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Home , Count, Count of Holland, Count palatine, King of the Romans, Margrave

Name: ______Cuius Regio, Eius REligio I To Each His Own, If he’s the

Purpose: Can religion and politics be “good bedfellows”? Unit 1, Class 33 Part One: The Holy (HRE) and the Qualifications: The Emperor had to be a worthy man, aged 18 or more, reside in the Empire, be of noble birth (all four grandparents had to be noble, according to the Schwabenspiegel), and of lay status (this was not explicitly stated). No law required that he be Catholic, and, although the text in a number of laws assumes that the emperor is Catholic, jurists saw no obstacle to the choice of a Protestant prince. Nor did he have to be German, as the examples of Alfonso of Castile and Charles V showed. Powers The powers of the Emperor were exercised in a broad range of areas, but restricted everywhere: executive: he enforced the laws and rulings of the empire, he appointed imperial officers; legislative: he could propose, approve and promulgate laws; in particular, he had the right to withhold approval; but he could not levy taxes without approval judiciary: he was the ultimate judge in Germany, although he could only exercise this power through legally appointed courts, ; he had the right of pardon, Holy Roman as well as the right to confer exemptions and privileges (i.e., to the application of imperial laws); Empire ragalia international: he alone represented the Empire abroad, although his ability to make war, peace and alliances was very limited; Electing the The Emperor was chosen by the Elector (Kurfürsten). This institution emerges sometime in the first half of the 13th c., as a consequence of the crisis of 1198. It appears in the Sachsenspiegel, a compilation of German feudal law writ- ten between 1220 and 1235. Its composition seems to have been set fairly early, by the 1230s at the latest. Initially the electors nominated a candidate, subject to ratification by the , but fairly quickly their choice became final. Its formal regulation came with the Golden Bull of 1356, although changes were made occasionally. by the late 15th c., the electors were understood to form a distinct college.

The composition was set as follows: Three spiritual or cleric electors: Four temporal or lay electors: of Mainz of Bohemia bishop of Trier of the Rhine bishop of Köln elector of of . (also know as a prince)

http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm#Qualifications

99 Part Two: The Lands of Charles V

What’s in a name? of Burgundy as Charles II Duke of Brabant as Charles II Duke of Limburg as Charles II Duke of Lothier as Charles II Duke of Luxemburg as Charles III Margrave of Namur as Charles II of Burgundy as Charles II Count of Artois as Charles II Count of Charolais as Charles II as Charles III Count of Hainault as Charles II Count of as Charles II Count of as Charles II Duke of as Charles III Count of Zutphen as Charles II King of Castile and Leon as Charles I* King of Aragon and Sicily as Charles I* King of Naples as Charles IV* King of the Romans as Charles V Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V Archduke of Austria as Charles I *with joanna

Charles V “I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horses.”

less than the sum of its parts

centrifugal

cuius regio, eius religio

100 Part Three: The Peace of Augsburg Cuius regio, eius religio, or To Each His Own, If You’re the Prince 1. What is meant by the phrase Charles’ empire was less than the sum of its parts? 2. Did religious fervor or political centrifugal tendencies restrict the power of the Holy Roman Emperor? 3. What are the political ramifications of the principle cuius regio, eius religio for the land of the Habsburgs? 4. Identify the cause(s) of the Thirty Years War.

101 Population Lose During the Thirty Years’ War in the HRE

102