Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 209–223, 2021 0892-3310/21 ESSAY REVIEW Mediumistic Materializations in France During the Early 1920s Sessões de Ectoplasmia: Experimentos com Ectoplasma na França de 1920 no Instituto de Metapsíquica Internacional [Ectoplasm Séances: Experiments with Ectoplasm in France in the 1920s at the International Metapsychic Institute] by Antonio Leon. Epígrafe, 2019. 349 pp. ISBN 978-85-65307-32-1. Reviewed by Carlos S. Alvarado Parapsychology Foundation
[email protected] https://10.31275/20211843 Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC As I have argued before in this journal, there is a rich tradition of psychical research studies of materialization mediums published before 1930 (Alvarado, 2019a). The phenomenon, associated with many well-known mediums such as Eva C., Florence Cook, William Eglinton, D. D. Home, Franek Kluski, and Eusapia Palladino, has been reviewed by many people during the nineteenth century and later (e.g., Moses, 1884–1886; Richet, 1922, Part 3). Opinions about it have been diverse. In a review of nineteenth-century evidence about it in his book Modern Spiritualism, Frank Podmore (1902, Vol. 2, Chapter 6) was rather dubious about the existence of the phenomenon. In his later concise history of psychical research, Rudolf Tischner (1924) argued that we cannot be sure if “strict proof of the reality of materialization has been provided,” but there has been “circumstantial evidence of considerable strength” (p. 68; this, and other translations, are mine). More positively, Charles Richet (1922) wrote in his celebrated Traité de métapsychique that materializations could “take a definitive rank in science” even if “we understand absolutely nothing about it” (p.