KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series

SUBJECT HISTORY

Faculty Name : MOHAMMED SAFWAN KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series

TOPIC FREEDOM MOVEMENTS IN KERALA TOPICS

❖NATIONALISM IN KERALA CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT ❖HOME RULE LEAGUE IN ▪ GURUVAYOOR SATYAGRAHA MALABAR: DEVELOPMENT OF LEFTIST IDEOLOGY: ❖NONCOOPERATION MOVEMENT ▪ : AND ▪ COMMUNIST PARTY OF ❖-1921 ❖ SATYAGRAHA QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series NATIONALISM IN KERALA

▪19th century- Growing Nationalism in India also reflected in Kerala, especially in the Malabar, which was ruled by British Directly. ▪Kerala Renaissance Movements ▪Nationalism → All India Political Party named in 1885. ▪Early role of KERALA: ▪GP Pillai – Participated in INC 1st Session ▪C. Sankaran →Only Malayalee to become INC President (1897- AMARAVATI Session)

KAS Mentor Online Video Lecture Series FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN MALABAR ❖Malabar was the nerve centre of national movement in Kerala. ❖more intense than in and Cochin because colonialism was deeply rooted in Malabar. ❖represented by the educated middle classes. Early Programmes: ▪ A conference was held at in 1904 under INC ▪ 1908, a district Congress committee was formed in Malabar ▪ In Malabar, the organised political activities began only in the second decade of the 20th century.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series HOME RULE LEAGUE IN MALABAR:

▪ 1916 under the leadership of Dr. and Lokamanya Tilak. ▪ Objective: ▪ to achieve self-government within the (a Govt by Council, whose members would be Indians) ▪ The organised political activity motivated by nationalist sentiments started in Malabar only with the Home Rule movement. ▪ Branch of HRL at CALICUT with Mr. Rama Iyyer as president and K.P. Kesava Menon as secretary. ▪ The movement attracted a large number of students and youth.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Major Events

2 Sparking Events: 1. In 1916, Collector Innes organized a meeting at Calicut for raising funds for war, but he prevented K.P Kesavamenon to speak in , showed the tempo of rising national movement. 2. The arrest of Dr. Besant by the middle of 1917 greatly excited the national consciousness of the people of Malabar.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Further Political Developments in Malabar

▪ Malabar Congress held annual conferences passing various resolutions ▪ 1916- At - Presided by Annie Besant ▪ 1917 - At Kozhikode - Presided by Sir C.P Ramaswamy Iyer ▪ 1918- At - Presided by Mir Azad Alikhan ▪ 1919- At Vadakara - Presided by K.P Raman Menon

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series ▪ Manjeri Conference-1920: ▪ To discuss the Montague-Chelmsford reforms ▪ witnessed the ideological difference between the moderates and extremists of Malabar. ▪ extremist leader KP Raman Menon opposed the reforms and the moderates including Annie Besant were in favor of the reforms. ▪ Here the moderates walked out of the Conference → Reversal of Surat Split • other resolutions passed include : 1. For the rights of tenants, 2. Appreciating Sir C.Sankaran Nair for resigning from ’s council, 3. Supporting Indian on the Qilafath issue and exhorting both Hindus and Muslims to participate in Non-cooperation movement led by Gandhiji. ▪ This was the last Malabar conference as in the next year formed KPCC.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

▪ Pre-Gandhian National Movement in Malabar was an Upper caste Movement ▪ Khilafat and NCM: ▪ Large scale boycott of foreign goods, courts of law, educational institutions, etc ▪ Many people resigned their jobs, advocates stopped their practices and students boycotted schools and colleges. ▪ 1920- KERALA PRADESH CONGRESS COMMITTEE → More Participation of Local people in the National Movement. ▪ 1st Conference @ -April 23, 1921 ▪ President: T. Prakasam ▪ first representative gathering of Congressmen from Malabar, Travancore and Cochin. ▪ Gandhi and Moulana Shoukat Ali visited Kerala to organise khilafat committees and to increase the tempo of national movement.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Malabar rebellion-1921

❖Culmination of Series of Malabar peasant riots against Hindu landlords and British Administration. •Government had declared the Congress and Khilafat meetings illegal. •During Khilafat, crackdown of the British in and Valluvanad taluks of Malabar. •British applied section 144 of IPC and led to the arrest of leaders, •Vadakke Veettil Muhammad, the secretary of the local Khilafat committee at . •other popular leaders : •Variankunnath Kunjahammad haji, Sithi Koya thangal of Kumaranputhur and Ali Musliyar. •Leaders established Parallel Govt

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series ▪The major centres of revolt were , , Manjeri, and . ▪one of the tragic episode was the ‘Wagon Tragedy’: ▪61 of the 90 carried as prisoners in a closed railway goods wagon from to on November 20, 1921 had died of suffocation by the time the train reached Podanur → ‘Podanur tragedy and Black Hole of Podanur’. ▪Train wagon no: MSMLV 1711 ▪Police (MSP) crushed the rebellion. ▪Also the Khilafat and NCM was withdrawn according to the National politics.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series ▪ After the suppression of the Malabar rebellion → new dimensions ▪ Constructive programmes ▪ 1923- KAKINADA Session of INC → KPCC to secure the support of national leaders in their struggle against untouchability and other social evils. ▪ TK Madhavan presented the Anti-untouchability resolution.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series (Travancore State)

▪ Aim: To get the approach roads to the famous Siva temple opened to Avarnas. ▪ began on March 30, 1924 ▪ Active Congress Leaders: K. Kelappan, K.P. Kesavamenon, K. Madhavan Nair, Kurur Neelakantan Nambudiripadu, T.R.Krishna Swami Iyyer,etc. ▪ supportive Savarna Jatha organised by Mannath Padmanabhan. ▪ submitted their demand before the Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bai ▪ Other supports: ▪ Akalis in Punjab set up Kitchens for Satyagrahis ▪ Active Participation of Periyar EV Ramaswamy Naicker ▪ ME Naidu conducted Savarna Jatha from to TVm ▪ Satyagraha was withdrawn on November 23, 1925 because of the intervention of .

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series ▪ IMPACTS: ▪ The roads around the temple except the roads leading to the Sanketham of the temple were opened to all Hindus irrespective of caste. ▪ By 1928- Avarnas got the right to walk on Public roads leading to all temples in Travancore

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

▪ The Salt March begun under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in March 1930 ▪ was the essential setting of Salt Satyagraha in Malabar. ▪ K.Kelappan, Muhammad Abdur Rahiman, and K. Madhavan Nair caught for encroaching upon salt- law and sentenced them to careful confinement. ▪ Satyagraha also made a sentiment of unity among the all-inclusive community. ▪ K Kelappan: April 23,1930 → Calicut to Payyannur ▪ TR Krishna swamy Aiyer (Palakkad to Payyannur) ▪ Kuniraman Adiyodi- died during hunger strike ▪ 1st Venue was Payyannur and was the second one.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series GURUVAYOOR SATYAGRAHA ▪ KPCC → meeting held at Calicut on 2 August 1931 passed a formal resolution on the question of temple entry → Sree Krishna Temple, ▪ Kelappan inaugurated the great temple entry campaign on 5th September 1931. ▪ Leaders: Kelappan with A.K. Gopalan, N.P. Damodaran, Mannath Padmanabhan, M. Karthiyani Amma, T.S. Tirumumb, K.P. Kayyalakkal. ▪ started in the eastern entrance (Kizhakke Nada) to the Guruvayur temple on November 1, 1931 . ▪ A.K. Gopalan was the volunteer captain of the Satyagraha. ▪ P Krishna Pillai – 1st non- to ring the bell in temple. ▪ On 18 September 1932 Kelappan announced his decision to fast unto death in front of the Guruvayur temple till the untouchability was abolished. ▪ In response to Gandhiji's advice and assurance Kelappan withdrew his fast by taking lemon juice at 8 am on 2nd October 1932 and the satyagraha was suspended. ▪ Though Guruvayur temple entry Satyagraha failed to achieve its immediate objective of the opening of the temple to the untouchables, it helped to focus public attention on the age-long social evil of untouchability.

KAS Mentor Online Video Lecture Series DEVELOPMENT OF LEFTIST IDEOLOGY:

BACKGROUND: •International Influences- Russian Revolution under Lenin and formation of first socialist state. •Formation of -26 December 1925. •Left Wing within Congress – Young leaders with ideas of Socialism

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series CONGRESS SOCIALIST PARTY:1934 Cause: • Pressure-Compromise attitude of Congress and Suspension of CDM. • Lost faith in Gandhian Method of agitation Features and Programmes: • New Methods of agitation including peasants and workers. • CSP Malabar formed in Calicut in 1934 • President- CK Govinda Nair • Secretary – P Krishna Pillai • Oragnised struggle for the better working conditions, better pay,etc. • 1936- AK Gopalan Pattinijatha from to Madras • Weakness: More focus on anti-imperialist struggle and economic issues than social inequalities.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series COMMUNIST PARTY IN KERALA

Background: ▪ The leftists under the leadership of A.K. •The leftist (Socialist) disliked the Gandhian Gopalan, E.M.S. Nambuthiripad and P. techniques-as weapons in the fight for . Krishna Pillai met in secret conclave at •1930s- leaders like P.Krishna Pillai, and formed the Communist Party E.M.S.Namboodiripad, K.P.Gopalan, Mayarath of Malabar in December, 1939. Sankaran, and others, built their own ideology among workers, peasants, students and ▪ 2nd WW → Left led KPCC conducted mass intellectuals, thus laying the organizational struggle against the British. foundation for the future Communist Party. •CSP (1934) → CPI in 1939. ▪ 1940 – Communist became free from CSP completely and became more powerful than CSP in southern states of Kerala, TN, and AP.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series KAYYUR STRUGGLE -1941 ▪ in Kasargode. ▪ Peasants with Communist support rose against the exploitations, that led to clash between Police and people. ▪ Led to death of a Police officer Subbarayan. ▪ Death sentence to 4 (were hanged in 1943) ▪ Koyithattil Chirukandan ▪ Madathil Appu ▪ Podavara Kunjampu Nair ▪ Abubaker ▪ Choorikkadan Krishnan Nair (minor) was put into life imprisonment. ▪ Writer Niranjana’s work – Chirasmarane is about this.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT-1942

• The Quit India Movement of 1942 had only its weak KIZHARIYUR BOMB CASE: echoes in Malabar. ❖Plan: to observe November 9, 1942 as sabotage day, •Participation of USSR → Communists –Change in policy and cooperation with British. pulling down government structures; bridges, railway, offices,etc all over Malabar in one stroke with bombs •. However, some socialist inside Congress actively manufactured at . participated in the movement under the leadership of Dr. KB Menon. ❖But the plan was leaked out and the police arrested the •conducted defiance programmes such as boycott of Revolutionaries, in which 27 persons including Dr. KB schools, colleges and courts of law. Menon were charge sheeted. •Swatantra Bharatam, a secret journal was published during this period.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Independence and After:

❖When India got independence, Malabar continued as a district of . ❖In 1951 general election, various parties contested into Madras Legislature. ❖Congress could capture only 4 out of 30 seats from Malabar → showing the weakness of Congress and prominence of other parties, especially Communist. ❖Travancore-Cochin, were added into state of Kerala, when the state was reorganised based on language on November 1, 1956.

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Questions for Practice

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series Check Your Instant Memory

1. Name the Malayalee who became the only president of INC ______2. The Session of INC in which a Malayalee became the President ______3. Who was the Secretary of both INC- committee and Home Rule league Movement at the same time?______4. The Malayalee who resigned from the Viceroy’s executive council in protest against Jallian walabagh massacre ______5. The first conference of KPCC was held at ______

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series MAINS Model Questions

1. What is the significance of Manjeri Political Conference held in 1920? (3 marks) 2. Both Vaikom and Guruvayur Satygaraha was a movement for both political and social upliftment. Comment ( 5 marks) 3. Write short notes on (3 marks) 1. Podanur Tragedy 2. Kizhariyur Bomb case 3. CDM in Kerala

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series THANK YOU

KAS Mentor Video Lecture Series