Transactions of the ASME

What is a leaven by itself? It is the worst of migrations, pure 28 Prof. Jay W. Forrester of Massachusetts Institute of Tech- bitterness. nology, as quoted (p. 78) in reprint of article from vol. 1, no. 3, Spring of 1959 of California Management Review, by Dr. Thomas H. Car- "The leaven must stimulate, raise the dough, be to it like a roll, Vice President of the Ford Foundation, writing on "Towards a great internal quarrel. The heavier the dough, the more violent Liberal Education for Business." must its effort be, the quicker its incitement, but the effort and 29 From "Memorandum for ASME," with letter of Jan., 1960, to the incitement must take place within the dough, and the leaven co-editors from Dr. Marshall E. Dimock, All-University Head of Department of Government, New York University Graduate School of must accept the dough for what it is because they are destined to Arts and Sciences. belong to each other" [44], 30 Letter—and appended memo and extensive bibliography—of Dec. 15, 1959, to co-editors from Prof. Charles R. Dechert, De- partment of History, Government and Philosophy, Purdue Univer- References sity. 1 Letter, Dec. 4, 1959, Luther Gulick to the co-editors of this 31 Memo of Dec. 22, 1959, on "Ten Years' Progress in Manage- ASME Report. ment Development" by T. E. Clemmons, Director Executive De- 2 Letter from Zay Jeffries, dated April 22, 1953, subsequently velopment, IBM Corporation. quoted on p. 95 of "New Frontiers for Professional Managers," by 32 Memo of Dec. 18, 1959, to co-editors from Melvin L. Hurni, Ralph J. Cordiner; published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., Manager—Operations Research & Synthesis Consulting Service, New York, N. Y., to record the first annual McKinsey Foundation General Electric Co., New York, N. Y. Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/manufacturingscience/article-pdf/83/3/276/6495257/276_1.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Lectures at Columbia University, in 1956. 33 Letter of Dec. 2, 1959, to co-editors from Col. Lyndall F. 3 Definition (a) of "Science" and (b) of "Profession," The Win- Urwick, London. ston Simplified Dictionary, 1935. 34 Letter of Dec. 21, 1959, to co-editors from Dr. Peter F. 4 From p. 4 of "Administration: Its Purpose and Performance," Drueker, Professor at New York University, author and individual by Dr. Ordway Tead, published by Harper & Brothers, New York, Management Consultant. N. Y., 1959, to record the second annual Ford Distinguished Lectures 35 Letter of Dec. 8, 1959, to co-editors from Prof. M. J. Jucius, at New York University. Department of Business Organization, The Ohio State University. 5 Pamphlet, "Spiritual Experience in Administration"; pub- 36 Address by Very Reverend Felix A. Morlion, O.P., President lished, 1951, The American University Press, pp. 14-15. of the International University of Social Studies, Pro Deo, at Rome, 6 For example, see the deeply scholarly lecture at the CIOS Italy—at CIPM Luncheon in New York on June 5, 1957. Congress in Paris in 1957 by Col. Lyndall F. Urwiek on "The Life 37 Letter and memo of Dec. 14, 1959, to co-editors from Dr. and Work of Frederick Winslow Taylor," to commemorate the 100th Ralph C. Davis, author and Professor of Business Organization at Anniversary of Taylor's birth; especially pp. 12 to 15 of pamphlet Ohio State University. edition published by Urwick, Orr & Partners Ltd., London, England. 38 From keynote talk on "The Social Background to European 7 Pamphlet, "The Changing Philosophy of Management," by Management," at European Management Congress of CECIOS, at Dr. Erwin H. Schell, 1959 address before Society for Advancement of Torquay, England, Oct. 20-23, 1954, by the late Prof. Jose Management; p. 1 of reprint by Keystone Custodian Funds, Inc., Ortega y Gasset; translated from the German by Hon. Olaf Brann, Boston, Mass. then of the British Institute of Management. 8 Letter Nov. 23, 1959, Malcolm P. MacNair, Lincoln Filene 39 Keynote address at Xth International Management Con- Professor of Retailing at Harvard University Graduate School of gress at Sao Paulo, Brazil, on February 19, 1954; by the late Hen- Business Administration, to co-editors. ning W. Prentis, Jr., Chairman of the Board, Armstrong Cork Co., 9 Paper on "Managerial Decision-Making," at Annual Fall Con- Lancaster, Pa. ference, Society for Advancement of Management, New York, N. Y., 40 Memorandum in July, 1953, by Albrecht M. Lederer, President October, 1958, by Harold F. Smiddy. of Council for International Progress in Management (USA) Inc., 10 Dr. Norbert Wiener, "Human Use of Human Beings: Cyber- the United States affiliate national management committee of CIOS. netics and Society," Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Mass., 41 Excerpts from highly condensed summary of working papers 1950. of some Management Research—from 1955 to 1960—still in process 11 Dr. Donald K. David, in interview on Dee. 16, 1959, with of development at this writing by Edward D. Kemble, Manager— co-editors of this ASME Report. Management Research Service, and Hasan Ozbekkan—Consultant, 12 Chart, "The Work of a Professional Manager," from Book Management Research, General Electric Management Research & Three (after p. 232) of series on "Professional Management in Gen- Development Institute, Crotonville, Ossining, N. Y. eral Electric," (1954); limited copies made available to United States 42 Article on "The Conditions of Success," by Dr. Jacques business school reference libraries in 1959. Barzun, in Vogue magazine, March 1, 1960. 13 Article by Dean Aeheson in New York Times Magazine, Oct. 11, 43 Proceedings of Annual Meeting, 1959, of Academy of Manage- 1959, on "Thoughts About Thought in High Places." ment at Washington, D. C.; paper (p. 23) by Harold F. Smiddy, 14 Letter to co-editors of this Report, Dee. 4, 1959, from Vice President, Management Consultation Services, General Electric Dr. Simon Ramo, Executive Vice President of Thompson Ramo Company, New York, N. Y. Wooldridge Inc. 44 From "One Sky to Share," by Father R. L. Bruckberger, P. J. 15 Inaugural talk by Raul Saez, General Manager of ENDESA Kennedy & Sons, New York, N. Y., 1952; pp. 147-148. (large Chilean electric power system) and Chairman of ICARE; at first PACCIOS Management Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 12, 1956. 16 Article by Dr. Sumner H. Slichter, on "Basic Trends in the DISCUSSION Economy and Effect Upon Securities," reprinted from The Commer- Ralph C. Davis3 cial and Financial Chronicle, November 15, 1956; pp. 3, 4. 17 Urwick Lecture reprint, reference [6], p. 11. The author of this paper is a mature experienced executive and 18 Book "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution," by management scholar. It is difficult according^ to find areas of C. P. Snow, Cambridge University Press, New York, N. Y., 1959. disagreement with him. One must agree, for example, that man- 19 Article from Fortune magazine for August, 1957, by Henry R. Luce, entitled: "The Character of the Businessman," p. 108. agement is an emerging profession; that it has a long way to go 20 "New Frontiers for Professional Managers," reference [2], pp. before achieving professional status and certification. On the 16-17. other hand a constructive contribution would require the de- 21 Letter Nov. 30, 1959, to co-editors from George R. Hobart, lineation of some points of difference. These differences of opin- Vice-President—Administration, Worthington Corporation. ion would have to do chiefly with the nature and requirements for 22 Letter Nov. 24, 1959, to co-editors from AVilliam R. Spriegel, Professor of Management, The University of Texas. professionalism, their meaning and significance in the case of the 23 See reference [11]. field of management, or related considerations. Perhaps we 24 Letter Nov. 25, 1959, to co-editors from Mr. Allen of Louis should begin, therefore, with a brief review of the requirements A. Allen Associates, Palo Alto, Calif. for the development of a professional field. 25 See reference [4], p. 71. 26 Adapted from a letter of April 21, 1960, by Dr. Howard W. There is some substantial agreement concerning the nature of Johnson, Dean of the School of Industrial Management at Massa- these basic requirements. Most professional people would chusetts Institute of Technology. agree probably that a professional field must have: 27 Book on "Facing the Future's Risks," edited by the late Dr. Lyman Bryson of Columbia University, Harpers, 1953, p. 1. 3 Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 276 / AU GUST 19 6 1 Transactions of the ASME Copyright © 1961 by ASME 1 Service objectives that are recognized and accepted by the A third concept of the objective may be called the "Balanced members of the profession. Best Interest" concept. For example, the author quotes Presi- 2 A basic philosophy that can serve as a source of value con- dent Ralph J. Cordiner of General Electric as saying: "The cepts, and as a basis for effective thinking. professional approach requires, in fact, a dedication of the man's 3 A code of ethics for the guidance of the members of the pro- self and service, not oidy to the owners of the business through fession in what constitutes correct professional conduct. his board of directors, but also as a steward to the company's cus- 4 A basic body of professional knowledge, properly organized tomers, its industry, its employees, and to the community at large. and classified, that can be taught. The professional manager must consciously place the balanced 5 A logic of effective thinking for the solution of problems that best interests of those ahead of his own personal interests...." are found in the particular professional field. This concept considers all of the interests that may be effected by 6 Adequate organization and facilities for research in the field.

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