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On the Shoulders of Giants (1924-1946) ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS 1924-1946 The General Electric Story Volume III An Elfun GE Hall of History Publication A Photo History \,','="' \:":') '"', >' '('":? r,,,:1 ,,,,, ,"ck ON THE{lll·.\ ON THE[9l'··( ON THE[9l'·.( ", ON THE[9l:.." ON THE{ll"'"." ON THEES:.. SHOULDERS"'';"'' ) SHOULDERS'+ "" SHOULDERS'"! ,\ , / SHOULDERSi;l, ·.·. SHOULDERS"i ·.'. ( SHOULDERS'{'· OF GJANTS . OF GIANTS OF GIANTS ( OF GIANTS OF GIANTS . OF GIANTS C. Abbot• E.F.W. Alexanderson • P.L. Alger• W.R.G. Baker• G.B. Benander" B.L. Benb, 1 i;:i~;=~·:} \~'~'> ' \-:'~·:/ \~'~"~} y-~-t~? \::·:'~"j ON THE{ll[\.· · ON THE[9l;..\ ON THE£9l'•,( ') ON THE{llj•." ON Tl!Etll;..· ON THE~l,. SHOULDERS·\.'' , SHOULDERS'" · ( SHOULDERS·" . I , , SHOULDERS,'',, ' SHOULDERS-')·' SHOULDERs,•t' OF GIANTS OF GIANTS OF GIANTS~ OF GIANTS I OF GIANTS OF GIANTS K.B. Blodgett • W.E. Blowney • C. Concordia ., S. Dushman • T.A. Edis, 1 \;-'t~~,, Y~·t) \~-~'::? \-:'~'::..) \:~':'~:'- \:'·:·' ..:) 1 ON THE£9l:.. ·; ON THE[9l).. ON THEEl;"(J ON THEf9l\. ON THEL9ii,{ · ON THE 'i• ·( SHOULDERS·'J ' SHOULDERS'" SHOULDERS,,i ' ' SHOULDERs,,J · SHOULDERs,•t \ SHOULDERS''"" ,', OF GIANTS OF GIANTS! OF GIANTS I OF GIANTS OF GIANTS OF GIANTSQ THE ELFUN SOCIETY An organization of present and retired employees of the General Electric Company, dedicated to the encouragement of cooperation, fraternity, and good fellowship and to the betterment of the community in which they function. The Hall of History, which is sponsored by the Scl)enectady Elfun Society Ter­ ritorial Council, is a multi-faceted project designed to serve as a focal center for the gathering and display of valuable historical documents and memorabilia about General Electric people, products, places, and to share this heritage with America. COPYRIGHT 1979 THE ELFUN SOCIETY 1 Y,I ,. \.' \'' 1"' \:•) ON THE{ll·_.:· · ON THE.El. .- :c·· . ON THE. ;. :(..}.. ON THEt9l:"_.:..., . ON THEf9l!_.:· . ON THE 1.- :; SHOULDERS" .'' SHOULDERS•' 1 SHOULDERS'; , : SHOULDERS'"'' ( SHOULDERS'';'' SHOULDERS 1o;' · \, a OF GIANTS OF GIANTS i OF GIANTS 1 OF GIANTS OF GIANTS OF GJANTS~ W.L.R. Emmet • G.E. Emmons • C.E. Eveleth • G. Faccioli • E..J. Flynn • C.M. Fo ON THE. \:::):, • ON THE :,:,;. • · ON THE :'";. • ' ON THE l'('cl,;. • ON THE '(<""':, • ON THE. \,,·:J•• I SHOULDERSJ. /1'.) SHOULDERS,,,{_. :11) SHOULDERS /: :(1,/ SHOULDE.RS'S · .· I SHOULDERSJ.' /"'t:) SHOULDERS•,! '< OF GIANTS~ OF GIANTS~ Of GIANTS~ OF GIANTS . OF GIANTS~ OF GIANTS_l___,, A. McK. Gifford • C.A.B. Halvorson • E.S. Henningsen • L.E. Hildebrand • A. How; \:':'~} ,,,::-~ ::· . :·::':·:~- \~'='::' \~·-:,u v,~.:~ ..~-,: ON THE[9l:.., ON THEt9l:"(') ON THEt9l;.,/ ', ON THE[9l\. ON THEtQl·•." ON Tiff -;. ·(' SHOULDERS;) ' · SHOULDERS·''/. , . SHOULDERS,, \ , ( SHOULDERS'"..'/ \ SHOULDERS'; SHOULDERSi:J. · OF GIANTS OF GIANTS OF GIANTS c OF GIANTS i OF GIANTS OF GIANTSG . l .. 7 . I..... l···' . ····· t-·· ft('Fl,. S". ..... ON THE P9•,.. ON THEilli:'"'"' •,. ON THE ~.. • ON THE~.'":"c·· • • ON THEt9i:;•:"'" i•. /YfCiffff'',"'Eg·"'ON THE , •..... JULDERSJ.')11-') SHOULDERS·+ SHOULDERS•f /1:) SHOULDERS,J. SHOULDERS•,+•.•. SHOULDERs-,L' 'GIANTS~ OF GIANTS OF GIANTS~ OF GIANTS.. OF GIANTS. OF GIANTS .. L. Hoyt • C.A. Hoxie • A.W. Hull • C.E. Inman " Z. Jeffries • F.V. Johnso1 'fry,::....... : ,....: ; F')""'':: ~ : :· illi........; : : :: . : : : : : rJ""'":: : : : . fill..,,. ON THE • • ON THE·.. ON THE·,.. · ON THE l". ON THE•,.: ON THE I''. ' )ULDERS'j:-''.(l') SHOULDERS'',f '.(l') SHOULDERSJ.''.(°t') SHOULDERS'''.. SHOULDERs,I. sHOULDERsJ'.'.tl,, : GIANTS~ OF GIANTsL':;;4 OF GIANTsL':;;4 OF GIANTS OF GIANTS OF GIANTS~ 1. Junggren • K.H. Kingdon • C.J. Koch • G. Kron " C.H. Lang " I. Langmui . 1--:,:, r·:,:, I . ····· ····· . \--· ON 1HE pg••. ON THE·,.pg ON THE ,. • ON THE&':":"' • • ON THE·•.&'""''7 ON THE~-"'': .. • JULDERS';/-' '.(°t') SHOULDERS·J: i1~') SHOULDERSJ.'~ '.tl,J SHOULDERS,). SHOULDERscf• SHOULDERs'Jc.• GIANTS~ OF GIANTS~ OF GIANT;L':;;4 OF GIANTS ( OF GIANTS OF GIANTS .· . ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS 1924-1946 Pioneering in a New Era THE GENERAL ELECTRIC STORY A Photo History Volume III Schenectady Elfun Society Territorial Council Schenectady, New York February 1979 S. Lee• H.A. Liebhafsky • A.L. Marshall" H. Maxwell., K.B. McEachron • W.L. Merrill )N THE£9lj/ @rns O'-H> }"~ O>IBS 0'-s,; O'-H> JLDERS SHOULDERS·:J!Qi •.· SHOULDERS•,/ . SHOULDERS·•.,·!'Qi1 • SHOULDERs,J•.• ~ SHOULDERS!•{•.•r~ ... :;!ANTS OF GIANTS I OF GIANTS OF GIANTS f' OF GIANTS OF GIANTS A. Milton " C.A. Minor • W.S. Moody • S.A. Moss «> R.C. Muir " L. Navias lfr~~; Cl ~~~1~EFQi •i;1frmfSi •~71r~ml'Ot •g~1fr:'i!I'~ •~igr~EFI} CONTENTS Page Foreword ................................................ I Introduction .............................................. 2 The Years - 1924-1927 ...................................... 4 Christian Steenstrup . 12 The Birth of the Monitor Top Refrigerator . 13 The Year - 1928 ......................................... 14 I.G.E. - Around the World With General Electric .................. 16 Reliving the Edison Era . 17 The Year - 1929 ......................................... 18 Oscar Junggren and Glenn B. Warren ........................... 20 The Year - 1930 ......................................... 22 Ernst F.W. Alexanderson .................................... 24 The Year - 1931 ......................................... 26 Owen D. Young and Gerard Swope ............................ 28 Nobel Prize to Irving Langmuir .............................. 33 The Year - 1932 ......................................... 34 Helping to Beat the Depression . 36 The Years - 1933-1935 ..................................... 38 Howard Maxwell and Philip C. Alger . 44 The Years - 1936-1939 . 46 Katharine B. Blodgett . 53 Albert W. Hull and Walter R.G. Baker . 54 The Year - 1940 . 56 Eugene G. Rochow. 57 Abraham Lincoln Marshall . 58 The Year - 1941 ......................................... 60 Sanford A. Moss . 61 The Year - 1942 ......................................... 62 The War Years - 1941-1945 . 64 The Years - 1943-1945 . 70 Beginnings of the Jet Age. 74 Zay Jeffries . 75 The Advent of Nuclear Energy . 76 The Year - 1946 ......................................... 78 Epilogue . 80 Bibliography . 81 Acknowledgements .................... , ................... 82 FOREWORD "On the Shoulders of Giants - 1924-1946" is the third volume in a series of Elfun Society Hall of History publications relating the history of the General Electric Company. Volumes I and 2 were entitled "The Edison Era" and "The Steinmetz Era," respectively, in honor of the men whose names have historically been associated with the growth of the Company during the first half-century of its existence. The choice of a title for Volume 3 presented no such clear-cut opportunity. With the death of Steinmetz, no single individual was again to epitomize in the eyes of the public the accomplishments of the Company or the brilliance of its technical contributors. Anyone who has read of Swope, Young, Alexan­ derson, Moss, Coolidge, Whitney, Warren, Steenstrup and a host of other GE personalities of the period knows that this was not due to lack of de­ serving talent. Rather, it was due to a proliferation of men and women of diverse talents who were to help sustain the Company during some of its most trying years and to pioneer paths for its growth in a new era. In a letter to the physicist Robert Hooke, in 1675, Sir Isaac Newton, commenting on his own scientific accomplishments, wrote:, "If I have seen further (than you and Descartes) it is by standing upon the shoul­ ders of Giants." Thus, a great scientist paid tribute to his contempor­ aries and to those who contributed to the body of knowledge from which he had made his contributions. His words trace their origins to the writ­ ings of the Roman poet, Lucan, sixteen centuries earlier, and their impli­ cations are universal. The evolution of ideas, of enterprises, and indeed, of civilization, is pioneered by individuals who, "standing upon the . shoulders of Giants," become Giants in their own right. This photo­ history and chronology is dedicated to the Giants of General Electric, heralded and unheralded - and to those who helped them translate their visions to reality. February, 1979 Publications Committee Schenectady, New York GE Hall of History Editor-in-Chief & Committee Chairman Bernard Gorowitz Associate Contributing Editors Edith M. Aliberti Adelaide B. Oppenheim Bernard M. Cain Herbert C. Pollock Fred F. Holub William A. Reich Virginia M. Kelley Edwin W. Riggs Charles Q. Lemmond George M. Robertson Horace M. Lockwood John C. Rucigay Louis Navias Harold J. Shields INTRODUCTION In 1922, when Owen D. Young and Gerard Swope took over the leadership of General Electric as Chairman of the Board and President respectively, about three quarters of the Company's business was in capital goods equipment used by utilities, industrial plants and transportation systems. Incandescent lamps, electric fans and a few small appli­ ances made up the bulk of the remainder. Large appliances such as Hptpoint's stoves and Fort Wayne's electric refrigerators were luxuries which only a few could afford. Swope and Young recognized the need for diversification, and they recognized that there would be a greater demand for household electrical goods if ways could be found to pro­ duce them at lower cost while offering improved convenience and greater reliability. They also realized that electrification of the home would increase the demand for electricity with a resultant growth
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