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Individual 4 and Sports I

You might have participated in different games and sports. There are two broad categories of competitions which are played as individual games and team games. Team games are represented by more than two players. The example of team games are Football, Cricket, Hockey, Basketball, Volleyball, etc. Individual games are played with different events like, singles events, doubles or mixed events. There are many individual sports, for example, Badminton, Table Tennis, Tennis, , Judo, Wrestling, etc. is also an individual sport which we will discuss in Activity 4.1 this chapter. We shall discuss various aspects of track and •• Enlist the events of field, such as, history, rules and regulations, classification of for men. track and field events. •• List out the events of for women. Track and Field Track and field events are comprised with events and field events. All running events are held in the track and categorised as short distance, middle distance and long distance running, race walk, hurdles and events. Field events are categorised as, and jumping events. There are “combined events” which includes decathlon for men and heptathlon for women. Decathlon which is organised for men includes 10 events and Heptathlon for women includes 7 events. The events are described below with the help of Table 4.1.

2021–22

Chap-4.indd 35 8/24/2020 11:37:16 AM Chap-4.indd 36 36 Health and Physical Education - Class X (c) (b) (a) Track (RunningEvents) • • Activity 4.2 • •

distance. andtheir about different Collect information is 42.195km? Find out why Marathon 5000 meter, Long Distance 800 meter,1500 Middle Distance 400 meterHurdles 100 meterHurdles Short Distance km). Marathon (42.195 km walkingand km walking,50 Chase (m),20 3000 meterSteeple 10,000 meter Running Events meter Running Events (men andwomen) for women (men) 110 meter,Hurdles 400 meter, Running Events 100 meter,200

Relay Events • • • • Table4.1:TrackandFieldEvents track and field events became increasingly more professional. onwards, 1990’s From Olympics. Para Summer firstintroduced 1960 the were at disabled for events field and field events were given equal status. Furthermore, major track of the twentieth century that the men’s and women’s track and time progressed.However,itwasonlytowards thesecondhalf Olympics. Gradually more women’s events were introduced as for women in the athletics was started during 1928 Summer byPierre-de-Coubertin. track and field events.was initiated Introduction of five and trackUntil the early 1920s, only males were participating in the track and field for which events era new events as field marked was 1896 in at theAncient Games Olympic modern in the of starting The BC. 776 in held is found events field track and oforganised example recorded first The exist. beings universal forms of physical activities since the human allsporting of competitions. Running,jumpingandthrowinghavebeen theoldest among are events field and Track History • • • • (b) (a) (c)

4 ×400mtr 4 ×400mtr 4 ×100mtr (mix relay) (men &women) (men &women) Throwing 2021–22 • • • •

Combined Events • • • • Field Events (b) (a) (Hop-step-jump)

Decathlon (Men)(consist10 Heptathlon (Women)(consist10 1500 m. Pole Vault,JavelinThrow,and Long Jump,400m. events) 800 m. Shot Put,200m. events) 110 m.Hurdle,DiscussThrow, 100 m,Shotput,HighJump, Long Jump,JavelinThrow,and 100 m.Hurdle,HighJump, Jumping 8/24/2020 11:37:17 AM

Individual Games and Sports I 37 8/24/2020 11:37:17 AM

Name the person who Name the person Olympic Modern started Games in 1896? Find out the colours of Olympic rings. What does it symbolise? Discuss for whom Para Olympic meant for and how many events? • • • • Do You Know? The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition from 1997. Activity 4.3 • • • • 1500 400, 800,4×100, 10000 4 400× Finish line for all events 2021–22 200 100, 100 Hurdles 400m Track Various events start Indication Fig. 4.2: Starting position of various events in 400 meter track s 110 Hurdles t 3000, 5000 ven Fig. 4.1: 1896 Olympic Panathnaic Stadium track Fig. 4.1: 1896 Olympic Panathnaic Stadium E

200 These include (i) Sprints (100m, 200m, 400m), (ii) Middle (ii) 400m), 200m, (100m, Sprints (i) These include rack Distance (800m, 1500m), (iii) Long Distance (3000m, 3000m, (3000m, Long Distance (iii) 1500m), (800m, Distance Relays (4×100m, (iv) Steeplechase, 5000m, 10,000m), 400m). 4×400m), and (v) Hurdles (110/100m, T Track events are running events distances. on a track for specified The Federations (WAF) was formed and 200 nations became its member. Olympic Games are organised four years. after every Chap-4.indd 37 Chap-4.indd 38 38 Health and Physical Education - Class X starts insprintevents. Tell the nameofdifferent Activity 4.4 Fig. 4.3:Sprintrunning same distanceforeachrunner. the cover to lanes, in start events Some competition’. The winneris often named‘thefastest man/woman inthe whole race. These include track events covering distances which therunnertries to maintainmaximumspeedforthe Sprinting is the name given to short distance running in Sprints route to the finish. Athletes rely more on speed enduranceor movetowardsthe innermost tracktofollow the shortest and the starter’s pistol, they head forward in the designated lane hearing After runner. each for same is distance the However in the lanesalongacurvedstarting line or in staggered lanes. meters. Runnersstarttheracefromastanding startposition The middledistanceracesareof800meters and1500 Middle distance Fig. 4.4:Middledistancerunning 2021–22 minimum timeover100m,winstherace. man orwomanwhorunsfastest and takes throughout thesprintingdistance.The track in thesamelaneonrunning remain gained. is and upright positionastheraceprogresses body forwardandgraduallymoveintoan the startingblocks.Thentheyleantheir race by assuming a crouching position on professional level, sprinters begin the the At women. and men both for meters for women,110metersmenand400 relay, and hurdleracesof100meters meters meters relay,4×400 4×100 of 100meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 8/24/2020 11:37:19 AM Individual Games and Sports I 39 8/24/2020 11:37:21 AM Activity 4.5 What are important points relay Practice relays? in baton exchange technique amongst your friends. Fig. 4.6: 2021–22 Fig. 4.5: Long distance running Relays events in which a team of Relay races are the only track runners directly compete against other teams. Common relay races are the 4×100 meter and the 4×400 The exchange meter. of baton takes place within area of the track called baton exchange a specified zone. Teams may be disqualifiedbaton exchange the complete to fails team if the is team the meters, 20 of an area within considered as disqualified. A teamalso may be disqualified if itsdeliberately created hurdle for the other runners have competitors. The 4×100 meter event is on the lane same the within run strictly collectively the team means that It track. of the track. runs one complete circuit Teams in a 4×400 meter event remain in Long distance and track in events running distance long common four are There field. These are 3000 meters, 5000meters and 10,000 meters track races have steeplechase. Long distance and 3000 meters in these However, with middle distance races. much in common an important and race tactics play races, pacing, endurance, balance to need runners events, these In performance. in role their energy to win the race. pacing than just pure speed. Middle-distance races require sprints competition. to win the skills and tactics different These races require that the the runner speed at which of the maintenance pace, (i.e. athletes maintain a plateau is running) that allows for a final spurt the entire length to be run at top speed for sprint races need speed,of whereas of the race. Chap-4.indd 39 Chap-4.indd 40 40 Health and Physical Education - Class X ±0 meters steeplechaseevent. and 7waterjumpsin3000 There are28hurdlejumps Activity 4.6 .7 m 0.070 05m .005 0.22 5mm 1.1 9m±0 in teams mustawaitthebatononouterlanes. team takes theinnerlaneswhile team mates of the slower themselves in respect of their team position. The leading second andthirdbatonchange-overs,teammatesmustalign head towards the inner-most part of the circuit. For the and lanes their leave can runners point which at bend, first their ownlaneuntiltherunnerofsecondlegpasses techniques are key in winning the hurdle events. Athlete needs 400m for womenand110m400mmen.Timing, footwork,and and 100m the are races hurdle Typical line. the finish the along intervals fixed at track. Therunnershavetorunoverthem ontheirwayto placed are hurdles race, this In Hurdles .0 1m Fig. 4.8:Dimensionsofhurdle Fig. 4.7:Hurdlesrace 2021–22

Height .2 m 0.01m–0.025 0.7 0m Rounded Edge Top max 8/24/2020 11:37:22 AM Individual Games and Sports I 41 8/24/2020 11:37:23 AM (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2)

0.762 m 0.762 m Under 18 Girls

Sprints Distance Middle Distance Long Hurdles Activity 4.7 The details stated above aim at making us understand types about the different the of running. Identify distances in each different of the following —

Distance from last Distance from line hurdle to finish 14.02 m 40.00 m 0.762 m 0.838 m Under 20 Women Distance from last hurdle to finish line 10.50 m 40.00 m 0.838 m 0.914 m Under 18 Boys 2021–22 Distance between Distance between hurdles 9.14 m 35.00 m sprint race Fig. 4.9: Starting position for a Fig. 4.9: Starting position for a 0.914 m 0.991 m Under 20 Men Distance between hurdles 8.50 m 35.00 m 0.914 m 1.067 m Men 13.72 m 45.00 m Distance from start Distance from line to first hurdle Distance from start line to first hurdle 13.00 m 45.00 m Starting blocks shall be used for all races up to and all used for be Starting blocks shall 4x100 the of lap first the (including meter 400 including any other race. be used for not and 4x400) and shall or No part of the starting block overlaps the start line extend into another lane. The start of a of The start marked race is a by wide cm 5 all In line. white races, that are not the run in lanes, start line must be curved, so that all run athletes the distance same the upto the finish. • • • • 400 m 110 m/100 m 110 m 400 m Distance of Race Distance of Race Distance 100 m 400 m Men under 20 and boys under 18 Men under 20 Women under 20 and girls under 18 Women under 20 and girls under finishing. Starting Rules of track events international most in observed as events, track of The rules by the International athletics competitions, are formulated Association of Athletics running and starting, phases — three to track events relate Federation (IAAF). Key rules of to run fast. The key factor to win in the hurdles race is to cross hurdles race to win in the The key factor to run fast. down. without slowing the hurdles hurdles heights of the Standard Dimensions: Chap-4.indd 41 Chap-4.indd 42 42 Health and Physical Education - Class X Running Finishing • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 800 metersand4x400relayrace. line”, the competitorsmerge.Examplesofthisare There areraces that start in lanes and thenat a “break another runnerisalsodisqualifiedfromtherace. of path the obstructing intentionally found athlete Any be allowedtocontinueinrace. not shall track the leaving voluntarily after athlete, An disqualified. demarking thetrack,thiswillbeconsidered If an athleteleavesthetrackorstepsonline finish. This alsoappliestoanyportionofaraceruninlanes. to start from lanes allocated their themselves In all races thatareruninlanes, athletes havekeep the track. They have to run in their designated lanes only. Athletes are not permitted to run inside the inner curve of Any sprinter with a false start is considered disqualified. and “onyourmark”forstandingstart. the starter is “onyourmarks”and“set” for crouch start In mostinternationalcompetitions, the commandof high levelmeets. for required is (FAT) timing automatic Fully manually. touch, which shall be recordedin1/100thof a secondif taken finishing the to gun the of smoke the or flash The measurementoftime shall betakenfromthe the neareredgeoffinishline. arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of of their torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, part Competitors areplacedintheorderwhichany The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. Fig. 4.10:Finishingposition forasprintrace 2021–22 8/24/2020 11:37:25 AM Individual Games and Sports I 43 8/24/2020 11:37:25 AM

2021–22 Fig. 4.11: Long jump s t ven E takes place on a fieldas the “hop-step and jump.” termed This event is heading towards a sandpit. The event begins like a long jump, with competitor dashing down the runway and leaping from a takeoff board they first hop then take a step and then jump the to scored identically is The event pit. the into long jump. events. The take-off has to be made from a 20 cm has to be made from events. The take-off wide board one meter away board and off take a to track of length a along sprint from a pit. a sandpit. Athletes If any part of the runner’s foot goes past is considered for a foul the takeoff board, the jumper that round. Distance and does not receive for the takeoff board to the is measured from the end of on the pit. Best nearest mark made by the jumper rounds. six of maximum a have competitors eight have strong typically Professional long jumpers athletes However, acceleration and sprinting abilities. them to stride to allow must also have a consistent their maintaining still near the board while take off maximum speed.

Triple jump: Similar to the long jump, the triple jump triple the to the long jump, Similar jump: Triple Long jump: The long jump is one of the oldest field

2. 1. ield

Jumping events Jump, High comprise Long Jump, Triple The jumping events Vault. Jump and Pole F by men are participated of events that constitute Field events events include jumping track. These outside the and women and Vault) Jump and Pole High Jump, Jump, Triple (Long Throw and (Shot Put, Discus Throw, Javelin throwing events Hammer Throw). Chap-4.indd 43 Chap-4.indd 44 44 Health and Physical Education - Class X practice howtobreakit. In caseoftieinhighjump Activity 4.9 jump separately hopstepand Practice andmeasure Activity 4.8 o phas Hop eS

3. 4.

High jump: In highjumpevent, competitors combined Pole vault: into the vaulting box. This box is specifically made of made specifically is box This box. vaulting the into pole the plants and pole fiber carbon or fiberglass a figure isknownas“FosburyFlop”. the in shown as jump high of technique modern The event. the of history the in part significant has a played technique Jumping area. landing cushioned a foot tojumpoverahorizontalbarandfall back onto Athletes height. have ashortrunupandthentakeofffromnearone particular a in jumps consecutive Competitors are eliminated aftermissing(failing) three is allowed a maximum of three trials of each height. athlete An clear. they height the to according ranked a heightadvancestothenextround.Theyare round. Eachcompetitorwhoeitherclearsorpasses bar is raised to a predeterminedheightafter each to jump,orpasstoanotherheight.The may choose originally be set at a low height, at which competitors without knocking it off its supports. Thebarwill In cushion. between, theymustclearthe4-meter-longbar inflated generally large, a technique. on land and jumping with lift, thebarfromeither-side, Jumpers mayapproach generate to speed, Fig. 4.12:Triplejump Fig. 4.13:Highjump 2021–22 e phase tep

Each vaultersprintsdown therunwaywith upphase Jump 8/24/2020 11:37:32 AM Individual Games and Sports I 45 8/24/2020 11:37:35 AM

2021–22 Fig. 4.15: Shot Put Fig. 4.14: Pole vault ball through the air for maximum distance. For maximum distance. for through the air ball metal and for kg 7.26 weights ball metal the athletes, male must The athlete kg. 4 is weight the athletes female shot the until diameter ft) (7 2.135 m of a circle in stay put must be made from the The has landed after throw. and the shot must not be one arm only, shoulder with brought behind the shoulder. In shot put the athlete holds the shot close to their neck in one hand. Then gaining around for spin or line straight in move they fiberglass or carbon fiber. The atheletes then push mattress. the onto land and crossbar the over themselves Shot Put: In putting the shot event the athletes put a

1. The rules require that athletes do not move their hands along the pole. As per technique, they begin clearing the bar the clearing begin they technique, per As pole. the along with their feet first ina position so that the stomach faces the bar. As with high jumping, vaulters may touch the bar, as long as it doesn’t fall. Round-by-round scoring rules are the same as for the high jump.

Throwing events events: Shot Put (putting There are four major throwing are Javelin and Hammer Throw. These the shot), Discus, detailed below. Chap-4.indd 45 Chap-4.indd 46 46 Health and Physical Education - Class X • • Activity 4.11 women? discuss for men and What is the weight of Activity 4.10 • • women? of Javelin for men and What aretheweights women? of Javelin for men and What arethelengths

2. 3.

Fig. 4.17:Javelinthrow Fig. 4.16:Discusthrow Discus: Inthediscuseventathletestandsinside Javelin: (and withinthelegalarea)winsevent. that throwsitfurthestfromthefrontpartofcircle releases thediscinproperdirection. The athlete will spin aroundto gain momentum, speed andthen a is fault andthethrowwill notbecounted.Theathlete it Otherwise circle. the of half rear from circle lands. Evenafterwardstheathletemustleave of the athlete cannot leave this area before the discus the discus,athletemustremainincircle. The feet throwing When women. for Kg 1 and men for Kg 2 is aroundplatemadeofwoodandmetalweighs and throwsthediscasfarheorshecan.The times half a and one around turns he/she technique per As diameter. (8’–2½”) mt 2.5 of circle throwing a area. landing purified the of direction the in manner pushing a in shot the putting finally and momentum for menis800grams and2.6to2.7meterslong. to2.3meters 2.2 is long andweights600 grams.Theweightofjavelin for women size javelin official 2021–22

The javelinissomethinglikeaspear. 8/24/2020 11:37:37 AM

Individual Games and Sports I 47 8/24/2020 11:37:39 AM 2021–22 Fig. 4.18: Hammer throw The hammer throw doesn’t actually

The javelin must be thrown in a specific way for it to be a be to it for way specific a in thrown be must javelin The javelin by its grip, has to hold the The athlete legal throw. to turn the back and cannot javelin the javelin, the throwing When throwing. when target the momentum and runway to gain runs down a the athlete The line. a crossing to prior javelin the throw must then To lands. javelin the until line the over go cannot athlete balance at must have a really good avoid foul, the athlete runway The athlete must leave the the end of the throw. arc. extended lines of the throwing from behind the involve throwing a hammer like you would think. a hammer like involve throwing athletes throw a heavy In this throwing event the ball (7.265 Kg for men and 4 Kg for women) that is Like the wire. (4 feet) attached to a handle with a long the athlete must stay in a discus and the shot put, circle until the hammer lands. They spin several times hammer. the releasing to momentum prior gain to generated by the force due to important is Balance having the heavy ball at the end of the long wire. Hammer Throw:

Horizontal jumps (long jump and triple jump) must be must jump) and triple jump jumps (long Horizontal In the case of throws, that from behind a line. initiated Crossing the line while line is an arc or inside a circle. will It attempt. the invalidate will attempt the initiating be considered as a foul. 4. • • Rules for field events In general, most field events allow an athleteunder the same conditions as the individually, attempt to their take who determine to measured is Each attempt athletes. other achieved the longest distance or maximum height.

Chap-4.indd 47 Chap-4.indd 48 48 Health and Physical Education - Class X Throws Vertical Jump Horizontal Jump Identify — and throwingevents. different types ofjumping athletes participate in us understandthatthe The details aim at making Activity 4.12

(3) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • off thestandsthatareholdingbar(flat). The competitormustclearthebarwithoutknockingit bar ataparticularheight. In vertical jumps (High Jump and Pole Vault), set the have taken. attempts in addition to the 3 attempts they already Triple Jump only) and throws will get three more The leading 8 competitors in jumps (Long Jump and the usually (plus meet referee). officials three least at by observed measurement is taken (again) using a tape and Whenever arecord(orpotential record) occurs,that line. the distancefromclosestlandingpointbackto Assuming a proper attempt, officials will then measure is a foul. sector, of edge the on line, the on landing throw A defined sector. a is it throws safe. for pit, filled sand called a is it area jumps, the For the inside occur must landings All until thetieisbroken. where they will again jump. This processwill continue If theystill miss, the barwill go downoneincrement height. all tiedcompetitors will take afourthjumpatthelast positions arestill tied afterapplying thetiebreakers, critical those If position. qualifying a or place first for does notshifttoalowerheightexcept break atie who jumpsthehighestheightiswinner. The bar After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one each of attempt byeachcompetitor. kept is record A attempts. remaining the for that competitor may choosetheir own selectedheight competition. Though whenonecompetitor remains, The heightofthebarraisedispredeterminedbefore attempts ataheight,thebarheightwillberaised. After all competitors have cleared, passed or failed their in thestandings. jump. However, that would not improve their position A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a competitor’s the The competitorhastheoptiontoPASStheirattempt. end will row a participation intheevent. in failures Three 2021–22 8/24/2020 11:37:39 AM

Individual Games and Sports I 49 8/28/2020 4:45:34 PM Date 9 Aug. 2012 14 Aug. 2016 20 May 1990 20 Aug. 2009 7 Aug. 1995 16 Aug. 2009 30 Aug. 1991 14 July 1998 2021–22 Country Ken RSA U.S.A. Jamaica USA Morocco Categories of Sports Events Categories of Sports Men Running Jumping Throwing David Rudisha Wayde Van Niekerk Randa Bornes Jonathan Edwards Usain Bolt Mike Powel Hicham El Guerrouj Time/ distance 1:40.91 43.03 sec 23.12 m 19.19 sec 18.29 m 9.58 sec 8.95 m 3:26:00 Events 800 m 400 m Shot Put 200 m Triple Jump 100 m Long Jump 1500 m Some Athletic World Records: Men (As on 01.06.2019) Some Athletic World Records: Changes Pole Vault Distance Middle and Long Run Long and High Jump Shot Put Hurdle Race Javelin Sprints Triple Jump Discus Relays Hammer Sr Activity 4.13 Activity have in one column. You various events the names of Given below Tick off these belongs to. events each of the category of to identify of category The event. sports the before column appropriate the in an example. one is marked as No. 5. 4. 3. 8. 2. 7. 1. 6. Chap-4.indd 49 Chap-4.indd 50 50 Health and Physical Education - Class X 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. No. 8. Sr Some AthleticWorldRecords:Women(Ason01.06.2019) 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m m 1500 Jump Long Jump Triple Put Shot Events 2021–22 10.49 sec 21.34 sec 47.60 sec 1:53.28 3:50:07 7.52 m 15.50 m 22.63 m distance Time/ Griffith Joyne Florance Griffith Joyne Florance Manta Koch Kratochvilova Jarmila Dibaba Genzebe Chistyakoya Galina Kravets Inessa Lisouskaya Natalya Women U.S.A. U.S.A. ovakia Czechosl Ethiopic Union Soviet Union Soviet Country 1988 16 Jul. 1988 20 Sep. 1985 06 Oct. 1983 26 Jul. 2015 17 Jul. 1988 Jun. 11 1995 Aug. 10 1987 Jun. 17 Date 8/24/2020 11:37:39 AM Individual Games and Sports I 51 8/24/2020 11:37:39 AM

is ______is

for men and women is is women and men for 2021–22 size is 2.2 to 2.3 meters long and and field events help an individual field events? Which of these also belong to the to belong also these of Which events? field t ssessmen A Modern Olympic Games started at Greece in 1896. Modern Olympic Games started Describe the major rules that are observed in long jump. rules that are observed in long Describe the major The Diameter of discus circle is ______. The Diameter of discus circle is event relay The baton exchange area in meter. The weight of discus for men is 1 kg. The official women javelin weighs 600 grams. How is high jump executed? Describe various relay races. take standing position to start In which events does the athlete the race? How do these performance? track meter. The standard track is of ______common event hurdles The ______. What are track and track are What sports? category of team track rules? What are the main high jump. features of triple jump and Describe the special throw. rules for shot put and discus Discuss the specific How do you break a tie in high jump?

1. 3. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 10. State whether True or False Fill in the Blanks Answer the following Questions Answer the following

I. II.

III.

Chap-4.indd 51