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Rolle Und Bedeutung Des Wiki-Konzepts

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Unternehmen in der Digitalen Ökonomie: Web 2.0 - Das Internet von Morgen User generated content: Rolle und Bedeutung des Wiki-Konzepts Hans Aebersold Wintersemester 06/07 ETH Zürich Department of Management, Technology and Economics Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung............................................................................................................................... i Inhaltsverzeichnis...................................................................................................................ii 1. Wikipedia..........................................................................................................................1 Geschichte........................................................................................................................... 1 Funktionsweise.................................................................................................................... 3 Prinzipien.............................................................................................................................. 3 Wikipedia ist eine Enzyklopädie............................................................................................ 4 Neutraler Standpunkt, Verifizierbarkeit Verzicht auf Erstveröffentlichung von Theorien....4 Urheberrecht und Freiheit der Inhalte...................................................................................5 Respektvoller Umgang..........................................................................................................5 Organisation......................................................................................................................... 5 Aufbau der Wikipedia........................................................................................................... 5 Entscheidungsfindung und Organisationsstruktur............................................................... 6 Internationale Zusammenarbeit............................................................................................ 6 Finanzierung.........................................................................................................................7 Kritik und Probleme............................................................................................................... 7 Qualität und Verlässlichkeit der Inhalte.................................................................................7 Urheberrechtsverletzungen................................................................................................. 8 Kritik......................................................................................................................................8 Wikipedia im Vergleich zu anderen Enzyklopädien.............................................................. 8 Verbreitung der Wikipedia Inhalte.........................................................................................9 Formen der Nutzung............................................................................................................ 9 Probleme...............................................................................................................................9 Zensur in China.................................................................................................................. 10 Wissenschaftliche Analyse............................................................................................... 11 Mit Wikipedia verwandte Projekte.......................................................................................11 Technik............................................................................................................................... 11 Software............................................................................................................................ 11 Hardware........................................................................................................................... 12 2. Wiki................................................................................................................................13 Wiki..................................................................................................................................... 13 Wiki-Syntax........................................................................................................................ 13 Bedeutende Wikis...............................................................................................................14 3. Anwendungen............................................................................................................ 15 Intranets, Groupware, Knowledge Management............................................................... 15 Intellipedia........................................................................................................................... 16 Quellen und Literatur.......................................................................................................... 17 - i - Einleitung In einem ersten Teil wird anhand von Wikipedia , dem zurzeit wohl weltgrössten und bekann- testen Wiki Funktion und Wirkungsweise erläutert. Denn wer heute im Internet etwas sucht, sei es eine Arbeit, einen Artikel, oder sonst irgendetwas, benutzt gerne Wikipedia oder ande- re Wikis, um sich einen ersten Überblick zu verschaffen. Dann wird in einem weiteren Teil näher auf Wiki, dessen Besonderheiten und Funktionen de- taillierter eingegangen und an einigen Beispielen gezeigt, wie und wo Wikis eingesetzt wer- den und deren Vorteile gegenüber anderen Lösungen aufgezeigt. - ii - 1. Wikipedia Geschichte Die erste belegte Idee, das Internet zur kooperativen Erstellung einer Enzyklopädie zu ver- wenden, veröffentlichte Rick Gates, ein Internet Pionier, der vor allem durch die von ihm ver- anstaltete The Internet Hunt und den Vorschlag zur Interpedia bekannt ist. Am 22. Oktober 1993 schlug er angeblich in der Usenet-Newsgroup alt.internet.services vor, gemeinsam eine Enzyklopädie im Internet zu erstellen. Aus dieser Idee entwickelte sich das Projekt „Interpedia“, das als Vorläufer der Wikipedia gilt.am 22. Oktober 1993 im Usenet. Das als Inter- pedia diskutierte Projekt, wie auch die 1999 von Richard Stallman, einem der bekanntesten Vertreter der Freie-Software-Bewegung, angeregte GNU-Pedia, kamen über das Planungs- stadium allerdings nicht hinaus. Der Internet-Unternehmer Jimmy Wales startete im März 2000 seinen Anlauf zu einer Internet- Enzyklopädie. Er engagierte über die Firma Bomis, deren Teilhaber und Geschäftsführer Wa- les damals war, den Philosophiedozenten Larry Sanger und rief mit ihm als Chefredakteur die Nupedia ins Leben. Für diese erfolgte die Erarbeitung der Artikel mit einem kleineren Kreis von Fachautoren, und vor der Veröffentlichung wurden alle Artikel einer ausführlichen Prüfung unterworfen. Der Redaktionsprozess lehnte sich stark an den konventionellen Enzyklopädien an. Autoren mussten sich bewerben und ihre Texte anschließend einen langwierigen Peer- Review durchlaufen. Entsprechend langsam entwickelte sich das Projekt. Die Artikel unterlagen anfangs der eigenen Nupedia Open Content License, im Januar 2001 wechselte man auf Drängen von Richard Stallman zur GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation. Dieser startete aber zeitgleich das GNUpedia-Projekt, wodurch Befürchtungen einer mögli- chen Konkurrenz der beiden Projekte geweckt wurden. Da Nupedia einen sehr bürokrati- schen Arbeitsablauf hatte, waren die Artikel zwar von sehr hoher Qualität, aber das Projekt wuchs nur sehr langsam. Um sich gegenüber GNUpedia, welches später wegen der Namen- sähnlichkeit in Anlehnung an GNU in GNE umbenannt wurde (GNE is Not an Encyclopedia), in eine bessere Ausgangsposition zu bringen, startete Jimmy Wales das Wikipedia-Projekt. Ende 2000/Anfang 2001 wurden sowohl Wales als auch Sanger auf das Wiki-Prinzip aufmerksam gemacht – angestoßen durch Sanger ging daraufhin bereits am 10. Januar ein Wiki innerhalb des Nupedia-Projekts online; nur fünf Tage später, am 15. Januar 2001, war es dann unter der eigenständigen Adresse wikipedia.com erreichbar. Dies gilt als die Geburtsstunde der Wi- kipedia. Wikipedia war ursprünglich nur als Vorstufe für Nupedia-Artikel gedacht, zog aber viele Ak- teure an und entwickelte eine große Eigendynamik. Der Erfolg führte nicht nur zur Beendigung des GNUpedia-Projektes, sondern auch von Nupedia. Bomis beendete seine Unterstützung im Februar 2002 und Larry Sanger trat kurz darauf sowohl aus dem Nupedia- wie Wikipedia- Projekt aus. In der Folgezeit wurden nur noch zwei Artikel fertig gestellt. Das Projekt wurde im September 2003 beendet. Viele Artikel wurden in die Wikipedia übernommen. - 1 - Ursprünglich sollte Wikipedia als Plattform zur gemeinsamen Erstellung von Artikeln dienen, die später den Redaktionsprozess der Nupedia durchlaufen sollten. Vor allem aufgrund seiner Offenheit – das Wiki-Prinzip gestattete die Mitarbeit ohne Registrierung – entwickelte sich das Vorhaben so rasant, dass diese Idee immer mehr in den Hintergrund trat. Am 15. März 2001 kündigte Jimmy Wales auf der Wikipedia-Mailingliste an, Versionen auch in anderen Sprachen einzurichten, unter den ersten waren die französisch- und die deutsch- sprachige Wikipedia. Ende des Jahres 2001 existierte die Wikipedia bereits in 18 verschiede- nen Sprachen. Im Februar 2002 entschied sich Bomis, nicht länger einen Chefredakteur zu beschäftigen und kündigte den Vertrag mit Larry Sanger. Dieser stellte kurze Zeit später seine Arbeit bei Nupedia und Wikipedia ein. Um eine weitere Aufspaltung
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