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Yahudilikte Beslenme Kurallari (Kaşerut)

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Yahudilikte Beslenme Kurallari (Kaşerut) T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI YAHUDİLİKTE BESLENME KURALLARI (KAŞERUT) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Bahar MAMMADLİ BURSA – 2013 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI YAHUDİLİKTE BESLENME KURALLARI (KAŞERUT) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Bahar MAMMADLİ Danışman Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ BURSA – 2013 ÖZET Yazar : Bahar MAMMADLİ Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayısı : x +113 Mezuniyet Tarihi : Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ YAHUDİLİKTE BESLENME KURALLARI (KAŞERUT) Çalışmamızda Yahudilikte helal ve haram sayılan yiyecek ve içeceklerler geniş şekilde ele alınmıştır. Bu yiyecek ve içeceklerin hangi durumlarda helal ve hangi durumlarda haram sayıldığı araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca yiyecek kurallarına uygun olarak hangi hayvanların kurban olarak kesilebileceği, hangilerinin kesilemeyeceği de araştırmamızda yer almaktadır. Çalışmamızda sofra kurallarına uygun olarak etli ve sütlü yiyeceklerin aynı sofrada yenilip içilmemesi hakkında da bilgi bulunmaktadır. Yahudi beslenme kuralları gereği bayram sofralarında hangi tür yiyecek ve içeceklerin kutlama aracı olarak kullanılması hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi vermekteyiz. Diğer taraftan Yahudilikte birtakım hububat ve meyvelerin kutsal olma özelliği de vardır ki, araştırmamızda bununla ilgili de ayrıntılar belirtilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Yahudilik, Tevrat, kaşer, şehita, tuma, kurban, yasak, kutsallık. iii ABSTRACT Yazar : Bahar MAMMADLİ Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayısı : x +113 Mezuniyet Tarihi : Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Ahmet GUC EATİNG RULES İN JUDAİSM (KOSHERUT) In this paper, food and beverages considered “halal” or “haram” are widely worked out in Judaism. The cases in which these food and beverages are considered halal or haram have been investigated. Besides, our study deals with the issue of which animals can or can not be sacrificed in accordance with eating rules. In our study, there is also such information that in accordance with table manners the meals containing meat and milk can not be eaten on the same table. Moreover, we have given detailed information on what kind of meals and drinks are being used on tables as a means of celebration under eating rules in Judaism. Apart from that, In Judaism some cereals and fruits have the distinction of being holy, details of which have been reported in our study. Key words: Judaism, the Torah, kosher, shehita, tuma, sacrifice, prohibition, holiness iv ÖNSÖZ “Doktor sadece iyileşmesini umut ettiği hastalarının perhizini kısıtlar. Tanrı da aynı şekilde, gelecek bir hayat umudu olanlar için gıda kuralları koyar. Diğerleri her şeyi yiyebilir.” Midraş, Leviticus Rabbah 13/2 Tanrı insanlara hayatlarını sürdürebilmeleri için yeryüzündeki nimetleri sunmuştur. İnsan hayatını devam ettirebilmesi için yeme ve içme gibi zaruri bir eyleme tabidir. Bu eylemin çeşitli dinlerde belirli kurallara uygun olarak yapılması gerekmektedir. Yiyecek ve içeceklerle ilgili her dinin kendi kuralları bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda insan, hayatını devam ettirebilmesi için mensup olduğu dinin kuralları gereği emir ve yasaklara uymak zorundadır. Bizim ele aldığımız konu da ilahi dinlerden biri olan Yahudilikte yiyecek ve içeceklerle ilgilidir. Türkiye’de Yahudilikle ilgili çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Gerek Yahudi tarihi, gerekse de genel anlamda Yahudi gelenekleri ile ilgili birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Fakat beslenme kuralları ile ilgili kapsamlı çalışma sadece Doç. Dr. Sami Kılıç tarafından yapılmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada onun “İlahi Dinlerde Yiyecek ve İçecekler” adlı kitabından önemli ölçüde yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmamızda Türkçe kaynakların yanında Rusça kaynaklardan da yararlandık. Çalışmamız giriş, iki bölüm, sonuç ve eklerden oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında helal ve haram kavramları, kaşerut kavramı geniş olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada kaşerut kurallarının Yahudiler için ne kadar önem arz ettiği vurgulanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda kaşerut kuralları ile ilgili şehita kesim kurallarından etin kandan arındırılmasına kadar her şeyi en ufak ayrıntısına kadar belirtmeye çalıştık. Bunları da küçük alt başlıklar şeklinde derleyerek, bu konularla ilgili daha sonra yapılacak olan çalışmalara küçük çapta da olsa bir katkı sağlamayı hedefledik. Çalışmamızın birinci bölümü Yahudilikte helal sayılan yiyecek ve içecekleri kapsamaktadır. Bu ilk bölümde, girişte olduğu gibi, Yahudi geleneğinde helal sayılan bütün yiyecek ve içecekleri ayrıntılı olarak ele aldık. Burada yenmesine izin verilen kara ve deniz hayvanlarını, kuşları, aynı zamanda böcekleri geniş olarak ele aldık. Hangi hayvanların kurban olarak sunulabileceğini ve hangilerinin avlanabileceğini de konumuza v dâhil ettik. İlk bölümün ikinci kısmını helal sayılan içecekler oluşturmaktadır. Yahudilikte içilmesine izin verilen hayvansal ve bitkisel içecekleri araştırarak onların Yahudi günlük ve dini hayatında taşıdığı önemi belirtmeye çalıştık. İkinci bölümde Yahudilikte haram kabul edilen yiyecek ve içecekleri ele aldık. Bu bölümün ilk kısmına Tevrat’ta geçen ilk yasakla başladık. Daha sonra domuz eti, deve eti, yırtıcı hayvanlar, küçük kara hayvanları gibi yenmesine izin verilmeyen, haram sayılan hayvanlarla devam ettik. Yahudilikte haram sayılan yiyeceklerin özelliklerinin helal sayılan yiyeceklerin özelliklerinden daha ayrıntılı ve daha geniş olduğunu gördük. Belirtmek gerekir ki, Yahudi geleneği yemek konusunda çok geniş kısıtlamalar getirmiştir. Hatta bu kısıtlayıcı kurallar içinde bazı ilgi çekici yasak ve cezalar da bulunmaktadır ki, çalışmada bunlar ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünün ikinci kısmında haram sayılan hayvansal ve bitkisel içeceklere yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca helal sayılan içeceklerin hangi durumlarda ve hangi günlerde içilmemesi gerektiği de belirtilmiştir. İster Tevrat’taki ayetlerden alıntılar yaparak, ister diğer kaynakları kullanarak yaptığımız bu çalışmada, konu ile ilgili ayetlerden de örnekler verilmiştir. Bu örnekler mukayeseli şekilde dipnotlarda belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada tefsirlerden yararlanarak konuyu imkânlar ölçüsünde incelemeye gayret ettik. Genel bir değerlendirme ile çalışmaya son verdik. Bu çalışmada yardımı dokunan bütün hocalarıma teşekkür ediyorum. Özellikle de gerek ders gerekse tez dönemi boyunca her konuda yardımını esirgemeyen danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Ahmet Güç’e teşekkür etmeyi bir görev telakki ediyorum. Bahar Mammadli Bursa - 2013 vi İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI .......................................................................................................İİ ÖZET ................................................................................................................................. İİİ ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................İV ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................ V İÇİNDEKİLER................................................................................................................ Vİİ KISALTMALAR................................................................................................................ X GİRİŞ.................................................................................................................................... 1 A. BİR KAVRAM OLARAK HELAL VE HARAM ........................................................ 1 B. YAHUDİLİKTE HELAL VE HARAM........................................................................ 4 C. BİR KAVRAM OLARAK KAŞERUT ......................................................................... 5 D. HAYVAN KESİMİ – ŞEHİTA ................................................................................... 10 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM YAHUDİLİKTE HELAL KABUL EDİLEN YİYECEK VE İÇECEKLER I. HELAL KABUL EDİLEN YİYECEKLER.................................................................. 15 A. HAYVANSAL YİYECEKLER.............................................................................. 17 1. Kara Hayvanları.................................................................................................... 18 a. Yenmesine İzin Verilen Hayvanların Özellikleri.............................................. 18 b. Kurban Olarak Sunulan Hayvanlar................................................................... 19 c. Kurban Etinin Yenmesi..................................................................................... 23 d. Kaşer Hayvanın Yenilmesi Helal Kısımları (Yumurtası)................................. 24 e. İç Yağı ve Siyatik Siniri.................................................................................... 26 f. Helal Sayılan Kuşlar.......................................................................................... 26 g. Kuş Kurbanı...................................................................................................... 27 h. Helal Kabul Edilen Böcekler ............................................................................ 30 ı. Avcılık ............................................................................................................... 30 i. Kaşer Hayvanlar Kutlama Aracı Olarak............................................................ 31 2. Deniz Hayvanları.................................................................................................
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