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SACRED CHRONOLOGY of the Hebrew Kings § SacredSacred ChronologyChronology ofof thethe hebrewhebrew kingskings A harmony of the reigns of the kings of Israel and Judah, and how the chronologies and histories of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia synchronize with their reigns bible exposition by dan bruce SACRED CHRONOLOGY of the Hebrew Kings § A harmony of the reigns of the kings of Israel and Judah, and how the chronologies and histories of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia synchronize with their reigns Yw Dan Bruce The Prophecy Society 2013 Sacred Chronology of the Hebrew Kings Copyright © 2013 Dan Bruce All rights reserved. No content from this book may be reprinted, reproduced, or made available in any form by electronic, mechanical, or other means now known or hereafter invented, including scanning, photocopying, audio and video recording, information storage and retrieval systems, and the world wide web/internet, without written permission from the author. All Scripture quotations are from the King James Version unless noted otherwise. The 1987 edition quoted in this book is a public domain document online at the Bible Gateway website (www.biblegateway.com). Hebrew words are from the Masoretic text, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Fourth Edition) published by Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. Note that page numbers in this printed edition, which has blank pages, correlate with those in the digital edition, which does not, so that citations referenced by page numbers will be the same in either edition. The Prophecy Society www.prophecysociety.org 770-922-1889 Monday-Friday, 10am-6pm Eastern Time ISBN 978-1489509048 First Edition (updated January 1, 2015) Portions of this book were privately distributed to selected scholars for review under the title Daniel Unsealed in 2011 (ISBN 978-0-9816912-1-3). Corrections and responses to readers’ questions, as well as results of biblical research that has become available after going to press, can be found on our website at www.prophecysociety. org. Questions and comments can be sent by e-mail to: [email protected] § Cover photo: The cover features a public-domain photograph of the oil-on-canvas painting “Saul and David” (c. 1655-1660) by Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. The original painting is on permanent display at the Mauritshuis, The Hague, South Holland, in the Netherlands. Contents § Preface: Chronology and History 1 Chapter One: About Kingdoms Chronology 3 • Champollion’s Discovery 5 • Rawlinson’s Eclipse 7 • Thiele’s Mysterious Numbers 9 Chapter Two: A New Kingdoms Chronology 13 • Anchoring the Kings in History 14 • The Kingdoms Harmonized 19 • What about Bûr-Saggilê? 30 • What about Shishak? 35 • Which Way is Better? 40 Chapter Three: Kings of United Israel 41 • Saul of Israel (1,086-1,046 bce) 41 • David of Judah and Israel (1,046-1,006 bce) 44 • Solomon of Israel (1,006-967 bce) 47 • Rehoboam of Israel (967-961 bce) 50 Chapter Four: Kings of Israel and Judah 51 • Jeroboam of Israel (961-940 bce) 52 • Rehoboam of Judah (961-944 bce) 52 • Abijah of Judah (944-942 bce) 57 • Asa of Judah (942-900 bce) 58 • Nadab of Israel (940-939 bce) 61 • Baasha of Israel (939-916 bce) 61 • Elah of Israel (916-914 bce) 62 • Zimri of Israel (914 bce) 62 • Omri of Israel (914-904 bce) 63 • Ahab of Israel (904-883 bce) 64 • Jehoshaphat of Judah (900-875 bce) 66 • Ahaziah of Israel (883-882 bce) 67 • Joram of Israel (882/879-867 bce) 67 • Jehoram of Judah (875-868 bce) 67 • Ahaziah of Judah (868-867 bce) 70 • Jehu of Israel (867-840 bce) 70 • Athaliah of Judah (867-861 bce) 72 • Joash of Judah (861-822 bce) 73 – v – Contents • Jehoahaz of Israel (840-824 bce) 74 • Jehoash of Israel (825/824-808 bce) 74 • Amaziah of Judah (822-794 bce) 75 • Jeroboam II of Israel (808-768 bce) 76 • Uzziah of Judah (805/794-754 bce) 77 • Zachariah of Israel (768 bce) 80 • Shallum of Israel (767 bce) 80 • Menahem of Israel (767-757 bce) 80 • Pekah of Israel (758/757-738 bce) 81 • Pekahiah of Israel (757-755 bce) 81 • Jotham of Judah (757/754-738 bce) 81 • Ahaz of Judah (742-727 bce) 81 • Hoshea of Israel (731-721 bce) 82 Chapter Five: Kings of Judah 83 • Hezekiah of Judah (727-698 bce) 83 • Manasseh of Judah (698-643 bce) 87 • Amon of Judah (643-641 bce) 89 • Josiah of Judah (640-609 bce) 89 • Jehoahaz of Judah (609 bce) 92 • Jehoiakim of Judah (609-598 bce) 92 • Jehoiachin of Judah (598-597 bce) 92 • Zedekiah of Judah (597-586 bce) 92 Chapter Six: Pharaohs of Egypt and the Hebrew Kings 93 Chapter Seven: Kings of Assyria and the Hebrew Kings 109 Appendix One: Timekeeping in Ancient Israel 123 • Sabbath and Jubilee Years 127 • Verifying the Sabbath and Jubilee Tables 132 Appendix Two: Synchronized Bible Timeline 135 • Date of the Exodus 135 • Abraham to Solomon (2,162-1,002 bce) 139 • Moses in Egyptian History? 141 • The Exodus to the Divided Kingdoms (1,442-961 bce) 142 • Hiram and the Kings of Tyre 144 • Date of Creation 146 Index of Names 147 – vi – Reader’s Notes Format for dates: Dates for events occurring in history before October 4, 1582 ce on the Julian calendar are displayed as proleptic Gregorian dates, followed by a bce or ce era notation. Dates for events occurring in history after October 15, 1582 ce are displayed as standard Gregorian dates, usually without the ce era notation. Unless noted otherwise, proleptic Gregorian dates shown in this book were generated by using the Jewish Calendar Conversions in One Step calendar-conversion utility created and made available by Stephen P. Morse on his website (www.stevemorse.org). Egyptian dates: Dates for reigns of pharaohs in Dynasties 20-26 of Egypt follow the chronology established by Kenneth A. Kitchen (Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England) in the 2004 edition his book The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC) published by Aris & Phillips. Assyrian dates: Dates for reigns of kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire shown in this book are non-traditional, but based on traditional dates accepted by scholars and published by historian Jona Lendering on his website Livius.org (www.livius.org), which credits Jean-Jacques Glassner (Director of Research for Archaeological Sciences of Antiquity at the French National Centre for Scientific Research) and his book Chroniques Mésopotamiennes, 1993 edition. The dates used herein have been modified from those dates in two ways: (1) by adding twenty-eight years to the reigns of Assyrian kings prior to Pul/Tiglath-pileser III, this modification based on identification of the year for the Bûr-Saggilê eclipse as 791 bce, and (2) by moving the reigns of Shalmaneser III and all prior Assyrian kings back in time an additional two-years to account for the reign of Ashur- danin-pal. The reasons for making both modifications are explained in the text. Assyrian source texts: The English-language edition of the Glassner book Chroniques Mésopotamiennes, 1993 edition, published as Mesopotamian Chronicles by the Society of Biblical Literature in 2004, has been used as a source for quoting some ancient texts. In addition, the 2008 Eisenbrauns edition of Hayim Tadmor’s book, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria, has been used to identify and interpret some events in the reign of that Assyrian king. – vii – Reader’s Notes Hebrew chronology: The Seder Olam Rabbah ( hbr ¨lwu rds, translation: “The Long Order of the World”) preserves the rabbinical interpretation of Bible chronology as derived from the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish tradition. The first edition was compiled circa 160 ce, with authorship credited to Rabbi Yose Ben Halafta, a fourth-generation Tanna and scholar of halakha and aggadah who studied under Rabbi Akiba. The version used as a reference for this book is the English-language translation and commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, Seder Olam (2005 edition) published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Hebrew source text: Unless noted otherwise, Hebrew words and phrases are copied from the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Scriptures as presented in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (5th, revised edition, 1997; based on manuscript Firkovich B19A, the “Leningrad Codex,” housed in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg) published by Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, the German Bible Society. Hebrew to english: Meanings of Hebrew words and phrases, unless stated otherwise, are based on definitions found in The New Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew-English Lexicon: with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic (revised edition, 1996) published by Hendrickson Publishers. Eclipse data: Descriptions of lunar eclipses and solar eclipses are based on astronomical calculations derived by using software developed by Fred Espenak of the Goddard Space Flight Center and made available to the public by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on its “NASA Eclipse Web Site” (eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov). Scripture quotations: The King James Version is the version used for quotations unless noted otherwise. That version has been chosen primarily because, as a document residing in the public domain, its use greatly simplifies copyright considerations and permissions. Its familiarity to both Jewish and Christian readers, the relative consistency in the way it translates Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek words into English, and the large number of study aids and commentaries based on that version were also important considerations. Scripture quotations embedded in the text are usually displayed in italics, followed by a version-used notation in parenthesis. Long quotations are usually set apart in block text. – viii – Abbreviations AEC Assyrian Eponym Canon aka Also known as (with a name) Au Author’s translation or paraphrase b.
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