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nysipm.cornell.edu 2018 hdl.handle.net/1813/56374 Disease and Insect Resistant Ornamental Plants Mary Thurn, Elizabeth Lamb, and Brian Eshenaur New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University PRUNUS Prunus Prunus is a large genus of over 400 species and hybrids in the rose family which includes apri- pixabay.com cots, nectarines, peaches, cherries, plums and almonds. Stone fruit trees are important agri- cultural crops, but many are also grown for their ornamental value. Flowering cherries are prized for their showy spring blooms, fall foliage and attractive bark. The historic Tidal Basin cherry trees in Wash- ington, DC are perhaps the most famous display of this popular landscape plant in the US. Flow- ering plums, particularly purple-leaved cultivars, are also widely grown. Like other members of the rose family, Prunus has many potential disease and insect prob- lems and some types may be short-lived in the landscape. DISEASES Bacterial Canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae affects many plants, including ornamental cherries and plums. It is a common problem in parts of the Pacific Northwest where cool, wet spring weather is prevalent (15). On Prunus, the disease causes blossom blight, necrotic spots on leaves and fruit, and branch cankers. Prunus sargentii ‘Rancho’ and P. x yedoensis ‘Akebono’ appear to have some resistance (16). Black Knot is a fungal disease caused by Apiosporina morbosa (syn. Dibotryon morbosum) that affects both wild and cultivated species in the genus Prunus, especially plums and cherries. Infected branches develop unsightly elongated swellings or galls that can girdle branches, causing decline and dieback. As the disease progresses, trees lose vigor and may eventually die. In early stages, this disease can be managed by pruning to remove affected branches. Host species are numerous and include P. americana, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. mahaleb, P. nig ra, P. padus, P. pensylvanica, P. salicina, P. serotina, P. virginiana (21), and P. cerasif- era ‘Thundercloud’ (5). A range of susceptibility has been reported for cultivars of edible or domestic plums. Black Knot Reference Species/Hybrids Cultivar Resistant Intermediate Susceptible Prunus domestica Bluebyrd 19 Bluefre 19 Damson 19, 25 Early Italian 19 (Early Fellenberg) Formosa 25 HoneySweet 19 Italian (Fellenberg) Lombard 19 Orablue 19 President 19, 22, 25 Santa Rosa 25 Shiro 25 Shropshire 19, 22 Stanley 19, 22 Veeblue 19 Prunus x Bruce 11 Crimson 11 Methley 11 Munson 11 Ozark Premier 11 Brown Rot caused by Monilinia spp. is a fungal disease of stone fruits which causes blossom and shoot blight, twig cankers, and fruit rot. Common hosts are P. avium, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. glandulosa, P. triloba, P. serotina, and P. virginiana (2, 21). Some resistance is reported for P. sargentii ‘Columnar’, P. serrulata ‘Mt. Fuji’, and P. x yedoensis ‘Akebono’ (16). Researchers in the Czech Republic evaluated 69 domestic plum cultivars for resistance to blight caused by M. laxa. ‘Bluefre’, ‘Empress’, ‘Tipala’, ‘Topstar’, and ‘Vanier’ were highly susceptible. Resistant cultivars included ‘Colora’, ‘Common Prune’, ‘Jubileum’, ‘Kometa’, ‘Najdona’, and ‘Zurna’ (9). Cherry Leaf Spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeriella jaapii, is a major disease of Prunus in all humid cherry-growing regions of the world (23). There are many hosts of cherry leaf spot in- cluding ornamental cherries, sweet cherries (P. avium), black cherries (P. serotina), and especially sour cherries (P. cerasus) (6). Symptoms include reddish-purple spots on upper sides of leaves which may develop into “shot holes”, leaf chlorosis, decreased fruit quality, and premature defoliation. The wild Prunus species P. canescens has been identified as a source of cherry leaf spot resistance (23). Researchers at Michigan State University’s sour cherry breeding program report P. canescens-derived resistance increases the potential for successful breeding of resistant cultivars (1). Researchers at Tennessee State University evaluated six commercially available ornamental cherry cultivars for host resistance. Cherry Leaf Spot Species/Hybrids Cultivar Rating* Reference Prunus serrulata Kwanzan MR 10 Prunus subhirtella Autumnalis MS 10 Prunus x yedoensis Akebono MS 10 Yoshino S 10 Prunus x Okame MS 10 Snowgoose MS 10 *R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible Plum Pox is a disease of stone fruits caused by multiple strains of plum pox virus (PPV). Known as sharka disease in Europe where it was first observed on Bulgarian plums in 1910, it reduces fruit yield and quality, causing leaf mottling, fruit malformation, fruit drop and dieback (21). Plum pox was first reported in the US in Pennsylvania in 1999, New York and Michigan in 2006, and in Canada in 2000. It can infect all cultivated stone fruit species, as well as wild and ornamental Prunus (4). Most culti- vars of P. domestica are susceptible (14). European plum breeding programs have developed P. domestica cultivars with resistance to PPV. The Fruit Growing Institute of Bulgaria reports ‘Ostromila’, ‘Ulpia’ and ‘Sineva’ are tolerant (26, 27). Researchers in the Czech Republic observed partial resistance in ‘Jojo’ (14), and researchers in Poland have released a tolerant cultivar, ‘Kalipso’ (24). A team of US and French scientists developed ‘HoneySweet’, the first genetically engineered PPV-re- sistant cultivar (20). The USDA deregulated this cultivar in 2007 providing a source of germplasm for plum breeding programs. For more information on PPV in the US, visit the USDA APHIS website: aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/ plum-pox/ct_plum_pox Root Rot, caused by various Phytophthora spp., is a water mold disease that affects many plants growing in poorly drained, waterlogged soils. Symptoms caused by root damage vary depending on host plant and pathogen and may include leaf and shoot dieback, stem cankers and death of roots (21). Researchers at the US National Arboretum assessed susceptibility of eight Prunus spp. used in the ornamental shrub breeding program to a combination of flooding andPhytophthora soil infestations. Prunus takesimensis ‘Nakai’, P. mahaleb, and P. yedoensis showed some tolerance to flooding and the pathogen. Prunus sargentii appeared to be least tolerant of the pathogen (7). INSECTS Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar, was introduced to the US from Europe in 1870 near Boston. With no natural enemies to slow its spread, this invasive species is one of the most destructive forest pests in the Northeast and has been found with increasing frequency in many other states and parts of Canada. Among hardwoods, oaks are the primary host, but many other species may also be attacked (8). A study on the susceptibility of selected landscape trees to gypsy moth defoliation in Michigan found heavy defoliation (30-70%) on P. cerasifera ‘Thundercloud’ and less than 4% on P. serrulata ‘Kwanzan’ (13). Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica, is a common foliage feeder of woody ornamentals including many Prunus species. Flowering cherry is a common host (8). Japanese Beetle Reference Species/Hybrids Cultivar Resistant Susceptible Prunus avium 3 Prunus bessyi 12 Prunus cerasifera Frankthrees 18 Newport 18 Thundercloud 18 Prunus cerasus 3 Prunus domestica 3 Prunus laurocerasus 12 Prunus mahaleb 12 Prunus padus 12 Prunus salicina 3 Prunus sargentii 17 Prunus serrulata 3 Prunus serrulata Kwanzan 17 Mt. Fuji 17 Tai Haku 17 Prunus serotina 3 Prunus subhirtella Autumnalis Rosea 17 Prunus virginiana 3 Prunus virginiana Canada Red 12, 18 Prunus x blireiana 18 Prunus x cistena 18 Prunus x incamp Okame 17 Prunus x yedoensis 10 Prunus x yedoensis Afterglow 17 Akebono 17 Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, is an invasive insect pest introduced to the US from Asia. It was first identified in Pennsylvania in 2014 and in Delaware in 2017. Preferred hosts for adults are Ailanthus altissima, Tree of Heaven, and Vitis vinifera, grapevine. Nymphs feed on many hosts, including stone fruits in the genus Prunus. For more information on this potential threat to many plant species, see NYS IPM’s Invasive Species & Exotic Pests Spotted Lanternfly fact sheet: hdl.handle. net/1813/43943 REFERENCES 1. Anderson, K.L., A.M. Sebolt, G.W. Sundin, and A.F. Iezzoni. 2017. Assessment of the inheritance of resistance and tolerance in cherry (Prunus sp.) to Blumeriella jaapii, the causal agent of cherry leaf spot. Plant Pathology Vol. 538. doi: 10.1111/ppa.12765 2. Farr, D.F. G.F. Bills, G.P. Chamuris, and A.Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. 3. Fleming, W.E. 1972. Biology of the Japanese beetle. Technical Bulletin 1449 of the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC. 4. Fuchs, M, R. Cox, and K. Cox. 2008. Plum Pox Disease of Stone Fruits. Cornell University, New York State IPM Program, Tree Fruit Fact Sheet. hdl.handle.net/1813/43119 5. Fulcher, A., and J. Hartman. 2003. Black knot incidence on two species of Prunus in Kentucky nurseries. Proc. Southern Nurs. Assoc. Res. Conf. 48:237-239. 6. Guo, Y., M. Kramer, and M. Pooler. 2018. Screening ornamental cherry (Prunus) taxa for resistance to infection by Blumeriella jaapii. HortScience 53(2):200-203. doi: 10.21273/ HORTSCI12563-17 7. Jacobs, K.A., and G.R. Johnson. 1996. Ornamental cherry tolerance of flooding and Phytophthora root rot. HortScience, 31(6):988-991. 8. Johnson, W.T., and H.H. Lyon. 1991. Insects that Feed on Trees and Shrubs. 2nd Ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. 9. Jonas, M., R. Vavra, and J. Blazek. 2017. Occurrence of blossom and twig blight caused by Moni- linia laxa on plum cultivars. Acta Hort. 1172:35-39, ISHS. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1172.6 10. Joshua, J., M.T. Mmbaga, and L.A. Mackasmiel. 2017. Cherry leaf spot disease management in ornamental cherries in mid-Tennessee. Can. J. Plant Sci. 97:110-118. doi: 10.1139/cjps-2015-0362 11.
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  • Investigation of Biological Peculiarities of Blumeriella Jaapii

    Investigation of Biological Peculiarities of Blumeriella Jaapii

    Plant Protection Science – 2002 Investigation of Biological Peculiarities of Blumeriella jaapii A. VALIUSHKAITE Plant Protection Laboratory, Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, LT-4335 Babtai, Kaunas District, Lithuania E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Leaf spot pathogen is characterized as a highly developed parasite after investigation of development peculiarities of the fungus in pure culture and natural conditions. The degree of correlation depended on the medium. Impact of incubation temperature on Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx growth was different. Fungi colonies formed more intensively and their diameter increased significantly under higher temperature. Optimal conditions for the disease prevalence are 15–20°C and moisture. Relative humidity and precipitation influenced maturation of ascomycetes and discharge of ascospores (r = +0.89). Microscopic analysis of leaves showed that during winter thaw, when the average temperature is about 0 ± 5ºC and relative humidity is higher than 70%, was possible to detect mature ascomycetes and conidia. It is possible to affirm that lower temperature than it was assumed is sufficient for formation of ascomycetes. Keywords: Blumeriella jaapii; sour cherry; cherry leaf spot; medium, mycelium; growth speed; conditions INTRODUCTION expendient to investigate the biological peculiarities of Blumeriella jaapii. Cherry leaf spot, caused by Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx (syn. Coccomyces hiemlis Higg.), is a MATERIALS AND METHODS widespread disease of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). It is a major disease of sour cherries in North In 1996–1999 the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, a patho- America (SJULIN et al. 1989), and in Europe serious gen of sour cherry leaf spot, and the accompanying losses have been reported in Poland (BIELENIN et al.