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Université De Montréal Université de Montréal Grounds for Telling It: Transnational Feminism and Canadian Women’s Writing par Andrea Beverley Département d’études anglaises Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph. D.) août, 2010 ©Andrea Beverley, 2010 Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Cette thèse intitulée : Grounds for Telling It: Transnational Feminism and Canadian Women’s Writing Présentée par: Andrea Beverley a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: ……………………Robert Schwartzwald…………………. président-rapporteur ……………………Heike Harting…………………. directrice de recherche ……………………Lianne Moyes…………………. membre du jury .…………………Julia Emberley…………………. examinateur externe …………………Daniel Valois……………………. représentant du doyen i Résumé Cette thèse explore les connections entre la littérature canadienne contemporaine féminine et le féminisme transnational. Le « transnational » est une catégorie qui est de plus en plus importante dans la critique littéraire canadienne, mais elle n’est pas souvent evoquée en lien avec le féminisme. À travers cette thèse, je développe une méthodologie de lecture féministe basée sur le féminisme transnational. Cette méthodologie est appliquée à la littérature canadienne féminine; parallèlement, cette littérature participe à la définition et à l’élaboration des concepts féministes transnationaux tels que la complicité, la collaboration, le silence, et la différence. De plus, ma méthodologie participe à la recontextualisation de certains textes et moments dans l’histoire de la littérature canadienne, ce qui permet la conceptualisation d’une généalogie de l’expression féministe anti-essentialiste dans la littérature canadienne. J’étudie donc des textes de Daphne Marlatt, Dionne Brand, et Suzette Mayr, ainsi que le périodique Tessera et les actes du colloque intitulé Telling It, une conférence qui a eu lieu en 1988. Ces textes parlent de la critique du colonialisme et du nationalisme, des identités post-coloniales et diasporiques, et des possibilités de la collaboration féministe de traverser des frontières de toutes sortes. Dans le premier chapitre, j’explique ma méthodologie en démontrant que le périodique féministe bilingue Tessera peut être lu en lien avec le féminisme transnational. Le deuxième chapitre s’attarde à la publication editée par le collectif qui a été formé à la suite de la conférence Telling It. Je situe Telling It dans le contexte des discussions sur les différences qui ont eu lieu dans le féminisme nord- américan des dernières décennies. Notamment, mes recherches sur Telling It sont fondées sur des documents d’archives peu consultés qui permettent une réflexion sur les silences qui peuvent se cacher au centre du travail collaboratif. Le trosième chapitre est constitué d’une lecture proche du texte multi-genre « In the Month of Hungry Ghosts, » écrit par Daphne Marlatt en 1979. Ce texte explore les connexions complexes entre le colonialisme, le postcolonialisme, la complicité et la mondialisation. Le suject du quatrième chapitre est le film Listening for Something… (1994) qui découle d’une collaboration féministe transnationale entre Dionne Brand et Adrienne Rich. Pour terminer, le cinquième chapitre ii explore les liens entre le transnational et le national, la région – et le monstrueux, dans le contexte du roman Venous Hum (2004) de Suzette Mayr. Ces lectures textuelles critiques se penchent toutes sur la question de la représentation de la collaboration féministe à travers les différences – question essentielle à l’action féministe transnationale. Mes recherche se trouvent donc aux intersections de la littérature canadienne, la théorie féministe contemporaine, les études postcoloniales et la mondialisation. Les discussions fascinantes qui se passent au sein de la théorie transnationale féministe sont pertinentes à ces intersections et de plus, la littérature contemporaine féminine au Canada offre des interventions importantes permettant d’imaginer la collaboration féministe transnationale. Mots-clés : littérature canadienne, féminisme transnational, collaboration, essentialisme, femmes, race, Dionne Brand, Daphne Marlatt, Suzette Mayr, Telling It iii Abstract This dissertation explores connections between contemporary Canadian women’s writing and transnational feminism. The category of the transnational is increasingly important within Canadian literary criticism, but it is infrequently evoked in relation to feminism. Throughout this thesis, I develop a transnational feminist reading methodology that can be brought to bear on Canadian women’s writing, even as the literature itself participates in and nuances transnational feminist mobilizations of concepts such as complicity, collaboration, silence, and difference. Furthermore, my transnational feminist reading strategy provides a method for the rehistoricization of certain texts and moments in Canadian women’s writing that further allows scholars to trace a genealogy of anti- essentialist feminist expression in Canadian literature. To this end, I read texts by Daphne Marlatt, Dionne Brand, and Suzette Mayr, alongside Tessera, a collectively-edited journal, and conference proceedings from the 1988 Telling It conference; these texts speak to national and colonial critique, post-colonial and diasporic identities, and the potentials of feminist collaboration across various borders. In the first chapter, I situate my reading methodology by arguing for a transnational feminist understanding of Tessera, a bilingual feminist journal that began publishing in 1984. My second chapter examines the collectively-edited publication that emerged from Telling It in the context of North American feminist evocations of difference in recent decades. Notably, my research on Telling It benefits from rarely-accessed archival material that grounds my discussion of the gaps and silences of collective work. In my third chapter, I perform a close reading of Daphne Marlatt’s 1979 multi-genre text “In the Month of Hungry Ghosts” as it explores the complex connections between colonialism, post-colonialism, complicity and globalization. The subject of my fourth chapter is the 1994 film Listening for Something…, a transnational feminist collaboration between Dionne Brand and Adrienne Rich. Finally, my fifth chapter discusses the place of the transnational in relation to the regional, the national – and the monstrous in the context of Suzette Mayr’s Venous Hum. In all of these close textual readings, my dissertation asks how Canadian women writers represent, theorize, and critique the kinds of collaboration across differences that lie iv at the heart of transnational feminist action. My research is therefore located at the crossroads of Canadian literature, contemporary feminist theory, and postcolonial and globalization studies. The vibrant field of transnational feminist theory is relevant to this disciplinary intersection and, furthermore, contemporary Canadian women’s writing provides important interventions from which to imagine transnational feminist collaboration. Keywords : Canadian literature, transnational feminism, collaboration, essentialism, women, race, Dionne Brand, Daphne Marlatt, Suzette Mayr, Telling It v Table of Contents Introduction : Reading Feminism : Introduction and Overview……………………….……1 Chapter 1 : Transnational Feminist Reading and Tessera…………………………………..8 Chapter 2 : Telling It and the Politics of Difference……………………………………….53 Chapter 3 : Complicity, Globalization, and the Ghostly Colonial : Daphne Marlatt’s “In the Month of Hungry Ghosts”………………………………………………………………...105 Chapter 4: “What would we create?” : Dionne Brand and Adrienne Rich in Conversation……………………………………………………………………………...160 Chapter 5: Citizen Monsters : Sexualities, Racialization, and Suzette Mayr’s Venous Hum as Feminist Prairie Writing……………………………………………………………….224 Conclusion: Literary and Collaborative Communities: Summation and Conclusion…….292 vi Acknowledgements The Études anglaises department at the Université de Montréal has been a nurturing and intellectually stimulating place to pursue doctoral studies. I am grateful to my supervisor, Heike Härting, for her invaluable feedback on my work. I am also thankful for the support of professors Joyce Boro, Lianne Moyes and Robbie Schwartzwald. Johanne Ménard- Simard has been an incredibly reliable help for all things administrative. My thanks also to H. Nigel Thomas, who was so very encouraging during my time at Université Laval. Financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and from the Université de Montréal Bourse de fin d’études made it possible for me to complete my doctorate in a timely fashion. I also came to appreciate the fact that SSHRCC offers a parental leave and that the Féderation des associations étudiantes du campus de l’Université de Montréal offers a daycare service for students’ children. During my PhD studies, I was fortunate to be part of a pilot project jointly developed by Heike Härting of the Université de Montréal and Smaro Kamboureli of the TransCanada Institute and the University of Guelph. The TransCanada / TransQuébec doctoral student colloquium deepened my understanding of Canadian literary criticism and provided an vibrant space for academic collaboration. It was a pleasure to work with all of the participants. At UdeM, my peer-editing group also provided a motivating sense of scholarly community as well as thoughtful feedback on much of this dissertation
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