile, that is, spores were present that.” (necessary to distinguish between Arthonia The reproducing species encountered vivida (in ed.) and Scoliciosporum sp., for on sword fern fronds were Fellhanera example). While Opegrapha herbarum bouteillei, Enterographa oregonensis, was found as a foliicole on other Arthonia muscigena, and the ascomata occasions, it was not encountered while would have had a maximum age of aging substrates. approximately 2.5 years, with the potential We could not age sword fern fronds in to be a few months older than that. Given the same way, since the entire frond is the generally distressed appearance of the produced within a single growing season, most heavily occupied fronds, it is and bud scale scars are not present. A doubtful that they were the current year’s casual survey of professional botanists emergents. resulted in “guesstimates” of frond age Acknowledgements ranging from one to three years, with Both authors are grateful for the additional time sometimes added for assistance received from several fronds that had died but not yet fallen to individuals, most especially Curtis Björk, the ground. A more productive response who provided both determinations and

21 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 Villella & Carlberg ­ Foliicolous Lichens

verifications of some of the specimens, 2011. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of and who consulted on likely habitat, Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France. URL: leading us to become avid birders, or at http://www.lichenology.info. Accessed 08 August least avid bird­roosters. We also thank Dr. 2011. Walker for teaching us techniques for Droker, R. 2011. Personal communication. aging plant stems, Emily Limm for Ekman, S., & T. Tønsberg. 2004. Scoliciosporum, consulting on sword fern frond ages, and pp. 504–505, in T. H. Nash III, B. D. Ryan, P. Jesse Miller et al. for permission to cite Diederich, C. Gries, & F. Bungartz (eds.), Lichen their pending paper on the Oregon coast. flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Literature Cited Tempe. Aptroot, A. 1996. New records of lichens and Glavich, D.A., L.H. Geiser, A.G.. & Mikulin. lichenicolous fungi from British Columbia. The 2005. The distribution of some rare coastal lichens Bryologist Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 196­198. in the Pacific Northwest and their association with Arup, U. & S. Ekman. 1994. Three species of late­seral and federally­protected forests. The Fellhanera (lichenized Ascomycotina) on Bryologist 108 (2):241­254. Vaccinium myrtillus in Sweden. Svensk Botanisk Hafellner, J. 2008. Additions and corrections to Tidskrift. Vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 33­41. the checklist and bibliography of lichens and Asahina, Y. 1932. Lichens growing on coniferous lichenicolous fungi of insular Laurimacaronesia. needles. Journal of Japanese Botany 8:104­106. IV. Fritschiana 64:1–28. Aslan, A., A. Vězda, K. Yazici, & Y. Karagoz. Kofranek, D. 2011. Personal communication. 2005. New foliicolous lichen records for lichen McCune, B. 2011. Personal communication. flora of Turkey. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 26(1):61­ Miller, J., B. McCune, D. Kofranek, J. Villella, 66. R. Demmer, & K. Mergenthaler. 2011. Lichens Björk, C. 2010. Personal communication. from the South Slough and Horsefall Dunes on the California Coastal Conservancy. 2008. Final Ma­ southern Oregon coast. In ed. le ’l Dunes Cooperative Management Area public Limm, E. 2011. Personal communication. access plan. Published by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Lücking, R., V. Wirth, L. Ferraro & M. Cáceres. Service, Arcata, CA. 2003. Foliicolous lichens from Valdivian temperate Coote, L., G..F. Smith, S. O'Donoghue, D.L. rain forest of Chile and Argentina: evidence of an Kelly, S. Iremonger, & F.J.G. Mitchell. 2008. austral element, with the description of seven new Epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) taxa. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12:21–36. plantations in Ireland and the effects of open Puntillo, D., & A. Vězda. 1994. Some foliicolous spaces. Biodiversity and Conservation 17, 953­968. lichens new to Calabria [Alcuni licheni foliicoli Coppins, BJ. 1989. Notes on the Arthoniaceae in nuovi per la Calabria]. Webbia 49(1):125­131. the British Isles. Lichenologist 21(3):195­216. Rhoades, F. M. 2009. Lichens of South Lopez Coppins, B.J. & Tønsberg, T. 2001. A new Island, San Juan County, Washington State. ­ xanthone­containing Micarea from northwest Douglasia Occasional Papers. Volume 9. Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North Washington Native Plant Society, Seattle. 59 pp. America. Lichenologist 33(2):93­96. Santesson, R. 1952. Foliicolous lichens I: a Diederich, P., D. Ertz, N. Stapper, E. Sérusiaux, revision of the taxonomy of the obligately D. Van den Broeck, P. van den Boom & C. Ries. foliicolous lichenized fungi. Symbolae Botanicae

22 Upsalienses 12(1):1–590. Thor, G., R. Lucking, & T. Matsumoto. 2000. Sipman, H.J.M. 1991. More foliicolous lichens The foliicolous lichens of Japan. Symbolae from Australia. Nova Hedwigia 53(1­2):255­264. Botanicae Upsalienses 32(3):1­72. Sparrius, L 1999. Fellhanera bouteillei is weer Tucker, S.C. 2009. Updated lichen taxa of terug in Nederland [Fellhanera bouteillei is back California. Privately published through the again in the Netherlands]. Buxbaumiella 48:42­43. California Lichen Society. Sparrius, L. & C.R. Björk. 2008. Enterographa Vondrák, J., Z. Palice, A. Khodosovtsev, & S. oregonensis (Roccellaceae), a new foliicolous Postoyolkin. 2010. Additions to the diversity of species from the northwest coast of North America. rare or overlooked lichens and lichenicolous fungi The Bryologist 111(3):487­489. in Ukrainian Carpathians. Chornomors'k. bot. Spribille, T., C.R. Björk, S. Ekman, J.A. Elix, T. zhurnal 6:6­34. Goward, C. Printzen, T. Tønsberg & T. Wheeler. Williams, C.B. & S.C. Sillett. 2007. Epiphyte 2009. Contributions to an epiphytic lichen flora of communities on redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) northwest North America: I. Eight new species in northwestern California. The Bryologist from British Columbia inland rain forests. The 110(3):420­452. Bryologist 112(1):109­137.

Heterodermia leucomela (L.) Poelt. Drawing by Nancy Hillyard.

23 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 News & Notes

News and Notes

Drawings of Foliicolous Lichens From process of ranking rare lichens with the Costa Rica California Natural Heritage Program. Scattered throughou this Bulletin are Chair of the California Lichen Society drawings by Nancy Hillyard. Here is some Conservation Committee, Eric Peterson, information about these drawings. These was in attendance, as well as drawings are part of my work book and representatives of the California Native were made to help me learn. My interest Plant Society, Yosemite National Park, in lichens started about 10 years ago, and Region 5 National Forests, and private after studying some of the more obvious consulting companies. Several topics were lichens, I began to notice the tiny crustose discussed including habitat based "dots" underneath. They seemed to be a conservation and the idea of designating bigger challenge. “Important Lichen Areas” to promote When Dan Norris came back from Costa lichen appreciation in California similar to Rica with a collection of leaves covered the Important Bird Areas program of the with liverworts and lichens, I offered to Audubon Society. The California Lichen see what I could do with the lichens. It Conservation Working Group hopes to was a whole new ballgame. Each day was produce a brochure that can be given to filled with new and wonderful shapes to interested parties that explains the role of learn about. Since I was studying lichens in the ecosystem and shows many foliicolous lichens on my own, I often had of the wonderful forms that are to refer back to the drawings and change represented in the California lichen flora. the name first applied. Now maybe others Several roles for volunteers were will be inspired. Enjoy. identified including working on ~Nancy Hillyard conservation sponsorships, leading field

Meeting of the California Lichen Conservation Working Group On September 15th the first meeting of the California Lichen Conservation Working Group met at the Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station in Davis. This meeting was organized by Forest Service botanists Diane Ikeda, Cheryl Beyer and Tom Carlberg under the auspices of the USFS Region 5 Lichen Center of Excellence. A diverse representation of people interested in furthering lichen conservation in California were in attendance, and the Elizabeth Hessom topic of the meeting was focused on the

24 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 News & Notes outings to lichen hotspots, and funded to travel to present this research at development of lichen related materials. If the 2010 American Society of Plant you are interested in getting involved Biologists (ASPB) Conference in please contact Cheryl Beyer of the USFS Montreal, Canada. This same summer, region 5 Lichen Center of Excellence or Elizabeth traveled to see the northern Eric Peterson of the CALS Conservation California sequoias with her family, and Committee. was blown away by all the different varieties of lichen and how prevalent they Elizabeth Hessom Receives CALS were. Elizabeth started researching these Grant “rock fuzzies” of her youth on her own, Elizabeth C. Hessom has always loved and considered studying them further. the outdoors, and studying plants. After earning her B.S., Elizabeth chose to Encouraged by her family’s summer pursue a M.S. degree in Environmental camping trips every year, Elizabeth kept Sciences at the University of California, journals of plants she saw, including Riverside. There under the guidance of Dr. lichens. She nicknamed them “rock Pamela Padgett from the USDA Forest fuzzies” at an early age until she learned to Service, and Dr. David Parker, from the identify them properly. This love of the University of California, Riverside, they outdoors only increased over the years, designed a project incorporating lichens, and Elizabeth attended California State specifically focusing on how gaseous University, Fullerton to earn her B.S. in nitric acid and ammonia affect crustose Biological Science, focusing in lichen from Joshua Tree National Park. Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Elizabeth is excited on how this research Biology. While at CSUF, Elizabeth was project is developing and is eager to keep accepted into an NSF­funded CALS updated on her progress. Undergraduate Mentoring program in Environmental Biology called SCERP, or Joshua Tree National Park Student the Southern California Ecosystems Climate Change Summit Research Program. Within SCERP High school students explore climate Elizabeth conducted research projects in change and study lichens at Joshua Tree multiple Californian ecosystems and National Park. eventually focused her undergraduate “I can’t talk about climate change research on studying embolism repair because I don’t know what it’s about and I through diurnal and seasonality changes in don’t want to give a biased opinion,” two chaparral shrub species, Malosma commented Anthony at the beginning of laurina and Ceanothus crassifolius. the Joshua Tree Student Climate Change Elizabeth was awarded for her Summit. “You can’t build a house without presentation of this research at the 36th the foundation.” Annual Society for the Advancement of The Joshua Tree National Park Student Hispanics, Chicanos, and Native Climate Change Summit, a partnership Americans in Science (SACNAS) between Joshua Tree National Park, the Conference in Dallas, Texas, and was Wildlands Conservancy and National

25 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 News & Notes

Parks Conservation Association, provided and insects slurping the nectar of that foundation for 30 Coachella Valley wildflowers along one of the trails in high school students this May. The day Black Rock Canyon. The students seemed long summit included presentations about especially intrigued with lichens and climate change, lichens and wildlife insects, but also articulated differences corridors. The students went on a guided between varieties of desert plants. The discovery hike of Black Rock Canyon and value in this activity is that the students participated in a hands­on science project made their own observations about flora’s monitoring the park’s lichens. The Joshua similarities and differences, as opposed to Tree Student Climate Change Summit was just memorizing the name of the plant. very fortunate to have Kerry Knudsen, a After a delicious pizza lunch, students famous lichenologist, to help instruct learned about the lichen monitoring students and guide the research project. project from Mitzi Harding, a vegetation The day began with an activity led by specialist at Joshua Tree National Park. Ranger Caryn Davidson called Harding discussed the overall goals of the “Barometer.” Davidson read a statement monitoring project­ to track how a and the students lined up under signs changing climate may affect Black Rock which ranged from “Strongly Agree” to Canyon’s lichen diversity and growth. She “Strongly Disagree.” The goal of the also taught the students scientific protocol activity was to generate discussion among and broke them into teams for the project. the high school students and our staff and The team I facilitated organized to tease out opinions and attitudes about themselves and began recording the climate change. different types of lichens on coded When Ranger Davidson said, “I spend cellophane envelopes. They measured and a lot of time thinking about climate calculated the overall area of the different change,” the majority of the students presentations of lichen. moved to the “Strongly Disagree” sign. During the end of the day debriefing But a student named Denise had a session, back at the Black Rock Canyon different view, “I do worry about changes Visitor Center, students gave the day an to our earth’s climate and how it will overall “Thumbs Up” and expressed affect wildlife.” When Davidson stated, fascination for the often overlooked “Climate change is human caused and lichens of Black Rock Canyon. Several must be addressed by humans,” almost all students, who said they didn’t like the the students stood under the “Strongly desert, expressed an appreciation for its Agree” sign. One student raised her hand fragile ecosystem and beautiful forms. and said, “It’s up to the people to be And what about the subject of climate interested in climate change. Some people change? “If you have kids and grandkids only see what they want to see.” one day, you want them to be able to live During the guided discovery hike, and see nature,” summed up one young students used hand lenses purchased from desert enthusiast. a grant from the California Lichen Society Kerry Knudsen and Jana Kocourkova to closely examine desert plants, lichens are currently working on a baseline

26 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 News & Notes

display at the Mycological Society of San Francisco’s fungus fair (December 3­4, 2011). The theme of the CALS display was lichens of Mt Diablo revisited…40 some years after Doris Baltzo’s thesis work. There was interest among the lichen hunters to schedule additional field trips to continue on this theme of comparing the lichen flora of past and present. Check the CALS website for future field trips to Mt Diablo or come help identify specimens we’ve collected at our identification workshops (first and third Wednesday of the month at College of Marin). A preliminary list of the lichen encountered provided by Nancy Hillyard are listed below: Aspicilia cf pacifica Buellia dispersa Buellia tyrolensis Bill Hill and Ted Robertson at Mt. Diablo Cladonia furcata State Park. Cladonia pixidata inventory of the lichens, lichenicolous Flavopunctelia soredica fungi, and saxicolous microfungi of Gyalecta herrei Joshua Tree NP. Currently we have 120 Nephroma laevigatum lichenized taxa, with several undescribed Ramalina farinacea taxa and new state records. Rhizocarpon cf. pusillum ~ Seth Shteir Stereocaulon cf rivulorum Seth Shteir is California Desert Field Teloschistes flavicans Representative for the National Parks Tephromela atra Conservation Association. Usnea hirta Usnea rubicunda Notes on the CALS Mt Diablo Field Vermilacinia laevigata Trip, November 5, 2011 Xanthoparmelia californica On a frigid afternoon in November, a ~Shelly Benson small group of brave lichen hunters met at the Junction Ranger Station in Mt Diablo Snake River Plains Herbarium ­ Now State Park to explore the lichen habitats Online and common lichens on the mountain. Roger Rosentreter has his lichen collection One of the missions of the expedition was (Boise State U.) data based and is to collect lichen specimens for the CALS accessible now on the North American

27 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2012 News & Notes

Consortium of lichen herbaria. purchased from certain garden supply http://symbiota.org/nalichens/index.php shops, with instructions for establishing lacewing populations in your garden. A Lichens and animals continued ­ the egg web search on lacewing egg case is very cases of lacewings informative, the majority of sites being A couple years ago the Bulletin (16:2; sponsored by county agricultural winter 2009) had a photo essay of lichens administrations, university agriculture being used by animals for a variety of departments, or commercial sites offering purposes: nesting material, tunnel biocontrols for garden and crops. There construction, camouflage and others. I are also sites by amateur naturalists that occasionally find another example of have images of lacewing larvae using animals using lichens, but until recently I what look like soredia to camouflage have not been able to get a photo that was themselves. good enough to convey what was actually The reason for the filamentous stalk happening. I also did not know which has been interpreted in a couple ways, entity was using the lichen. both of which center around protection A recent conversation with John from predators: it is said to prevents ants Villella, the Editor of the Bulletin, from getting to the eggs, or it helps keep informed me that these were the egg cases the larvae apart (which reduces predation of a species of lacewing. Specifically, this on each other). There is a scientific paper is the case of a species of green lacewing, in support of the latter interpretation a common and widespread insect that is (Růžička 1997) in which the researcher considered beneficial because (depending induced the female lacewing to lay eggs on the genus) either the larvae or the (with stalks) in a petri dish. Another dish adults are a predator on numerous had eggs with the stalks removed. In the common garden pests (beneficial to absence of any other food, hatching larvae humans, that is!). Egg cases can be ate more of the eggs without stalks than with. I have found these eggs on species of Usnea, and this year for the first time on Alectoria sarmentosa, as in the photo below.

Růžička, Z. 1997. Protective role of the egg stalk in Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Eur. J. Entomol. 94:111­114.

~Tom Carlberg

Figure 1. Lacewing egg cases on Alectoria sarmentosa.

28 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 Upcoming Events

Upcoming Events CALS Annual Meeting http://www.ebparks.org/parks/huckleberry It’s that time of year again when CALS About the Preserve: Huckleberry members get together to hold an annual Preserve has a relic plant association meeting and celebrate the work of our similar to vegetation now found on the founding members in creating the islands off the Santa Barbara coast. The California Lichen Society. See the rocks are of Claremont shale/chert schedule of events below and feel free to formation that can be seen as hard, brittle come for just part or all of the bands with soil that has a low poor water festivities.CALS Annual Meeting holding capacity. Schedule, January 28, 2012 Lichens are found in the bay Field trip to Huckleberry Botanic Regional laurel/oak/chinquapin/manzanita Preserve: 9:30­3:00 assemblage. There are many Cladonia spp. Board meeting at Brickyard Landing (open on the soil. On a visit in May 2010, we to the general membership): 3:45­5:30 saw the following along with numerous Pot­luck dinner at Brickyard Landing: others. 5:45­6:45 Parmelia hygrophila Evening presentation (to be determined) at Parmotrema K+Y medulla = P. perlatum; Brickyard Landing: 7:00­8:00 K­ = P. arnoldii Ramalina farinacea Field Trip to Huckleberry Botanic Hypogymnia physodes Regional Preserve Cladonia chlorophaea group Where to meet: Parking lot for Cetraria orbata = Tuckermannopsis Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve, orbata see driving directions below. Hypogymnia tubulosa When: 9:30 AM to 3:00 PM, January 28, Cladonia squamosa Medulla UV­, K+Y, 2012 P+Y = var. squamosa What to bring: This is a NO­ Cladonia bellidiflora COLLECTING field trip so bring your Cladonia spp. hand lens, camera, and field guides. Also bring a lunch and field gear to keep you Driving Directions to Brickyard Landing, comfortable while on the trail. Point Richmond, CA Driving directions: From Highway 24 in From the West: On 580 go east across Oakland, take the Fish Ranch Road exit the Richmond Bridge, exit on Canal Blvd., just east of the Caldecott Tunnel. Continue turning right or south, continue on Canal .8 miles to Grizzly Peak Blvd. Turn left across Cutting Blvd. and until the center and go 2.4 miles on Grizzly Peak to divide disappears and you come to a stop Skyline Boulevard. Turn left and drive sign . Turn right onto Seacliff Drive, approximately one­half mile to the park continue on Seacliff as it goes over the hill entrance on the left, past Sibley Volcanic to the next stop sign, where you enter Regional Preserve. Website: Brickyard Cove Road. You will soon see

29 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 Upcoming Events

the five large buildings of Brickyard month (unless otherwise announced). We Landing on your right. Turn right onto variously tour the Botanic Garden to Brickyard Way at the main entrance, and observe and identify the lichens there, and then turn right again almost immediately also meet at the visitor center for a lichen onto Brickyard Cove Lane. After passing identification workshop. Bring specimens the tennis courts you will see the gate to you would like us to work on or just join the Clubhouse on your left. Park and walk us in the learning. Everyone is welcome. in past the swimming pool and you will There is free parking and admission is free see the Clubhouse straight ahead. at the Garden. From the East: Go west on 580 until Canal Blvd., turn left or south and Identifying Lichens to Genus continue as directed above. Chico State University, Chico CA Saturday, March 3, 2012, 9:00am ­ Ongoing Lichen Identification 4:00pm Workshops, College of Marin, Science The emphasis of this workshop will be Center identifying genera of lichens in the first and third Wednesday of each month, northern Sierra Nevada foothills. The 6pm ­ 9pm unless otherwise announced). workshop will start in the lab with We encourage you to attend these regular handouts and a Powerpoint presentation lichen identification workshops at the covering lichen basics – anatomy, College of Marin, Science Center Room reproduction, ecology, and morphology. 190/191, 835 College Avenue, Kentfield. Lunch will be in the field while seeing Dr. Paul DaSilva has graciously allowed lichens in action, possibly with some us to use the classroom and scopes. Please hands­on collecting. Afternoon will be RSVP to Bill Hill, who organizes the back in the lab for guided exploration, logistics (contact Bill at 4156866146). We using dissecting microscopes, reference bring our own lichens and/or work with materials, chemical reagents, and vouchers others on theirs. There are usually snacks. provided by the instructor or participants’ Parking at the college is $3 or evening collections. parking for free on Kent Ave. behind the Please bring dissecting tools, a hand Science Center. Directions to Kentfield lens, and lunch. Participants will benefit Campus of College of Marin: From more from the workshop if they are Highway 101 take Sir Francis Drake Blvd experienced with using dichotomous keys. west, turn left at College Ave (7th The workshop will be led by Tom stoplight) and right into parking lots on Carlberg. Tom has a degree in Botany right. The science building is the large low from Humboldt State University. He has one story building with parking been a cryptogamic botanist for ten years, underneath. We are in room 190 or 191. working for the Forest Service, private contractors, and non­profit organizations. Tilden Botanical Garden Workshops He is the past Editor of the Bulletin of the This is a 'regular' lichen study group California Lichen Society (CALS), and a meeting on the second Saturday of the member of the Society’s Conservation

30 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 Upcoming Events

Committee. In addition to CALS, he also phone number and email for updates. belongs to the American Bryological and Questions? Contact Daphne Stone Lichenological Society and the British [email protected] or John Villella at Lichen Society. [email protected]. Please register in advance; class size is limited to 16 participants. Registration Forest Service Lichen Walk information is available at the Friends of Cleveland National Forest Chico State Herbarium website at Riverside County http://www.csuchico.edu/biol/Herb/Events June 23 2012 .html. Details of workshop content can be Join lichenologist Kerry Knudsen, lichen obtained by contacting Tom at curator at the UCR Herbarium, and Forest [email protected]. Service botanist Kate Kramer for an informal lichen walk down Tenaja Trail in Calicioid Lichen Workshop the San Mateo Wilderness on June 23 The Northwest Lichenologists and the 2012. We will meet at the Tenaja Cryptogam Biodiversity Observatory at Trailhead at 9AM. Directions: From Southern Oregon University in Ashland Interstate 15, take Clinton Keith Road Oregon is proud to present a two day south to Tenaja Road. Follow Tenaja Road workshop with Dr. Steve Selva on the southwest to Cleveland National Forest calicioid lichens and fungi March 16th road (FS road 7S01, watch carefully for ­18th 2012. Starting with an optional field this turnoff). Turn right and follow this day in the Cascade Siskiyou National road about 1 mile to the Tenaja Trailhead. Monument followed by two days of We will leave from the trailhead and go as lectures and lab identification time, this far as the group wishes towards workshop will explore the fascinating Fisherman’s Camp. This is the first of world of the interesting and diminutive four Forest Service lichen walks in stubble lichens, focusing on identification southern California. For more information and ecology of our pacific northwest flora. please contact Kerry Knudsen In depth identification of several of the [email protected]. most prominent genera will be given including Calicium, Chaenotheca, The 83rd Annual Meeting of the Sphinctrina, Chaenothecopsis, and Northwest Scientific Association Cyphelium among others. Microscopes Owyhee Plaza Hotel in Boise, Idaho, and reagents will be available to March 28­31, 2012. participants. This workshop is open to all Our theme this year is: Networking on a first­come basis, with space for about Science: communication, twenty people. Bring your unidentified collaboration, and conservation in a time specimens to work on. Please reserve your of change. Dr. J. Michael Scott, spot early! To reserve make a check out to Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Daphne Stone and sent it to: Daphne Department of Fish and Wildlife Stone, 30567 Le Bleu Rd. Eugene Oregon, Resources at University of Idaho, will 97405. Please also send your address present a keynote address. We will have

31 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 Upcoming Events

several symposia including: Geo­ Integration: Making sense of the overload of spatial data, portals, and analysis tools Sagebrush ecosystems: linking biophysical drivers and species change across trophic levels. The role of citizen scientists in research and education and more! Presentations will address a broad range of topics and issues in natural and applied sciences. Please consider attending the meeting to learn about scientific research in the Northwest and present a paper or poster to share the results of your ongoing work. In keeping with our theme, we encourage presentations that emphasize interdisciplinary research, incorporate a range of participants, or represent collaboration across agencies. The Northwest Scientific Association has a strong history of supporting student research and our meetings provide a great venue for students to interact with professionals. There are reduced registration rates for students. Drawing by Nancy Hillyard. We have exciting field trips planned for Saturday. 83rd Annual Meeting of the NW Scientific Please visit the Society’s web page Association: March 28–31, 2012 (www.northwestscience.org) for more details on registration, abstract 2012 Lichenology Seminars at Eagle submission, and updates about the Hill meeting. ...on the coast of Maine...Between Acadia Please forward this information to National Park and Petit Manan National colleagues, other departments, or students Wildlife Refuge who may be interested in presenting http://www.eaglehill.us/programs/nhs/nhs­ research results. calendar.shtml IMPORTANT DATES: Lichens and Lichen Ecology Open Call for Papers and Registration: May 27 ­ Jun 2. David H.S. Richardson November 10, 2011 and Mark R.D. Seaward Early registration deadline (reduced Crustose Lichens: Identification and rates): February 1, 2012 Abstract Deadline: February 7, 2012

32 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 Upcoming Events

Ecology In support of scientific illustrators and Jun 3 ­ 9. Stephen R. Clayden artists, Eagle Hill offers a diverse range of Sterile Crustose Lichens: An Introduction workshops focusing on natural history art. with a Special Emphasis on Identification Eagle Hill has long been recognized as Jun 10 ­ 16. James Lendemer offering hard­to­find seminars and Lichen Chemistry: Spot Tests and TLC in workshops which provide important Lichen Identification opportunities for training and meeting Jun 17 ­ 23. Scott S. LaGreca and others who are likewise dedicated to Thorsten T. Lumbsch continually learning more about natural Lichen Research Tutorials history. Jun 24 ­ 30. Richard Harris Eagle Hill field seminars and workshops Lichens, Biofilms, and Gravestones are of special interest because they focus Jul 8 ­ 14. Judy Jacob and Michaela on the natural history of one of North Schmull America's most spectacular and pristine Information on lodging options, meals, natural areas, the coast of eastern Maine and costs may be found at from Acadia National Park to Petit Manan http://www.eaglehill.us/programs/general/ National Wildlife Refuge and beyond. application­info.shtml Most seminars combine field studies with There is an online application form at follow­up lab studies and a review of the http://www.eaglehill.us/programs/general/ literature. Additional information is application­web.shtml provided in lectures, slide presentations, Descriptions and syllabi will be and discussions. Seminars are primarily available in January. Please let us know if taught for people who already have a we can help with questions. Prior reasonable background in a seminar discussions of personal study objectives program or in related subjects, or who are with instructors are welcome. keenly interested in learning about a new Humboldt Institute, PO Box 9, Steuben, subject. ME 04680­0009 207­546­2821, Fax 207­546­3042 E­mail ­ [email protected] In support of field biologists, researchers, field naturalists, faculty members, and students with interests in the natural history sciences, Eagle Hill offers specialty seminars at different ecological scales for those who are interested in understanding complex natural history questions. Seminars range from watershed level subjects, and subjects in classical ecology, to highly specialized seminars in advanced biology, taxonomy, and ecological restoration.

33 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 President's Message

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

As we enter the New Year of 2012, CALS is celebrating its 18th Birthday with our Annual Membership Meeting. Ever since we began with the founding meeting of the California Lichen Society on January 29, 1994 at the Santa Cruz cabin of Richard and Janet Doell, we have held our 'Birthday' Membership Meeting on the last Saturday of January ­ this time on January 28, 2012. This year it will be held again at the clubhouse at the Doell's Brickyard Landing condo in Point Richmond as it has traditionally been held for years. Our meeting is a full day including a field trip followed by a Board meeting, a social hour, potluck dinner, and discussions amongst CALS members present, and presentation about ­ what else? ­ lichens! Our Birthday Annual Meeting helps put our Society in perspective, and we chat about where we have been and where we are going, our strengths and weaknesses, and our plans for the future. And life goes on. We pick up new members at events like the San Francisco Mycological Society Fungus Fair, CAL Day at UC Berkeley, and various conferences, joint field trips, as well as other various workshops. Despite the passing on of several of our cherished and most active members, other members give us new energy by continuing the planning and organizing ofour activities­ and CALS lives on!!! I want to personally thank Irene Winston for her fastidious 'hosting' of our monthly workshops at Tilden Park Botanic Garden. Despite her busy personal schedule, she is constantly coordinating upcoming plans and events, including our major Bay Area annual events ­ the Lichen Exhibit at the annual Fungus Fair and CAL Day in Berkeley! Susan Crocker is relieving Janet of the sales and distribution of the our popular Lichen Miniguide. Diane Renshaw will revive our lichen study presence at the Stanford University Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, where Janet Doell had been a docent and brought *lichenology* there some years ago. Our Vice President Shelly Benson helps with much organizing, and with Tom Carlberg continues our lichen survey at the San Francisco Presidio. Tom and Shelly are also instrumental with our presence at several events including the Northern California Botanists Association conference in January 2011. In these events we invariably gain new members, some of whom have become very active members in CALS! Eric Peterson has been continuing as Chair of our Conservation Committee, as well as breathing new life into our californialichens.org presence online. And then there are members Hanna Mesraty and Theresa Bukovics who attended our field trip and worked with Doris Baltzo to continue her study of Lichens of Mount Diablo (which by the way, was the 'centerpiece' of our Fungus Fair Exhibit in December!). I also want to mention that Janet Doell continues on with now spearheading the declaration

34 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 President's Message of Ramalina menziesii Taylor as the State Lichen of California. She has contacted her state representative and the decree will hopefully be introduced during the current session of the State legislature. Janet expounds: "This species was chosen for this honor because: 1. It grows from the northern to the southern borders of the state along the coast where coastal fog is present. 2. It also grows, to a lesser extent, in more inland areas at least as far as 130 miles from the coast. 3. It is the only lichen in California with netting, which makes it easy to identify even by those not very well acquainted with lichens. 4. It is a beautiful lichen. There is no California State Lichen at present." We had a display of the many forms of Ramalina menziesii at the Fungus Fair, and 28 people signed a 'petition' acknowleging their support of the declaration. A surprising outreach discovery with visitors at the Fungus Fair this year was the enourmous popularity of giving away lichen samples glued to small cards with the generic names of the lichens printed on them. A box full of them made by Janet Doell was quickly emptied on the first half of the first day of the Fair. The specimens were all windfalls, blown out of the trees in storms last winter, most of them from the Doell's cabin in the Santa Cruz Mountains. These little take­home samples probably made a lot of visitors at the Fungus Fair aware of the existence of lichens for the first time, and Nancy Hillyard made up some more for the second day. We must do this kind of 'souvenier' outreach again. Once people are 'bitten' by the beauty of lichens, they become forever aware of them and their appreciation advances our environmental and conservation efforts to make all our hard work worthwhile! Another lichenological success that I try to nurture is the regularity and proliferation of ongoing Lichen Workshops. Besides field trips in conjunction or not with other nature organizations, it is workshops where people most effectively get hands­on experience with identifying and understanding lichens. For beginners and experts alike this learning is an endless and lifetime process. In the San Francisco Area, I revived our ID Workshops at the College of Marin after a summer hiatus, and they are now being held on the first and third Wednesday evening of the month; and I learned from Irene to make it an RSVP event to insure our awareness of attendance. Besides College of Marin and Irene's Tilden Botanic Garden workshops on the second Saturday of the month, we may be having regular workshops now at Stanford's Jasper Ridge with Diane Renshaw, with the first meeting and fieldtrip there on Saturday February 18. Stay tuned. Then there are plans for workshops sometime soon in the Martinez/Concord area with Ted Robertson, and we are considering workshops again at San Francisco State University, with its laboratory space with excellent microscopes as well at the herbarium and reference library there. I am hoping that we can have each workshop location equipped with an effective reference library for working on identifications, as well as perhaps a reference collection of

35 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA LICHEN SOCIETY 18(2), 2011 President's Message

specimens ­ once we 'ween' people with using microscopes and keys (and perhaps revising many of the confusing parts of the keys!), and introducing them to where and to whom to look further, they can gain confidence and their own abilities will grow without as much dependence on 'experts'. And as I just mentioned, this learning is a lifelong process ­ none of us knows everything, ever.

So Happy Enlichenment! Lets see what the New Year brings! ­­Bill Hill, for the California Lichen Society

Phylloblastia sp. new to science. Drawing by Nancy Hillyard.

36 The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society

Vol. 18, No. 2 Winter 2012

Contents

Why Lepraria? Why Lichens? Eight years of studying Lepraria in California ~James C. Lendemer 1

Parasites ~Kerry Knudsen 7

Notes on Hyper­maritime Foliicolous Lichen Communities of Northern California ~John Villella and Tom Carlberg 11

News and Notes 24

Upcoming Events 29

President’s Message ~Bill Hill 34

Back Cover: A. Arthotheliopsis serusiauxii. Drawing by Nancy Hillyard. B. Northern California foliicolous lichen community on sword fern; See article by J. Villella and T. Carlberg page 11. Photo by John Villella. C. Spores of Opegrapha herbarum. See article by J. Villella and T. Carlberg page 11. Photography by John Villella. D. Bill Hill, Hanah Maestry, and Shelly Benson. E. Galls of Pyrenidium aggregatum on Phaeophyscia. Photo by James C. Lendemer. F. Polycoccum slaptoniense. Photo by: Jana Kocourková. G. Habit of Scoliciosporum sp. H. Scoliciosporum sp. on Picea sitchensis needle from Ma­le’l Dunes Cooperative Management Area. B

C

A D

E F D

G H