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The First Demersal Trawl Survey of Benthic Fish and Invertebrates in The Polar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00300-010-0900-2 ORIGINAL PAPER The first demersal trawl survey of benthic fish and invertebrates in the Beaufort Sea since the late 1970s Kimberly M. Rand • Elizabeth A. Logerwell Received: 21 May 2010 / Revised: 27 September 2010 / Accepted: 28 September 2010 Ó US Government 2010 Abstract This study represents the first demersal trawl Introduction survey of marine fishes and invertebrates in offshore waters of the Beaufort Sea since 1977. Species composition, dis- Trends of ocean warming and declines in Arctic sea ice tribution, and abundance of demersal fish and benthic increase the potential for the northward migration of fish invertebrates were assessed with standard methods and and invertebrate species from the North Pacific ecosystem demersal trawl gear by the Alaska Fisheries Science Cen- to subarctic and Arctic ecosystems (IASC 2004; Grebmeier ter. Fishes made up 6% of the total catch weight, and et al. 2006a, b; Mueter and Litzow 2008; Mueter et al. invertebrates made up the remaining 94% of the catch 2009). A change from Arctic to subarctic conditions in the weight. A total of 32 species of fish were identified, two northern Bering Sea is taking place, with a shift from taxa were identified to genus and one to family, and 174 benthic communities to communities dominated by pelagic taxa of invertebrates were identified. The most abundant fish species (Grebmeier et al. 2006a, b). Similar changes demersal fishes were polar cod (Boreogadus saida), eelp- have already been documented in many Atlantic and North outs (Lycodes spp.), Bering flounder (Hippoglossoides Sea fish communities, which has shown a northward trend robustus), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). in distributions over the last several decades (Beare et al. The most abundant invertebrates were notched brittle stars 2004; Perry et al. 2005). The effects of recent record- (Ophiura sarsi), snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), mussels breaking ice recessions in the Arctic (Stroeve et al. 2007, (Musculus spp.), and the mudstar (Ctenodiscus crispatus). 2008; Greene et al. 2008; Boe et al. 2009) on marine fish We documented or confirmed extension to the known communities are unknown because data are limited or ranges of four species of fishes: walleye pollock, Pacific nonexistent. In addition to ocean warming, Arctic shelves cod (Gadus macrocephalus), festive snailfish (Liparis are likely to be impacted by exploration and development marmoratus), and eyeshade sculpin (Nautichthys pribilo- of oil and gas resources (MMS 2008; Gautier et al. 2009). vius). We also documented the presence of commercial- Currently, several million acres have been leased for oil sized snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), which has not and gas exploration in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas previously been recorded in the North American Arctic. (MMS 2008). There are several potential impacts on marine organisms as a result of oil and gas exploration, Keywords Beaufort Sea Á Marine fishes Á Snow crab Á such as seismic exploration (Enga˚s et al. 1996; Slotte et al. Polar cod Á Boreogadus saida 2004), and building and operating subsea pipelines or oil spills (Boesch and Rabalais 1987). In the context of climate change and the shifting of marine ecosystems, increases in anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas development, K. M. Rand (&) Á E. A. Logerwell and potential fisheries development, we conducted a survey Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, of the Beaufort Sea shelf in 2008. Our aim was to con- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries tribute to a baseline for future monitoring of offshore Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98115, USA marine fish and invertebrate communities in this Arctic e-mail: [email protected] ecosystem. 123 Polar Biol Fig. 1 Demersal trawl locations and transects, Beaufort Sea, August 2008. Demersal trawl numbers are also shown The first survey of Beaufort Sea offshore marine fishes important prey for seabirds and marine mammals and are in was conducted opportunistically from a US Coast Guard turn important consumers of secondary production (Frost cutter during 1977 (Frost and Lowry 1983). The survey and Lowry 1981, 1983; Bradstreet et al. 1986; Jarvela and focused on fish and benthic invertebrates in the offshore Thorsteinson 1999). To assess differences and similarities from west of Point Barrow to the Canadian Beaufort Sea between Arctic and North Pacific ecosystems, we compare border (Frost and Lowry 1983). In 1977, polar cod this survey’s results with the 2008 NMFS-AFSC demersal (Boreogadus saida) was the dominant fish species cap- survey of the Bering Sea (Lauth and Acuna 2009) and the tured, followed by the Canadian eelpout (Lycodes polaris) most recent NMFS demersal survey in the Chukchi Sea and twohorn sculpin (Icelus bicornis). The majority of (Barber et al. 1997). To identify possible changes in the subsequent fish studies in the Beaufort Sea focused on Beaufort Sea over the last 30 years, we compare our results anadromous fishes in estuaries, inlets, river deltas, or to those of the 1977 Beaufort Sea survey (Frost and Lowry lagoons (Bond and Erickson 1997; Gallaway et al. 1997; 1983). We also examine our results in the context of known Jarvela and Thorsteinson 1997; Underwood et al. 1997; species ranges and document northerly range extensions for Moulton and Tarbox 1987). A few studies have examined some species. the occurrence of marine fishes in nearshore waters (\20 m deep), often in the transition zone between marine and brackish waters (Craig et al. 1982; Craig 1984; Moulton Materials and methods and Tarbox 1987; Jarvela and Thorsteinson 1999). The 2008 Beaufort Sea survey was the first dedicated Survey area survey of offshore marine fishes and invertebrates using demersal trawl gear and standard survey methods as con- The survey was conducted between August 6 and 22, 2008, ducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), aboard the F/V Pacific Explorer. The survey area started at Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC). This technique approximately 71°N and 155°W and extended out to 72°N allowed the density of demersal fishes and benthic inver- and 152°W in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska (Fig. 1). There tebrates to be quantified in a way that is comparable to were 26 demersal trawls of which 22 were successful contemporary standardized surveys of the Bering and (Table 1). Bottom depths of successful trawls ranged from Chukchi seas. The 2008 survey was designed to document 40 to 470 m. Distance fished for each bottom trawl ranged the distribution and abundance of key ecological species, from 0.4 km to 3.6 km (Table 1). An attempt was made to particularly polar cod (Boreogadus saida). Polar cod are evenly distribute trawl station locations along transect lines 123 Polar Biol Table 1 Demersal trawls conducted during the 2008 Beaufort Sea survey Trawl Start latitude Start longitude Bottom Distance Bottom Tow time Lined or Total catch Comments no. (DD) (DD) depth fished temperature (min) unlined net weight (kg) (m) (km) °C 1 71.88 -154.97 428 3.60 0.5 30 Lined No catch Lost codend 2 71.89 -154.95 470 1.12 0.5 10 Lined 694.93 3 71.74 -154.99 198 1.35 -0.1 15 Lined 751.34 Net tore, replaced 4 71.90 -153.91 347 1.28 0.6 15 Lined 1881.89 5 71.81 -153.92 143 1.26 -1.2 15 Lined 1846.51 6 71.81 -154.46 158 1.45 -1.4 15 Lined 9502.65 7 71.98 -154.41 322 1.64 0.5 15 Lined 2028.50 8 71.72 -152.84 318 1.39 0.5 15 Lined 1382.47 9 71.66 -152.49 302 1.51 0.6 15 Lined 1984.08 10 71.52 -152.25 175 1.52 -0.8 15 Lined 2359.84 11 71.75 -153.94 66 1.39 -0.7 15 Lined 419.10 12 71.69 -154.52 50 1.51 1.8 15 Lined 251.08 13 71.48 -153.96 49 1.34 1.5 15 Lined 339.30 14 71.39 -153.99 41 1.36 1.8 15 Unlined No catch Lost whole net 15 71.25 -153.13 41 1.42 1.0 15 Unlined No catch Lost codend 16 71.25 -153.11 41 0.39 1.0 5 Unlined 19.45 17 71.37 -153.07 75 0.45 0.3 5 Unlined 256.35 18 71.46 -153.04 64 0.56 0.7 5 Unlined 87.81 19 71.16 -152.23 30 0.42 1.3 5 Unlined No catch Large net tear 20 71.28 -152.31 50 0.57 -0.4 5 Unlined 38.74 21 71.35 -151.99 83 0.62 -1.4 5 Unlined 27.45 22 71.51 -152.20 178 0.70 -0.4 5 Unlined 77.74 23 71.58 -155.05 44 0.62 -0.1 5 Unlined 43.05 24 71.68 -154.48 50 0.57 -0.9 5 Unlined 52.78 25 71.53 -152.89 59 0.61 -0.9 5 Unlined 35.52 26 71.55 -153.48 52 0.48 1.2 5 Unlined 10.59 Latitude and longitude in decimal degrees, bottom depth (m), distance fished (km), bottom temperature (°C), tow time (minutes from trawl brake set to haul back), net type (lined or unlined), and total catch weight (kg) for all demersal trawls conducted. ‘‘No catch’’ in the ‘‘Total catch weight’’ column indicates the gear was lost or damaged resulting in no catch sample (Fig. 1). However, due to the presence of sea ice during the the wings, the top and bottom of the intermediate (i.e., first 6 days of the survey along with areas of untrawlable mesh between the trawl doors and codend), and the codend.
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