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Wikis Ke Zhang Wayne State University CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Digital Commons@Wayne State University Wayne State University Administrative and Organizational Studies College of Education 1-1-2009 Wikis Ke Zhang Wayne State University Stacey DeLoose Wayne State University, [email protected] Recommended Citation Zhang, Ke and DeLoose, Stacey, "Wikis" (2009). Administrative and Organizational Studies. Paper 1. http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/coe_aos/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Education at DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Administrative and Organizational Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. CHAPTER 15 Wikis by Ke Zhang and Stacey DeLoose What is a wiki? share knowledge through collaborative s a widely applied Web2.0 efforts (Leuf & Cunningham, 2001). The technology, wikis are open, dynamic level of openness may vary, as Lamb (2004) Awebsites with collaboratively describes a continuum of wiki formats: at constructed knowledge, information, and one end, there are wikis open for resources, which are freely available to any anonymous authoring; at the other end, Internet user. The first wiki, “wikiwikiweb” there are wikis with restricted access, was created and made available in March private workspace, hierarchical 1995 by Ward Cuningham, which soon organisation, and even integration with witnessed the booming phenomenon of centralised content management systems. wikis worldwide. Originated in Hawaiian, “wiki” means quick, and it is backronym of Benefits What I Know Is (Wikipedia, 2009), reflecting Wikis provide a wide variety of tools, its nature of open, social construction. As a resources and opportunities for teaching typical Web 2.0 technology, wikis allow and learning. For example, Wikimedia users virtually from anywhere to create and Foundation (2009) operates several online contribute to any wiki of their choice. At the collaborative wiki projects, including same time, wikis enable users of the Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, technology to critically review and Wikibooks, Wikijunior, Wikisource, collaboratively revise the wiki they use. As a Wikimedia Commons, Wikispecies, result, users can quickly and frequently Wikinews, Wikiversity, Meta-Wiki and more. update information, fix errors, and These Wikimedia projects provide a wide constantly extend the knowledge network. range of tools, content, and resources for Wikis are essentially dynamic databases learners and educators, such as for creating, sharing, updating, using and encyclopedia, media resources, quotes, searching knowledge and information, books and so forth. More importantly, which also promote meaningful learner-generated wikis represent their associations among different topics with learning outcomes, and such assignments hyperlinks. As indicated in its name, wikis and activities provide continuous provide a quick way for all Internet users to opportunities for interactive learning, 92 E-LEARNING collaboration and knowledge construction Bonk) without complex technical beyond traditional classrooms. operations (Choy & Ng, 2007). As powerful cognitive tools (Jonassen, 2000; Jonassen & Howland, 2003), wikis Educational allow learners to contribute actively to applications of wikis knowledge construction, networking and collaboration. A wiki is an ever-growing web K-12 of knowledge that any user may append. A Wikis may supplement traditional face wiki may be reused by many class sessions to face classes by providing information and different groups of learners, with and resources, or be integrated as a part of content being added to and modified on a hybrid or blended courses, or as a main continual basis. Wiki-related component of an online Outside of the learning activities enable environment. Wikis may also classroom, teachers collaborations among be used as an alternative to a and administrators different learners, instructors, course management system use wikis for classes, schools, universities, (CMS) (e.g., Moodle, school planning, and experts from anywhere Blackboard, etc.). For parental across the globe (Bonk & example, wikis are employed communication, Zhang, 2008). Wiki to engage students in inquiry- and professional applications facilitate teaching based learning in multiple development and learning by providing disciplines (Engstrom & shared knowledge repositories that are Jewett, 2005; Stahmer, 2006) or as a major constantly updated and corrected. Learners portal of school-wide curriculum (e.g., may not only use existing wikis for http://west-wood.wikispaces.com). information and resources, but also create Outside of the classroom, teachers and new wikis or add to existing ones, which administrators use wikis for school further empowers them with a strong sense planning, parental communication, and of ownership in the learning process. professional development. Engaged in a wiki project, such as writing a wikibook, learners have opportunities to Higher education share knowledge through active, In higher education, wikis are deployed meaningful, and collaborative learning and as an alternative to discussion boards on research. Changing from passive knowledge CMS (Bold, 2006) and for a variety of receivers to knowledge creators, learners learning activities (e.g., Bonk & Zhang, 2008; are highly motivated to work and Zhang & Bonk, 2008, in press). Additionally, collaborate continuously in wiki-related wikis are replacing traditional CMS, such as learning tasks (Watson, Boudreau, York, the one at Brown University’s Neurobiology Greiner, & Wynn, 2008). Wiki-related site (http://tinyurl.com/ men8m6). Wikis learning activities may also address the are also created for community building demanding needs of generational learners and social networking at the organisational (Zhang & Bonk, in press) and different types level (e.g., the Davis Wiki at: http:// of learning preferences and learner needs daviswiki.org/). (Bonk & Zhang, 2008; Zhang &Bonk, 2008). The easy function of incorporating Corporation multimedia also enables learners to add Corporations adopt wikis to create robust various forms of expressions in wikis, intranets for organisational knowledge addressing multiple intelligences ( Zhang & management. This is especially useful with 93 STRIDE HANDBOOK 8 the global communities that businesses Summary could reach. Companies also employ wikis Increasingly applied to all levels and to add to or replace content management forms of education, wikis bring great systems and to provide information to opportunities for teaching and learning, consumers. Other wiki applications include and serve as powerful cognitive tools for providing templates for reports and exploring, searching, creating, constructing memos, and allow virtual teams to share and updating knowledge. Wikis not only information and collaborate on projects provide free content, tools and resources for from anyway at any time. learning, but also stimulate different ways of knowledge construction, Government sharing and networking. Increasingly more Learner-generated wikis governments and government benefit learners as they create agencies have established it, as well as into the future as wikis to communicate with they continue to edit and the public. For example, the learn from the constant Government Transition Wiki updates of the knowledge (http://govtransition2009.wik.is/) is base. Because of their open nature, wikis intended to make the initial phase of the face issues of versioning, quality and Obama Whitehouse transparent to anyone content control. Accordingly, some wikis interested. The Collaborative Work archiving older versions for revisiting as Environment wiki (http://colab.cim3. applicable (Trentin, 2009), require owner net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl/) serves citizens by approval for changes, or restrict access to providing communities of practice and specific users or groups. For educators, linking to other governmental challenges such as how to appropriately communities, news, and events. Such wikis assess learner contribution and may be used in authentic case based participation in wiki creations (Wheeler, learning, dynamic analyses, and other Yaomans, & Wheeler, 2008) are yet to be course projects (Bonk & Zhang, 2008). addressed in practice as well as research. With more research conducted on its Non-profit organisation learning benefits and challenges, wikis will Non-profit organisations utilise wikis for be utilised more widely and more wisely in a variety of purposes, such as fund raising, global education. engaging volunteers, training and education, community building, evaluation Wiki examples and more. The bamboo project lists and Wikipedia: http://www.wikipedia.org/ explains how non-profits can use Web 2.0 Wikibooks: http://en.wikibooks.org/. tools at http://tinyurl.com/nbduf3. A wiki Wikinews: http://wikinews.org/ event hosted by TechSoup at http:// Wikiquote: http://wikiquote.org/ tinyurl.com/ azaler invited users to share Wikisource, an online library of free knowledge and trade tips about using wikis. content publications: As related to education, online charity, http://wikisource.org/ DonorsChoose.org uses a wiki to connect Wikispecies: http://species. wikimedia. classrooms in need with individuals who org/ want to help. Teachers are able to ask for Wikiversity, providing learning resources, classroom project materials, users are able learning projects, and researchfor use in to give to specific projects and students all levels, types, and styles
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