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www.JCRonline.org Just CERFing, Vol. 7(8), August 2016 www.cerf-jcr.orgNext Page Next Just CERFing The Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. (CERF) Official publisher of the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR)

Litter Decomposition of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus: Implications of Climate Change in Salt Marshes

Dr. Charles W. Finkl Dr. Christopher Makowski Barbara Russell Editor-in-Chief Deputy Editor-in-Chief Managing Editor Just CERFing Just CERFing Just CERFing Back Table of Contents Next IN THIS ISSUE

CERF Regional Vice Presidents Litter Decomposition of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus: Coastal Education & Research Implications of Climate Change in Salt Marshes Foundation, Inc. [CERF] Managerial Implications of Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Awareness of Residents Regarding Puerto Morelos Reef National Park, Mexico Officers of the Foundation Beaches of the Australian Coast: Book Review JCR SI 74 Announcement Historical Coastal Evolution and Dune Vegetation in Isla Salamanca National Park, Colombia Geoscience Research Resource Work Award Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences Lakes of the World_CRL Coastal Research Library (CRL) Mapping and Classifying Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Habitat in Copano Bay, Texas, by Coupling Acoustic Technologies Coastal Research Libraray Call for Authors Influence of Maritime Construction within Protected Archaeological Sites President & Executive Director Senior Vice President & Assistant Director along Coastal Areas: Los Baños De La Reina (Alicante), Spain Dr. Charles W. Finkl Dr. Christopher Makowski Commission on Coastal Systems (CCS) Update [email protected] [email protected] Membership Options CERF Webite Publish Your Photos CERF Board of Directors JCR Editorial Board CERF Lifetime Members CERF Patron Members New CERF Members 2015-2016 Secretary Executive Assistant Current CERF Members Heather M. Vollmer Barbara A. Russell JCR Outside Reviewers 2015 [email protected] JCR Current Issue, Cover Photo

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Coastal Education and Research Foundation [CERF] is pleased to an- CERF RVP (Southeast Asia) nounce our newly appointed Regional Vice Presidents (RVP), who through- Nobuo Mimura, D.Eng. out the international scientific community continue to provide outstanding Nobuo Mimura, D.Eng., is currently serving as the President of Ibaraki University. His academic areas of expertise are global environmental engi- representation of our coastal research society. Please join us in honoring the neering, coastal engineering, and adaptation policy to climate change. Dr. following individuals for their tremendous service and support of CERF Mimura has also been a member of the advisory committees for Ministry of and the JCR. Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Infrastructure, Land and Transportation, Min- istry of the Environment and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Science and Technology. CERF RVP (North America) James R. Houston, Ph.D. Jim Houston, Ph.D., is Director Emeritus of the U.S. Army Engineer Re- search and Development Center (ERDC), which includes all the research and development laboratories of the Corps of Engineers. He managed one of the most diverse research organizations in the world – seven laboratories at four geographical sites, with over 2,000 employees and an annual program budget of $1.3 billion. Dr. Houston has published over 130 technical reports and papers and has received several honors and awards including three Pres- CERF Regional Vice Presidents idential Rank Awards and the National Beach Advocacy Award. Vic Klemas, Ph.D. Vic Klemas, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus in the University of Delaware’s College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment. He directed UD’s Applied Ocean Southeast Asia Western Europe Science Program from 1981-98, and he has co-directed UD’s Center for Re- mote Sensing for more than 30 years. Dr. Klemas has served on six scien- Nobuo Mimura, D.Eng. Carlos Pereira da Silva, Ph.D. tific committees of the National Research Council and received a number Michael Phillips, Ph.D. of awards, including, in November 2010, the Science Prize of the Republic Marcel J.F. Stive, Ph.D. of Lithuania. The honor recognized his lifetime achievements in applying North America remote sensing and other advanced techniques to study coastal ecosystems. James R. Houston, Ph.D. Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr., Ph.D. Eastern Europe Orrin H. Pilkey, Ph.D., is a James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of Geology Victor V. Klemas, Ph.D. within the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences and Director Emeritus of Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr., Ph.D. Kazimierz K. Furmańczyk, D.Sc. the Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines (PSDS) in the Nicho- las School of the Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke University. Since 1965, Dr. Pilkey has been at Duke University with one-year breaks with the Oceania Department of Marine Science at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaquez, South America and with the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. His re- Charles Lemckert, Ph.D. Omar Defeo, D.Sc. search career started with the study of shoreline/continental shelf sedimen- Vic Semeniuk, Ph.D. tation, progressed to the deep sea with emphasis on abyssal plain sediments, and back to the nearshore with emphasis on coastal management. Dr. Pilkey Andrew D. Short, Ph.D. has published more than 250 technical publications and has authored, coau- thored, or edited 39 books.

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CERF RVP (South America) CERF RVP (Eastern Europe) Omar Defeo, D.Sc. Kazimierz K. Furmańczyk, D.Sc. Omar Defeo, D.Sc., is a professor in the Marine Science Unit at the Universi- Kaz Furmańczyk, D.Sc., is currently Full Professor at the University of Szc- dad de la República in Uruguay. He is also among a select group of ecologists zecin and the Head of the Remote Sensing and Marine Cartography Unit at worldwide working on sandy beach ecosystems and how they are threatened the Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences. Author and co-author of over by climate change. For the past 15 years, Prof. Defeo has also been involved 100 scientific publications including books (2) and chapters, journal articles, in artisanal shellfisheries, ecology, and conservation of coastal marine in- abstracts, and conference papers. Contributions are mainly in the disciplines vertebrate biodiversity research in Latin America, primarily in Mexico and of remote sensing, coastal sciences, hydrology, and oceanography. In May Chile. 2011, he served as the local Chair and Co-organizer of the 11th International Coastal Symposium (ICS) that took place in Szczecin, Poland. CERF RVP (Western Europe) Carlos Pereira da Silva, Ph.D. CERF RVP (Oceania) Carlos Pereira da Silva, Ph.D., is the Director of e-GEO within the Research Charles Lemckert, Ph.D. Centre for Geography and Regional Planning at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal. Dr. Pereira da Silva's research interests are mainly focused Charles Lemckert, Ph.D., is the Head of Discipline of Civil Engineering at on coastal zone management, with specific emphasis in beach management, Griffith University's School of Engineering. He has active research interests public participation studies, and carrying capacity. A long time supporter in the fields of physical limnology, coastal systems, environmental monitor- of CERF and the JCR, in April 2009, he served as the local Chair and Co- ing techniques, environmental fluid dynamics, coastal zone management, organizer of the 10th International Coastal Symposium (ICS) that took place and engineering education. Along with his postgraduate students and re- in Lisbon, Portugal. search partners, Dr. Lemckert is undertaking research studies on water treatment pond design (for recycling purposes), the dynamics of drinking water reservoirs, the study of whale migration in southeast Queensland waters, Michael Phillips, Ph.D. and ocean mixing dynamics. In 2007, he served as the local Chair and Co- Professor Mike R. Phillips (BSc, PGCE, MSc, PhD, MIEnvSc, FRGS) serves organizer of the 9th International Coastal Symposium (ICS) along the Gold as Pro Vice-Chancellor of Research, Innovation, Enterprise, and Commer- Coast of Australia. cialization at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David (Swansea Metropo- Vic Semeniuk, Ph.D. lian). Professor Phillips research expertise includes coastal processes, morphological change and adaptation to climate change and sea-level rise. Vic Semeniuk, Ph.D., is a natural history research scientist, specialising in Consultancy includes beach replenishment issues and developing techniques coastal, estuarine and wetland environments, and mangrove and tidal flat to monitor underwater sediment movement to inform beach management. environments. He has 45 years experience in scientific research in Austra- He is widely published and recently organized a session on Coastal Tourism lia, Europe, Canada, the USA, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and South Af- and Climate Change at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris as part of his role rica. Dr. Semeniuk is currently the Director of the Research & Development as a member of the Climate Change Working Group of the UNEP Global Firm, the V & C Semeniuk Research Group, and has over 130 publications Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands. in refereed scientific journals. He also has a proactive interest in conservation and coastal management, and has published multiple scientific works Marcel J.F. Stive, Ph.D. directly and indirectly leading to this objective. Until 2010, Marcel Stive, Ph.D., was Scientific Director of the Water Re- Andrew D. Short, Ph.D. search Centre Delft, which is now embedded in the Delft Research Initia- tive Environment. He currently holds the positions of: Chair of Coastal En- Andy Short, Ph.D., served as the Director of the Coastal Studies Unit at The gineering in the Section of Hydraulic Engineering and Department Head University of Sydney and has been the National Coordinator of the Austra- of Hydraulic Engineering at Delft University of Technology. Dr. Stive was lian Beach Safety and Management Program in cooperation with Surf Life recently appointed Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion in theatre the Ri- Saving Australia. Dr. Short is mainly interested in the processes and mor- jswijkse Schouwburg in Rijswijk. He was presented with this award for his phology of coastal systems. His present research focuses on the beach and outstanding record as a top researcher, much consulted expert, distinguished barrier systems of Australia, as it relates to the morphodynamics of repre- engineer, and inspiring teacher. sentative systems in variable wave and tide environments, and in the nature, hazards, and usage of all Australia beach systems.

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Litter Decomposition of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus: Implications of Climate Change in Salt Marshes

Wei Wu†, Hailong Huang†, Patrick Biber†, and Matthew Bethel‡

†Gulf Coast Research Laboratory ‡Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences Department of Coastal Sciences University of New Orleans University of Southern Mississippi New Orleans, LA 70148, U.S.A. Ocean Springs, MS 39564, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Decomposition of plant litter in salt marshes plays an important role in Coastal wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems globally and coastal trophodynamics, nutrient cycling, sediment trapping, and short-term provide a suite of ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, storm carbon storage, all of which are likely to be affected by climate change and ac- protection, ﬂood control, improved water quality, habitat for a variety of spe- celerated sea-level rise. Warmer temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, cies, and recreational and aesthetic opportunities (Engle, 2011; Jordan and longer and more frequent inundation, and saltwater intrusion will all interact Peterson, 2012; Wu et al., 2012). They have been disappearing at an unprec- to affect decomposition of plant litter in a complex way. A combination of edented rate within the past several decades, especially in the northern Gulf field experiments and model selection techniques was applied to study how of Mexico (NGOM), where about 40% of coastal wetlands in the United these environmental factors affected litter decomposition of two dominant salt States are located (Dahl and Stedman, 2013). This dramatic loss of coast- marsh species, Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus, along the north- al wetlands is due to a combination of locally accelerated relative sea-level ern Gulf of Mexico. The results from summer field experiments conducted rise (SLR), storm surge, land subsidence, and other anthropogenic inﬂuences between June and August of 2013 showed that S. alterniflora in the low marsh (Dahl, 2006; Dahl and Stedman, 2013; Reed, 1995; Turner and Cahoon, had higher litter losses (0.286 ± 0.0883 g d−1, mean ± standard deviation) and 1987). Regional rates of SLR in the NGOM are higher than the global av- decomposition coefficients (0.0115 ± 0.00416 d−1) than J. roemerianus in the erage, at 9.5 mm yr-1 (tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.shtml), in midmarsh locations (0.0963 ± 0.0480 g d−1, 0.00416 ± 0.00223 d−1). Model- part due to locally extreme subsidence rates driven largely by fossil fuel extrac- ing results showed that the interaction between temperature and salinity sig- tion activities, Holocene sediment compaction, and decreased new sediment nificantly affected decomposition coefficients of both species positively during loading (Morton, Bernier, and Barras, 2006; Yuill, Lavoie, and Reed, 2009). this experiment. This study suggests that accelerated leaf litter decomposi- These rates could be at, or exceed, the upper limits to which these coastal eco- tion due to rising temperature and increased salinity will occur under climate systems can adapt. However, mid-Holocene marshes in Chesapeake Bay did change and sea-level rise, and this will potentially lead to important ecological not drown until SLR ca. 8200 YBP exceeded 12 mm yr-1 (Cronin et al., 2007; consequences for salt marshes. Kirwan and Megonigal, 2013). Accelerated SLR will result in a loss of habitat, primar- ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Northern Gulf of Mexico, sea-level rise, ily through a loss of marsh elevation and edge erosion (Scavia et al., 2002), and this will salinity, model selection. have attendant deleterious impacts on the ecological function of the marsh ecosystem.

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In addition to SLR, global climate change will likely impact global surface a complex way, making important ecological processes at salt marshes uncer- temperature and rainfall patterns (IPCC, 2013). In the NGOM and Carib- tain into the future. bean region, it is predicted that the mean warming in all seasons by the end Salinity is an important driver in coastal wetlands because it drives large-scale of the twenty-first century is likely to be more than 2 °C higher compared to vegetation patterns and defines plant zonations such as tidal-fresh, brackish, the late twentieth century, and the average intensity of precipitation will likely and salt marshes (Hester, Mendelssohn, and McKee, 2001; Pennings, Grant, increase over all the southeastern states of the United States, with the largest and Bertness, 2005; Touchette et al., 2009). The salt content of the surface intensification in close proximity to the Gulf Coast, and extreme precipitation water and pore water affects integrated plant-microbial-soil systems, altering events are expected to be more frequent in the region (Biasutti et al., 2012). plant community dynamics and biogeochemical processes, including primary Recent work predicted that warmer temperatures and elevated CO2 lev- productivity, carbon mineralization, plant litter decomposition, and soil nutri- els may increase salt marsh vegetation productivity above- and below ground ent pools (Charles and Dukes, 2009; Connolly, Sobczak, and Findlay, 2014; (Charles and Dukes, 2009; Cherry, McKee, and Grace, 2009; Langley et al., Hemminga et al., 1991; Neubauer, 2013; Neubauer, Franklin, and Berrier, 2009). However, the potentially increased carbon storage from increased in 2013; Sutter, 2013; Touchette et al., 2009). Plant responses to salinity gen- situ production may also be offset by enhanced vegetation decomposition due erally suggest that higher salinity results in reduced productivity and stand- to rising temperatures (Kirwan and Blum, 2011). The potential increase in ing stock biomass (Eleuterius, 1989; Howes, Dacey, and Goeh-ringer, 1986; the decomposition rate of plant litter under warmer temperatures and wetter Linthurst and Seneca, 1981), mediated largely by physiological constraints soil conditions (combined effects of increased inundation and altered pre- necessary to maintain positive osmotic water balance inside plant tissues (Ca- cipitation) could affect available detritus for consumers, and sediment carbon nalejo et al., 2014; Maricle and Lee, 2006; Touchette, 2006), but relatively less dynamics. Detritivore-based food webs consume up to 80% of energy fixed by is known about subsequent litter decomposition rates. Elevated temperature salt marsh plants, mainly in the form of leaf litter (Teal, 1962), and transfer it increases organic matter decomposition by stimulating growth and activities of trophically to adjacent coastal estuarine food webs. Belowground root produc- salt marsh decomposers such as fungi and bacteria (Christian, 1984; Geraldes, tion and decomposition dynamics will potentially affect the stability of salt Pascoal, and Cassio, 2012; Kirwan and Blum, 2011; Kirwan, Guntenspergen, marsh platforms that rely on vertical sediment accretion, which in turn is the and Langley, 2014; Lyons, Alber, and Hollibaugh, 2010; Rublee, 1982). The result of a delicate balance between inputs due to allochthonous matter depo- effect of inundation on plant litter decomposition is more uncertain than the sition and in situ vegetation production versus removal through erosion and effect of temperature (Lewis, Brown, and Jimenez, 2014; White and Trapani, organic matter decomposition (Neubauer, 2008; Spalding and Hester, 2007). 1982). Precipitation is likely to affect salinity, inundation duration, and tem- In estuarine systems with abundant freshwater inputs, sediment trapping by perature, and therefore also to impact decomposition. In environmental stud- living and dead biomass plays an important role in marsh vertical accretion. ies, a statistical approach is generally applied in order to evaluate the impact The quicker disappearance of aboveground plant litter could potentially re- of a variety of covariates on a variable of interest. Ecologists and evolutionary duce sediment deposition (Rooth, Stevenson, and Cornwell, 2003), leading biologists more and more often implement alternative tools to traditional null to lower accretion rates, and negatively affect resilience of salt marshes to SLR. hypothesis testing, such as model selection and multi-model inference, to ana- The warmer temperature, coupled with altered precipitation patterns, longer lyze and draw inferences from their data (Grueber et al., 2011). Model selec- and more frequent inundation, and saltwater intrusion driven by changing tion and multimodel inference are information-theoretic approaches that can climate and SLR, will likely interact to affect decomposition of plant litter in examine multiple competing hypotheses simultaneously to identify the best

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set of models (hypotheses) based on information criteria (Anderson, 2008; Burnham and Anderson, 2002; Grueber et al., 2011). Traditional statistical hypothesis testing of a single null model is based on an arbitrary probability threshold (usually 0.05) and p-values, which relate to unobserved data under a model that is known to be false (Ellison et al., 2014; Grueber et al., 2011; Johnson, 1999). This method has been criticized by many for more than a decade (e.g., Burnham and Anderson, 2002; Johnson, 1999; Johnson and Om- land, 2004), though Murtaugh (2014) recently argued that the criticisms of p-values mostly stemmed from misunderstandings or incorrect interpretations rather than from their intrinsic shortcomings. In model selection and multimodel inference, several models (multiple apriorihypotheses) can be evaluated, C and relative support for each competing hypothesis can be quantified (Grue- ber et al., 2011). If two or more models achieve similarly strong support, they constitute the ‘‘top model set,’’ and model averaging of this set could provide a robust means of obtaining parameter estimates and making predictions (Burn- ham and Anderson, 2002; Grueber et al., 2011). This study investigated how the environmental factors of salinity, temperature, inundation period, and precipitation interacted simultaneously to affect the litter decomposition of two dominant salt marsh plant species, Spartina B alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus, on the Mississippi coast in the NGOM, under conditions representative of future climate change and accelerated SLR, A exemplified by current summer conditions (high temperature and high salinity). The hypothesis was that litter decomposition rates would increase under Figure 1. (A) Sampling sites of the plant litter decomposition experiments at the conditions of elevated temperature and salinity for both species. Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR). The map also shows the location of the weather station and four System Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) stations from which the data for precipitation, air temperature, water temperature, and salinity were obtained. (B) Sampling design for site S1; the same design was applied to all the sites. (C) Litter bags in the field.

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0.50

J1 J2 0.40 J3 S1

) S2 -1 S3 0.30

0.20 Litter Loss (g day (g Loss Litter

0.10

0.00 June July August

0.025

J1 0.025

) J2 -1 0.020 S1 J3 ) S2 -1 0.020 S1 S3 S2

S3 0.015 0.015

0.010

0.010 0.005 Decomposition coefficient (day Decomposition coefficient

0.000 0.005 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0

Decomposition Coefficient (day o C Temperature ( C)

0.000 June July August Figure 3. Decomposition coefficient of S. alterniflora vs. temperature and salinity (A), pre- B cipitation and inundation period (B), and temperature (C) at each subsite over the duration of the field experiments (small, middle, and large size symbols represent June, July, and August of 2013, respectively). The environmental factors shown here correspond to the fixed effects Figure 2. Litter loss (A) and decomposition coefficients (B) of S. remaining in the model after multicollinearity check. alterniflora and J. roemerianus at the six sites over the duration of the 3 one-month-long field experiments.

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J1 J2 J1 J3 J2 J3

0.015

)

- y

0.015 a

(

) 0.012

f 0.012 f

t ( 0.009

n i

o f

0.009 i t

e 0.006

c o

p 29.5

o m

i 29.0 )

t 0.003 0.006 o

i o C c

s (

e 28.5

o e D

p 29.5 r 28.0 tu

m 0.003 29.0 0.000 a o r o C) e

c 400 27.5 ( p e 28.5 350 e m

D r 300 27.0 e 28.0 u T 0.000 t 250 ra Prec 200 26.5 13.0 27.5 e ipitat p ion (m 150 12.0 m m) 11.0 27.0 e 10.0 T C S 9.0 26.5 alinity 8.0

J1 0.015 J2 J1 J3

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0.015

)

- y 0.009

da 0.012

nt (

i f

f 0.009 0.006

o i

t 0.006

i s

o 0.003 p

450 (day coefficient Decomposition

0.003 ) om 400

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D n 300 o 0.000 ti a 0.000 it 20 250 p 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 15 ci 200 re 10 P o Inu 5 Temperature ( C) ndat 150 D ion (d 0 ays) B

Figure 4. Decomposition coefficient of J. roemerianus vs. temperature and salinity (A), precipitation and inundation period (B), temperature and precipitation (C), and temperature (D) at each subsite over the duration of the field experiments (small, middle, and large size symbols represent June, July, and August of 2013, respectively). The environmental factors shown here correspond to the fixed effects remaining in the model after multicollinearity check.

To access this full JCR Review Article, please visit: http://www.jcronline.org/doi/abs/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00199.1

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Managerial Implications of Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Awareness of Residents Regarding Puerto Morelos Reef National Park, Mexico

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Managerial Implications of Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Awareness of Residents Regarding Puerto Morelos Reef National Park, Mexico Joel T. Heinen†, Alexis Roque†, and Ligia Collado-Vides‡

†Department of Earth and Environment ‡Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Florida International University Miami, FL 33199, U.S.A. Miami, FL 33199, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION This study explores the perceptions of local residents of Puerto Morelos, Quin- Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key management tools for the conserva- tana Roo, Mexico, concerning Puerto Morelos Reef National Park using semis- tion of biodiversity and sustainable use of marine resources (Agardy et al., tructured and key informant surveys. Collectively, the data provide qualitative 2002; Beger et al., 2004; Bellwood et al., 2004; Sale et al., 2014). In many and quantitative information regarding attitudes, knowledge, and awareness of places local citizens, nongovernmental organizations, and national govern- park regulations and natural resources, as well as opinions about the formation ments have conflicting views of the management of MPAs, especially concern- and management of the protected area. The results show large differences in ing no-take zones and other restrictions (e.g., Cook and Heinen, 2005), which knowledge and awareness based on location of households within the com- can compromise managerial objectives. Each MPA is unique in that ecologi- munity. Demographic indicators including education level, nationality, and cal, socio-economic, and demographic characteristics are highly site specific length of community residence significantly correlate with perceptions about (Knowlton and Jackson, 2008; Mumby and Steneck, 2008), frequently requir- marine protection. There was a significant relationship between awareness of ing managers to arrive at compromises between best management practices for economic growth provided by the protected area and the level of support for marine resources and meeting the needs and demands of local communities protection, but many residents–particularly newer residents, those living far- (Lam, 1999) and tourism (Das and Chatterjee, 2015; Hall, 2001). MPAs can ther inland, and those of lower educational levels—were unaware of the park, improve the situation by benefiting both biota through protection and local its resources, or its management. Further understanding of the relationships communities through greater food security and increasing income from tour- between social indicators and resource management is needed for conservation ism and by instilling a sense of pride in the protection of local surroundings of important coastal resources. The results suggest that much more public out- (Harrison et al., 2012; Hind, Hiponia, and Gray, 2010; Tonioli and Agar, reach and education are needed within the region. 2009; White, Courtney, and Salamanca, 2002). MPAs can provide a number of actual and potential benefits over time; how- ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Demographic indicators, human dimen- ever, many of these are rather diffuse and difficult to measure on human poli- sions, marine protected areas, Quintana Roo, park-people relations, social surveys. cy–cycle time frames (Cook and Heinen, 2005; Reid-Grant and Bhat, 2009). Local communities are frequently in opposition to MPAs for various reasons,

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some perceived and some real (Bennett and Deardan, 2014); studies in the make better-informed decisions (Beger et al., 2005; Bellwood et al., 2004; social sciences can be used to elucidate such issues and, hopefully, ameliorate Heinen and Rayamajhi, 2001). some conflicts (Bremer and Glavovic, 2013; Heinen, 2010; Kritzer, 2004). Lo- Socioeconomic factors and perspectives of management are important when cal communities can play a key role in MPA management, and their approval making conservation policy (Broad and Sanchirico, 2008; Ter-Ghazaryan and and involvement likely improves the effectiveness of protection (Rodríguez- Heinen, 2006), and social science studies are thus needed in all facets of re- Martínez, 2008). serve planning and management (Cinner, Marnane, and McClanahan, 2005; A key issue is whether and to what degree authorities are able to incorpo- Heinen, 2010). Factors such as awareness of objectives and rules, dependence rate stakeholders and local communities into the management process (Hind, on coastal resources, and local conditions based on demographic and socio- Hiponia, and Gray, 2010; Timilsi-na and Heinen, 2008). The planning pro- economic variables can all affect levels of support for MPAs (Sesabo, Lang, cess itself should ideally include both ecological and sociological factors from and Tol, 2006). Encouraging locals to become part of conservation efforts is the beginning stages of development (Cocklin, Craw, and Mcauley, 1998). possible by making some economic links between communities and protected A greater part of management in many MPAs focuses on regulating human areas (Infield, 2001; Masud and Kari, 2005). activities to minimize negative impacts. However, a more effective approach The goal of this study is to assess the awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and would be to promote positive park-people interactions by focusing on the in- attitudes of residents of Puerto Morelos, Mexico, concerning Puerto More- terests and concerns of the community a priori (Jones, 2002). Pride among los Reef National Park (Figure 1). The study addresses three main questions: local groups is growing in many places, and the connection between people (1) What level of knowledge do local residents have about the MPA? (2) Are and MPAs is becoming more important (Johannes, 2002). In regions where there significant differences among residents based on house-hold demograph- many residents may be new to the area, such intrinsic values may be lacking. It ics concerning their perceptions, knowledge, awareness, and attitudes about is thus important to gain an understanding of the awareness and perceptions the MPA? (3) What specific demographic variables are related to perceptions, of local people in order to build appropriate outreach programs and instill a knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of the MPA? We also make several mana- conservation ethic. gerial recommendations based on our results. Factors that influence environmental awareness and action include situation- The State of Quintana Roo is the largest tourist destination in Mexico; more al, psychological, social, and environmental variables (Barr and Gilg, 2006). than half of its population lives in the northern portion along the coast from Individuals can be influenced to act positively toward the environment when Cancún to Tulum, with new development moving southward in the Riviera there is a perceived threat or danger to local resources (Baldassare and Katz, Maya region (Figure 1). Increasing populations of residents and tourists alike 1992; Mainieri et al., 1997; Nancarrow, Smith, and Syme, 1996; Sguin, Pel- have led to overexploitation of coastal resources; the lack of proper environ- letier, and Hunsley, 1998), when they are influenced by friends and/or fam- mental education in Mexico, especially in Quintana Roo, is considered to be ily (Heinen, 1995a; Lam, 1999; Sadalla and Krull, 1995), and by intrinsic one of the major causes of marine ecosystem degradation (Rodríguez-Martínez motives if knowledge and/or action results in some degree of satisfaction (De and Ortiz, 1999). In Puerto Morelos, a coral reef–based fishing village about Young, 1996; Heinen, 1994). Basic knowledge of an issue or problem is, in 30 km south of Cancún (20°51'13" N and 86°53'55" W), the neighboring all cases, important in affecting the level of engagement (Barr and Gilg, 2006; reef was originally protected through a community-based approach of local Schwartzman, Nepstad, and Moreira, 2000). Through education of the com- stakeholders assuming responsibility for management. munity, public awareness can be increased and can influence individuals to The national government initially denied federal protection because the

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area was not considered economically or ecologically important. The local community overcame governmental opposition to protection by providing scientiﬁc information about the reef requested by the Ministry of Environ- ment and Natural Resources (Rodríguez-Martínez, 2008). The community was thus included in MPA establishment throughout the process and had a major impact on the development of the management plan (Murray, 2005). Initial outreach included a program to educate local students about coral reef ecosystems, which can be important in diffusing information to the broader community (e.g., Heinen, 1990); a number of meetings were held with citizens groups, members of the local ﬁshing cooperative, and representatives of local dive shops and other tour operators (Rodríguez-Martínez, 2008). Puerto Morelos Reef National Park (PMRNP), known in Spanish as Parque Nacional Arrecife de Puerto Morelos, is located off the coast of Puerto More- los, situated in the NW region of the Mesoamerican Reef, the second largest reef system in the world (Jordan et al., 1981; Ladd and Collado-Vides, 2013; Rodríguez-Martínez, 2008). In 1998, the PMRNP was deemed an Interna- tional Union for Conservation of Nature category II national park (Instituto Nacional de Ecología INE-SEMARNAP, 2000; Heinen, 1995b) by the Mexi- Figure 1. A map of Mexico highlighting the location of the study area 2 within the Yucatán Peninsula and the zoning criteria for the study can government. The national park is 9066 ha in area (90.7 km )and is zoned area. for various uses. The PMRNP management plans focus on species and ecosystem protection and restoration, recreation, and local and visitor education (Instituto Nacional de Ecología INE-SEMARNAP, 2000).

To access this full JCR Research Article, please visit: http://www.jcronline.org/doi/abs/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00191.1

24 Just CERFing Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2016 25 Back Table of Contents Next Book Review Beaches of the Northern Australian results of this collaboration serves the common good by helping beachgoers better un- Coast: The Kimberley, Northern Territory derstand the nature of beaches. With this better understanding of coastal environments & Cape York. 2006. A.D. Short. Published in general, beach types, processes, and conditions that may be dangerous under certain by Sydney University Press, Sydney, New circumstances assists the public in staying out of harms way by avoiding high surf, rip South Wales, Australia, 463p. currents, biological hazards (e.g., saltwater crocodiles, sharks, box jellyfish, blue ringed octopus), etc. These books are also of extreme value to the scientific community because Beaches of the New South Wales Coast. they contain information that is not available anywhere else. 2007. A.D. Short. Published by Syd- It is rare to find a treasure of scientific and technical information that is available and ney University Press, Sydney, New South comprehensible to scientists and lay persons alike. These three books plus the ones pub- Wales, Australia, 398p. (2nd edition of the lished previously admirably fill a niche that was heretofore unrecognized and thus un- 1993 edition). attainable. The need clearly exists in other developed regions such as the United States Beaches of the Tasmanian Coast and Islands. 2006. A.D. Short. Published by Sydney and Western Europe, but no one has stepped up to the plate to accept the challenge. University Press, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 353p. I wonder what else can be said, as I have provided more detailed comments in previous reviews (e.g., Finkl, 2006) because doing so would provide the same kind of information All books are available online from Sydney University Press: but for different geographic areas. Andy Short has maintained high quality scholarship http://purl.library.usyd.edu.au/sup/9781920898137 throughout the series and it seems superfluous to pile accolade on top of accolade. What The seven books in the series sponsored by the Australian Beach Safety and Manage- else can be said of a superb job? Andy no doubt knows of places where there could be ment Program (ABSMP) constitute the single most comprehensive beach database in some kind of minor improvement or some kind of adjustment to advantage, but for the world. It is hard to believe that Andy Short was able to complete the series and not the rest of us these works represent the epitome of achievement when it comes to de- get sidetracked with other interesting and compelling research that he must have en- scribing, cataloguing, and understanding beach systems in the Australian region. Andy countered along the way. These books are a credit to his foresight, insight, tenacity, and Short, a son of Australia, is a researcher of which his nation can be proud. Kudos to dedication to task. Few researchers have the mental, emotional, and physical strength Andy! Researchers, colleagues, and friends appreciate what you have done. to accomplish so much in such little time. Although this research spans nearly two de- It is thus without reservation that I recommend all books in the ‘Beaches of Australia’ cades, the payoff was bigger than the struggle that Andy must have faced at different series written by Andy Short and supported by the ABSMP, his university, and numer- times. The coastal research community owes Andy Short a debt of gratitude for com- ous students, and helpers. This collection belongs in all research libraries dealing with pleting what no one else has ever done, a comprehensive and complete description and coastal and marine subject matter as well as research establishments that take in envi- analysis of the 10,685 mainland beaches of the Australian island continent. ronmental studies and biological research. The subject matter collected in these works is Previous books in the series (Beaches of the Victorian Coast and Port Phillip Bay, germane to a wide range of interests related to beaches in general. Geologists, biologists, 1996; Beaches of the Queensland Coast: Cooktown to Coolangatta, 2000; Beaches environmental scientists, engineers, planners, managers, and beach safety experts will of the South Australian Coast and Kangaroo Island, 2001; Beaches of the Western find these books essential reading. Australian Coast: Eucla to Roebuck Bay, 2005) followed the same format that considered coastal geomorphology and physiography, beach systems, beach hazards and LITERATURE CITED safety, and regionalization of beach types and morphodynamic systems. These three Finkl, C.W., 2006. Review of Beaches of the Western Australian Coast: Eucla to Roe- books that cover the northern Australian and Tasmanian coasts, including the updated buck Bay: A Guide to Their Nature, Characteristics, Surf and Safety. Journal of New South Wales coast, round out an ambitious project of mammoth proportions. Coastal Research, 22(5), 1307–1308. Interesting here is the collaboration between scientists, beach managers, surf life savers, Charles W. Finkl and surfers which shows that diverse groups can come together with a common goal of Fletcher, North Carolina, U.S.A. cooperation to achieve what none of the parties could accomplish on their own. The

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Now Available JCR Special Issue #74

Please visit our official online JCR website to view this content:

http://www.jcronline.org/toc/coas//74

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Historical Coastal Evolution and Dune Vegetation in Isla Salamanca National Park, Colombia

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Historical Coastal Evolution and Dune Vegetation in Isla Salamanca National Park, Colombia

Juan Felipe Gómez†, Mary-Louise Byrne†, James Hamilton†, and Federico Isla‡

†Department of Geography and Environmental Studies ‡Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Wilfrid Laurier University Mar del Plata 3350 Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada Buenos Aires, Argentina

ABSTRACT ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Coastal changes, coastal dunes, radiocarbon This paper analyzes the relationship between coastal dynamics and vegeta- dating, dune vegetation, geomorphological mapping, vegetation diversity, Carib- tion over dunes in Isla Salamanca Road Park (ISRP), a biosphere reserve and bean coast. Ramsar site located on the Colombian Caribbean coast. Historical coastline INTRODUCTION changes together with the main geomorphological features were surveyed through fieldwork, satellite images, and historical aerial photographs, reveal- The modulation of geomorphic processes and landforms for a specific region ing that erosion is the predominant process in the eastern and central sectors may fluctuate in space and in time because of the coupling of physical environ- of ISRP, and accreting trends throughout time occur in the westernmost sec- mental changes and vegetation development (Corenblit and Steiger, 2009). In tor of the study area. Dunes in the central and eastern sectors are scarped and this context, interactions between geomorphology and vegetation have been regularly affected by storm wave action, whereas on the western end of the described for coastal dunes under different disturbance gradients (e.g., Costa, study area, embryo dunes are currently forming and evolving. Based on the Cordazzo, and Seeliger, 1996; Monserrat, Celsi, and Fontana, 2012; Roman mapped landforms and coastline trends for the last six decades, 1-square-m and Nordstrom, 1988; Stallins and Parker, 2003). Vegetation influences dune quadrats were used to identify dune vegetation over six cross-shore transects establishment and development, either by reducing air flow speeds within and next to stretches of coast under moderate erosion (eastern sector), high ero- in the lee of individual plants, leading to sand deposition (Hesp, 1981), or by sion (central sector), and accretion (western sector). The vegetation diversity leaves and stems hampering saltating grains (Davidson-Arnott, 2010). Given index indicates that the scarped dunes in the eastern and central sectors have the reciprocal interaction between plant communities and coastal dune mor- more diverse and mature species cover than the embryo dunes located in the phodynamics, assessing past coastal changes may contribute to understanding western sector. The former is populated by late successional species, whereas the linkage between dune evolution and vegetation assemblages for a specific the latter is populated by pioneer vegetation species that can thrive under sand region. burial. These outcomes reveal the underpinning effect that coastal dynamics Despite the growing number of studies that describe dune evolution, vegeta- and past coastal changes have in the present landscape and vegetation association cover on dunes, or the relationship between both factors in the subtrop- tions along ISRP. ics and in temperate regions (e.g., Labuz and Grunewald, 2007; Miccadei et al., 2011; Miot da Silva, 2013), little information is available that relates

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coastal changes and vegetation within tropical latitudes (23.5°S and 23.5°N). acterized by mangrove swamps, lagoons, dunes, salt plains, and sand beaches, Pye (1983) noted that coastal dunes are considered to be less common and the study site together with its surrounding wetlands was declared a National of smaller size in the equatorial humid tropics. A low rate of sediment sup- Park in 1964 and a Ramsar site and Biosphere Reserve in 1998 and 2000, re- ply and weak winds may partially account for the limited dune development spectively (Villegas, Sesana, and Dromgold, 2006). A highway constructed in in the humid tropics (Hesp, 2004), resulting in a dearth of information in the 1950s connecting the nearby cities of Barranquilla to the west and Santa this region. Indeed, very few studies exist that analyze the way that dune dy- Marta to the east crosses the area, so the National Park was named Isla Sala- namics relate to different vegetation assemblages for the Caribbean coasts. To manca Road Park (ISRP). After its construction, this road formed a causeway date, Alarcón and Cuenca (2005) have described the plant species growing and barrier for the sea-lagoon water interchange, increasing the salinity levels across the coastal sand dunes in the continental Caribbean, specifically at Para- of the lagoons and resulting in mangrove mortality and reduced mangrove guaná Peninsula, NW Venezuela. There is also an ecological characterization seedling establishment (Elster, Perdomo, and Schnetter, 1999). Apart from the of dry coastal ecosystems, including descriptions of vegetation communities, road, there are no tourism facilities and recreational beaches within the park, undertaken for the islands of the Caribbean (Borhidi, 1993; Stoffers, 1993) which protects the study site from other direct human impacts. Nonetheless, and México (Moreno-Casasola, 1993). Nonetheless, the relationship between before the park was established, anthropogenic activities in the area included dunes affected by a range of historical coastal changes and the composition of mangrove extraction, cattle grazing, and salt extraction from brines (Romero, vegetative species is absent in these studies. 1971). This work analyzes dune dynamics along a stretch of coast on the Colombian From historical maps dating to the 18th and early 19th centuries (Figure 2) Caribbean that has been undergoing rapid changes at least since the early 1950s and from reports made for a port that was developed close to the mouth of the (Bernal, 1996; von Erffa, 1973). The objectives of this paper are twofold. The Magdalena River, it is notable that prior to the 20th century, fluvial-dominated first objective is to quantify shoreline change over the past six decades along processes had a larger impact on the wetlands and lagoons located eastward with its relation to dune evolution; second, this paper analyzes the linkages from the current Magdalena River channel (e.g., McKenney, Black, and Stew- between dune morphology and specific vegetation communities in relation to ard Staff, 1921; Raasveldt and Tomic, 1958). In the 1920s, construction and different coastal change rates through time. This research is among the first to reinforcement of levees along each side of the river mouth (Rico, 1967; von relate historical coastal changes to vegetation assemblages in the continental Erffa, 1973), combined with a gradual shift of the river mouth to the west Caribbean. Identifying the most common vegetation species that grow along (Díaz, 2003), resulted in a reduction of the flow of the Magdalena River into a range of coastal environments is valuable data for coastal managers dealing the wetlands bordering the southern side of the study area (Martinez, Pilkey, with accelerated coastal changes. and Neal, 1990). These levees were installed to facilitate ship access to the port Study Area located a few km upstream from the river mouth and have been fundamental in funnelling the sediment transported by the river into an offshore canyon The study site, located on the Colombian Caribbean coast, extends 60 km with a steep slope (Alvarado, 2005; Estrada, Ercilla, and Alonso, 2005). along the shoreline eastward from the Magdalena River mouth (Figure 1). This river is the largest drainage system in Colombia, draining over 257,400 km2 Annual precipitation in ISRP ranges from 400 mm (east side) to 760 mm and yielding a specific sediment load equal to 559 t/km2/y (Restrepo and Kjer- a year (west side) and has a bimodal annual cycle, with one peak in May and fve, 2000). Because of the significant diversity of fauna and flora, the necessity another in October (Villegas, Sesana, and Dromgold, 2006). The E-W coastal of the area for both resident and migratory birds, and the scenic features char- alignment in the study area favours the approach of the NE trade winds at high

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angles, nearly perpendicular to the coastline. Consistent with the strongest wind direction, maximum signiﬁcant wave heights are those associated with waves coming from the NE (Ortiz et al., 2013). These conditions promote a semiarid climate along the narrow coastal strip between Barranquilla and Santa Marta (Krogzemis, 1967), enabling the formation of a discontinuous fringe of sparsely vegetated coastal sand dunes. Dune genesis in the area has been related to either a marine regression or tectonic events (Khobzy, 1981). The area is microtidal, with a maximum tidal range of 0.35 m (Múnera et al., 2005). As a result of the microtidal range and the prevalence of the NE trade winds, a wave-dominate regime is generated, characterized by a prevailing westward longshore transport (Restrepo and López, 2008). Seasonal or local drift reversals from the predominant longshore direction arise from changes in wave direction driven by winds coming from the NW or from breaching of lagoons locally affecting the predominant wave approach.

Figure 1. Area of study along the shoreline of Isla Salamanca Road Park. The inset in the upper left indicates the location of the park within Colombia. The wind rose displays the distribution of wind speed and direction for the meteorogical station at Santa Marta airport. The lower panel shows a composite of satellite images taken between 2010 and 2013.

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Figure 2. Study site and surrounding area as depicted in maps dating from 1766 and 1815 (modiﬁed from Fuentes-Crispín [2015] from original maps by Antonio de Arébalo [left] and Vicente Talledo y Rivera [right]).

Figure 4. Location of topographic proﬁles and vegetation transects showing a typical scarped dune in the eastern sector (1), dunes affected by overwash events in the eastern and central sectors (2, 3, 4), and dune ﬁelds near the mouth of the Magdalena River (5, 6).

Figure 3. Coastal changes and landforms (complex units) in Isla Salamanca Na- tional Park. Upper panel depicting the increasing erosion trends from east to west and accretion at the west end, a sector that is a sink for the sediment transported by the predominant east-west littoral drift. Lower panel illustrates landforms from marine, aeolian, and ﬂuvial origin.

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Figure 5. Vegetation transects representing the following species: 1. Lemaireocere- us griseus, 2. Capparis ﬂexuosa, 3. Thespesia populnea, 4. Matelea sf rubra, 5. Spo- robolus virginicus, 6. Melochia tormentosa, 7. Calatropis procera, 8. Phyllantus sp., 9. Cnidoscolus urens, 10. Cordia sp., 11. Commelina sp., 12. Prosopis juliﬂora, 13. Pereskia colombiana, 14. Alternanthera porrigens, 15. Plumbago sf Auriculata, 16, Sesuvium portulacastrum, 17. Cyperus ligularis. Vegetation not to scale.

To access this full JCR Research Article, please visit: http://www.jcronline.org/doi/abs/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00189.1

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Geoscience Information Society (GSIS) 2016 Mary B. Ansari Best Geoscience Research Resource Work Award

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J. Harff, M. Meschede, S. Petersen, J. Thiede (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences

Series: Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

▶ Offers an overview of the oceans’ and marginal seas’ geo-resources ▶ Presents an interdisciplinary synopsis of the whole scale of marine The Editors: geosciences Jan Harff is Professor of Geosciences and Seafloor Geology at the University of Szczecin, Poland. His ▶ Incorporates geology, geophysics, hydrography, biology, climatology, ecology, and economic geology previous research focused on sedimentary basin analysis at the Central Institute for Physics of the Earth (ZIPE, subsequently the GeoForschungs Zentrum, GFZ), Potsdam, and marine geology at the Leibniz ▶ Integrates knowledge in basic and applied sciences, connecting natural and engineering sciences Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde and the University of Greifswald, Germany. ▶ Addresses some 195 topics through the work of international He cooperates, on a permanent basis, with marine research institutes of the Chinese Academy of specialists Sciences, Chinese universities and the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, China. His research interests concern marine geology in general, sedimentology, coastal geology, palaeo- oceanography, palaeoclimatolog, y mathematical geology and basin modelling. In addition to having 1st ed. 2016, XXXIII, 961 p. 458 illus., 344 This Encyclopedia comprises the current knowledge in marine illus. in color. geosciences whereby not only basic but also applied and technical authored and co-authored numerous research papers and having served as editor of other scientific

sciences are covered. Through this concept a broad scale of users in the publications, he acted as corresponding editor of “Modeling of Sedimentary Systems” (Springer, 1999) field of marine sciences and techniques is addressed, from students and and “The Baltic Sea Basin” (Springer, 2011).

scholars in academia to engineers and decision makers in industry and politics. Martin Meschede is Professor of “Regional and Structural Geology” at the Institute of Geography and

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Recently Published in the Coastal Research Library (CRL) Featuring satellite imagery from Google Earth, this guide provides a unique, highly visual tour of lakes across the globe, from the simple to the complex, the nearby to the remote. Clear text accompanies each image and identifies important aspects of each lake along with such information as its coordinates, scale, and altitudes, if relevant. Anja M. Scheffers is Professor of Geoscience, Southern Cross University, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, NSW, Australia. She has a M.Sc. from University of Bonn, a Ph.D., from University of Duisburg-Essen, and a Habilitation (D.Sc.) from the University of Duisburg-Essen. She authored and co-authored more than 100 publications with main emphasis on the Physical Geography of coasts (palaeotsunamis and palaeostorms, general palaeoclimatology, sea level histories, Quaternary geochronology based on ESR and U-series dating, and multi-proxy study of corals), based on fieldwork in the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, SE-Asia, Australia and Ireland. Anja Schef- fers was awarded the prestigious ARC (Australian Research Council) Future Fellowship 2009-2013. Dieter H. Kelletat is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Geography at the University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany) and currently Lecturer at Co- logne University. He has a Dipl.-Geogr. and Ph.D., from Göttingen University and Habilitation (D.Sc.) from Technical University of Berlin. He was also As- sociate Professor at the University of Braunschweig and Professor at the Uni- versity of Hannover. His expertise is Physical Geography with emphasis on the geomorphology of coasts, high mountains, glaciers and climate change. He authored, co-authored and edited more than 250 scientific publications including textbooks and books for a wider audience, based on fieldwork on five continents from the tropics to the Arctic. For more information about Springer's Coastal Research Library (CRL), please visit: http://www.springer.com/series/8795

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Titles under development: Coastal Research Library Coastal Environments: Biophysical Zones and Habitats By C.W. Finkl, C. Makowski and H. Vollmer Series Editor: Charles W. Finkl Ecological Coastal Engineering Edited by M. Sedat Kabdaşlı , V. Ş. Özgür Kırca, Nilay Elginöz and M. Adil Akgül The Siak, a blackwater river in Sumatra, Indonesia Edited by Tim Rixen, Wolfgang Balzer and Joko Samiaji Publish your next book in this series and benefit from being part of the Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications in Coastal Research By I. Buynevich largest eBook collection in Earth and Environmental Sciences World Coastal Heritage Sites By Vanda Claudino-Sales Modeling with Digital Ocean and Digital Coast Edited by Xin Zhang, Lei Wang, Xiaoyi Jiang and Changming Zhu Aims and Scope Under the Sea: Archaeology and Paleolandscapes Edited by G.N. Bailey, J. Harff and D. Sakellariou Coastline changes of the Baltic Sea from South to East - past and future projection Edited by J. Harff, K. Furmanczyk and H. von The aim of this book series is to disseminate information to the coastal research community. Storch The Series covers all aspects of coastal research including but not limited to relevant aspects Coastal Wetlands: Alteration and Remediation Edited by C.W. Finkl and C. Makowski of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphol- Advances in Marine Vertebrate Research in Latin America: Technological Innovation in Ecology and Conservation Edited by M.R. ogy (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental Rossi-Santos and C.W. Finkl (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Policy, coastal law, and relevant Threats to Mangrove Forests: Hazards, Vulnerability, and Management Edited by C. Makowski and C.W. Finkl issues such as conflict resolution and risk management would also be covered by the Series. The scope of the Series is broad and with a unique cross-disciplinary nature. The Series would When you publish with Springer your work gets the attention it deserves: tend to focus on topics that are of current interest and which carry some import as opposed to traditional titles that are esoteric and non-controversial. Monographs as well as contrib- w Seamless submission, review and tracking uted volumes are welcomed. w Dedicated and professional editorial guidance w Immediate global visibility and availability e.g. through SpringerLink, our eContent platform visited more than 450 million times per year Guidelines for submission The Series Editor welcomes proposals for series inclusion. Topics could include; geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Guidelines for submission can be obtained from Make your book available in all feasible formats the Series Editor Charles Finkl, email [email protected] and the publisher Petra van Steenbergen, Senior Publishing Editor, Earth Sci- Springer makes your book available in all formats your readers could possibly want - be it as a printed copy, an eBook ences and Geography, email [email protected] (for Kindle and other applications), or a MyCopy. Titles published: MyCopy - a new dimension for your book In addition to the original printed version and eBook version of your works, a third unique format is made available: Global Change and Baltic Coastal Zones Edited by G. Schernewski, J. Hofstede and T. Neumann, ISBN 978-94-007-0399- 5, 296 p., MyCopy. Designed to broaden the visibility of your book and to widen its reach, it allows library patrons to order their 2011 The Coastlines of the World with Google Earth By A. Scheffers, S. Scheffers, and D. 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Makowski, ISBN 978-3-319- w fully hyperlinked and integrated with other online publications 06325-6, 502 p., 2014 w searchable on and downloadable by book chapter level Environmental Management and Governance: Advances in Coastal and Marine Resources Edited by C.W. Finkl and C. Makowski, w conveniently searchable via keywords ISBN 978-3-319-06304-1, 472 p., 2015 All Books are also Available as a Traditional Printed Copy Sediment Fluxes on Coastal Areas Edited by Mohamed Maanan and Marc Robin, ISBN 978-94-017-9259-2, 227 p., 2015 Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans By Gautam Kumar Das, ISBN 978-3-319-11342-5, 211 p., 2015 Why publish your book in the Coastal Research Library? Sand and Gravel Spits Edited by G. Randazzo, D. Jackson and A. Cooper, ISBN 978-3-319-13715-5, 344 p., 2015 Seafloor Mapping along Continental Shelves: Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments Edited by C.W. Finkl and w A dynamic new book series presenting volumes of a unique cross-disciplinary nature C. Makowski, ISBN 978-3-319-25119-6, 293 p., 2016 w Topics include all aspects of coastal research Tsunamis and Earthquakes in Coastal Environments Edited by V. Santiago-Fandino, H. Tanaka and M. Spiske, 978-3- 319-28526-9, 222 p., 2016 Brazilian Beach Systems Edited by Andrew D. Short and Antonio H.F. Klein, 978-3-319-30392-5, approx. 400 p., 2016 w Multi-format publication – Hardback, paperback (via MyCopy) and eBook Lakes of the World with Google Earth By Anja M. Scheffers and Dieter H. Kelletat, ISBN 978-3-319-29615-9, approx. 280 p., 2016 More information about the series and its titles: springer.com/series/8795 Titles in press: We look forward to receiving your book proposal for The Coastal Research Library Rhodolith/Maerl Beds: A Global Perspective Edited by R. Riosmena-Rodriguez, W. Nelson and J. 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Mapping and Classifying Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Habitat in Copano Bay, Texas, by Coupling Acoustic Technologies

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Mapping and Classifying Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Habitat in Copano Bay, Texas, by Coupling Acoustic Technologies

Bryan Legare† and Christopher Mace‡

†Department of Geology ‡Coastal Fisheries Division Center for Coastal Studies Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Provincetown, MA 02657, U.S.A. Rockport, TX 78382, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS: Sidescan sonar, digital echosounder, classifica- The Texas coast is characterized by an extensive array of shallow turbid em- tion, acoustic, GIS bayments containing expansive oyster habitats and is home to a large Eastern INTRODUCTION Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) fishery. Mapping habitats in shallow (1–10 m), Mapping coastal habitat has become a priority for conservation and man- turbid environments is challenging, since direct visual access to the habitats agement organizations. Since nearshore habitats are exposed to higher levels limited. To quantify the extent of habitats, the integration of remote sens- of anthropogenic stressors and are experiencing degradation, highly accurate ing and GIS technologies is used. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and rapidly produced habitat maps are crucial in prioritizing and managing coupled two acoustic technologies (sidescan sonar and echosounder) to map coastal ecosystems. Oyster habitats have declined globally in the past 100 2 habitats within Copano Bay, a 181-km shallow water embayment along the years, and understanding both the extent and quality of oyster habitat is criti- mid-Texas coast. Data were collected during 17 days from September 2013 cal for long-term monitoring and conservation (Beck et al., 2011). Processing 2 to February 2014 and resulted in 159 km of sidescan imagery and 375 km of remote sensing data with advanced GIS techniques has proved to be an ef- of single beam echosounder data. Individual echosounder transmissions were fective tool to map large swaths of many coastal habitats (Allen et al., 2005) segmented and processed in ArcGIS 10.1 using the “Unsupervised Classifica- and can be adapted to examine nearshore oyster habitats. tion” tool. Using the classified echosounder data to identify objects located The Texas coast is characterized by large, shallow embay-ments with expan- within the sidescan imagery allows for interpolation of habitat using the Na- sive marshes and oyster habitat. Oyster habitats are important in maintain- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Habitat Digitizer ArcGIS ing the health of the ecosystem (Grabowski et al., 2012). Oyster reefs pro- Extension. A total of 25.9 km2 of oyster habitat, 11.6 km2 of shell, 26.4 km2 2 vide habitat for bottom-dwelling fish and invertebrates, which attract larger of sand, and 95.1 km of mud were digitized. The resulting habitat map had game fish (Chao and Musick, 1977; Homer and Boynton, 1978; Rodney and an overall accuracy of 86% from ground truthing accuracy assessments. This Paynter, 2006). Oyster reefs also stabilize the bay bottom and attenuate wave article provides methods for combining sidescan and echosounder acoustic energy, reducing shoreline erosion (Scyphers et al., 2011). Oysters filter large technologies to accurately map habitats in shallow Texas estuaries. volumes of water and thereby improve local water quality and clarity (Coen et al., 2007; Grabowski et al., 2012). These networks of oyster reefs provide

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a rich and productive habitat that supports a valuable recreational and com- are extremely efficient but only work if water clarity is high (Allen et al., 2005). mercial fishery. In turbid or deep waters acoustic technologies have proved useful in visualiz- The Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is the second most valuable commer- ing the benthic environment. cial fishery in Texas, after shrimp (National Marine Fisheries Service, 2015). In waters greater than 10 m, multibeam acoustic sonar technologies provide Texas’s commercial oyster fishery has a long productive history. The annual high detail with great spatial coverage, providing three-dimensional bathym- commercial oyster landings in Texas since 1994 are spatially and temporally etry and backscatter information allowing for detailed habitat assessment over dynamic, fluctuating from a high of 3,096,582 kg meat weight in 2003 to a large areas (Gardner et al., 1998). In waters shallower than 10 m, the spatial low of 1,340,138 kg meat weight in 2008. Although oyster harvest state wide coverage achievable by multibeam sonar systems limits its usefulness for cov- has remained relatively stable, averaging 2,300,000 kg, increased demand for ering large areas. Sidescan sonar systems can provide a larger spatial extent to oysters has steadily increased the value from $3.75/kg in 1994 to $10.26/kg in identify benthic structures but do not collect information that can be used 2014, a record high (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department [TPWD], unpub- for consistent habitat classification methods (Allen et al., 2005; Brown et al., lished data). In recent years, the Aransas and Copano Bay complex (Figure 1) 2011). has become a leader in oyster production. Historically, Aransas and Copano Sidescan sonar imagery is a mosaic of pixel values that provide not a measure Bays contributed 3–10% of oysters to the overall Texas landings, with an aver- of energy loss but a relative measure of the sound being absorbed or reflected. age of 164,285 kg harvested prior to 2010 (TPWD, unpublished data). Ow- The imagery is a result of not only type of material but also relative angle that ing to declining abundance in Galveston Bay and San Antonio Bay, recent the sidescan fish is to the substrate and object. The best example of this is the commercial fishing efforts have shifted harvest pressure to the Aransas and production of an acoustic shadow. The imagery that results from a sidescan Copano Bay systems, increasing the overall contribution to the fishery from survey is due to water conditions, field setting, position of equipment, and 164,285 kg to approximately 1 million kilograms in 2013, or 36% of the coast postprocessing settings creating a raster image with pixel values that are rela- wide landings (TPWD, unpublished data). tive only to that survey. To overcome the classification limitations of sidescan Copano Bay is a secondary bay of the larger Aransas Bay system and is indi- sonar, backscatter information from a digital echosounder system can be used rectly connected to the Gulf of Mexico through Aransas Bay. Copano Bay is for habitat classification. Echosounder information provides point informa- characterized by elongated oyster reefs with high relief (>1 m) orientated along tion along a transect and is a direct measure of energy, allowing the data values the ancient banks of the Aransas River, Mission River, and Copano Creek to be comparable across days and sites. (Dellapenna et al., 2010). Copano bay has a maximum depth of approximate- The goals of this study were (1) to evaluate a method combining single beam ly 3 m and an average depth of approximately 2 m (Calnan, 1980). Given the classification techniques and shallow water sidescan sonar imagery to quantify ecological and commercial importance of oysters and the recent increase in submerged habitats and (2) to use this methodology to produce an accurate fishing pressure, an inventory of oyster habitats within Copano Bay is vital for habitat map that classifies large areas of benthic habitat within the Copano proper management. Bay estuary system. One obstacle to creating a fine-scale map of habitats in Copano Bay is that visual access to the benthic environment is prevented by the naturally high amounts of suspended sediments (Calnan, 1980; Dellapenna et al., 2010). Re- mote sensing technologies such as LIDAR, satellite imagery, and aerial photos

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Figure 2. Acoustic energy values (scatter values SV), from individual acoustic pulses on ‘‘mud’’ (gray) and ‘‘oyster reef’’ (black) substrates from the Biosonics- DTX 120 kHz single beam echosounder. The bottom is adjusted to zero along the x axis for analysis and ‘‘distance (m)’’ along the y axis. Distance is a measure of how far the pulse has traveled in the water column and is not a measure of Figure 1. (A) Study site of Copano Bay in the state of Texas, USA. (B) Copano Bay depth. Reef substrates have a higher energy returns (scatter value) over the dis- 2 is midway down the coast of Texas and (C) is a 185 km secondary bay connected tance traveled as compared with the ‘‘mud’’ substrates allowing for analysis. to the Gulf of Mexico indirectly through Aransas Bay.

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Figure 3. Echogram waterfall displaying a transition from ‘‘mud’’ habitat (left) to ‘‘oyster habitat’’ (right). Mean scatter value gathered for each grid (2 m linear and 3 m distance). Seg- ments (A) 3–6 m and (B) 6–9 m were used as variables for unsupervised classiﬁcation of the echogram.

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Figure 4. Sample of classified echogram data (colored single pixel transect lines) overlaid on sidescan imagery (gray). The sidescan imagery presents individual Figure 5. The sidescan mosaic of Copano Bay, Texas. Gray scale represents shapes, and the classified echogram identifies the habitat for each individual changes from soft (light) to hard substrates (dark). Large dark shapes represent shape. consolidated reefs.

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Figure 7. Benthic habitat map for Copano Bay, Texas, identifying 95.1 km2 of mud (brown), 26.4 km2 of sand (tan), 11.6 km2 of shell (blue), and 25.9 km2 of oyster habitat (pink). The overall accuracy of the habitat map is 86.0% with a Tau adjusted accuracy of 81.3 ± 0.1%.

To access this full JCR Research Article, please visit: Figure 6. Results from ground truthing assessment points for (top) echogram unsupervised classiﬁcation and (bottom) habitat map ground truthing assess- http://www.jcronline.org/doi/abs/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00205.1 ment points across all habitats in Copano Bay, Texas.

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This edited volume in the Coastal Research Library (CRL) series will focus on the Coastal Research Library (CRL) worldwide threats to mangrove forests and the management solutions currently being used to counteract those hazards. The purpose of this book is to delve into both CALL FOR AUTHORS human-induced and natural impacts to mangroves, intended or otherwise, as well as the efforts being made by coastal researchers to promote restoration of these coastal fringing forests. All topics related to these central themes are welcome and can be presented in the form of current research methods and findings, review chapters, or expanded case studies and pilot programs that are designed to better understand the best practices of mangrove management. Local approaches, as well as national and international efforts to preserve and restore the functionality of mangrove systems can be presented in terms of climate-smart habitat conservation. The outlook of this work is global in extent and local by intent. The contributions in this book are not only of interest to those working exclusively with mangroves, but to those also working to protect the surrounding coastal areas of all types. This book will be compiled as part of the highly-regarded Coastal Research Library (CRL) series, published by Springer Science in Dordrecht, The Netherlands. The CRL covers all aspects of coastal research including but not limited to relevant aspects of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Charles W. Finkl is the founding Series Editor of the CRL. For the past 32 years, Dr. Finkl has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foun- dation (CERF) and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research (JCR). He has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Ency- clopedia of Earth Sciences Series, of which he is also the Series Editor. In addition to these duties, he is Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic Threats to Mangrove Forests: University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Hazards, Vulnerability, and Management Thus, we invite your suggestions and ideas for contributed chapters related to the Solutions central themes described above. edited by Please send your proposals or any questions to: Christopher Makowski and Charles W. Finkl [email protected]

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Influence of Maritime Construction within Protected Archaeological Sites along Coastal Areas: Los Baños De La Reina (Alicante), Spain

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Inﬂuence of Maritime Construction within Protected Archaeological Sites along Coastal Areas: Los Baños De La Reina (Alicante), Spain

Luís Aragonés†, Roberto Tomás†, Miguel Cano†, Emilio Rosillo‡, and Isabel López†

†Department of Civil Engineering ‡Department of Biology University of Alicante El Planet School San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain Altea 03590, Spain

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION A multidisciplinary study was made assessing the impact of the construction Coastal erosion is a widely studied topic in the scientific literature. Specifically, of a harbour on an existing Roman fish farm, which was excavated in the first human-induced coastal erosion has become a worldwide problem of growing century BC and placed in Alicante, on the SE coast of Spain. The effect of intensity (Han, Hou, and Wu, 1995; Hsu, Lin, and Tseng, 2007; Silva et al., the harbour on the wave frequencies and the velocity of the streams has been 2014). However, the published works that examine the direct influence of the modelled for the different building stages, using the SMC (Sistema de Mode- construction of a coastal infrastructure and the increased erosion at a particular lado Costero) software, including consideration of the local maritime climate point on the coast are scarce (e.g., Garrote, Page, and Garzón, 2001; Lorenzo, and bathymetry. The results show that the predominant wave frequencies and Alonso, and Pagés, 2003). Anthropogenic influence is considered by some au- the stream velocities increased considerably after harbour construction and, thors as a variable in the global analysis of vulnera-bility of coastal cliffs in large as a result, created new turbulence areas within the influence area of the Ro- coastal areas (Del Río and Gracia, 2007). Borrego, Morales, and Pendon (1992) man fish farm. The presence of hydrodynamic bioindicators confirms this evaluated the influence of various human activities (such as dams, dikes, or the result. The lithological structure of the rock mass from which the pools were introduction of aquaculture or fish farming activities), in the growth rates of excavated clearly favours the differential erosion and the subsequent failure of the spit of El Rompido in Huelva (Spain). Dolphin et al. (2012) conducted the area, which is now exposed to the impact of ocean waves. The activity of research on the coast of the North Sea (U.K.) to closely monitor the evolution some lithophaga organisms can also increase the degradation of the rock mass. of the coastline, which lasted more than a decade, through aerial photographs, Consequently, a joint analysis of the geological, biological, and maritime in- cross-sections, and bathymetric surveys and were able to accurately evaluate formation available suggests the degradation of the Roman fish farm located the impact of the construction of a system of dikes parallel to the coast. Anfuso in this area was strongly exacerbated by the construction of the harbour. and Martínez del Pozo (2005) used a geomorphological approach combined ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Protected shorelines, modelling, coastal ero- with a GIS to investigate a long coastal sector affected by important erosive sion. processes, mainly linked to the construction of ports and harbours in Southern Sicily (Italy). Xeidakis, Delimani, and Skias (2007) developed a similar work, evaluating induced erosion near the city of Alexandroupolis (Greece) during

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the construction of the port in that city. Anfuso, Pranzini, and Vitale (2011) Campello’’ (Alicante, SE Spain; Figure 1), an important archaeological set- investigated 64 km of the northern coastline of Tuscany (Italy) by means of tlement, according to the Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural Valen- aerial photographs and direct surveys to improve understanding of the coastal ciano, where some fish farms from the Roman era are carved into the rock. processes and to manage littoral sediment transport in a sustainable manner. The specific sector for this study was between the archaeological site ‘‘Els Ying et al. (2012) studied the morphological changes in the Yangshan Deep- Banyets’’ and the Almadraba beach (Figure 1), an embedded beach, bordered water harbour (Qiqu Archipelago, China) area, using bathymetric data for at the back by a cliff. One of the ponds located in the SW sector of the study more than 10 years to analyse the spatiotemporal variation in the erosion of area has suffered a partial tear of the wall during the months of February and the sediment. March 2012, significantly increasing the damage to date. Maritime engineering works can affect normal water flow and lead to wa- Fish farms, known as Baños de la Reinas, are part of the archaeological site of ter stagnation, hydrographical variations, substrate transformations, and sedi- La Illeta dels Banyets, in which are found remains from the Bronze Age; the mentation excesses (Saiz-Salinas and Urkiaga-Alberdi, 1999). In these cases, Iberians, the Romans, and the Islamic eras; and sporadic occupations in the different factors, such as the illumination, the type of substratum, the turbid- Middle Ages (Piedecausa et al., 2011). These areas are located in the munici- ity, the salinity, or the hydrodynamics, can be modified substantially, which pality of El Campello, about 9 km from the city of Alicante (SE Spain), and conditions the presence and development of different communities in the are located on a small island of about 10,000 m2, with a top elevation of +7.8 infralittoral zone (i.e. that area being permanently submerged). The concept m above sea level, and connected to the coast since 1943 because of blasting of bioindicators, such as species that reflect particular environmental condi- of the existing prehistoric necropolis in the area (Doménech, Carmona, and tions, has been widely used for marine and ecological monitoring to quan- Sellés, 2009). tify the level and the nature of stress imposed upon the environment (Linton From an environmental point of view, this coastal area is ranked as a Site and Warner, 2003; Saiz-Salinas and Urkiaga-Alberdi, 1999). The European of Community Importance (SCI; code ESZZ16008) by European Commis- Union and other countries have adopted legislation (e.g., Water Framework sion Habitats Directive 92/ 43/EEC, and is included in the European net- 2000/60/EC and the Marine Strategy Framework 2008/56/EC directives) to work Natura 2000 (MAGRAMA, 2015). The most important habitat in this guide monitoring efforts and to set goals for high-quality coastal environments protected area is the Posidonia oceanica meadow (Natura 2000, code 1120: (Desrosiers et al., 2013). Posidonia beds), a priority habitat included in the annex to the Habitats Di- In this multidisciplinary work, the factors that led to the degradation of the rective. ponds located southwest of ‘‘The Illeta dels Banyets‘‘ (El Campello, Alicante, Geological Framework Spain) were studied, as was the possible influence of the new marina break- The outcropping materials in the study area were formed by bioclastic cal- water, involved in this phenomenon through characterization of the materials carenite, usually yellowish in colour, but occasionally gray, containing glauco- concerned and through conducting a number of dynamic models of waves nite and the presence of echinoids and molluscs from the Late Tortonian age and currents. The study was completed with the identification and descrip- (Montenat, 1973). Mineralogically, it corresponds to a pure magnesia calcite tion of various marine indicator species, the existence of high-energy marine (Piedecausa et al., 2011). At the top of the calcarenitic stratum, there is a environments, and a description of the geological determinants. discordant, brecciated, hardened outcrop deposit that is pink salmon, which Geographical Framework Montenat (1973) identified as a Sucina formation (Figure 2a). To the east of This article focuses on the eastern sector of ‘‘Los Baños de la Reina de El the ‘‘Illeta,’’ a beach composed of microconglomerates, lies a discordant area

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with calcarenites outcrops. The exposed surfaces of the carbonated calcarenite The slake durability test used in this research to study the durability of the abrasion platform are affected by coastal Karst, with microdolines present (ka- rocks was originally developed by Franklin and Chandra (1972) and is used menitzas) (Figures 2c and d). globally and recommended by the ISRM (ISRM, 1977). This test provides At the upper part of these outcrops located in the supra-littoral zone, cal- two different durability indices, based on one-cycle (Id1) and two-cycle (Id2) carenites clearly show a difference in competence between materials, which tests. Subsequently, this method was standardized by the American Society for generate in both inbound and outbound directions (Figure 2b) because ev- Testing and Materials (ASTM, 2004), which uses the two-cycle slake durabil- ery stratum of calcarenite, which has a gentle dip toward the sea, exhibits a ity test as the only weathering-quantification index. Cano and Tomás (2015) hardground formation at the top with borings by organisms and produced by proposed an Index of Weathering (IW5), a new parameter based on five cycles bioerosion (bioturbation). This implies that, in a single layer, whose thickness of the slake durability test, which better describes the behaviour observed in is between 10 and 25 cm, there are two materials with different characteristics. the field. The biotur-bated calcarenites with nodules located at the top of the strata are Two samples of calcarenite picked up on the limits of the strata of the midlit- more competent, having an average carbonate content of 81.2% and a dry toral zone were tested according to the ASTM (2004) procedure. Intact rock unit weight of 25.40 kN/m3. Moreover, the rest of the layer has an average samples at top of the strata, exhibited a ‘‘high’’ resistance, according to the carbonate content of 78.4% and a dry unit weight of 20.90 kN/m3. Gamble (1971) classification, based on the Id2 index (Id2 = 96.6). However, Id The competence of a strata can be evaluated by considering its uniaxial com- the rest of bed presented medium resistance ( 2 = 76.3). Using the IW5, it pressive strength of the intact rock, the internal structure, and the in situ weath- can be concluded that the most competent zone of the stratum (at the top) ering behaviour. The uniaxial compressive strength, obtained with correlation exhibits ‘‘good’’ behaviour against weathering, and the bottom of the layer IW data from a Schmidt hammer, according to the method suggested by the In- exhibits ‘‘poor’’ behaviour, with an 5 of 95.7 and 71.8, respectively. Finally, ternational Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM, 1981), is 32 MPa for the area the methodology used in the slake durability test varies slightly from the stan- of greatest strength at the top and 19 MPa for the rest of the layer. dard because water with a concentration of sodium chloride corresponding to the Mediterranean Sea (36–38 g/L) was used. Two discontinuities have been detected in the vicinity of the fish farms. The The failure mechanism observed (Figures 2g and h), which consisted of first is the stratification that presents an orientation N110 E/5SW and is sub- strata toppling induced by differential erosion (Cano and Toma´s, 2013), was parallel to the edge of the farm and the coastline. Its spacing ranges from 10 to conditioned by the bedding being subparallel to the coastline and slightly dip- 25 cm, is rough, very weathered, undulates with decimetre amplitudes in the ping into it. The different makeup of the materials that compose each layer midlittoral and infralittoral zones, and has an aperture of 1 cm (Figures 2e and favours differential erosion, and the subsequent sapping and bending failure f). The second discontinuity presents a N30E subvertical orientation, which generated a toppling instability. Finally, the presence of the two described is coincidental with the orientation of some of the walls of the fish farm, per- perpendicular sets of joints delimits the different blocks, which form the en- pendicular to the coastline. Its average spacing is 2.9 m, and the discontinuity closure of the fish farms. is flat and almost imperceptible in the supra-littoral zone but opens through Biological Communities sea erosion in the midlittoral and infralittoral zones (Figures 2i–k), exhibiting A study of the marine species present in the proximity of the fish farm can a persistence that covers, at minimum, the area of the ponds. provide some valuable information about the current regime change and the effect of some organisms on the degradation of the rock that constitutes the

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ponds. On a large scale, the ponds are included within a SCI with a total extension The study of the biological communities developed in the present research of 3445 ha, constituted by sandbanks that are slightly covered by sea water at focused on the top and outside areas of the fish farm, which were the most all times (18.5%), submerged or partially submerged sea caves (1.2%), and exposed to waves (midlittoral and infralittoral zones). This area is a rock wall Posidonia beds (80.2%). Seagrasses, such as Posidonia oceanica, offer some that forms the outside structure, which enters the water at the top and has a well-known advantages against erosion because they provide stabilization ser- vertical drop of about 3 m to the seabed. Despite finding a well-represented vices to sediments and coastal protection for colonizing shallow marine habi- biological community, with numerous species, this study focused on those tats (Fonseca, 1996; Hemminga and Nieuwenhuize, 1990; Koch et al., 2009). species that may be indicative of high hydrodynamic activities or that, by their Submerged plants increase bottom roughness, which reduces bed velocity and biology, can alter the integrity of the rock. modifies sediment transport (Koch et al., 2006), and increases wave attenu- The top of the wall comprises the midlittoral area. The organisms located ation (Kobayashi, Raichle, and Asano, 1993; Mendez and Losada, 2004). In in this strip tolerate continuous emersion but do not survive in permanent addition, seagrass rhizomes and roots extend into the sediment and contribute immersion. On the fringe of the permanently submerged rock (infralittoral), to its stabilization (Fonseca, 1996). It can also affect coastal hydrodynam- brown alga (Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta) was found (Figure 3b). This alga is ics, depending on their size, location, density, distribution, and morphology typical of clean and well-oxygenated waters exposed to strong hydrodynamics (Mendez and Losada, 2004). (Carrascosa, Silvestre, Pérez-Yuste, 1989; Guerra-García and Garéıa-Gómez, Description of Fish Farms and Harbour Works 2001; Templado et al., 2012). Other recognized species, such as the gastropod For more than a century, the Romans dug farms for breeding fish because mollusc (Dendropoma petraeum) was also a good bioindicator of moderate hy- it was one of the most important activities carried out in this part of the Ro- drodynamism (Keklikoglou et al., 2013; Templado et al., 2012). On the rock man Empire (Marzano and Brizzi, 2009; Martínez, 2012). The nurseries are wall that is permanently submerged and is located in the first meter of water the piscinae type, compartmentalized into different areas that were used for (infralittoral zone), the lithophagic or perforating species, which may alter the conservation of fresh fish (e.g., seabass and gilt-head sea bream) and for the integrity of the rock, included the bioeroding sponge (Cliona celata; Fig- supplying the villa. The nursery consists of four interconnected ponds, with ure 3c) (Rützler, 1975; Schönberg and Wisshak, 2014) and the bivalve mol- dimensions of 8.7 x 3.1 m at the E part of the peninsula and two rafts at the lusc (Lithophaga lithophaga; Figure 3c) (Schönberg and Wisshak, 2014). A few SW part, with dimensions of 6.0 x 2.5 m and 4.0 x 2.0 m, where they received meters from the fish farm, an area populated by hydrozoo (Pennaria disticha; water through the gates located in grooves and carved into the rock (Figures 1, Figure 3a), another indicator of organisms in areas with strong hydrodynam- 4, and 5). The walls of the ponds have a thickness of 25–30 cm. ics, was recognized. The ponds located in the SW sector, where this research was focused, suffered It is worth noting that Lithophaga lithophaga and Dendropoma petraeum are rapid deterioration in recent years and currently have important cracks in the protected under the framework of the European Habitats Directive (92/43/ seaside walls, which led to the collapse of the SE corner of one of the ponds EEC), with an aim of ensuring the conservation of a wide range of rare, threat- (Figures 2h–j and 5). ened, or endemic animal and plant species (European Commission, 2015). The marina at El Campello is located at the western part of the pond, where Consequently, the benthic community (of bodies subject to the substrate) of the first phase of construction began in 1976. The work consisted of building the study area indicates that the water is heavily beaten by the waves and that a breakwater with a trapezoidal section and a protective outer breakwater at there are many species that work toward the biological degradation of the rock. depth of 4.5 m above sea level, a length of 370 m, and a width of 15 m at the

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crown. Later, in 1996, the main breakwater was enlarged to increase the net area of use. The width of the central part of the dike was increased to 63 m, thereby, enlarging its length by 48 m.

Figure 1. Location of the study area. (Top) Location of SIMAR point in the study area. (Bottom) location of studied ponds.

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Figure 2. (a) Subaerial (supralittoral) outcrop in the vicinity of the fish farms. (b) Details of the differential degradation of the biocalcarenite strata. (c and d) Overview and details of the abrasion platform next to the fish farms where Karst kamenitzas were recognized. (e and f) Details of the stratification in the study area. (g and h) Bending failure mechanism of calcarenites caused by differential erosion. (i–k) Detached calcarenite block from the wall of the pond; subaerial and submarine discontinuity opening coincides with a line perpendicular to the rift with local coast detail.

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Figure 3. Presence in the area of the ponds of organism related to the decomposition of the rock and the existence of high hydrodynamism (a) Pennaria disticha, (b) Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta, and (c) Clionia and lithophaga.

Figure 4. Recreation of the Roman ﬁsh farms of the study area based on MARQ (2016).

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Figure 5. Sequence of the evolution of the state of the SW ponds between 1973 and 2015. Damage to the ponds is shown since 1973, and especially since 2012. For a size reference, notice the person shown in the upper-right corner of the picture from 1973.

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Figure 6. Evolution of maritime climate in deep water. (a) Probability function of each wave direction group. (b) Wave heights.

Figure 7. Evolution of maritime climate in the studied area. (a) The wave heights, (b) wave period, and (c) the probability function for each wave direction group.

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To access this full JCR Research Article, please visit: http://www.jcronline.org/doi/abs/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00016.1

Figure 8. Currents produced by waves from the ENE at each period studied. From top to bottom, the evolution of the currents is shown. The ﬁrst situation does not affect the waves on the ponds, whereas, following the construction of the port and the subsequent extension of the breakwater, the currents are modiﬁed by increasing the incidence of the waves on the ponds.

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new and ongoing initiatives, such as Future Earth. Coastal resources, such as Coastal Beijing later this month and encourage you to attend the coastal sessions there. I would like to thank Antonio Klein for his contributions to the CCS Steering Committee, and welcome in his place Marinez Scherer, also from UFSC in Florianopolis in Brazil. Mari- nez recently hosted the Ibero-American Congress on Integrated Coastal Zone Manage- ment and she will broaden the scope of CCS fostering interests in new areas of coastal management. No. 75 - July 2016 Norbert P. Psuty, Co-Editor This Newsletter contains summaries of interesting meetings that have been held re- Margarita Stancheva, Co-Editor cently, and others that are forthcoming. We note with sadness that H. Jesse Walker Objectives: passed away in 2015; he was central to the formation of the Commission on Coastal The Commission on Coastal Systems encourages the study of coastal systems through- Systems, Wiki (www.coastalwiki.org), an open knowledge base for coastal systems de- out the world. The Commission sponsors and supports activities leading to the ex- scribed in this Newsletter, will become increasingly important. I welcome feedback on change of information regarding coastal systems among our members and throughout activities that CCS members can be, or are, engaged in that extend our knowledge of the the IGU at large. The focus of attention is on interactive systems, both human and world’s coasts and serve to make our use of them more sustainable. physical, and the areas of inquiry include issues such as sea-level rise, land-use changes, COLIN WOODROFFE estuarine resources, coastal tourism and shoreline development, coastal recreation, and REPORTS ON MEETINGS: coastal zone management. The Commission will make concerted efforts to emphasize The International Coastal Symposium was held in Coogee, overlooking one of south issues of Global Change. Copies of our Newsletter and announcements are on our web- Sydney’s spectacular beaches, from 6 to 11 March 2016. More than 400 attendees from site: http://www.igu-ccs.org/ around the world enjoyed 4 days of excellent oral presentations and carefully prepared Message from the Chair: posters (229 oral presentations and 166 posters). The symposium was organised by Dr It is very exciting to record the numerous activities related to coastal systems that are Ana Vila-Concejo and the Geocoastal Research Group from the School of Geosciences continuing to be undertaken. I thank Norb Psuty in particular who, with help from at the University of Sydney under the auspices of the Coastal Education & Research Margarita Stancheva, has compiled the information for this Newsletter. The Commis- Foundation (CERF). More than a quarter of ‘the participants were from within Austra- sion on Coastal Systems has sponsored a range of meetings, and continues to foster in- lia, but it was a truly international meeting with many of the worlds magnificent coast- teractions between coastal scientists, and there are many other complementary activities lines on display and under discussion. South Korea was particularly well represented in which the coast is a focus. I extend my sincere thanks to those members of CCS who (86 registrants), promoting the next ICS to be held 13-18 May 2018 in Busan in South have convened meetings or coordinated sessions at conferences, extending the network- Korea (www.ics2018.org), with many also from France and Brazil. ing that helps build an active discipline. I look forward to meeting those of you who will attend the 33rd International Geographical Congress in and the extent of his influence on coastal studies is captured in the several sessions held in his honour at the AAG meeting earlier this year, described below. Indeed the significant role that Louisiana State University has had in shaping coastal research is apparent in several of the reports in this Newsletter. As we look to the future, coasts are going to continue to be under threat from the impacts of anthropogenic stresses as well as climate change. The community of scientists studying coasts needs multiple avenues through which to interact. CCS welcomes participants across a broad range of coastal studies and we look forward to working with

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The final day of the conference consisted of fieldtrips with opportunities to visit Syd- ney’s northern beaches, eastern beaches, the Hawkesbury River estuary, Botany Bay, and Wollongong, and with further longer fieldtrips to One Tree Island on the Great Barrier Reef and the South Coast of New South Wales. A further highlight of the symposium, the first of 14 International Coastal Symposia to have been hosted by a female coastal scientist, was the launch of an international network for Women in Coastal Geosciences and Engineering (WICGE) with the aim to inspire, support and celebrate women at all stages of their careers, through networking, mentoring, and identifying opportunities to grow (see https://wicgesite.wordpress.com/) MARCH 29 – APRIL 2, 2016. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA USA. Four keynote speakers provided captivating perspectives on the coast. Andy Short H. J. Walker Special Sessions (above) outlined the history of the Coastal Studies Unit at Sydney, commencing in H. Jesse Walker eminent coastal geomorphologist and long-term member of the IGU the 1970s and prominently inspired by coastal studies under way at Louisiana State Coastal Commission, passed away in 2015 (a couple of months shy of his 94th birth- University, and the development of beach morphodynamic models that have provided day). To commemorate his long and distinguished career, four special sessions were a foundation for the study of beaches around the world. Janice Lough provided on held at the annual meeting of the American Association of Geographers. Jess was a overview of climate change and its implications for the Great Barrier Reef. Giovanni founding member of the Coastal/Marine (CoMa) specialty group, that was organized Coco spoke about biomorphodynamics emphasizing the role that vegetation plays in in San Francisco in 1970. Thus it was quite fitting that four sessions of presentations, coastal wetlands and how it can be incorporated into models. Bruce Thom (below) co-sponsored by CoMa and including many talks by CoMa members, were on the shared his considerable insights into how science underpins policy on the coast, and agenda at the San Francisco AAG meeting March 30 and 31. The first three sessions how coastal management has progressed in Australia. The proceedings of the confer- were primarily physical in scope, and the fourth was human. This balance also reflects ence comprise two volumes of the Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, volume Jess Walker’s emphasis upon geomorphologic research, but with a strong view toward 75, amounting to 1500 pages. human impacts. Craig Colten (LSU) and Klaus Meyer-Arendt (University of West Florida), one of Jess Walker’s last Ph.D. students, organized the first session, and Craig Colten organized the last (human) session. Sessions II and III were organized by Phillip Schmutz (a LSU graduate) and Peter Tereszkiewicz of the University of West Florida. The session titled H. Jesse Walker and Coastal Geography I opened with a biographi- cal sketch of Jess Walker by Joann Mossa of the University of Florida. It was followed by a presentation sent in by Norb Psuty and Andrea Spahn (Rutgers Univesity) on cre- ation of a regional federal geodatabase to monitor geomorphological changes in federal coastal properties in the Northeast USA. Doug Sherman of the University of Alabama reminisced on his interactions with Jess and discussed megaripple and flat-bed surf- zone flow regimes. Steven Namikas and colleagues from Louisiana State University presented on investigations of evaporation from beach sand. Klaus Meyer-Arendt and graduate student Peter Tereszkiewicz presented on recent fieldwork on artificial structures on the Yucatán coast, Mexico.

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CERF-JCR Membership Options

1. Individual CERF Membership; ONLINE ONLY SUBSCRIPTION 3. CERF Patron Membership ($200)*An Honors Membership* to the JCR (1-year subscription; $95) (2-year subscription; $185*) (3-year subscription; $275*) Includes: • All the benefits of individual CERF membership Includes: • Annual online and printed subscription to the JCR • Official membership to the Coastal Education & Research Foundation (CERF) • Recognition and announcement space on our internationally-viewed • Full online permissions to www.JCRonline.org • Foundation website http://www.cerf-jcr.org and in our society newsletter, • Ability to access the complete online archive of the JCR (over 30 yrs of coastal • Just CERFing • research publications) • Printed name acknowledgement in every JCR issue of that volume year • 2 free JCR Archived Regular Issues or Special Issues • Professional storyboard printout of each JCR cover for that volume year • CERF society monthly newsletter, Just CERFing • Greatly reduced fees for manuscript submission, publication, and color charges • Official personalized CERF Member Certificate • Official personalized CERF Patron Member Certificate • Notices and reduced registration fees for the International Coastal Symposium (ICS), the official meeting of CERF • Registration into our manuscript submission website 4. CERF Fellow Membership ($500)*An Honors Membership* • Reduced fees for manuscript submission, publication, and color charges • Ability to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR • Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of scholars and Includes: • scientists • All the benefits of individual CERF membership *2- and 3-year memberships can always add a JCR printed subscription • Annual online and printed subscription to the JCR (Please contact us at [email protected] and mailing costs apply) • A full Fellow Member Profile webpage detailing your affiliation, research, and • announcements on our internationally-viewed Foundation and JCR online 2. Individual CERF Membership; ONLINE AND PRINTED •• websites http://www.cerf-jcr.org and http://www.JCRonline.org and in our • society newsletter, Just CERFing SUBSCRIPTION to the JCR • Printed name acknowledgement in every JCR issue of that volume year • Professional storyboard printout of each JCR cover for that volume year 1-year subscription; $125/Domestic; $135/International • Greatly reduced fees for manuscript submission, publication, and color charges 2-year subscription; $245/Domestic; $265/International (Discounted Subscription) 3-year subscription; $365/Domestic; $395/International (Discounted Subscription) • Official personalized CERF Fellow Member Certificate Includes: • Official membership to the Coastal Education & Research Foundation (CERF) • Six (6) bimonthly printed versions of the Journal of Coastal Research 5. CERF Lifetime Membership ($1000)*An Honors Membership* • Full online permissions to www.JCRonline.org • Ability to access the complete online archive of the JCR (over 30 yrs of coastal • research publications) Includes: • 2 free JCR Archived Regular Issues or Special Issues • Continuous benefits of individual CERF membership • CERF society monthly newsletter, Just CERFing • Lifetime subscription to the online and printed versions of the JCR • Official personalized CERF Member Certificate • A fully updateable Lifetime Member profile webpage detailing your • Notices and reduced registration fees for the International Coastal Symposium • affiliation, research, and announcements on our internationally-viewed • (ICS), the official meeting of CERF • Foundation and online journal websites http://www.cerf-jcr.org and • Registration into our manuscript submission website • http://www.JCRonline.org and in our society newsletter, Just CERFing • Reduced fees for manuscript submission, publication, and color charges • A printed acknowledgement in every issue of the JCR • Ability to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR • Professional storyboard printout of JCR covers • Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of scholars and • Greatly reduced fees for manuscript submission, publication, and color charges • scientists • Official personalized CERF Lifetime Member Certificate

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6. CERF Society Fee Membership; WITHOUT AN INDIVIDUAL JCR 7. CERF Student Membership ($75*) SUBSCRIPTION ($55) Includes: Includes: • CERF annual student membership • CERF annual society membership • Full online permissions to http://www.JCRonline.org • 2 free JCR Archived Regular Issues or Special Issues • 2 free JCR Archived Regular Issues or Special Issues • CERF society monthly newsletter, Just CERFing • CERF society monthly newsletter, Just CERFing • Official personalized CERF Member Certificate • Official personalized CERF Member Certificate • Notices and reduced registration fees for the International Coastal • Notices and reduced registration fees for the International Coastal • Symposium (ICS), the official meeting of CERF Symposium (ICS), the official meeting of CERF • • Registration into our manuscript submission website • Reduced fees for manuscript submission, publication, and color • charges • Ability to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication • in the JCR • Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of • scholars and scientists * JCR printed subscription can be added (Please contact us at [email protected] and mailing costs apply)

JCR 30(4) JCR 30(5) JCR Special Issue #71 JCR Special Issue #73 JCR 30(6) JCR 31(1) July 2014 September 2014 Fall 2014 Winter 2015 November 2014 January 2015

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Introducing the new Please visit official website of the www.cerf-jcr.org Coastal Education and or Google Search: cerf-jcr Research Foundation (CERF) to navigate through all our great new features

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Publish Your Coastal Photographs CERF Board of Directors (Trustees) in the JCR! As a CERF member, you have the unique opportunity to become a published photographer in our internationally renowned journal! All possible submissions must depict some coastal or underwater/marine scene and must be high-quality (>300 Andrew Cooper Gary Griggs University of Ulster University of California dpi) image files in either a jpg, tiff, or Santa Cruz, California, U.S.A. gif format. In addition, a short caption Coleraine, N. Ireland, U.K. must accompany the photograph. The caption should include the specific location of the photograph, the date taken, the geological or coastal significance, and your CERF member contact information (full name, title, phone, email, and CERF member number). Example captions can be found on the Gallery page of this website. Jim Houston Robert Huff Coastal Hydraulics Lab, ERDC-SSE Robinson, Farmer, & Cox Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.A. Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. While most submissions will be selected for either the CERF website or inside the JCR, a chosen few will actually be selected to be the cover image of a JCR Issue! So dust off those cameras and submit your photos.

Submit your photo and information Joe Kelley Victor Klemas University of Maine University of Delaware by email attachment to Newark, Delaware, U.S.A. [email protected] Orono, Maine, U.S.A.

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Charles Lemckert Orrin Pilkey Norb Psuty Mike Phillips Rutgers University Griffith University University of Wales: Trinity Saint David Duke University New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A. Southport, Qld, Australia Swansea, Wales, U.K. Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.

Elijah W. Ramsey, III Vic Semeniuk Carlos Pereira da Silva Andrew Short U.S. Geological Survey V & C Semeniuk Research Group New University of Lisbon University of Sydney Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S.A. Perth, WA, Australia Lisbon, Portugal Sydney, NSW, Australia

Daniel J. Stanley Marcel Stive Allan Williams Smithsonian Institution Delft University of Technology University of Wales: Trinity Saint David Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Delft, The Netherlands Swansea, Wales, U.K.

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Edward J. Anthony Jean Ellis Simon Haslett Timothy R. Keen Coastal Geomorphology, Beach Morphodynamics Aeolian Sediment Transport Paleoceanography, Coastal Evolution Waves & Circulation, Numerical Modeling Dunkerque, France Columbia, South Carolina Swansea, Wales, UK Stennis Space Center, Mississippi Kenneth Banks Luciana Esteves David Hill Dieter H. Kelletat Coral Reef Geomorphology, Habitat mapping Coastal Flooding & Erosion Nearshore Hydrodynamics Coastal Geomorphology, Sea-Level Change Fort Lauderdale, Florida Bournemouth, England, UK Corvallis, Oregon Essen/Cologne, Germany Patrick Barnard Oscar Manuel Ferreira Michael Hilton Joseph T. Kelley Coastal Geomorphology Storm Impacts, Beach Morphodynamics Dune Geomorphology & Ecology Sea-Level Change, Salt Marsh Ecogeomorphology Santa Cruz, California Faro, Portugal Dunedin, New Zealand Orono, Maine Lindino Benedet Duncan M. Fitzgerald Carl H. Hobbs, III Vic Klemas Oceanography, Modeling Sediment Transport, Numerical Modeling Coastal Geology, Sand Mining Remote Sensing, Global Environmental Change Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Boston, Massachusetts Gloucester Point, Virginia Newark, Delaware David M. Bush Chip Fletcher James R. Houston Nobuhisa Kobayashi Coastal Geology & Hazards Coastal Geology Sea-Level Change, Coastal Hydrodynamics Coastal Engineering Carrollton, Georgia Honolulu, Hawaii Vicksburg, Mississippi Newark, Delaware Ilya V. Buynevich Kazimierz Furmañczyk Wenrui Huang Vladimir N. Kosmynin Coastal Geology Marine Cartography, Remote Sensing Coastal Hydrodynamics & Hazards Coral Reefs, Coastal Ecology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Szczecin, Poland Tallahassee, Florida Tallahassee, Florida Javier A. Carrió Allen Gontz Michael G. Hughes Joseph L. Kowalski Sediment Processes, Marine Geology Geophysics, Stratigraphy Coastal Morphodynamics, Shelf Processes Estuarine Plant Ecology Valencia, Spain San Diego, California Canberra, ACT, Australia Edinburg, Texas Mark Crowell Gary B. Griggs Federico I. Isla Michael J. Lace Coastal Zone Management, Coastal Erosion Coastal Engineering & Hazards Sea-Level Change, Remote Sensing Coastal Landforms & Processes McLean, Virginia Santa Cruz, California Mar Del Plata, Argentina West Branch, Iowa Omar Defeo Pramod Hanamgond Nancy L. Jackson Stephen P. Leatherman Sandy Beach Ecology, Invertebrates Coastal Geomorphology, Sedimentology Coastal Geomorphology Barrier Islands, Beach Erosion Montevideo, Uruguay Belgaum, India Newark, New Jersey Miami, Florida Joseph F. Donoghue Hans Hanson Markes E. Johnson Charles Lemckert Coastal Morphology & Hazards Coastal Protection, Numerical Modeling Paleoshores, Coastal Sand Dunes Environmental Fluid Dynamics Orlando, Florida Lund, Sweden Williamstown, Massachusetts Southport, Qld, Australia

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Ioannis Liritzis Charitha B. Pattiaratchi Andrew D. Short Ian J. Walker Geophysical Proxy Data Physical Oceanography Coastal Geomorphology, Beach Morphodynamics Coastal Dunes & Sediments Rhodes, Greece Crawley, WA, Australia Sydney, NSW, Australia Tempe, Arizona Jeffrey H. List Michael Phillips Pravi Shrestha Ping Wang Shoreline Change Processes Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Engineering Beach Morphodynamics, Sediment Transport Woods Hole, Massachusetts Swansea, Wales, UK Irvine, California Tampa, Florida Michel M. de Mahiques Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Carlos Pereira da Silva Allan Williams Sediment Processes Coastal Geology Coastal Zone Management Coastal Geology São Paulo, Brazil Durham, North Carolina Lisbon, Portugal Swansea, Wales, UK Gonzalo C. Malvárez-Garcia Paolo A. Pirazzoli Alejandro J. Souza Harry F. Williams Beach Morphodynamics Sea-Level Changes Coastal & Sediment Processes Hurricane Sedimentation, Paleotempestology Seville, Spain Paris, France Liverpool, England, UK Denton, Texas Ashish J. Mehta Norbert P. Psuty Tom Spencer Colin D. Woodroffe Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Coastal Geomorphology, Shoreline Erosion Biogeomorphology, Wetland Morphodynamics Coastal Geomorphology, Sea-Level Change Gainesville, Florida New Brunswick, New Jersey Cambridge, England, UK Wollongong, NSW, Australia Nobuo Mimura Ulrich Radtke Marcel Stive Robert S. Young Global Environmental Engineering Coastal Geomorphology Coastal Hydrodynamics, Sediment Dynamics Coastal Processes & Management Ibaraki, Japan Duisburg-Essen, Germany Delft, The Netherlands Cullowhee, North Carolina Fatima Navas Elijah W. Ramsey, III Vallam Sundar Guoliang Yu Coastal Morphodynamics Coastal Image Processing Coastal Engineering Coastal Engineering, Sediment Transport Seville, Spain Lafayette, Louisiana Chennai, India Shanghai, China Robert Nicholls Richard C. Raynie Adam D. Switzer Global Climate Change, Sea-Level Change Wetland/Marsh Restoration, Coastal Erosion Coastal Hazards, Sea-Level Change Southampton, England, UK Baton Rouge, Louisiana NTU, Singapore Karl Nordstrom Kirt Rusenko E. Robert Thieler Coastal Geomorphology Sea Turtles, Dune Restoration Marine Geology New Brunswick, New Jersey Boca Raton, Florida Woods Hole, Massachusetts Julian Orford Anja Scheffers Arthur C. Trembanis Gravel Beaches, Storm Events, Dunes Coastal Evolution Coastal Morphodynamics Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK Lismore, NSW, Australia Newark, Delaware Phil D. Osborne Vic Semeniuk Frank Van Der Meulen Sediment Dynamics, Beach Morphodynamics Coastal Sedimentation, Mangroves Coastal Zone Management, Climate Change Shoreline, Washington Perth, WA, Australia Delft, The Netherlands

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CERF Lifetime Members

Dr. Charles Lemckert Dr. Yong-Sik Cho Dr. Ya-Ping Wang Dr. Nicholas K. Coch Dr. Hany Elwany Dr. Björn Kjerfve Dr. Wei Zhang Mr. Charles Thibault Dr. Erik van Wellen Dr. Frédéric Bouchette

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A Special Acknowledgement To: Associate Professor Dr. Charles Lemckert CERF Lifetime Member

Selected Publications:

Ali, A.; Lemckert, C.J.; Zhang, H., and Dunn, R.J.K., 2014. Sediment dynamics of a very shallow subtropical estuarine lake. Journal of Coastal Research, 30(2), 351-361. Dunn, R.J.K.; Lemckert, C.J.; Teasdale, P.R., and Welsh, D.T., 2013. We are proud to acknowledge Associate Professor Dr. Charles Lemckert as Macroinfauna Dynamics and Sediment Parameters of a Subtropical the Coastal Education & Research Foundation's first ever Lifetime Member. Estuarine Lake—Coombabah Lake (Southern Moreton Bay, Australia). Dr. Lemckert has always showed great support for CERF and the JCR, and Journal of Coastal Research, 29(6A), 156-167. even served as the Chair and Organizer of the 9th International Coastal Ali, A.; Lemckert, C.J., and Dunn, R.J.K., 2010. Salt fluxes within a very Symposium (ICS) at Griffith University (Queensland, Australia) in 2007. shallow subtropical estuary. Journal of Coastal Research, 26(3), 436-443. We are honored to have Dr. Lemckert as a Lifetime Member and warmly recognize his devotion to our coastal research society. Brushett, B.A.; King, B., and Lemckert, C.J., 2011. Evaluation of met-ocean forecast data effectiveness for tracking drifters deployed during operational Associate Professor Lemckert has active research interests in the fields of oil spill response in Australian waters. Journal of Coastal Research, 64, 991- physical limnology, coastal systems, environmental monitoring techniques, 994. environmental fluid dynamics, coastal zone management and engineering education. Along with his postgraduate students and research partners he is Lemckert, C.J.; Zier, J., and Gustafson, J., 2009. Tides in Torres Strait. Journal undertaking research studies on water treatment pond design (for recycling of Coastal Research, 56, 524-52. purposes), the dynamics of drinking water reservoirs, the study of whale migration in South East Queensland Waters, end ocean mixing dynamics.

For a complete list of Dr. Lemckert's publications or his contact information, please visit: http://www.griffith.edu.au/engineering-information-technology/griffith-school-engineering/staff/associate-professor-charles-lemckert

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A Special Acknowledgement To: Professor Yong-Sik Cho CERF Lifetime Member

journals registered in Science Citation Index such as Coastal Engineering, the Journal of Coastal Research, the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, the Journal We are proud to acknowledge Professor Yong-Sik Cho as a Lifetime Member of Hydraulic Research, Physics of Fluids, the Journal of Geophysical Research, of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation. Professor Cho, Yong- the Journal of Engineering Mechanics, and Ocean Engineering. He has also Sik received his bachelors and masters degrees from Hanyang University published 120 papers in domestic journals and about 360 proceedings in in February 1981 and August 1988 respectively, and his Ph.D. from the international and domestic conferences. Professor Cho has also registered School of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Cornell University in eight patents. January, 1995. The title of the thesis is "Numerical Simulations of Tsunami Propagation and Run-up" (Advisor: Professor Philip L.-F. Liu). Selected Publications: He had continuously worked at Cornell University as a Post-Doctoral Associate after graduation. From March of 1997, he had been employed Kim, Y.-C.; Choi, M., and Cho, Y.-S., 2012. Tsunami hazard area predicted as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental by probability distribution tendency. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(5), Engineering at Sejong University and then moved to Hanyang University 1027-1038. in March, 2000. From February 2003 to January 2005, he had served as the Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Cho, Y.-S., 2012. Numerical study for spreading of a pollutant material in Hanyang University. Professor Cho has served as the Director of Innovative coastal environment. Energy Sources, Part A, 34(16), 1459-1470. Global Construction Leader Education Center, a government enterprises Cho, Y.-S.; Kim, T.-K.; Jeong, W.-C., and Ha, T.-M., 2012. Numerical sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, and the Journal of Applied Mathematics Chair of Graduate Studies of the Department of Civil and Environmental simulation of oil spill in ocean. , 2012, Engineering since 2006. 1-15. Professor Cho has published 52 journal papers in prominent international For a complete list of Professor Cho’s publications or his contact information, please visit: http://civil.hanyang.ac.kr/coast/

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A Special Acknowledgement To: RESEARCH PROGRAMMES (PI) Monitoring and Development of support system on seabed topographical changes in Professor Ya-Ping Wang Pearl River Estuary and Taiwan Shoal. Ocean special funds for scientific research on public causes (No. 201105001-2). 2011-2014. RMB 1,570,000 (about USD240,000). CERF Lifetime Member Simulation on the evolution and realignment of North branch, Changjiang Estuary (No. BK2010050). Jiangsu Key NSF. 2010-2012. RMB 250,000 (about USD38,000). Physical processes near bottom boundary layer in shallow seas with strong tides and high turbid water. China NSF (No. 40876043). 2009-2011. RMB 500,000 (about USD77,000). Study and strategy on typical marine hazards of Hainan. Comprehensive Survey and Evaluation Program of Coastal Sea, Hainan Province (No. HN908-02-05). 2008-2011. RMB 250,000 (about USD38,000). Sediment dynamics and associated environment response in intertidal area and estuary. Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No. NCET-06-0446). 2007- MOE Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development 2009. RMB 500,000 (about USD77,000). Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development Wave-current dynamic processes and tidal basin system evolution over tidal flats. China Department of Coastal Ocean Sciences NSF (No. 40576040). 2006-2008. RMB 380,000 (about USD58,000). School of Geography and Oceanography The estuary evolution by human activity impacts and associated hazards potential analysis. Nanjing University, China Jiangsu NSF (No. BK2006131). 2006-2008. RMB 75,000 (about USD12,000). Telephone: (+)86 25 3597308 (O) Siltation hazard and strategy on major embayment and estuary. National Comprehensive Fax: (+)86 25 3592686 Survey and Evaluation Program of China Coastal Ocean (No. 908-02-03-08). 2005- E-mail: [email protected] 2009. RMB 250,000 (about USD38,000). Physical oceanography and marine meteorological survey in Jiangsu coastal sea. National DEGREES AND DIPLOMA Comprehensive Survey and Evaluation Program of China Coastal Ocean (No. JS-908-01- July, 2000: Ph.D. (Marine Sediment Dynamics), Institute of Oceanology, 01). 2005-2009. RMB 921,000 (about USD140,000). Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) July, 1997: M.Sc. (Coastal Geomorphology and Sedimentology), SELECT PUBLICATIONS; Refereed Publications (English papers only) Department of Geography, Nanjing Normal University (China) Huang, H; Wang, Y.P.; Gao, S.; Chen, J.; Yang, Y., and Gao J., 2012. Extraction of July, 1994: B.Sc. (Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology), Department of morphometric bedform characteristics from profiling sonar datasets recorded in Geo-Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University (China) shallow coastal waters of China. China Ocean Engineering, 26(3), 469-482. RESEARCH INTERESTS Yunling Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.P.; Li, Y.; Gao, J.; Jia, J.; Xia, X., and Gao, S., 2012. Coastal Marine Sediment Dynamics; Benthic Boundary Layer Processes; Estuarine and embayment long-term erosion/siltation associated with P-A relationships: A case Coastal Morphodynamics study from Jiaozhou Bay, China. Journal of Coastal Research, 28(5), 1236-1246.

114 Just CERFing Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2016 Continued on Next Page 115 Back Table of Contents Next CERF Lifetime Members A Special Acknowledgement To: forensic studies of older (16th-20th century) hurricanes. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and a Member of The Ph.D., C.P.G Professor Nicholas K. Coch, American Meteorological Society, Society of Sedimentary Geologists, Na- CERF Lifetime Member tional Association of Geology Teachers, American Association of Petroleum Geologists and is a Certified Professional Geologist. Dr. Coch is an expert on Northern Hurricanes and has been a consultant to the N.Y. City Emergency Management Organization and the N.Y.S. Of- fice of Emergency Management. He has presented hurricane seminars to emergency management and government officials in every county in southern New York as well as insurance, reinsurance and risk management groups nationwide. In 2003, he was chosen as a Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer for 2004-2007, and presented lectures on his research at educational and We are proud to acknowledge Professor Dr. Nicholas K. Coch as a Life- research facilities in the U.S. and Canada. time Member of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation. Dr. Coch received his Ph.D. in 1965 from Yale University with a specialization in Programs including aspects of his hurricane research have aired on the sedimentology and coastal geology. In 1967, he joined the faculty at Queens CNN, PBS, Weather, Discovery, History and National Geographic Chan- College of the City University of New York (CUNY). He is now a Professor nels, and in local, national and international news programs and periodicals. of Geology in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Queens Selected Publications: College of C.U.N.Y. and a member of the Doctoral Faculty of CUNY at the Graduate Center. He has co-authored two college geology textbooks Coch, N.K., 2015. Unique vulnerability of the New York-New Jersey Metropolitan (PHYSICAL GEOLOGY) and is the author of GEOHAZARDS (Pear- Area to Hurricane Destruction. Journal of Coastal Research, 31(1), 196-212. son). In 2008, he received the President's Award for Teaching Excellence at Coch, N.K., 2013. A field course in tropical coastal geology. Journal of Coastal Re- Queens College and the John Moss Award For Excellence in College Teach- search, 29(6A), 214-225. ing from the National Association of Geology Teachers. His research studies Coch, N.K., 2006. The unique vulnerability of the Northeast U.S. to hurricane damage. since 1967 have included sedimentation on the Moon, as a Principal In- Geologic Society of America, Abstract with programs, National G.S.A. Meeting vestigator in NASA's Lunar Sample Study Program, and shipboard studies (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). of continental shelf, coastal and estuarine areas in the Northeast, as well as For a complete list of Dr. Coch's publications or ground and aerial studies of the effects of hurricanes on coasts and urban his contact information, please visit: centers. http://www.qc.cuny.edu/Academics/Degrees/DMNS/sees/People/Pages/FacultyResearch.aspx?ItemID=23 His recent research deals with the effects of hurricanes on coasts, urban centers and inland areas, in predicting hurricane damage and in critically analyzing our coastal management policies in a time of sea level rise. He has carried out ground and aerial studies of most recent hurricanes as well as

116 Just CERFing Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2016 Continued on Next Page 117 Back Table of Contents Next CERF Lifetime Members A Special Acknowledgement To: Hany Elwany, Ph.D. CERF Lifetime Member President, Coastal Environments 2166 Avenida de la Playa La Jolla, California, U.S.A. We are proud to acknowledge Dr. Hany Elwany as a Lifetime Member of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation. Dr. Elwany received a B.S. degree in Engineering from Alexandria University in 1971. In 1977, For more information about Dr. Elwany and he completed his Ph.D. at the University of Dundee, United Kingdom. Coastal Environments, please visit: He obtained an additional B.S. degree in Mathematics and Statistics at Alexandria University in 1980. Dr. Elwany has extensive experience http://coastalenvironments.com/ with nearshore oceanography, coastal processes, coastal engineering, and estuarine dynamics. He was the principal investigator for the physical oceanographic program of one of the largest environmental studies ever conducted on the U.S. west coast (at San Onofre). He has conducted in- depth studies of Nile Delta erosion, particularly since the construction of the Aswan Dam. His experience also includes projects involving optimization, numerical modeling, structural dynamic analysis, design of offshore structures, and data analyses, simulation, and dynamic modeling of ocean and coastal conditions. As an educator, both at Liverpool and Alexandria Universities, he taught courses in dynamics, statistics, numerical analysis, computer applications, and maritime engineering. Dr. Elwany also serves as the President of Coastal Environments, a unique multi-disciplinary oceanographic, coastal engineering, and environmental consulting firm. Coastal Environments, founded in 1988, is comprised of over 30 professional associates, all experts in their respective fields. Technical specialties include coastal and ocean engineering, engineering geology, oceanography, marine biology and geology, environmental analysis, economics, statistics, and computer programming/modeling.

118 Just CERFing Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2016 Continued on Next Page 119 Back Table of Contents Next CERF Lifetime Members A Special Acknowledgement To: Björn Kjerfve, Ph.D., Chancellor CERF Lifetime Member has published some 12 books and 250 scientific journal papers, book chapters, and reports; has supervised 14 Ph.D. dissertations and 24 M.S. theses, and taught more than 6,000 oceanography students. His research includes problem-solving in estuarine and coastal waters as well as climate change and has attracted $20 million in research funding for 90 projects. Dr. Kjerfve’s field research has taken place along the East and Gulf coasts of the USA, the Caribbean, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Thailand, Malaysia, the Persian Gulf, Papua New Guinea, and Australia. Dr. Kjerfve was elected as a corresponding member of the Academia Brasileira de Ciências, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in 2012. Dr. Kjerfve has served as the President of the World Maritime University from 2009 to 2014. He now has the great honor of serving as the fourth Chancellor of the American University of Sharjah in the UAE. American University of Sharjah Selected Publications: PO Box 26666, Sharjah United Arab Emirates Cavalcante, G.H.; Kjerfve, B.; Bauman, A.D., and Usseglio, P., 2011. Water http://www.aus.edu currents and water budget in a costal mega-structure, Palm Jumeirah Lagoon, [email protected] Dubai, UAE. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(2), 384-393. We are proud to acknowledge Dr. Björn Kjerfve as a Lifetime Member of the Cavalcante, G.H.; Kjerfve, B.; Knoppers, B., and Feary, D.A., 2010. Coastal Coastal Education & Research Foundation. He is the former Dean of the College currents adjacent to the Caeté Estuary, Pará Region, North Brazil. Estuarine of Geosciences and was a Professor of Oceanography at Texas A&M University, Coastal and Shelf Science, 88(1), 84-90. 2004-2009. While at Texas A&M, he oversaw four academic departments, the Medeiros, C. and Kjerfve, B., 2005. Longitudinal salt and sediment fluxes in a Texas Sea Grant Program, and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), tropical estuary: Itamaracá Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, 21(4), 751-758. including the 475’ocean sciences drilling vessel, D/V JOIDES Resolution. Kjerfve was previously Professor of Marine and Geological Sciences at the University of Perillo, G.M.E. and Kjerfve, B., 2005. Regional estuarine and coastal systems of South Carolina, 1973-2004, and served as the Director of the Marine Science the Americas: An introduction. Journal of Coastal Research, 21(4), 729-730. Program, 2000-2004. He received Ph.D., M.S., and B.A. degrees from Louisiana State University (Marine Sciences), University of Washington (Oceanography), For a complete list of Dr. Kjerfve's publications or and Georgia Southern University (Mathematics), respectively. his contact information, please visit: http://www.aus.edu Professor Kjerfve’s expertise is coastal and estuarine physical oceanography. He

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A Special Acknowledgement To: Associate Professor Wei Zhang, Ph.D. CERF Lifetime Member

State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098, P.R. China http://www.hydro-lab.cn/index_english.asp

Dr. Wei Zhang works as an associate professor of Harbor, Coastal, and Off- shore Engineering in State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University. He focuses on the tidal current, sediment and salinity movement and transportation laws of estuaries and coasts. Dr. Zhang has published over 20 papers in recent years, including five papers indexed by SCI and EI. He took part in one Key Project of National Nature Science Foundation of China, one 95th Year Key Science and Technology Project for the Ministry of Transport, and two Science and Technology Research Projects of Guangdong Province. He has also led youth projects for the National Nature Science Foundation.

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A Special Acknowledgement To: Charles Thibault CERF Lifetime Member

Department of Earth Sciences The University of Memphis 109 Johnson Hall Memphis, TN 38152, U.S.A. http://www.memphis.edu/des/student.php

Chuck Thibault is currently a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Mem- phis and a Geologist for EarthCon, Inc. Mr. Thibault received his M.S. from the University of Washington (Geology) and a B.S. from the Univer- sity of Memphis (Geology). His research interests include coastal and environmental hydrogeology and coastal geomorphology. His current research investigates the movement of storm surge generated saline water plumes through coastal surficial aquifers. Mr. Thibault’s field research has taken place along the U.S. coasts of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Washington, and on the eastern coast of Kamchatka, Russia.

For more information, please contact Mr. Thibault at: [email protected]

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A Special Acknowledgement To: Dr. EUR ING Erik Van Wellen, CEng IntPE(UK) FICE FRGS MCIArb CERF Lifetime Member DEME Head Office in Integrated Coastal Zone Management strategies and how to best balance the competing interests of developments such as harbor facilities, coastal Haven 1025 – Scheldedijk 30 defenses, tourism infrastructures and coastal environment conservation; in- BE-2070 Zwijndrecht, Belgium cluding how best to strike a balance with mitigation and compensation. http://www.deme-group.com He has previously worked as a commercial diver; and since 1999 has worked [email protected] for the DEME Group (Dredging, Environmental and Marine Engineering) where he has held several operational, technical and commercial roles in We are proud to acknowledge Dr. Erik a worldwide setting and is currently employed as an international Project Van Wellen as a Lifetime Member of the Director. Coastal Education and Research Foun- He is a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers and a Fellow of the dation. Dr. Van Wellen received M.Sc. Royal Geographical Society, a Member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitra- degrees from both the Artesis Antwerpen tors and a Member of the CEntral Dredging Association. Dr. Van Wellen is (Civil Engineering) and the University of a Registered Professional Engineer in continental Europe (EUR ING), the Liverpool (Maritime Civil Engineering). UK (CEng) and internationally IntPE(UK). He is considered an expert in In 1999 he subsequently received his such matters as Civil Engineering, Maritime Construction and Dredging; Ph.D. from the University of Plymouth and has considerable knowledge in the field of contract law and alternative with a specialization in sediment trans- dispute resolution. He also has several patents related to aforementioned port modeling. He has authored several technical fields registered to his name. papers in prominent international jour- When not working on engineering or maritime construction projects he nals and conference proceedings. can be found teaching diving as a Staff Instructor for the Professional As- He has research interests in the fields of sociation of Diving Instructors or actively involved in conservation work natural marine sediment dynamics and such as Dive Against Debris or Project AWARE Shark Conservation. His mechanically driven sediment transport, outstanding underwater photographs have graced the cover of the Journal of renewable energy, carbon-economics, operational optimization, data analy- Coastal Research (JCR) more than once. ses and mathematical simulations. During his time on the EuDA (European For a complete list of publications and more information, Dredging Association) Environment Committee he fostered a keen interest please contact Dr. Van Wellen via Skype on: vanwellenerik.

126 Just CERFing Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2016 Continued on Next Page 127 Back Table of Contents Next CERF Lifetime Members A Special Acknowledgement To: Frédéric Bouchette Ph.D. CERF Lifetime Member The scientific activity of Fred Bouchette concerns the development of concepts and methods in relation with the dynamics of shallow water environments. He studies the domain that extends from a few tens of meters of water depth at sea to the coastal watershed onshore, with a strong emphasis on the littoral area and the shoreline itself. He has worked in Spain, Taiwan, Canada, Norway, Chad, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Tunisia, in the French Alps and in the Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean Sea). As testified by his publications, his research combines various points of view from geophysics to geology, including applied mathematics, civil engineering, quantitative geomorphology, with a strong connection to coastal archeology and the analysis of littoral hazards. Nevertheless, his heart's passion still lies with geophysics and applied mathematics. Presently, Fred Bouchette actively works on the conceptualization of the growth Associate Professor of Littoral Dynamics of long term shoreline instabilities such as cuspates or sand spits. On that topic, Geosciences Montpellier his last contribution for the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) is the following UMR 5243 – University of Montpellier / CNRS proceeding: Bouchette, F.; Manna, M.; Montalvo, P.; Nutz., A.; Schuster, M., and Ghi- Following a M.Sc. in physics and mechanics, Fred Bouchette received his Ph.D enne, J.-F., 2014. Growth of cuspate spits. In: Green, A. and Cooper, J.A.G. in March 2001 from the University of Montpellier, South of France. The title of (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2014 the thesis is "Wave/Seabottom Interaction: The Liquefaction Process" (free trans- (Durban, South Africa). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, lation from French; advisor: Professor M. Séguret). After his Ph.D., Fred had been pp. 47-52. employed at the University of Montpellier as an associate professor in the department of Geosciences. From 2008 to early 2011, he had moved to the Institute of Fred Bouchette has published>50 papers and short papers in international jour- mathematics and modeling of Montpellier for a three years long stay. Then, until nals such as Coastal Engineering, Journal of Coastal Research, Discrete and Discon- 2012, he has been hosted as an invited professor in the METOS laboratory at the tinuous Dynamical Systems, Journal of Geophysical Research, Sedimentology, Con- University of Oslo, Norway. He is now back to the University of Montpellier in tinental Shelf Research, Quaternary Research, Ocean Engineering, Marine Geology, the same department of Geosciences. and Climate Research. Most of his works were performed with and for students. He has contributed to more than 80 proceedings in international or domestic From 2002, Fred was asked to build a scientific staff on littoral hydro-morpho- conferences. Fred Bouchette also heads the scientific development of a HPC nu- dynamics called GLADYS (www.gladys-littoral.org). From that time, the group merical platform for coastal engineering (www.mirmidon.org). GLADYS has grown progressively. At now, Fred co-leads the group GLADYS, which rallies most of the scientists working on littoral hydro-morphodynamics For a complete list of publications and more information, please visit: along the French Mediterranean Coast, with distinct approaches ranging from ap- www.bouchette.org plied mathematics to geosciences.

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Norbert P. Psuty Timothy W. Kana Professor Emeritus President Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences Coastal Science & Engineering (CSE) Rutgers University Columbia, South Carolina, USA Newark, New Jersey, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Carl H. Hobbs III Luis Antonio Buenfil-lopez Emeritus Professor of Marine Science Instituto Politécnico Nacional Virginia Institute of Marine Science CIIEMAD Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mexico [email protected] [email protected]

Robert S. Young Georges Chapalain Professor of Geology Directeur de Recherches Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources CETMEF-laboratoire de Génie Côtier et Environnement Director, Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines Plouzane, France Western Carolina University [email protected] Cullowhee, North Carolina, USA [email protected]

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The Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) proudly welcomes the following new members for 2015-2016:

Aboobacker Mamun, Basil Haas, Kevin Nguyen, Anh Amarjouf, Najat Haluska, James Oakley, Adrienne Aranguena, Edorta A. Hansen, Jens Morten Oellermann, Lawrence Keith Armono, Haryo Hart, Deirdre Ofo Numbere, Aroloye Balouin, Yann Hatcher, Bruce Paine, Jeffrey G. Barnett, Joel Hegde, Venkatraman S. Pucino, Nicolas Barreto, Maritza Hosier, Paul E. Purandare, Jemma Belknap, Daniel Hsu, Yulun Ramos, Carmela Cristhy Bilgili, Ata Huang, Zhenhua H. Restrepo, Juan C. Bologna, Paul Hwang, Jin H. Rogers, Kerrylee Bouchette, Frédéric Jewell, Kim Rua, Alex F. Bui, Trong Vinh Kana, Timothy Ruangchuay, Rapeeporn Karaipoom Campbell, Foster Karimpour, Arash Ruiz-Martinez, Gabriel Caudle, Tiffany Kearney, Michael S. Shah, Dharmendra Chapalain, Georges Kelly, Sean Sharples, Chris Chen, Jianfang Kerans, Andrew Slattery, Michael Patrick Chun, Hwusub Kolahdoozan, Morteza Song, Zhiyao Claudino-Sales, Vanda Kong, Jun Stiros, Stathis C. Cornwell, Jeffrey La Peyre, Megan Swanson, Robert Lawrence Currin, Carolyn Lane, Hillary Tajul Baharuddin, Mohamad Faizal Bin Dahm, Jim Latif, Shahid Tebbens, Sarah F. Dai, Heng Non Legare, Bryan Twomey, Niall Dai, Peng Lees, Dennis van Keulen, Mike Dally, William Linder, B. Lee Walker, Ian J. Do, Duc Little, David Waters, Jeffrey P. Donnangelo, Alejandro Liu, James Webb, Bret Maxwell Douglass, Scott Long, Joshua Widmer, Walter Escobar, Carlos Lynk, Kenneth Wright, Ian Ezer, Tal Mann, Thomas Xharde, Regis Ferina, Nicholas McCants, Carson Xie, Zhenglei Fitchen, William M. Miyazaki, Yusuke Xu, Chunyang Flampouris, Stylianos Mooneyhan, David Yu, Guo Funderburk, William Moreno-Casasola, Patricia Zhang, Wei Gonzalez Leija, Mariana Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto Zhang, Xueqing Gonzalez-Alvarez, Sergio Naess, Arvid Zhao, Zhongwei Guedes Soares, Carlos Nagdee, Mohammed Rafik Guzman, Emanuel Narine, Patrick

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CERF MEMBERS Abi-Ghanem, Carine Armono, Haryo Berry, Ashton Carle, Melissa Abogado, María Teresa Arntsen, Oivind Betard, Francois Carobene, Luigi Aboobacker Mamun, Basil Atkins, Rowland Bethel, Matthew Carrasco, Ana Rita Adams, Peter Aucoin, Francis Biljili, Ata Carter, Gregory A. Adegbie, Adesina Augustinus, Pieter Billy, Julie Carvalho da Silva, André L. Adomat, Friederike Azuz-adeath, Isaac Andres Birch, Gavin Casares-Salazar, Rafael Ahmed, Mostafa Baas, Andreas Bittencourt, Abilio Castelle, Bruno Ahrendt, Kai Bae, Jae Seok Bologna, Paul Cattani, Pamela Aiello, Antonello Baeteman, Cecile Bonetti, Jarbas Caudle, Tiffany Akgul, Mehmet Baganha Baptista, Paulo Boon, John Caufield, Brian Andrew Alcantara-Carrio, Javier Balouin, Yann Boothroyd, Jon Cearreta, Alejandro Allan, Jonathan Banks, Ken Bouchette, Frédéric Celso, Felix Almar, Rafael Bao, Kunshan Brill, Dominik Certain, Raphael Alves, Bruna Baptista Baganha Brook, Adam Chandramohan, P. Amarjouf, Najat Barbaro, Giuseppe Brooke, Brendan Chao, Min Amini, Farshad Barboza, Eduardo Brown, Alyson Chapalain, Georges Amos, Carl Barnard, Patrick Bruno, Maria Francesca Charlier, Roger H. Anderson, Agnes Barnett, Joel Brutsche, Katherine Chaumillion, Eric Anderson, Tiffany Barnhardt, Walter Buenfil-lopez, Luis Chen, Guan-yu Anfuso, Giorgio Barreiros, Joao Bugajny, Natalia Chen, Jianfang Angnuureng, Donatus Barreto, Maritza Bui, Trong Vinh Chen, Jianyu Anselme, Brice Barut, Ipek Burningham, Helene Cheng, Jun Anthony, Edward Batayneh, Awni Bush, David Cheng, Yan Antunes Do Carmo, Jose Battiau, Yvonne Buynevich, Ilya Chevalier, Cristele Aragones, Luis Baye, Peter Byrne, Mary-Louise Childs, Jayson Aramuge, Aderito Bayram, Bulent Byrnes, Mark Cho, Yong-Sik Aranguena, Edorta A. Beal, Irina Cahoon, Lawrence Choi, Byung Ho Araújo, Maria Amélia Beck, Tanya Calado, Helena Chrystal, Clinton Arechiga, Jorge Belknap, Daniel Campbell, Foster Josef Chua, Vivien Arena, Felice Benavente, Javier Campbell, Thomas J. Chun, Hwusub Arens, Bas Benedet Filho, Lindino Cannizzaro, Jennifer Chun, Insik Armbruster, Charles Bernasconi, Maria Carbajal, Noel Cienfuegos, Rodrigo

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Clara, Moira de Sousa Felix, Rosigleyse C. Escobar, Carlos Geiman, Joseph Claudino-Sales, Vanda Defeo, Omar Esteban, M. Dolores Gelinas, Morgan Cline, Marie Delgado-Fernandez, Irene Esteves, Luciana Georgiou, Ioannis Coch, Nicholas Delpesh, Charmaine O'brien Etienne, Samuel Ghandour, Ibrahim Cohn, Nicholas Dentale, Fabio Evans, Graham Giese, Graham Concejo, Ana Vila Deo, M.C. Everts, Craig Glick, Patty Conley, Daniel C. Dethier, Megan Ewing, Lesley Goble, Bronwyn Cooper, J. Andrew Dias, Gilberto Ezer, Tal Godinez-Orta, Lucio Cornejo Ortega, Jose Luis Dias, João Miguel Fang, Kezhao Gomez, Rocio Carrero Cornwell, Jeffrey Diaz-Sanchez, Roberto Farrell, Stewart Gong, Zheng Crowell, Mark Dickson, Stephen Feagin, Rusty Gontz, Allen M. Cuadrado, Diana G. Diez, J. Javier Ferentinou, Maria Gonzalez Leija, Mariana Berenice Cuc, Nguyen Dionne, Jean-Claude Ferina, Nicholas Gonzalez-Alvarez, Sergio Currin, Carolyn Do, Duc Minh Fernandes, Marcus Gonzalez-Zamorano, Patricia D'Sa, Eurico Donnangelo, Alejandro Ferreira, Maria Adelaide Gonzalo, Malvarez Garcia da Silva Dias, Francisco Donoghue, Joseph Ferreira, Oscar Manuel Goodman, Patricia da Silva, Anderson Dornbusch, Uwe Finkl, Charles W. Goodwin, Ian David da Silva, Andre Douglass, Scott Fitchen, William M. Gopaul, Nazeer Dahm, Jim Doyle, Alister FitzGerald, Duncan Gornitz, Vivien Dai, Heng Non Doyle, Thomas Flampouris, Stylianos Gorokhovich, Yuri Dai, Peng Duce, Stephanie Fletcher, Charles Granja, Helena Maria Dai, Zhijun Duclos, Pierre-Arnud Flores Montes, Manuel Green, Andrew Dally, William Dudzinska-Nowak, Joanna Fortunato, André Griggs, Gary Davidson-Arnott, R. Dusek, Gregory Frederickson, Erlend Grover, Robert Davis, Richard Albert Dzwonkowski, Brian Freedman, Janet Guastella, Lisa Day, John Eakins, Barry Freeman, Angelina Guedes Soares, Carlos de Andrade, Luciana Echeverria, Carlos Friedrichs, Carl Gundlach, Erich de Assis Machado, Raquel Ehrlich, Üllas Froede, Carl Guy, Donald De Falco, Giovanni El-Asmar, Hesham Fuentenebro, Maria Guzman, Emanuel de Jager, Alfred Eliot, Ian Funderburk, William Ha, Taemin de Lacerda, Luiz Drude Ellis, Jean T. Furmanczyk, Kazimierz Haas, Kevin de Lange, W.P. Elwany, Hany Gale, Emma Hale, Rachel De Muro, Sandro Ennis, Brad Gallego-Fernandez, Juan Halsey, Susan D. de Oliveira, Anabela P. Ericksen, Marc Gao, Shu Haluska, James

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Hanamgond, Pramod Hu, Jiauyu Kaminsky, George Kong, Jun Haney, Rebecca Huang, Wenrui Kana, Timothy Kont, Are Hansen, Jens Morten Huang, Zhenhua H. Kang, Jeongwon Kosmynin, Vladimir Hanslow, David Huff, Robert Karimpour, Arash Kovacs, John Hanson, Hans Hughes, Michael Kaszubowski, Leszek Kowalski, Joseph Hardaway, C. Scott Huisman, Bastiaan Kearney, Michael S. Krestenitis, Yannis N. Harman, Ben Hunt, Trent Keen, Timothy Kriebel, David L. Harris, Michael Hwang, Jin H. Kelletat, Dieter Kuang, Cuiping Hart, Deirdre Hwang, Sun-Wan Kelley, Joseph Kumar, P.K. Hartwell, S. Ian Ibba, Angelo Kelly, Christopher Kure, Shuichi Haslett, Simon Iida, Tatsuki Kelly, Sean Kusuda, Tetsuya Hatcher, Bruce Isla, Federico Kench, Paul Kwarteng, Andy Yaw Hegde, A. Vittal Jackson, Nancy L. Kennedy, David La Peyre, Megan Hegde, Venkatraman S. Jarmalavicius, Darius Kenov, Isabella Laboyrie, Kurt Hegge, Bruce John Jena, Basanta Kerans, Andrew James Labuz, Tomasz Heilman, Daniel Jeng, Dong-Sheng Keyers, Jessica Lace, Michael Henderson, Gina Jensen, Jesper Kidder, George Laibi, Raoul Hennecke, Werner Jenson, John Kim, Chang S. Lakhan, V. Chris Henry, Kelly Jewell, Kim Kim, Choong-Ki Lally, John Hester, Mark Jewell, Laura Kim, Dongseon Lam, Nina Hill, Douglas Jian, Shuguang Kim, Kyeong Ok Lane, Hillary Hilton, Mike Johnson, David Kim, Kyuhan Lapine, Chris Ho, Chung-Ru Johnson, Markes Kindinger, Jack L. Larnier, Stanislas Hoagland, Porter Johnsson, Mark Kjerfve, Bjorn Lathrop, Richard Hobbs, Carl Jolicoeur, Serge Kizhisseri, Abdulla Sharief Latif, Shahid Hoekstra, Piet Jones, Christopher Klemas, Victor Lau, Anthony Holgate, Simon Jones, Rebekah Knight, Jasper Leadon, Mark Hoonhout, Bas Jordan, Elizabeth Jean Kobayashi, N. Leatherman, Stephen Horn, Diane Judd, Frank Kocum, Esra Lee, Hee Horsburgh, Kevin Jugwanth, Samista Koftis, Theoharris Lee, Jun-Whan Hosier, Paul E. Kabiling, Mike Kokot, Roberto Roque Lee, Tae-Won Houston, James Kabuth, Alina Kolahdoozan, Morteza Lees, Dennis Hsu, Tai-Wen Kaempf, Jochen Kolerski, Tomasz Lefebvre, Jean-Pierre Hsu, Yulun Kaiser, Mona Komar, Paul D. Legare, Bryan

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Lemckert, Charles Loureiro, Carlos McDowell Peek, Katie Murray, A. Brad Lencart e Silva, João Loveson, Victor McKenna, Kimberly K. Murren, Courtney Levoy, Franck Lucrezi, Serena McLaren, Patrick Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto Lewis, Matt Luijendijk, Arjen Medellin, Gabriela Naess, Arvid Lewis, Roy Lychagin, Mikhail Medina-Gomez, Israel Nagdee, Mohammed Rafik Li, Jin Lynk, Kenneth Medina, Raul Naidu, V.S. Li, Linjuan Magarotto, Mateus Mehta, Ashish Naquin, James Liang, Bingchen Mahgoub, Mohamed Mendelssohn, Irving Narine, Patrick Liang, Shin-Jye Mahiques, Michel Mendoza-Gonzalez, Gaby Nava-Sanchez, Enrique Liang, Shuxiu Maio, Christopher Messaros, Roy Navas Concha, Fatima Lim, Hak-Soo Makowski, Christopher Meyer-Arendt, Klaus Neal, William Lin, Haijiang Malan, Niel Miles, Jon Needelman, Brian Lin, Tsung-Yi Malvarez Garcia, Gonzalo Miller, Deborah Negro, Vicente Linder, B. Lee Mann, Thomas Miller, Eric Nettles, N.S. Linhoss, Anna Mano, Akira Miller, Ian Neumeier, Urs Lisimenka, Aliaksandr Marchese, Christian Mimura, Nobuo Neves, Claudio F. Lisle, Lorance Dix Marcomini, Silvia Min, Jee-Eun Nguyen, Anh List, Jeffrey Markull, Katrin Miossec, Alain Nicholls, Robert J. Little, David Irving Marques, Joana Miyazaki, Yusuke Nicolas, Robin Little, Mimely Marrack, Lisa Monge, Jackie Nordstrom, Karl Liu, James Martinez Diaz de Leon, Asdrubal Montefalcone, Monica November, Eben Liu, Kam-biu Martinez Flores, Guillermo Monteiro, Marcos Numanoglu, Genc Asli Liu, Sen Martinez, Maria Mooneyhan, David Nunes Barboza, Conceicao Liu, Yue Martins, Ana Moore, Gregg Nunes da Rocha, Saulo M. Lonard, Robert Martivs, Maria Moran, Kelli O'brien Delpesh, Charmaine Long, Jordan Mason, Owen Moreland, Kimber O'Shea, Michael Long, Joshua Mateo, Zenon Moreno-Casasola, Patricia Barcelo Oakley, Adrienne Jean Lonyszyn, Przemyslaw Matias, Ana Moskalski, Susanne Oakley, Brian Lopes Alves, Fátima Mattheus, Robin Mozley, Edward Oakley, Bryan Lopes, Carina Mawdsley, Robert Mull, Jeremy Obeysekera, Jayantha López Gutiérrez, Jose S. Mazaheri, Said Munoz-Perez, Juan Obiefuna, Jerry López, Gloria McBride, Randolph Alexander Murakoshi, Naomi Oellermann, Lawrence Keith Losada Rodriguez, Miguel McCants, Carson Murdukhayeva, Angelica Ofo Numbere, Aroloye Louda, J. William McCorquodale, Alex Murillo, Elizabeth Marie Oh, Sang-Ho

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Olea, Richardo Plecha, Sandra Robertson, William Shah, Dharmendra Ollerhead, Jeff Poate, Timothy Rogers, Kerrylee Shahrizal, Ab Razak Mohd Olsen, Erik Pokavanich, Tanuspong Romeu, Marco Sharples, Chris Oltman-Shay, Joan Pons, Frank Rosen, Peter Shaw, Charles Orford, Julian Pousa, Jorge Rossi-Santos, Marcos Sherman, Douglas Ortiz, Juan Pranzini, Enzo Rua, Alex F. Sherman, Heidi Osborne, Philip Psuty, Norbert Ruangchuay, Rapeeporn Karaipoom Shih, Ruey-Syan Oseji, Ozuem Pucino, Nicolas Rusenko, Kirt Shim, Jae-Seol Ozturk, Derya Pupienis, Donatus Russell, Barbara Shin, Sungwon Paine, Jeffrey G. Purandare, Jemma Ryan, Emma Jean Shipman, Hugh Palalane, Jaime Pye, Kenneth Saito, Yoshiki Short, Andrew Paquier, Anne-Eleonore Quan, Steven Saitoh, Takehisa Shrestha, Pravi Park, Heung-Sik Quigg, Antonietta Salmon, Michael Silva Gomes, Raimunda K. Park, Kyeong Radermacher, Max Salzmann, Leslee Silva, Juliana Parker, Hugh Radtke, Ulrich Sander, Lasse Silva, Rodolfo Parks, David Rahman, Saeed Sanders, Brett Simeone, Simone Parnell, Kevin Rahn, Jennifer Sas, Marc Simpson, David Pattiaratchi, C.B. Ramos, Carmela Cristhy Savoya, Veronica Sinclair, Alex Paulsen, Manfred Ramsay, P.J. Scheffers, Anja Maria Slattery, Michael Patrick Pavlidou, Alexandra Ramsey III, Elijah Schembri, Patrick Slaymaker, David Pechsiri, Joseph Randazzo, Giovanni Schiller, Rafael Slim, Pieter Pelinovsky, Efim Rangger, Helmut Schmid, Keil Slinger, Jill Pereira da Silva, Carlos Reid, Sergey Schwab, William Smith, Alan Pereira, Luci Ren, Hai Schwartz, Maurice Smith, Ernest Perez, Carlos Renato, Paulo Schwarzer, Klaus Solari, Sebastian Peterson, Curt D. Resio, Don Scott, Timothy Sommerfield, Christopher Phillips, Mike Restrepo, Juan C. Sealey, Kathleen Song, Zhiyao Pierce, Aaron Richards, Russell Seidle, Peter Souza Filho, Jose R. Pilkey, Orrin Riksen, Michel Sembiring, Leo Souza, Alejandro Pinet, Paul R. Ritphring, Sompratana Semeniuk, Vic Spencer, T. Pintado, Emilia Ritter, Erich Senechal, Nadia Spetter, Carla Pinto, Josep Ro, Young Jae Serra-Raventos, Jordi Sposato, Patricia Pirazzoli, Paolo Roberts, H.H. Sexton, Walter J. Staiger, Jon C. Pivovaroff, Alex Robertson, John Shaffer, Anne Stanley, Jean-Daniel

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Steichen, Jamie Torio, Dante Wang, Fu Xie, Zhenglei Stewart, William Trembanis, Arthur Wang, Jian-hua Xu, Chunyang Stiros, Stathis C. Tseng, Yung Wang, Jieyong Xu, Yan Stive, Marcel Tsujimoto, Gozo Wang, Ke Yang, Qingxuan Stokes, Christopher Tuan, Do Anh Wang, Ping Yao, Yu Stotz, Wolfgang Tuominen, Jyrki Wang, Ya Ping Ye, Ming Styles, Richard Turner, Eugene R. Wang, Ying Yokoyama, Katsuhide Suastika, Ketut Turpie, Kevin Wang, Zongming Yoshida, Jun Suh, Kyung-duck Twomey, Niall Ward, Larry Young, Donald Suh, SeungWon Underwood, Steve Warren, Richard E. Young, Robert S. Sundar, Vallam Vacchi, Matteo Waters, Jeffrey P. Yu, Guo Sutherland, Michael van der Meulen, Frank Watson, Phil Yu, Tai-Yi Suursaar, Ülo van der Valk, L. Webb, Bret Maxwell Zahid, Ahmed Swanson, Larry van Dijk, Deanna Weir, Adam Zalewski, Tomasz Swanson, Robert Lawrence van Dongeren, Albertus Weishar, Lee Zavala-Hidalgo, Jorge Switzer, Adam van Heteren, Sytze Wells, John Zhan, Jie-min Szefler, Kazimierz van Keulen, Mike Wetzelhuetter, Chris Zhang, Keqi Szeglin, Arthur van Wellen, Erik Weymer, Bradley Zhang, Peidong Tajul Baharuddin, Mohamad Faizal Bin Varnell, Lyle White, John Zhang, Wei Talke, Stefan Vaz, Nuno Widmer, Walter Zhang, Xueqing Tanski, J. Vella, Godfrey Williams, Allan Thomas Zhang, Zhihong Tatui, Florin Venekey, Virag Williams, Harry Zhao, Zhongwei Taylor, Eleonor Verville, Jean-François Windom, Herb Zhu, Jianrong Tebbens, Sarah F. Vespremeanu-Stroe, Alfred Wolters, Michel Terchunian, Aram Vicinanza, Diego Woodroffe, C.D. Terefenko, Pawel Villagran, Mauricio Woodworth, Philip Thibault, Charles Henry Vilumaa, Kadri Woolard, Liza Thieler, Robert E. Vollmer, Heather Wootton, Louise Thorner, Jaqueline Walker, Cameron Wright, Eric Thorpe, Antony Walker, Ian J. Wright, Ian Tomás, Luís Miguel Walker, Simon Wu, Jia-Ping Tomlinson, Rodger Wallace, Davin Wu, Weiming Tong, Chuan Walter, Scott Wynja, Valerie Tõnisson, Hannes Walther, Michael Xharde, Regis

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JCR Outside Reviewers 2015

The outside reviewers of the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) have generously donated their time to conduct the review process, which includes the thorough evaluation of manuscripts by providing comments and recommendations to the Editor-in-Chief concerning the ultimate disposition of submitted material. Because we frequently receive reviews from specialists outside of our own Editorial Board, we acknowledge with thanks the following reviewers who have vetted papers submitted to the JCR. Their interest and cooperation are much appreciated.

Acosta-Velázquez, Joanna, CONABIO, Mexico Akter, Jakia, UNESCO-IHE, Netherlands Borrelli, Mark, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, United States Alagan Chella, Mayilvahanan, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Bozzeda, Fabio, Universita del Salento, Italy Albrecht, Frauke, Universidad de Concepcion, Chile Broussard, Whitney, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States Alcantara-Carrio, Javier, Universidad Catolica de Valencia, Spain Browne, Nicola, James Cook University, Australia Alfredini, Paolo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil Bruno, Daniel, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC- CONICET), Argentina Alkire, Abby Lynn, University of South Carolina, United States Bruno, Regina Lucia Machado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Almeida, Diana Neves de, Institute of Geopraphy and Spatial Planning, Portugal Buenfil-Lopez, Luis Antonio, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico Alonso, Guadalupe, Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Argentina Burley, David M., Southeastern Louisiana University, United States Alvarez, Reviewer, IMPA, Brazil Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira, Luci, Universidade Federal do Parã–Brasil, Brazil Alves Martins, Maria Virginia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Cala, Yuself, ECOSUR, Mexico Anderas, Lars, University of Massachusetts–Boston, United States CAO, Yuguang, China University of Petroleum Huadong, China Anfuso, Giorgio, University of Cadiz, Spain Cao, Haijin, Hohai University, China Antunes do Carmo, José Simão, IMAR–University of Coimbra, Portugal Cappietti, Lorenzo, University of Florence, Italy Aquino da Silva, Andre Giskard, Christian Albrechts Universitãt zu Kiel, Germany Carbajal, Noel, Instituto Potosino de Investigacio´n Científica y Tecnologica, Mexico Aragone´s, Luis, University of Alicante, Spain Carelli Fontes, Roberto Fioravanti, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil Araújo, Maria AssunÇão, Univ. Oporto, Portugal Carneiro, Juliane, Federal University of Paranã, Brazil Arena, Felice, Mediterranea University, Italy Carson, Mike, Australian National University, Australia Ashraf, P Muhamed, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, India Castedo Ruiz, Ricardo, School of Mines (UPM), Spain Bagheri, Milad, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia Castelle, Bruno, Universite´ Bordeaux I, France Baker, Robert G.V., University of New England, Australia Castillo, Jesus, University of Seville, Spain Balzano, Andrea, University of Cagliari, Italy Cavalcante, Geórgenes Hilãrio, Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil Banks, Kenneth, Broward Environmental Protection and Growth Management Dept., United States Chen, Qingqiang, East China Normal University, China Barbirato, Juliano, Universidade Vila Velha, Brazil Chen, Jianyu, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China Barboza, ConceiÇáo Denise Nunes, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Chen, Jian-fang, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China Barkovskii, Andrei L., Georgia College and State University, United States Chen, Guang Cheng, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China Barman, Nilay Kanti, Hijli College (Vidyasagar University), India Chen, Luzhen, Xiamen University, China Cheng, Hong, Beijing Normal University, China Bassi, Davide, Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, Italy Cheng, Yongcun, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, United States Beaugrand, Hawley, University of Victoria, Canada Cheng, Jun, University of South Florida, United States Benedet, Lindino, Coastal Planning & Engineering, United States Cheung, Zhenwei, Island Research Center, S.O.A., China Bernasconi, Maria Pia, University of Calabria, Italy Cho, Yong-Sik, Hanynag University, Republic of Korea Berry, Ashton James, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia Choi, Byung Ho, Sungkyunkwan Univeristy, Republic of Korea Bi, Xiaoli, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, China Chun, Hwusub, Samsung Electronics, Republic of Korea Bokuniewicz, Henry J., Stony Brook University, United States Ciesliñski, Roman, University of Gdañsk, Poland Bologna, Paul, Montclair State University, United States Coleman, Richard, University of Tasmania, Australia Boon, John, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, United States Coles, Neil, University of Western Australia, Australia

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Cosentino, Claudia, Universitãdegli Studi di Palermo, Italy Gomes, Moab, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Czitrom, Steven Peter, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de México, Mexico Gong, Zheng, Hohai University, China Dai, Zhijun, East China Normal University, China Gontz, Allen M., University of Massachusetts–Boston, United States dai, heng, Florida State University, United States Gorokhovich, Yuri, Lehman College, CUNY, United States Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick, Monmouth University, United States GOUDA, Krushna Chandra, CSIR C-MMACS, India de Jager, Alfred, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Italy Gracia, Francisco Javier, University of Cadiz, Spain de Jesus Flores, Manuel, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil Green, David Richard, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom De La Vega-Leinert, Anne Cristina, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Germany Gúnes, Aslı, Egean University Bayındır Vocational Training School, Turkey de Moura MONTEIRO, SURY, Universidade Federal do Para, Brazil Guerra-Santos, Jesús, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Mexico de Oliveira Torquato, Felipe, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil Guillou, Nicolas, CETMEF, France de Sá Guerreiro, Juliana, Universidade Federal do Pará , Brazil Guimarães, Pedro, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil De Serio, Francesca, Technical University of Bari, Italy Defeo, Omar, Facultad de Ciencias, Uruguay Guimaráes Barboza, Eduardo, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Dellapenna, Timothy Michael, Texas A&M University at Galveston, United States Guo, Jie, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China den Bieman, Joost, Deltares, Netherlands Gurdek, Rodrigo, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Uruguay Dengen, Nataniel, Mulawarman University, Indonesia Hagy, James, U.S. EPA, United States Dentale, Fabio, MEDUS–Maritime Engineering Division University of Salerno, Italy Hampson, Robert, Moffatt and Nichol, United States Di Martino, Vincenzo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche / National Research Counsil, Italy Hapke, Cheryl, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Dias Loureiro, Daniel, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Hardaway, Caswell Scott, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, United States Díez-Minguito, Manuel, University of Granada, Spain Harff, Jan, Baltic Sea Research Institute, Germany Dong, Sheng, College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, China Harith, Hadzley, Fisheries Research Institute, Malaysia Donoghue, Joseph F., University of Central Florida, United States Hatcher, Scott Vincent, Memorial University, Canada Dvarioniene, Jolanta, Kaunas University of technology, Lithuania Heller, Valentin, The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom Echeverría, Carlos Alejandro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Hernández Cordero, Antonio Ignacio, Universidad de Las Palmas de GC, Spain Elwany, Hany, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, United States Hernández-Walls, Rafael, UABC, Mexico Emerich Souza, Priscila, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil Hesp, Patrick Allan, Flinders University, Australia Ergul, Halim Aytekin, Kocaeli University, Turkey Hill, David, Oregon State University, United States Esteban, M Dolores, UPM, Spain Hoang, Tin Cong, Curtin University, Australia Esteves, Luciana, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom Houston, James R., Engineer Research and Development Center, United States Eulie, Devon, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, United States Hsu, Yulun, Fo Guang University, Taiwan Ezell, John, University of Florida, United States Hu, Xiaozhou, Central South University, China Ezer, Tal, Old Dominion University, United States Hu, Kelin, Louisiana State University, United States Hua, JIANG, Shaoguan University, China Farris, Monica T., University of New Orleans, United States Huang, Wenrui, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, United States Farris, Emmanuele, University of Sassari, Italy Huang, Wei Po, National Taiwan Ocean Univ., Taiwan Feng, Xingru, Chinese academy of sciences, China Huang, Xiao, University of California Irvine, United States Ferreira, Oscar, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal Huang, Zhenhua, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States Filippo, Alessandro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Hubbard, Dennis, Oberlin College, United States FitzGerald, Duncan M., Boston University, United States Huiru, Ren, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, China Flampouris, Stylianos, University of Southern Mississippi, United States Hunt, Melody, South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, United States Foley, Mary, National Park Service, United States Ismail, Zubaidah, University of Malaya, Malaysia Franca, Marlon, Federal Institute of Para, Brazil Jeng, Dong-Sheng, Griffith University, Australia Funderburk, William Richard, University of Southern Mississippi, United States Jeong, Kwang Young, Korea Hydrogarphic and Oceanographic Administration, Republic of Korea Furmanczyk, Kazimierz Konrad, University of Szczecin, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Poland Jingtao, Liu, Binzhou University, China Furukawa, Yoko, Naval Research Laboratory, United States Jose da Silva Dias, Francisco, Universidade Federal do Cearã , Brazil Gandara Martins, Ana Luiza, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil Judd, Frank Wayne, University of Texas-Pan American, United States Gao, Shu, Nanjing University, China K R, Renjith, Cochin University of Science and Technology, India Gao, Li, Gannett Fleming, Inc., United States Kamath, Arun, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Norway Gevaña, Dixon, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Philippines Kandasamy, Kathiresan, Annamalai University, India GHIONIS, GEORGE, University of Athens, Greece Katz, Rachel, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States

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Kazmer, Miklos, Eotvos University, Hungary Marshburn, Ernest Guy, East Carolina University, United States Kearney, Michael S., University of Maryland, United States Marteleira, Rita, Instituto Superior Técnico–Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Kelletat, Dieter Hanns, University of Duisburg–Essen, Germany Masciadri, Silvana, Universidade Federal Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil Kelpsaite, Loreta, Klaipeda University, Lithuania Maskell, John, National Oceanography Centre, United Kingdom Kempema, Edward, University of Wyoming, United States Mastronuzzi, Giuseppe, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy Kidd, Ian, University of Tasmania, Australia Mathara Arachchi, Samanmali, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Kim, Kyeong Ok, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Republic of Korea McIlvenny, Jason, University of the Highlands and Islands; North highland College, United Kingdom Koftis, Theoharris, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece McLaren, Patrick, SedTrend Analysis Limited, Canada Kolerski, Tomasz, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Medina-Gómez, Israel, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico Kolker, Alexander Samuel, Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, United States Mehta, Ashish J., Nutech Consultants, Inc., United States Kon, Koetsu, University of Tsukuba, Japan Mendes Silveira, Tanya, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Portugal Kong, Jun, Hohai University, China Mendoza, Gabriela, Instituto de Ecología, Mexico Kopa-Ovdienko, Nikita, Zubov’s State Oceanographic Institute, Russian Federation Mirlean, Nicolai, Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil Koutandos, Evangelos, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Greece Mo, Wenyuan, Center for Coastal Ocean Science and Technology, China LaBarbiera, Carolyn Marie, Duke University, United States Montes Arechiga, Jorge Manuel, Centro de Investigación Cientíífica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Landi, Marco, University of Siena, Italy BC, Mexico Larroude, Philippe, University Joseph Fourier of Grenoble, France Moore, Gregg Emery, University of New Hampshire, United States Lee, Woo-Dong, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea Morang, Andrew, Engineer Research and Development Center, United States Lee, Guan-Hong, Inha University, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Moskalski, Susanne, Stockton University, United States Lees, Dennis Cody, Littoral Ecological & Environmental Services, United States Muñoz Vallés, Sara, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain Lewis, Matt, Bangor University, United Kingdom Munoz-Perez, Juan Jose, University of Cadiz, Spain Li, Yi, Marine Infrastructure Dynamics Corp., Canada Li, Jianguo, Nanjing University, China Murren, Courtney, College of Charleston, United States Liang, Bingchen, Ocean University of China, China Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto C., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, United States liang, shuxiu, State Key Lab. of Coastal and Offshore Eng., China Nakaza, Eizo, Ryukyus University, Japan Liang, Shin-Jye, The National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan Narayana, A. C, University of Hyderabad, India Lim, Hwee-San, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Neumann, Barbara, Kiel University, Germany Little, David Irving, David. I. Little (MA, PhD) Limited, United Kingdom Nguyen, Phong Tan, James Cook University, Australia Liu, Jian, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Niu, Lixia, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Liu, Rongjie, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China Liu, Yongxue, Nanjing University, China Nordstrom, Karl, Rutgers University, United States Liu, Wen-Cheng, National United University, Taiwan, Province Of China Nunnally, Clifton Charles, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States Liu, Feng, Sun Yat-Sen University, China Nurlu, Engin, Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Turkey Liu, Changgen, Tianjin University, China Oakley, Bryan Andrew, Eastern Connecticut State University, United States Liu, Mingxiao, North China University, China Ocanã Borrego, Frank Alberto, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Mexico Lobo, Francisco Jose´, CSIC, Spain Ojeda, Elena, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Instituto de Ingenieria, Mexico Lonard, Robert, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United States Olin, Jill A., Stony Brook University, United States Longhitano, Sergio Giuseppe, Basilicata University, Italy Olmedo-Cobo, Jose´ Antonio, Universidad de Granada, Spain Lopes Paiva, Mariele, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil Orford, Julian David, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom Losada Rodr´ıguez, Miguel Angel, Universidad de Granada, Spain Ortiz, Juan Carlos, Universidad del Norte, Colombia Lu, Qingshui, CAS, China Ortiz-Burgos, Selene, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional, Mexico Lu, Yu, Harbin Engineering University, China Oseji, Ozuem Frederick, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, United States Lucas, Kelly, Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, United States O’Shea, Michael, University College Cork, Ireland Lucrezi, Serena, North-West University, South Africa Oyedotun, Temitope Dare Timothy, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria Luiz Mattos Laut, Lazaro, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro– UNIRIO, Brazil Ozgur Kirca, V.S., Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Turkey Makarynskyy, Oleg, URS Australia, Australia Palinkas, Cindy, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, United States Makowski, Chris, Coastal Education & Research Foundation, United States Pan, Yi, Hohai University, China Malvarez, Gonzalo C., Universidad de Sevilla, UPO, Spain Pan, Jero´nimo, National University at Mar del Plata, Argentina Mann, Thomas, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Germany Park, Jae Hyun, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea Mariotti, Giulio, Louisiana State University, United States Marrack, Lisa, UC Berkeley, United States Park, Young Hyun, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Republic of Korea

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Perez, Carlos Daniel, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco–CAV, Brazil Solari, Luca, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Italy Pérez-Castañeda, Roberto, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas, Mexico Sommerfield, Christopher, University of Delaware, United Perner, Kerstin, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Germany States Song, Dehai, Ocean University of China, China Phillips, Michael Robert, Swansea Metropolitan University, United Kingdom Soomere, Tarmo, Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Piazza Meireles, Ricardo, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil Souza, Sirius Oliveira, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil Pierce, Aaron, Nicholls State University, United States Storlazzi, Curt, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Pierro, Thomas, Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc., United States Sullivan Sealey, Kathleen, University of Miami, United States Pilkey, Orrin H., Duke University, United States Sun, Zhaochen, Dalian University of Technology, China Pinho, Jose´, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Taborda, Rui, Univ. Lisbon, Portugal Pomeroy, Andrew, The University of Western Australia, Australia Tang, Yougang, Tianjin University, China Taramelli, Andrea, ISPRA, Italy Postacchini, Matteo, Universitã` Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Tebbens, Sarah, Wright State University, United States Purba, Noir, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia Teodoro, Ana Cláudia, Faculty of Science University of Porto, Portugal Quan, Steven, California State University, Monterey Bay, United States Thieler, E. Robert, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, United States Ramasamy, Manivanan, Central Water and Power Research Station, India Tong, Chuan, Fujian Normal University, China Ramsey, III, Elijah, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Tónisson, Hannes, Institute of Ecology at Tallinn University, Estonia Reale, Ferdinando, University of Salerno, Italy Tudor, David, Pelagos Consulting, United Kingdom Reis Gutierres, Francisco, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Turner, R. Eugene, Louisiana State University, United States Reis-Santos, Patrick, MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Portugal Ullmann, Albin, Centre de Recherches de Climatologie, France Reo, Bianca Marie, University of Pennsylvania, United States Uzaki, Ken-ichi, Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan Reyes-Mendoza, Oscar, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico Vale, Claudia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil Ribeiro, Rannyele, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Vernon Carle, Melissa, NOAA, Marine Fisheries, United States Ricklefs, Klaus, University of Kiel, Germany Vieira Pinheiro, Liliana, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal Rincón, Jesú s, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain Vieira da Silva, Guilherme, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Ro, Young Jae, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea Wadey, Matthew, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Roberts Briggs, Tiffany, Florida Atlantic University, United States Walker, Brian, Nova Southeastern University, United States Robertson Parham, Peter, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Wang, Wei, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Romine, Bradley, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, United States Wang, Siyuan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Rossi-Santos, Marcos, Tauassu Ambiental, Brazil Wang, Hu, Ocean University of China, China Rúa, Alex, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia Wang, Xing, Ocean University of China, China Ruiz, Gabriel, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico Wang, Ke, Remote Sensing and Information System Application, China Safak, Ilgar, United States Geological Survey, United States Wang, Changyou, School of Marine Sciences, China Samaras, Achilleas, University of Bologna, Italy Wang, Yan, State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, China Sanay, Rosario, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico Wang, Hongqing, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Santhi Pechsiri, Joseph, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden Warrick, Jonathan, U.S. Geological Survey, United States Santoro, Pablo Esteban, Facultad de Ingeniería–Universidad de la República, Uruguay Watson, Elizabeth Burke, CICESE, Mexico Santos, Thuareag, Universidade Federal do Para, Brazil Weaver, Robert, Florida Institute of Technology, United States Satkunas, Jonas, Lithuanian Geological Survey, Lithuania Webb, Bret, University of South Alabama, United States Scanu, Sergio, Tuscia University, Italy Wheeler, Peter, Monash University, Australia Schupp, Courtney, National Park Service, United States Williams, Amy, Texas A&M University, United States Seelam, Jaya Kumar, National Institute of Oceanography, India Windom, Herbert, University of Georgia, United States Shand, Tom, Tonkin & Taylor Ltd., New Zealand Wootton, Louise, Georgian Court University, United States Shaw, Charles, Centro Ecologico Akumal, Mexico Wright, Ian, Christchurch City Council, New Zealand Shih, Ruey Syan, Tungnan University, Taiwan Wright, L. Donelson, Southeastern Universities Research Association, United States Sílc, Urban, ZRC SAZU, Slovenia Wu, Meilin, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Smith, Grant Alexander, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia Wu, Wei, The University of Southern Mississippi, United States Smith, Stephen Michael, National Park Service, United States Xia, Meng, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, United States Smith, Jordan, Utah State University, United States Xie, Lingling, Guangdong Ocean University, China Soares Santos-Filho, Francisco, Universidade Estadual do Piaui, Brazil Xie, Mingxiao, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, China

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Xu, Qing, Hohai University, China Zhan, Jie-min, Sun Yat Sen University, China Yang, Shi Lun, East China Normal University, China Zhang, Yi, Altair Engineering, Inc., United States Yao, Yu, Changsha University of Science & Technology, China Zhang, Wenyan, Institute of Physics, Germany Yaukey, Peter, University of New Orleans, United States Zhang, Huaguo, Second Institute of Oceanography, China Yi, Liang, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China Zheng, Jinhai, Hohai University, China Yu, Guoliang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Zheng, chong wei, People’s Liberation Army University of Science and Technology, China Yuan, Saiyu, Hohai University, China Zhu, Jianrong, East China Normal University, China

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Amon, Rainer, United States Catto, Norm, Canada Evans, Suzanna, United Kingdom Jung, Tae Hwa, Republic of Korea Andersen, Thorbjrn J., Denmark Cavalcante, Geórgenes H., Brazil Ferrara, Allyse, United States Kennedy, Andrew, United States Andó, Sergio, Italy Cazenave, Anny, France Ferreira, J.G., Portugal Kincaid, Todd, United States Andrade, Francisco, Portugal Chan, I-Chi, United Kingdom Filigheddu, Rossella, Italy Kirshen, Paul, United States Añonsen, Kjetil Bergh, Norway Chau, K.W., Hong Kong Fischer, Andrew M., United States Klinck, John M., United States Arias Gonzá lez, Jesús Ernesto, Mexico Chen, Jim, United States Florea, Lee, United States Kosmynin, Vladimir, United States Armynot du Chátelet, Eric, France Chen, Hao, China Fontan Bouzas, Angela, Portugal Kosters, Elisabeth, Canada Āvila, Sérgio, Portugal Chu-Agor, Maria L., United States Fortes, C.J., Portugal Kunz, Hans, Germany Baecher, Greg, United States Church, John, Australia Fourniotis, N., Greece Lace, Michael J., United States BagdanaviĆiuté, Ingrida, Lithuania Clements, Kendal, New Zealand Franc¸a, Susana, Portugal Lane, Chad S., United States Bai, Junhong, China Coelho, Carlos, Portugal Freedman, Janet, United States Laska, Shirley B., United States Bao, Hongyan, China Collins, Tripp, United States Fry, Brian, Australia Le Cozannet, Gone´ri, France Barbara, M., United Kingdom Convertino, Matteo, United States Fugate, David, United States Lehrter, John, United States Barnes, Brian, United States Cordell, Jeff, United States Gittman, Rachel K., United States Li, Lin, United States Baustian, Joseph J., United States Cornell, Sean, United States Glibert, Pat, United States Li, Xing, China Bendoni, Michele, Italy Correa, Ivan, Colombia Gonc¸alves Lima, Juliana Schober, Brazil Li, Hailong, China Bennett, Abigail, United States Costa-Mendes, Thiago, Brazil Gray, Sarah, United States Linkov, Igor, United States Bertin, Xavier, France Costas, Susana, Portugal Grossmann, Mary M., Japan Liu, Run, China Blanco, Ramon, Spain Cui, Baoshan, China Grottoli, Edoardo, Italy Livingston, Robert J., United States Bolinger, Rebecca, United States Dabees, Mohamed, United States Guntenspergen, Glenn, United States Lu, Chunhui, China Bonneton, Philippe, France Danovaro, Roberto, Italy Guo, Xinyu, Japan Lubin, Pierre, France Borsje, Bas, Netherlands Delaplaine, Mark, United States Halls, Joanne N., United States Marshall, Heather, United States Bowen, Robert, United States Deligiorgi, Despina, Greece Harrison, Adrianne, United States McCarthy, Matthew J., United States Brander, Robert, Australia Deng, Zhiqun, United States Harter, Till, Canada McKee, Brent, United States Briggs, Roger, New Zealand Di Domenico, Maikon, Brazil Harvey, Adele, Australia McKenna, Kim, United States Browder, Al, United States Dudziñska-Nowak, Joanna, Poland Herrington, Thomas, United States McMahon, Kathryn, Australia Burchell, Michael R., United States Duque, Carlos, Norway Herrmann, Maria, United States McManus, John, United States Callies, Ulrich, Germany Ebersole, Bruce A., United States Hladik, Christine, United States McPhee, Miles, United States Campos, Carlos J.A., United Kingdom Eliot, Ian, Australia Holleman, R.C., United States Meyer, Michelle, United States Capuzzo, Elisa, United Kingdom Emeis, Kay, Germany Hughes, Zoe, United States Mied, Richard P., United States Carrillo, Laura E., Mexico Enloe, Steven, United States Hwang, Paul A., United States Mitchell, Molly, United States Castro, Alberte, Spain Ernoul, Lisa, France Jia, Peihong, China Mongelli, Giovanni, Italy

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Mueller, H., Germany Resio, Donald T., United States Stremme, Donald, United States Wernand, Marcel, Netherlands Nenadovic, Mateja, United States Rheault, Bob, United States Sui, Jueyi, Canada Wernette, Phil, United States Nichols, C. Reid, United States Rissik, David, Australia Suman, Daniel O., United States Weston, Mike, Australia Nielsen, Alexander, Australia Roelfsema, C., Australia Sun, Jian, China Whadams, Peter, United Kingdom O’Donncha, Fearghal, Ireland Roman, Charles, United States Suzuki, Tomohiro, Belgium Whitehead, Jessica, United States Ortinez, Jose´ Abraham, Mexico Romic, M., Croatia Switzer, Adam, Singapore Wilber, Pace, United States Pan, Shunqi, United Kingdom Rong, Zengrui, China Szekielda, Karl, United States Wright, Grant, United Kingdom Pardo, Francisco, Spain Roskin, Joel, Israel Thoe, W., United States Xiu, Peng, China Park, Joseph, United States Rutherfurd, Ian, Australia Thomson, Jim, United States Xu, Dewei, China Parnell, Kevin, Australia Sanderson, Brian, Canada Underwood, Graham J.C., United Kingdom Yagci, Oral, Turkey Passeri, Davina, United States Saraceno, John Franco, United States Velo-Suárez, L., Spain Yang, Haiyan, China Peek, Michael, United States Sato, S., Japan Venugopal, V., United Kingdom Yilmaz, Tuluhan, Turkey Pe’eri, Shachak, United States Schuerch, Mark, Germany Vicinanza, Diego, Italy Yin, Jianjun, United States Peng, Zhong, United Kingdom Seckus, Jonas, Italy Vollmer, Heather, United States Yin, Kedong, China Pezzoli, Alessandro, Italy Seingier, Georges, Mexico Walker, Tony, Canada Young, Donald, United States Phillips, Jonathan, United States Sekiguchi, Hideo, Japan Wang, David, United States Zhai, Weidong, China Piccolo, Cintia, Argentina Sherman, Clark, United States WANG, Yunwei, China Zhang, Yunlin, China Plodinec, John, United States Siokou-Frangou, Joanna, Greece Wang, Shaohui, China Zhang, Y. Joseph, United States Pollack, Jennifer, United States Song, Dehai, China Ware, Carolyn, United States Zhao, Zhongxiang, United States Quirk, Tracy, United States Spieler, Richard, United States Warrick, Richard, New Zealand Zhou, Jun, China Ramos, Carlos, United States Spinoni, Jonathan, Italy Wdowinski, Shimon, United States Rapinel, Sébastien, France Stevenson, Duane E., United States Wei, Zhangping, United States

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COVER PHOTOGRAPH: ISSN 0749-0208 Journal of Northwest rocky shore on Ilha Do Maio (Cape Verde archipelago)

VOL. 32, NO. 4 • CERF • July 2016

Northwest rocky shore on Ilha Do Maio (Cape Verde archipelago). The northwest coast of Maio Island in the Cape Verde archipelago features strong surf against basaltic and limestone rocky shores due to wave refraction stimulated by strong and persistent northeast trade winds in the North Atlantic Ocean. The view above looks to the south towards a line of beaches dominated by carbonate sand derived mainly from the break- down of mollusk shells. At the most sheltered SW end of the island, an extensive salt lagoon is well developed, which was the locus of a thriving salt trade during much of the Published by An International Forum for the Littoral Sciences seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the opposite direction located off the north Charles W. Finkl Editor-in-Chief end of the island, submarine banks are formed by rhodoliths (unattached, spherical growths of coralline red algae) subject to disturbance by major storms and removal to inter-tidal and supra-tidal settings as beach-rock and coastal over-wash deposits. A na- scent island industry took root on the north coast, where limekilns were constructed for the production of lime used locally as mortar and as white wash. See the accompanying article in this issue of the JCR by Johnson et al., which details the island’s coastal geomorphology and rhodolith deposits. (Photograph and caption by Markes E. Johnson, Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, U.S.A.)

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CERF Regional Vice Presidents Litter Decomposition of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus: The Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] Implications of Climate Change in Salt Marshes graciously thanks you for your membership and involvement Managerial Implications of Perceptions, Knowledge, Attitudes, and in our international society. We hope that you have Awareness of Residents Regarding Puerto Morelos Reef National Park, Mexico enjoyed this latest edition of Just CERFing, our society’s Beaches of the Australian Coast: Book Review official newsletter. As mentioned previously, we encourage JCR SI 74 Announcement the worldwide communication of our members through Historical Coastal Evolution and Dune Vegetation in Isla Salamanca the Just CERFing newsletter. If you have any news or National Park, Colombia announcements that you would like to promote, please Geoscience Research Resource Work Award send your request or questions directly to Dr. Charles W. Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences Finkl at [email protected] CERF continues to provide Lakes of the World_CRL our members with the most up-to-date, professional Coastal Research Library (CRL) Mapping and Classifying Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Habitat features of the society. We encourage you to please visit our in Copano Bay, Texas, by Coupling Acoustic Technologies Foundation’s website at http://www.cerf-jcr.org to see all Coastal Research Libraray Call for Authors the new content that has been added. Influence of Maritime Construction within Protected Archaeological Sites along Coastal Areas: Los Baños De La Reina (Alicante), Spain Next Issue of Just CERFing coming Commission on Coastal Systems (CCS) Update Membership Options September 2016. CERF Webite Publish Your Photos CERF Board of Directors JCR Editorial Board CERF Lifetime Members CERF Patron Members New CERF Members 2015-2016 Current CERF Members JCR Outside Reviewers 2015 JCR Current Issue, Cover Photo

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