:. ::;:. <::. -

Sel' ial~'De Pti(~,"<., ';', />.' .... ( Xerox Un! v.ers1tY"~,1.e;-cjf1~pl~;'.·, , , 369 N~ Ze~b.,Rd.:': i," ," Ann Arbor', '111 ~h .i"" : .,: 4810.6".:::',';··N;I:'.,·': ... I......

Shifra Bron;zniCK Steven M. Cohen Arnie Eisen Michael Strassfeld, " '

• Jeannette M~ B?,ron .'" David Biale .', Henry Feingold Sharon Muller .

FEMININE ARGHETYF?ES'.lN"THE)BIBtE,' Everett Gendler,' ' ,,'.

Number 39 ~; ; R'8S 0 S8

Editors Shifra Bronznick -1\RTICLES Steven Cohen, Publisher Anita Norich : OLD MYTHS AND NEWFACTS.~ Ellen Umansky A PERSONAL SYMPOSIUM, Steve Zipperstein . Ii) hap fhe B/cssillg- Why! am Ma/"'z"ng ', Contributing Hdiwr! Mitchell Cohen Amie Eisen ...... '. " ... , .. , .. <. ~.. ' : ••• ' ;; ...... """'",:,.,7 Leonard Levin "If Jewishness is ;Jt· the',cellter of one's life, o~e ta,.kes't.h~cr.~~ti?A;ofI~;ael"·1 Alan Minl1. witli LJltilllate. rersonal seriousness. .. ,0 whether,'one·;·shoiildn:ot' William Novak OJleas~{.S he Not Joel Rosenhcr~ living thcrr.:. out of guilt (though this guiLt v.,.o:ould'riot'beurihe'aithy)i; Zev Shanken nor out ~)r obligation (though I feel a certain 'obligation), n.9rbecaus~a1iY:i4.· Lucy Y. Steinit I is nccessary to become a better Jew (it isn()~). On,e.goes,'ifonesq·.'de9i4~:s,;·, hccausc onc physically cannot sit by and let other people1;)low it:.",. '''0., "RESPONSE: A ContcmpOf"ry Jt'wish Review, IS :111 Illdq)('Il(knl lour 11.11 (>I Jewish expression, T()ward a Creative Dia.s'pora Michael St rONSE is published four times a year: September, Janud:;", ~1arch and J IIn(' cal' reasons but rather the struggle for a new:r~ligi9:U:S __yisi~W~d4Y1if~.J~,::,: "Subscriptions are $8 per year in the United States: SG rer year in Canada: S 10 involved in that struggle-the struggle to pre ate a newsYlltlt.~sis:of,inode1'nitY, per'year outside of North America: $6 for U.S. students. Single copies S2. and tradition for our time. While this vision couldbedreate·d·,fuIsrae~.th~te:. '.~Copyright 1980' by RESPONSE: A Contemrorary kwish Review, 610 is at present no reason why it has to be donen11sr~el(an.djndeelth~r~.:ar.~" W:'113th St.~ New York. N,Y. 10025. All rights reserved LInder International pieces of Israel that make th~ whole processm¥~4 mote diff~citlt).:lcQntlriu~' '. md'Pan:'Ame~ican COpy~t Conventions. to remain here, feeling uneasy, dissatisfied, yefhopefuL"? . , ; I!o." ,I RE'SP,ONSE\ve1comes'articles, fiction, poetry, artwork and letters. Contributors From Sister to Stranger...,.!srael Then and Now, ", ' sttouldkeep a copy o~.everything sent, as we cannot be responsible for lost or :riti~plaGed m3,~eriaL Manuscripts, triple-spaced, with self-addressed stamped Shifra Bronznick ...... ~ .....:.. >; .. <'.... '.; ... :... ~.:: 'envclQPes~should:be sent to RESPONSE, Editorial Office, 610 W. 113th St., "My problem with Israel is not that I am no't aZ;io~kt.-MY. prdblemist~t Ne\v:,York~New,York 10025. Writers should include their phone numbers. 0'ur,phoD.I::'nufuber is ,(212) 222-3699. Back issues are available from University I am having trouble liking Israel very much. I knc)\7{thai I once1ovedlsnlet I . Microfilm~,'A@',Arbor, Micbig-aTI, admired her past, and was hopeful abouther f~ture.·N8wIIQ()k·atherLas .. ' " .' '" something like a childhood friend with ·little·but>rn:einoriesto:hold'u~'·to~·· .:IIlt~niational,Standard Serial Number: ISSN: 0034-5709, gether. 111 always be her friend but my passi~a:nd de~otionaref~ding.'~ ,.,'.: " . '$ehon~:"cl

'Vol. XII, No.3 ii .... . people •. Baron exammes this aspect . ()f Aiendt'slife·startingWlth·herfJe~i~~~t{{:i. Propagaiuiists ~(). Pijacem~1Ws-...;"i~ New Rolesfor American Zionists , ambiva)ence as a university st\1deIlt;,htiprofesSiOnat;comlriitnleiitt~i~esctiing;t!~~': . " .~tev~nM. Cohen .. ;l·:. ti; ...... ~ ...... 25 researclling, and publishing ,E~~opean.· J ewiSh •. ,~l11t\lral. mateiiais; .'. ~d:'con~::"<: ,'.; "~:"br~eimay:yellbeb~iter off if AmeriCan who have marched in the ,eluding 'with a remarkable. tale ;ofcontroVersysuqotindin'gArendt's,~unetat:' • .,.< . ceremony. . .' . . .' " '>.' .. , " " l . propag.anda war to a t~ne :called by the Israeli consulate, march loyally for . p~acemstead.~~rael will be better served by American Jews who publicly acce1?t the legItimacy of many Palestinian claims, while rejecting those that' are clead~ un~c~p~ble. Such a shift in role for the staunchest supporters Ten Feminine Archetypes in the Jewislz, Bible, ' of Israel, ineVItably entails anxiety, pain, and soul-searching. Nevertheless Everett Gendler...... : .•..... : . a position which proposes solutions responsive to the legitimate needs of .'-!; • both peoples, Israe~s and Palestinians, is nM only morally superior, but, "Archetypes are cues from the' realrilof the',Cpllectiv~;Unc9n~46Js'6~,' in fact"may be politically more effective." Objective Psyche which point toward' the next 'stag~,.othuman .. 'ipsycl1ic developmen t, . . . Those of us caught up in the. ~eep an,d ma~sive'tr~nsfo~~ mation of the Jewish collective psyche occuqing'i~thei:tJ.S;toQaY·would HANNAH ARENDT-A RETROSPECTIVE SY/I,1POSIUM do well to reflect upon the .Jewish feminine ;.ll'chetype,s'~hich'ij;e e~pecia:ny',(; ,: significant now." ~ . .' .', . ,. A.rendt iilJerusa/em , David Biale ...... , .. . ,33 A Child's Smile Elizabeth Feldman ...... _ .... , ...: ... ,,' .,. ':' " ... Years after its publication, Eichmann ill ienLsalem rcmains as cOlltrovt:rsial ~ .i. :,.~}:.~"."i:·.\8'~' , as: Gver. H~nnah Arendt's legal analysis claims that although thc Jerusalem A paralyzed infant; the' severe, contortions of a palSied:gir1;f:child'::vtitb::a' court had [jurisdiction over Eichmann, the charge against him was highly stump for a foot. How does one offer God "wordsofjust~ce,merdy,loving,',: problematiC. Her discussion of these two contradictOl), issues offers a (asci· kindness? No, I could offer no., praise; I clenched mY. teeth~,lwas,:,QbSets~4: ~atinginsight into her thought. with their faces, those forsaken children." " The Bureall~'rat as Mass Killer: Arcrzdt OT1 Fichrnarzrz . . ~ Henry Femgold .... _ ...... , , ...... , .. , ... 45 REVIEW Hannah Ar.endt proposes an answer to the quest ion of how "civilized" A Child of human beings could construct the ghastly machinery responsible for the Anita Norieh ...... ~ .• ·"'i~,'.·,~,'·,~'·;>2.L~:t:r~.?~.>., Holocaust. She fmds it in the role of murderer as functio~ary. as,bureaucrat The outburst of interest in the Holocau~t has generaryd'whai~some,11a~e,: doing his job oftr~sporting millions of victims to the gas chamber. called a "Holocaust industry." This reviewer of. Helen: Epstein's 'Children 1'lze Parzah ~ndrome of the Holocaust, herself the child of surVivorsimdpr9fes~ibnaily,~emplQye(f; Sl~aroil Muller ...... _ ...... 52 by an agency focusing on the Holocaust, istorn:b~:thed~~lol?~~t.. '~F'6~, . " many of us this is a gratifying sign:, almpst a·persona1accolllPlis.hment~':since.';,: " Haml~ Ar~ndt distinguished between two spheres of human existence: it seems to validate our own obsessions with, the 'topic.F6~qtlle~s,suc~ari" ' . the 'public-political sphere represented by the citoyen and the private-societal industry seems at best to be in particularly badtast~andatworSta.nabuse ~sphereof the bourgeois. In her view, the pre-eminent fact of Jewish existence of the memory of the .. dead and the privacy of sUIYivors~bythdv~g'on'the'; wa:s th.~ p:<>litical ineptitude and indifference of the Jews and their confme­ horror in their lives." , . ' '.. . ment to the'inferior societal realm identified with the contemptible bour- , ,?eoisie,. a view that Sharon Muller examines and rejects. POETRY , 'c':" . ,',' ", '." ,IAn1W-i Areizd?:,Personal Reflections To Put Your Mouth to Dust : ~::J¢~~Jt~,M. Baron .' ~ ...... _ ...... 58 David Rosenberg: ...... • ~ .' ..... , ...• ~:~ •. : ...'.' .... >. ' her decades' of close friendship with Hannah Arendt, Jeannette :,,'.prit~~~':U1?9n Das Faustrecht der Liebe'.. ,..', '.",B,ar~~,o~fersin.sight in,to an oft-maligned and much misunderstood side of the Mark W. Kiel ...... •.. , ,.... , .~ ....,.': ...... "~ .~,~~'. ~80' ¥?ted .. tlriDk~t:,;,.J:1er. cqmplicated attachment to lewishness and the Jewish "~::.-::, ...,....., " , - "\, :.. '- :':' .:':.":"'; ...',~ '.. , tn~des and standards, for easy .ans~¢rs,jn~tantreco.gnitiop,::~4Ja~-~n~~rd~~{~J~;'>' :·Havu(iatii{ pdate; West Sider's Rejoinder ...... _ ...... '$7 domination of desire itself:· dictatorships,6r.oialgiatitica~bil; .. ·..... ,:.,:" :'. ' .. .·..• ,i,~,,'<':':.: . . . ,Although poetry has usu~y,~u~ested•. '~~6~caSion::(to:;\vW9,hjtf"

response), 'today it is as if in confrontation with prevailing 'notIons' of r~~ty:{ I '.0', . . ' . (If the world of discourse were'a walnut, then prose may examine the shell and , . What i$ Poetry :For? its environment, while :poetry hIlS 'to; he lesspolite,.iInfne~iflt~:~~ac~'o.ge~,..a~"~y; .• ·· 'DaVid ~osenberg...... 4, reconstruct the nut itself.) Why has thishappened?'Wh)':haspo~tiy;in.q\lr,tin1e/c: become a weapon against a dictatorsliip of clJltutallip-~ervtce?WhY Ji~sp.()etry" -N6T~S ON CONTRIBUTORS ...... 90 become the very mirror-image of the 'o~d~, seritimentalnotjo~,~hllJJt~assoft." loyab\e, myopic (and, in the service ofgov~rnmentsor're:ligions(~e~sUY~iain. wkshed, a vehicle of propag~nda)? The. ansW,erlS::just, as;'·~h~,mod.eni.·J?us!r$r: . philosophy has been to refine itself into the' specificC9n~ext;9f,lirgui~ti,:cs,,'; poelry has been honed in our century int9 a precision !nstrume~itfQr~l~~n~i~g the LJIlguage, Aild it's a measure of our tunes that\v~:need:hie~:anJJ}S~tU~~1,~llt:, ONOUR MINDS tilt' tr;Jditionul tools no longer work~or they may, b~t nofJnthe.tra~itj9na:1:~ay.,), Now. wh;Jt does a Jewish poetry mean in this pregnantscel1ari9?,J"'irst, ~t, . Illt.:;JlIS bringing poets out 'of the academic c1osets,dl'aggiJlgth~ill.frol'l1:!:tl~e lJoudoirs of lillguistics, 'psychology) philosophy, hornjJetics=arid~ p~shihg,th~l#;, WHAT IS POETRY FOR? hack Jlltn tilt arella of daiJy living. Because., to statei~,agaJJl: r0et~Yifth,e:ri,lost prl'l:i~l' JlIStlLJllltllt of truth available to us in words, whe'therJtbe,;:nt1lerteaftri~. of prJytr alld proph~cy, or psychology and Hnguisj:ics."., / ;'>'. • «>.. '/" Tilt currtnt Jllumbo-jumbo about "creativity" can b,~safelyjgn~w~1,:·i{\.~g:; Response has consistently open cd IlllHl' p:lges'to poets thall otlll'l IlLlg:l­ thert will always be poetic "accidents": it is the. very pdncipleorjnventio~ctry "doctor":' the heartsgecia1i§t(~i1:4:!i?t::tAe Whether placed on a pedestal and branded with curliclll's, III i1astl'll in hnc alld ;ICadtlllic cri1ic). Yet we h(lVC these dedicated poetsamoUgus,they.!eam;ctheir , . there~.abselltly. as filler, poetry is usually paid more than its share of lip-servicc' craft wherever they can, ,wd I hope we can present sorri~ :of,t~er#;in'1;,j:2ade,~<' And do we neGdto think twice about "intelligent" journals (~'ith their hearts of SCORC than ber;)rc, . . .: '. ." ""J";"'~';,.-?~',-,':'- ,porcelain) which honor the art by pleading ignorance and rarely pTinting the SO, in naming a poetry editor, the editOrial,.b.oa,rd'oFRe:spon$e.h~~'~~~ . stuff at ,all? . pressed its desire r or a new measure' of conc~rn. We:'veagreed top~?$~nt P8e,~~ , . I:think we cotild stand ~ome discussion about what poetry is' for, and as a major medium, establishing a regular format for a p.oerry:.sectior)n,~~~, +specificallya contempvrary Ameri~an poetry written with a Jewish heart. issue. This self-contained section will includ~ an1injmumof"Jen,pagesda~4,; Perhaps,we can nurture an atmosphere of concerned criticism and push beyond present a large chunk of work by each of tV{?p.oets.Jn~d~ition/twoultl,~ke.'" Response's showcasing of individual poems-to attempt a grasp of the poet's to help stimulate the creative translation ~f lesser-k?0w,lla1.1dofyo'l!I]ger}.sf~~4 careeLThisnew stage. of concern would begin by presenting those poets (known poets. J am also concerned about. creative re1iderings.fIt01f1_the;spititu~I,star~~ , .tiJ.d.~hknowD.} who've made a commitment to poetic careers. to developing a house. Excuse my addiction to· the word, "creative'~·, in; this CPht~?'t:I:ll1~~.I1 ..';> . boQ.Y.pfwo~k:' principles of interpretation that. challenge both. the' originai, lahguage. an~'t~e" ":; ..:, ·.Ap.d~Iio\v-what is poetry. for? Fortunately, no easy answer satisfies; we new one. Translation is, after ali, a living exchange.~. , ': ' .':'.", . 'ii~ed;speclfic examples, and therefore critical essays and reviews, But when . The editorial board has also made 'a commitmen~ ;t(),"~ve's~~ous;c~-." ','~hildien ask. Big' questions they shouldn't be ignored: there are big answers, at sideration t'o in~erviews and essays on~conre,mp6rary: p6etjcs}nIJ1ost~as~s;I.:~i!i':,: ')eastf?rstarteis,~d we ~an begin with them_ Then we may decide for our­ probably not be able to personally; answer unsolicited'cO~trib~tio~~R~sp~n~ei .:.sel~es·li~w satisfied we rertiam. The big answer to the big question is: poetry is receives an enormous amount ofsuchmateri~.,-bl.lt Ihope tJ;iatt1ieq..u~lityaf~' last mieof defense against the subversion of the language_ , :~the'fll~t:imd.the diversity of what is printed will enc6iq'age allp'oets'to persjstiIl'the~work'afl~'" ~at'~e \'fue' forc~s 0f.subver~on? Precisely the uncritical desire for official tIle refming of their, craft. .'. '. ..'" .• , ," , this -demands less of one ,than a poem. I certainly 'aniwritfugItn'lor,e-OUlCI<:I:\1' •(and letting go of it with less concern for its precision) '·tharifwoulda, line It's not a matter of this versus that-it's a matter, of TOKEEPIHES'L.ESS't'NG,2..-· ·deir~e,o(senSitivity.': I'll wake up and think the opposite-but a

'?oem,will always,:' my most basic, concern: the length and breadth of WHY I AM'iMAKINGALIYAH', , ,,' : ' _,"'. ' ..•• , ",J" "r ,~yselr. w~c~ I selflessly gave ~t. A. poem will always record the uncompmmising dem~.n4for openness and attention which I submitted to in its presence. For 'bett~r'or worse, poetry is the truest measure of our sensitivity to the world or dis.t:0urse';-alld, by the ~ower of reflection, to the other, speechless worlds. I was not raised to be a ZiQrust~'~or~by tIiells~~ldelmi~()n'S':'l1~y~;:l become one. I want to live in Israel~ j.s ';ill~'Ifmdjnyself pu1ied,,~~re,"JSyi1:h~i':: David Rosenberg, Rower ,and challenge in its call. The proj'ect itselfIliovesme!}n,:':a\Vay,!~~cli,' A 'Incoming Poetry Editor ideologies fashioned long ssi~le:' which is about to happen-l would certainly not re,commelld exp() sing, most ,or , even many qf the Jewish people to the enormous'ri8~8'of~aftague"stat~su~w." rounded, by enemies. Better to fight assimilation, hei'e/w4~en,:;o~ohe·':Y(an.~::to~·' kill us, if survival is the sole object. This is on1Y,com,mon.s¢~se'.W:~~arepi6s~'.' pering here. A Jewish life can be rich here. The dooni~sa1ers:couJd_notsp~e4 me,: to Israel on the wings of their assimilation statistics. -11te.projedtiqns·1iUg1it~e right-but they also might be wr6ng~ and Ilike it'here.,:' ,".,.;,,<" ,'.' "; Most religious Zionists, I am :afrai~,w6Uld,~of!1a~~;llle'~';a.ndl c~nof'", abide their certainties. A halakhlc state?, Notf6i~e; lelo n.oillear,tlie,v.0i~()f' Sinai clearly enough, "The beginning of the -:flowe~gof:o~r;~e'den.ip:ti6l1;?~" _May it only be God's will; we will certainly ,n,ot~ejt'if;Jt ~'~;:'Buf:'thOse< who proclaim the messiah's imminent arrival'through andforth~~selve~q~it~J' , frankly scare me to death. The politics practiced, today ill: ap.ticipatiqn 'of [the ". Coming lead one to dread the Main Event all the mote/rdonot~dwQod~~'i,I' ways in history: not in the deathcamps,noi)nJ?48()I 1~67.His.4oiri~':a;&~!~" not that discernible to me. Talk, which thteattms to make of God a,: ~·manofw(l.l:Rz;Y::;;' repels me. It is not that Jevnsh.faithwhichurges"me on:'t'o:r~~eril':hist~ri~'~ ,', R,' ~'2?i:~~!:~" .~ /l ''';c ";ideJty,thrdu!ih'ithe , As one s.tands dn .the JO~d3I1'~,farb~k,the:';Pb~Sibili~~::i4~t:~'·~Sioi"; : in Ereti'YisraeL~ore Will ever be more than that seems,ren:tOte.~ Yeithlstnmslation of~e~a1:in2:(!tRr~ ~<".if,C6mes:do~ , into devarim (facts) is, I believe;:tiie·,taskwhlc:hdefmesuisa;:JeWs;:·'The~islo - ~ ,'''.'. ," ", .",,; 4:". ,'. ':,1, .,~:,:~~~,,:::>,: ,:,: .. ~:.~':.':. -,<:,:,. _':-:;".'.' ",,;.:~":':::':': , , .. ": terribiebi~ssfug: By,~so" , stroke of timing, the State was born only excites me like no other, even if 14e,voic~' ~fGodj:p'my>experi~nce:~oRnp,~:~ut~:'r" • ,s, ",' " "'" threerearsbefqre me. Wei contemporaries, Israel and I, a blessing not granted dimly and' the details ,of mitz\'ah,;s'YaY:ar.¢not.so'~l~ar,.:One~e;ea:!l:.o~:~ccepti ;'to';11lygrandparents. andgr:hnted my parentS too late to alter the pattern of their all of Deuteronomy's presupp6~itions,(or even I11iIle,~';~)'io'agr~e':~hat"it" da.ys. ,,What does one do, as a Jew , in the face of such a blessing? At the very states, quite accurately, w~~t we ~eme~~ a~!~ws.~o-do.:,t~r~u~cl'J~Sfi!~~i$l~': leaSt,jfJewislmess is at the center of one's life, one takes it with ultimate per­ communities with God in their midst.' " ",' ,',', ' ,'.,' ,"_~.:",' ,,"';' soual/seriousne.ss. One asks-more than once, at more than one stage of life­ Now, it is one thing to constrU;cts~ch acofl1IU~it~:1n,the'-'diasg~r~;'~~>: Whether,one should not be living there. Not out of guilt (thOUgh this guilt quite another in one's own society.Th~ ~c6nQinYI' po1itY~';an~'pult1):~e!?:{ariY~~it \VouJd'not'beun]lealthy), nor out of obligation (thOUgh I feel a certain obliga­ n~ltion in which we live will make theirchli~S~:n1d'the~ernustbe.mef;/pne : tion); nor because ally-all is necessary to become' a better Jew (it is not), One cannot, as a result, feel ultimately responsibleJQr,slJchstat~s.,Ip,nl~Wevalti11:les~;.;' 'goes;'if one so decid~~, because one physically cannut sit by and Jel ()thL'[ one served the prince, thereby ';mgering'bh: PQPullce,and.lef~botll .. t9,tl~eiij;~~u,:, :'people blow it.,' ways. In the modern West, one perhaps pressesfoJ,socia1j'uSti.ce"'7'rlietl~e~'Ou(o~,:,'t>,'~ , This attitude might be a matter of persunal telilper'HlIl:llt. I du II(); tbillk prophl'tic conlIl~jtments, or attention to .one's ownilltel'eirts~an-~,wh~~e'Pos~j1:>le;~: so,'h'owever. The arrogance in the refusal to let others ruill things, whik WL' Las a vuice in the deterIllinat~on .of natiqnal poliCy",Bu..t,it-temah,\~',~meiVOj,ce,: ,sit idly by, is the arrogance necessary for fikkllfl {J/UffI, UUI culkL'livl" lelllS;11 and .we re main, of necessity, a tiny percentage .of :the: popuia,tion.?,tlicrs:'Yto1'l,7A-' as Jews to accept the world as it is. Humility in this Il:gard C(Jtdd hL' lala!. hl/ kws) will--and should, jf w~ are dernocrats=pr~vaif. ,'" ,',1< "':,,,""""0':.: .,'

, if they succeed in defending an hrael repugnanl to all WL" V;dllL', WI' ,11:J11 .\1 11))1 Till' issue, though j is not one of votes at. a1l~ bl,lt:of'qulttire;Soci~lo~sfS, sour on its dream, and if we do, a precious p:lrt of (llil lik's IIIL"allill!' will Ill' SllCll as Peter Berger cOflfirm the 's;guidi.llg,as~Uln,ptiontha~.t(j.1n;~iii,~aw;:', . ',dcni'ed. The f9ar of that alone, and the challellge implil.'it ill 11tL" ka;, sliliuld olle's own heliefs and way of Lif'e social reality must ,be ordeie9;;apc,oJ,'dinglY.", conquer our passivity and enliven the quest iOIl of :diyall ill 01/1 Illillds, Too nil/ell c'o,n flicling testimony will shatter tM, "p~ausi~jlity str,!ctllrc"".whic~,:;i Once the possibility has beell stilled ill LIS, we ':Ifl' pnsu;llkd III :lcl 11II II lellds credihility to our view of the world-only onevieW;,~Ongsomany;.~9'b:,;": by the,pl'ojcct-and the reality or Israel. l.islL'J) , Ill} ,(l/ll' fOPI: 10 [)L'llll'IOII(IIII\, In!Jch conflicting experience will preclude our commitmfmttothat'which.,liis'" , an 'oration by Moses attempting to ll1ake Il::!!, tl1Jll,lIglt Ihe jlilL'lry III law, II-IL' ncvrr hern, I r the life of which Moses speaks ist~be)ived.to?nYS~Wiific~t new life which will t>pen itself to l~'ael 011 the f:1I silk Ill' :1 ILIII(l\\' river. 'Ill(' degree, then, a space and time must be created whjch>are(o~rs.'.The"projef~ , ,words "hear," "live," and ·'lI1it::mlt.·· Slllllllkd ill tlte h(l(l~'~ ~lPl'llill,L: l'll:l),kl\, ;Iwaits liS, and n(iw', for the first time in two thousand yeats, we~ave'th~cl1;an~ 'r~-echo throughout. I () relllrll to work on it full-time" ' .", ',' """" ,.,' " ,•. ' '. ,'" ~The people are to imagine the way to a life as wt ullknowll ill the wurld .. Others ~avc begun, the work, and we inherltthegoodan4bad,:of:t¥t' , "they must hear Moses' words so well that the testil;IOIlV llf 'all tklt, their L'ves beginning. J shall speak of the latter below~ Here Iwiril~t6;-inei1~ion:'Seier~" :llave'seen until then passes from memory. The way is call~J mir::l'Illi, By walking aspects of the reality already built up in the space provide~f6I"9Urupb~~4i,4g iriit~41ey can bring tIllS life into being. To that end. the remainder oT DClItcr­ which particularly draw me to a1iyah~ ,', , " ','.';",>'; Q~0111)r:l:iys'Otlt ,a blueprint of that life. in law. Not in gencr~l exhortations to First, ,that by grace ofwhlch we 'build:~he land, 'The.ereir,?fIsia~l' lO\l¢::'-forthe life must be sufficiently specific to convince us of its reality. and probably speaks to each of us in' a different way. I,' no,~omanti~;h~e 'l1pt :fel~ ·g1!ide!~oursteps.in its creation. Not in complete detail: for the life cannot be impelJed to work it; never, riding thrbughthe :E;mek,:1m:veJbeen~e~ed'bta' :,pictrired:precisely before it is lived. The challenge facing Moses. then. is to longing to return to the soil, thereby leavingbehindi~l¥t·~Vi1i,zatiq~l.vtith,aU": ,.c~~~ce Xsrael throughhis words that human life~can be different than 'it has of its distancing amenjties. Nevertheless:' I Call1lot 1001¢.yvithoute41otion' apa. , : "~e~er ,be~n ' befor¢~'Hamg been addressed at Sinai, Israel is to speak its word lilIld which addresses me in words putdeepinside'meby'iraditidn.;;Tl1Sa~ria :(qdl:1zrrm'theconye~tion with God by creating a set of facts (devarim) which I fmd the olive trees still at peace upon their terraces; ;teridirlgt().~:ihose,wllo':~, , " ,testify t6: God's: presence rather than against it, enable that presence to dwell tend them faithfully, and am reminded: Baal~ma11wonderthat,Elijah-fiU1ed ' onear~-:"rather than exiling it. Where injustice is the rule and righteousness here., In Judea" by contrast, I fmd tpyself b~tweell,unfelentingrdck.~·dji~L· ,-~go~s~\vard~cl, faith is rendered difficult. Where widow and orphan are which pierces to the core of menanct. ~aiter,allg .. understan'dwhysom~~,.~)fl, ,:p!Q~ -""'.< .: %. ... '.'" ,';:,' ,::." ';:'?::~'~lj~W::', ~ , '" "'. .<~ ... " , ' .. ;< . '. "".', '; >«:/ .'jJ~i...... a,lessono!emtence,. ariq:l#Fof'run, while here culture disguises so much with ~its;'mass andsubstance·.,~ers of history stand between' us and the facts, con­ be achieved, the moral q\lestions'inhereri~;iri':;aje~is1i~staf~:'7w:;r'i1:n.:ji.signiitlc:aI ,·:.. ~a1ing:'wh~tt4e.treesqfiJ*dea, growing lone on rocky hills, disclose. There if non-Jewish minority will persiskWiiliinJsrael,.tl1eso~cia1. disloc:iltiC)I)S:ol' '.r0mitnticisin'in.ihis, I kliq*" but I give way to it contentedly. The changing modem world take their toll. Diu: .~elfare··stat~ 'fOlmdets, 1:urnm.g.lILS.lrOJJI1'J,1 · color of Ierusalem's stone ~:lnot a small part of what holds me bound. stirriflg vocaQulary of Deuteronollly;svisiOI110 'the·. dtu.Hnglexicon bfintllatij:ll ': .• 'Se-¢ond~thoseWith *,hom we build, Israelis. One soon discards anx talk un~mployment and dlSCrimiriation~? ews .areat.eafh otheJ;s~throats·~;t'olr reascln$Ti~i!V: of Jewish moral genius, as one contemplates the face of "Jewish normalcy," sunk deep in the essenc~ofwhatwe are3:b~ut,.artd:these .. divisi()Il$: .. ofJewishpeoplehood, encountering kibbutz galuyot in the chatter of an Egged known. The upshot is. that reality does \noLs~ein mcll.riedto acquiesce.'irl i :b~~. There. is a certain iridividuality'to Israelis, I fmd, which stems perhaps from attempt so radically to transform it. .' " . : .': .,:;' ...... •... : .,,:.\ :theshl~ess of the place, and the demands made on everyone's humanity. If : But this is always the case: as adults,·,andri6tchi1dren~wehavelearlledi .. ch~r~cter.bethat which., is etched deep through repetition, then Israelis have that. The question is what our responseshaUbe.t9the:;·stubbogtJlltt~sigenc~·, " acquired it in the old-fashioned way, through pain. The lack of civility wears of the facts. Several reactions, often .heard . an1ongus(:s~em>to::me.elitir~lY ; . . ··.onme, and has become, I think, a serious social problem. The aggression manj­ without justification. . .'" . . .".';' . ".:' ':festeclin daily interactions threatens to drive one into stony anonymity'. But, One is to rule out aIiyah, on the groundsthat"thestate)snotwQhhy stiU;'ifisa family: hence the bickering, the assumed right of reproof. Israelis ;Of us, too corrupt. Please: the state will be imperfect an~~9rset1i~~iliperfe6~:;-­ paYJ,11ore.dearly for the society of thtlir fellows then any other people of our at least until the Messiah comes. On that day we (and theJe\\'ish':MencY)~:\Vi~Fc. :: e,Xpencnce. They also receive more: a sense of collective purpose, the knowledge not be needed; aIiyah will be arranged "from iome-'<>~h~:t:place/"l'~::not';' that one does not live only for oneself. This me~ing, which we stalk, often minimizing the current' injustice. One sickens~ occasiona~y;:and'·de.spairs,,'.~e~:ini, futilely, in our professions, is forced upon thelll in the calls to yet another or reading of what goes'on. It is as if that which so directs o~rliv~~.seei.nS·itself" m~nthin the reserves, and the unavoidability of a life in debt. One is needed to be hopelessly drifting away. All the 'more reason to.~et~ere';1h'~eJ"e:;JoV:t" there: a great bleSSing, from which one naturally longs to escape, One has com­ dissatisfacticms can at least lea~ to constructive piotest,.~asyj():say,.l1.aidei.· munity thcre) for better and for worse, to a larger degree than wc will ever know to do: precisely. Here we can never know if our self~rigb:teo1:1snessAs~ot:(u:~le,;~:i it here) and to the extent that this is still a shibboleth to which I cling, I am led in part by guilt, serving our rationalization. There we '.have ·the·:discpmfo'rtof· topursucit where it can be found. Israeli sodety, or at least significant elemcnts finding that those with whom we disagree mostprofoundlyaiegoO~J;leigJtb'6rs.i<:: '-with.in it) still tak~s the ideal seriollsly~ where American society does not. in telligen t and committed. This too has shaken me, during my Y~ars#I:~srae~ f?:r · .Finally ~ there are the various meanings that jcwishncss has aIre ady come study. The good. fight is to be fought ther.e-with and agajnst'lsraelis7liQ~1J"er~~' '. to .acquire. One simply cannot know what jewish forms will result from this Equally unconvincing is the argument that. if' ~veryone:;weritto .Israel,. '. , experjment. One. can only live there, and, watching one's own relation to the, Jewish survival here and there would be endangered,an4:b~sideS,·ihat:.J-sra~1<' · people and its tradition unfolding, imagine the process repeated thousands-fold can't cope with the immigrants it already. has. This!tCjo.WiU~9t·4o ... .we·;Wllt~"-' oye.r·~nerations. The availability of public Jewish space .is itself decisive. I be 'permitted to worry about the depletion 'of dia.sP6ra'~~~~)lirceswhe!l"'t,~t" \'reInembe~ my wondeFment at first seeing Purim in the streets. On Yom Kippur becomes a serious possibility _ At the mom~Ilt, when alnjostno'~~rfCa,!ls.a~~·r ··Jerusalem lay-absolutely still under a sheet of brilliant white and white-gold; going to Israel, its need for our skills ~nd its tiulyfrightening.:d~0ii'ap§i~.:; . :alLmo~meIit was,within, as the day demanded. On Shavuot I walked with picture present by far the greater danger.Ayarmntr,espons~,:,voice~by·s()llte.·/ :~:teIls.ofthousands to ·the Temple, the convergence witnessing to a common active in the Jewishcornmuruty, asks who willrun/1hings arlds~sialD.J~w~~:i:

~~_12r·.i < .' <';~Ii . urging'Hsh0uldberepe~1¢~;'that we go to Israel simply out of obligation or '~t.'lapon1y'argtiing~~1 if we take seriously our responsibility to ask: the q~estion'of~Ya4~' and il;Q~r excitement at the project and reality of Israel ' ,le~cisustoailswer that qUe~#on in the affirmative, we cannot let ourselves be . d1ss~.adedei~er .by dissatisfa¢on with Israeli society or by our personal indis­ peris~bility to American JeMsh life'. There are excellent personal reaso'ns 'for 'no'tnuikingaliyah, but these two' are not among them. Good faith demands thatwe.a~}( an

: , 'of rowerlessness in the face of persecution only by founding a state 0Hpeir ov;,n::; , , Such, a state w~)uld a) end a demeaning depen;dencyon th-~,:go:oct~\V~l'-~r-oth~~.-;;: nations; b) allow Jews to become "normal/' byHving{)n:thei~oWll,)~nd.and' taking up the full range of occupations from farmingto business,fr~Jl! !e,~c1iii1g: . , to crime; and c) end anti-Semitism by removingaperceiv~dfoi'eign.elel11~~~"7th~ : : Jew-within each nation-state. Israel, then, was tOa:llbwtheJe~s't?:beco~e "ki-khol ha-goyim" -similar to all otheinations~rto~ betie(.andnb'YqrS~~~Sonie;<" Zionists also envisioned. Israel as a culturalcenter;:asovrc~'Jorth~reviva16ft~e' , or a utopian socialist 'state. However;

• " '.~ "" • \ • • • ,: ". " .,'," • -. ,:' .. .' ~. • " ,',',:, J "•• , :•• ~. ". ,':. '":;~I1:()fIsr~d'lWIlVtJie ·tnsrael become like the Christians of Lebanon simply. grafted onto seCUlaf. Zionist':theologY,:a, be?yf iIljJC)d: an(f:'r6iihX]\(dlr:~~;' . ~eY~li<~ef()re:the t:iyn tiny ininority in a vast sea of Islam? Will inter- iJnportantly ,they have not develqped .an ideology.tl1.a(.:e':xplainsliI2)~l~~ig,ioy,s:.i "!l1arriageaI\d:assimilation . problem not just in the golah but in Israel as well? ' terms the 'state's meaning to us today and our,'dufies toward it: ~~-..-.;:,"":":-:.-.:::,~'~.:" "Wilf'Israelisovera long',: of time have to learn how to live in two cultures, crucial: especially for the newnon-On.hodpiZjonisfp10veIV~nts.':,·.·~ . a:ini.rt0r~tyIsraelif!ewish on~, and a majority Arabic/Ishimic one? Will a non­ , , The pra~tical reason$ foi.-.not makfug'aliy$, wlille ilof'flsi,r,l' tclllec'tliallv: living,lewiSii culture (a la ~) be able to stand up before a majority culture? stimqlating as the ideological oneS mayweighmoreJ~eirvi~Y oniu()s't peopl!e';·thrul, Tliecari:sw~r$Jo these.questions a:re far from clear, and while the problems may do th,e ideological reasons outlined abov~; " '.; , ' , " ., ".,,' ,>,:i '; be along way off, for me they indicate some of the risks in the Zionist vision, First of all, to make aliyah is to become animmigran:tl a&jaiTing~xl?ed7nc?~ , , "'.,'. Finally, 'and perhaps most fundamentally, I reject the Zionist conception even in lsrael. It is also to .choose a ,life n9tjllst'I11arginaUY;:blltsl~~ifi~a~t1y" io£;gal~t; For at least some religious Jews, gatut is a state of alienation of people below the living standards we are used to~ ,nledaytQ'daY:Ufeis·al)'!l::rd()Il~and,.1~ " ' Nom themselves, from nature and the natural order of the universe, and from maide no easier by the complexities of Israeli 'bur~aucr~cy,;:.,;",:", .. '·,.• ,;, God>ltisastate related. to the spirit rather than to geography and will exist To leave !,merica for Israel is to leave a, cosmopolHaJ1culturalcente~.f9r;~: untiFtherriessia~c era. Judaism preceded both the Land 01 Israel and galut. small parochial state. (The last time' I was inIsrael,IrmlintQ,~li?t~ler,AJi1:~~isa1i.·:, The'Biblical phrase "I have been a stranger in a strange lalld" i~ usually inter- wjlLl was suffering from the Sunday New York Ti1~e.$:\Vithdrawa1syn~:ro~11~,); ·;preted as referring to Je~s in exile from Israel. In fact, it was SP()kell by Mu~~ P~lrtly because Israel has to be so c9ncerned with survival,.i~.?r:hslpU.C:~l,pf;itS:" whotled to'the land of Midian from his "homeland ," Lgypt. WL kn()w tklt (Ill' :Jttentioll iJlW:HU. Most international new~ in Israeli papers,de,a1~,:~tl');.~h?'~e,', JewlshfestivaIs are linked to Israel's agricultural cycle, hut thL ItStiV;lh ;lL·(II;r1I;. evellts which have :J direct or indirect impact onthd:hate,tm'etone'wdtel'\Yl~o 'commemorate events that took place outside the LlIlu ollsrat"1 tilt" l",\lllhl\ II!)III C:IIlI(," trolll England a I1lJmber of years ago,who,despite,his;cpntl,l'l'ul;rl.g~:Oln~~H~ Egy'pt~thc giving of the Torah at Sinai, and lhe SO)()Urll ill tite dl'\\'"lt.lh:\l· 1IIl'IIt to aliY:Jh, hat! to tr3vel abroad several; months a yeir,:tota.ste,the,~osin?~<. ' events 'are central to Jewish belief and practice alld S() ;lll' C(}lllllll'IJllILI(nl p()litall literary arcnas of New York and London. I also beganJoun~~~staJ?,d,*l'l),;' " 'ann~aUy. We dvith'~i' WJonly. mourn with fast days the loss or all these thill~s, Thus at till' L'IIlI (}I (Ill' 1l01l-cxistcn t lIight life and a limited general culture; For th.ose'W:~9:,~re·' , cycle.of the pilgrimage festivals-at Sukkot WK are left wandellng ill 1 Ill' tinl'l (. tllOrOlll~llIy discnchanted with America, or for'thoseOrthodC)xJews,\w~O:'~:ve(," This. for me) is the true metaphor of the history of t he.Jewlsh pel )pk really parlook 01 or admircd American culture, the'ehoic~.~s.~asier.·,;ll~~?fe:~;~~;e,' . , . We must car~fuUy sort out the Zt+onist illterpretatiol1,l)1 our tr:ldltll)n 1111111 'rest OIIlS, Amcrican,culturc exerts a very strong attraction.",':,;,"~.::" a ,religi~us one. As suggested above, sccular Ziollis1l1 LlVlllS jn lSI :Iel I,i-Idillt Otltcr aspccts of braeH life diminish itsattractivenesstQ}11)}~p?t,?~tialc ':/la7goyim (like all the nations). This Israel is in dirl'l't contr;l(.IiL'lion til the 'AlTlcricJ1~61ioic~(~ssent~~¥~ ,religious ,creations between the. Second and Third Jewish,commo~wealth. limited to Orthodoxy and seyularism. S~cular Judaism~.;in,,'Istaet;)un1ik~itl "TheyrejectB;~l-Gurion's and other Israelis' attempt to rewrite Jewish history by America, is a real ideology; that is; there are many Israeli.s wh?pay-~oJip~eryj~e' ~pping fr()m the Biblical to the modern period as if everything in between was to belief in God and who attend synagogue onno'occasion:s':Isr~e1iq~t~od0:'o/ \ qfadenie~ing natme best forgotten. The tradition stresses reliance on the spirit makes even less of a pretense of being in dialogue. v;ith' theiIon~thoc!ox'~¥nif' iather.,tltan o~ military strength: "Not by strength nor by power. rather by my does here, creating a wide schism between these two :WorIqs>, '" ..•... ' i','", .'. <~r.>, 'spiiii, .. , •. ' :...... JJ.~·~,iI.i:Il(l~J., their presence makes a difference. uneasy, dissatisfied, yet hopefu). .'r .'. .,..., ..•. ".. ,"",.:<,' .',<,' .'. ,;i. " ....' : .. , .. ' ...... • shquld be easy. Israel has little to offer., w:hile " We may, in OUI time. u~~ttered·byoldZiQniS~r~etoric:;~r:.re.~n~.vJ~·:,:' .:. Amerlca~,i1ithe tlIlalanalysis, ~he '''goldineh medinah." Butfor me, it is not as slogans, try to redefme· the memmg:.ofG9d;Toral1:.~d l~raet;lJntilw.~~9·,.ih,~',:·· .... :s~pleasthat;Th.ereis much that draws me to Israel, most of which is not intel­ Zi OIust vision cannot compete: for me -w,ith that of an·errieriingr~ligiouS)~iSio~:.,~,:· ;;lectUaran~therefore hard to express. My attraction to and longing for Israel is Part of that religious vision is of a religious·.ZioI1ism·~lriC4js,·n()tj~s~,a·po~tiC'al,'. ~crediblystrong when I'm actually there. It has to do with the morning sun on Zionism 6f religious people, but Which ,a~~~mptsto'~isC\l~s:.fu.e,:fue~ningH~:a "'.t' thir,d Jewish commonwealth in terms ofbeliefandritpaL ..... :.' •... "";)"'~'~':: "Jerusalem s~one, hearing talmudic expressions used in advertisements, feeling a "";, ..... countrycometo.rest on Shabbat, knowing that the festival cycle is a Jewish one, II wouid like to believe, if I maybe :foriiven the'\ihutzpali,'th3;~'Ne,'f~: aiidfeeling.a kinship with everyone around me. Most of all it has to do with halutzim of the spirit, trying this synthesis, of old: ~d:neV\f. wlth9Ufl'eS~l',~':J? .walking the ,land, where Abraham and Sarah wandered, where David composed .:pologetks. To place this conflict b'etween'3; religi9y;s,vision. ~lld:Z,iQni~m ~n,a:, i ~.,thePsalms, where every place's name brings echoes of events long gone which symbolic level, let us look back to the.end oCthe 2n~ J~w,ish.c~~1rtlonw~~~~~;: '.: . arestiU alive in my consciousness and imagination. For me, all the cliches are pe'riod. For Zionism, Massada, the last group of Jr~V$to,1101qout~gaihstrth~·.,.i­ true. Romans, has become an important symbol. It symboli~es resistance,indeJ?en"/, '. .' Then; too, it is So ea'sy to be a Jew in Israel, so hard in galut. Building a dence, physical courage against overwhelming oddS.; thQugh parent.he~lc.~¥y,~~, . ,Jewish life ~,the golah has been compared with 'erecting a building whose seems to me a very pessimiStic choice of a symbol. ChoosiJlg·Mass.ada~~,.a;., foundation rests on quicksand. After praying for the return of this lanu for two symbol, is at the same tiJ11C :) deliberate reje~tiori oftbc oth~t,symbolfr.0#lt~/lt thousand years, isn't it time we, I, came home? Isn't that what it comes down to period, Yohanan ben Zakkai and the school at 'Yayneh·:X0h;all~~£R~!l'~: inthc"end-Isra~l is· our homeland? Like returning to the neighborhood of our Zakkai secretly. left a besieged Jerusalem to negotiatcwitbil}eRolllans f?:~A;:· childhood? there is a feeling of distance and alienation ;md yet, overwhelmingly, haven for Jewish scholars at Y~vneh~ He saw thesuhrivaloftheTof~~tYa'Vp.e~j, 'a feeling that this is the place we belong. that this is the place we have nrver left. as more important than the survival of the state. Because of him,; and the:r~b,bi~i~" And now? like Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz. we need no magic to take us there: tradition he was instrumental in preserving and expanding,we,asJews~'4re'here:' itrequires only the wish to make the dream come truc. ~oday. I hope we arc n'ever faced with the bleak choice of;yohanap'be,ll:~~~~b, Also? as a religious Jew, don't I ~feel the religious claims (whether or not The challenge is how to successfully combine the two:howtoen?o~rage.'I,sr~el,' . there is a specific commandment to make aliyah)? Aren't there commandments to enlarge its national myth beyond "Massada shall never. fall agaih";to}n,clude. 'which ~an only be performed there? How do I reconcile living here with the 'Y ohanan ben Zakkai an d the "galut" of Judaism he symbo1izes.'pud~.skinthe; . :\Vords,of the' traditional liturgy? I anl still grappling with these questions, bu t Diasp,ora is not' to become lost in the someti~~setherealworld"pf/forah;:~eU' sOIlletlting about my viewpoint should be understood. I am .not an Orthodox must continue to see Massada looming in the not sp far~waY(1~tanc~~I(:we~~!1i' " ,Jew'yhobelieVes in all th~ laws and faith-claims of the past. If I can stop praying , accomplish this, then once again the word pf th~ Lord shall gO'~9~h f{oni·Si~ai-,i: ' I()~therestora:tioI) of the sacrificial system which I no longer believe in, then the and from Jerusalem. ' :traditio~31c1aims about Israel are no longer blindly accepted simply because ·~ey.:aie\there in the liturgy. I try to take seriously both elements of the slogan >';.tradition?ild change.~· r have stopped fasting on all the traditional fast days ··rela.ted·totheexile (except for Tish~ B'av) because I feel the founding of the "~tatehasinade tJ:tem. incompatible with our reality. For me to continue these . f<;istswouidbe a:denial of the importance of Israel. Thus the question of tradi­ ti9Iljs.not.a Snnple one for me~ . ··,.• :;:,·:~o 1 reIn~fom..,...libi be-mizrah-at times my heart lies in the East, but ·:rigb.~now~Y lifeis.here in the gaIut. All the issues I have outlined are part of niy ..~ertu:ri1J.oiI, in.deciSion and debate, but I would like to believe that the ... ~~te~gissues are not, fer me, the "practical" reasons but rather the struWe ~6!'~~hxw"religious ..vision. My life is involved in that struggle~the struggle to ;cteate~ rtew' sYnthesis of modernity and tradition for our time. While this

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SERVING ALL JEWISH STUDENT ANDYOUNG ADULT PUBLICATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA I

'/ Thirteel\ years ago, Israel becarnc an occupying arJ:nYion',tli¢W,est... ~a:hJ{;' EDUCATES THE JEWISH COMMUNITY ABOUT AND allo Caza Strip. We have now reached our adulthood":,,,,?,uJ Bar MitzvabasocqJ;':; PUBLICIZES THE PLIGHT OF SOVIET JEWS piers_ Is this what we had imagjncd Israel would become? • ,:" """,,-" ';", , , ',';:." There used to be a time ~hen 1 believed that a drastjc'ch.angeilr'tl1eIst;a~~ii;y g()vernJllent's policies towards PalestinIans and the QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEALING WITH JEWt'SH occupiedterritoriesw~s()l1lY:'/' COMMITMENT, LIFESTYLES AND RELATIONSHIPS a matter uf time_ I hoped that change would come soonc:r-for.thesa~eOtl" PaksI inians_ I believed the government was only postponing' what J,saV,r"'~sjhe; irlevi( help Israel change. We held conferences that foq.tsed o:nJsra~li~heJ?al~~~nfan~~'.i':'­ Cind th'e prospects for peace, We wrote manifestoes, carvi~gout'e~,c~worqas ifa',l DEDICATED TOPRESENTATION AND DEVELOPMENT 'misplaced comma would determine Israel's future. We fougtit'at ,coi1:venti?l1S; , OF YIDDISH LANGUAGE, LITERATURE &CULTURE - and passed out pamphlets. We v.'ere sometimes simple, ancl oftericoiripHcate~;'" Wr~ 'Nere always saying, yes, we love Israel, care forherwith~pa~~on~B'Ui,1~r NAJSA awards small grants to local and rE!9ional the sake of her own 'security, and in then~meof morality, we musti'giv-e'the,_ student projects throughout N.America Palestinians some land, and allow them the right ofself determinath:m.,,'.~ In 1980, in the home of a non-Jewish EnglishfriendWh(::i lia~beep:h,elpf~I; and kin-d, while I koshered his kitchen for my pwn use,tl1ad'a-conversati()n: which was for me a sad celebration of an unhappy Bai,Mit~a1iWith'l11uch . delicacy and a reluctant determination, he said,:"Youknow'Shifra/i:haV'~n't:t" wanted to say anything; but 1 think you shouldknow thatllJtili~ve mthe'righisf:~~

of the Palestiilian 'for self determination~""WhyDOIhiIiick/~T'~eplied?tinpleas.'· i: • antly surprised, "so do I." But I realiui,dmore cIearlYin:tllatki~chen..th~rleYer!~~?,,~: had in any meeting room that to most.pf t~e vv.or1d, acoinmitment.·to:lud~~.rn':. ; and support of Israel ~d b;ecomesYn~rionioutwith a belief in the 'rep~essii)Ji:~$f' , the Palestinians and the occupatioilofiarid. ' ' -' , ,: There are, niany defInitions of Zionist ideology. Great thinkers and lesser -. Illllidshavetried to determine what it really means to be a true believer. Does While my friends .and co-workers were .·debatirig'eachJo.th~r~d~~t4rig .,; .. ,being a Zionist mean that one must settle in the State of Israel? Or does it only distinctions, it was clear that the Zionist',emissanes had no: desire to ~fferentiate .. :~eguireA~t one suport her? Does Zionism demand unequivocal approval for bet(ween ideological commitment and l0vingaffectio~: .,' ...... •....••....•.. ' ...... • , •..•...... , Israel, or might one v~nture some criticism? Is tire a Sitting with Michael ~osenberg of .the Jewi'sh:Agency;,at':Jh~:Qeneial necessary"compc)fient of Zionist ideology? Is the relationship between Israel and Assembly of the Council of Jewish. ·Federations and Welfare' F~ildsi~J9,.7S~:he'.,:; : '~heDiaspora, that of a ruling planet and her surrounding satellites? Or ~re We rn'lintained that ,Zionism was any Jewisha:ct.iionismw~sap'esach;seder,:~r·~:.,·,: "separate ,but equal?" . Ctutnukah menorah. At the time I was baffled. Why':wo~ldasp~~e,sP;~'rsonJr(J~;:. For me and for most of the people with whom I worked in the Jewish the Jewish Agency, one in ch~ge of the Pnivei$ityServicesDepa¢ment7:th~' Btudent'Movement, the~e was' no question what Zionism demanded of its department which would 1110st likely be ,steeped ;ill jdeoldgy~,dil~te !Zici~ist.' adherents: aliyah. Unless one were prepared to live in the State of Israel, one theory to the point of tastele~sness? '.' '. "::.':" ,'; should not call oneself a Zionist. More than one interpret at ion of Zionism seellled The transformation of Zionism into "I Like .Israelismtwasn}erely,a,:velvet: poss.ible. To lIS the most demanding was also the most coIllpelling, glove to cloak the iron fist. The Zionist emissar.ies· had;cleveily: c9ri1P9~ed;'~~' . I' ,In this \\Ie 'diverged from most of the Jewish cOIlllllunity who saw everyone argument whi~h seemed to unite all so that in the end they wo,uldpe gi.V,erl..th~'·. 'as a Zionist. If you waved a flag or wrote a check you were a Zionist. I r you power to rule all. . . " ..- monitored political candidates to detect with infinite care tlH;ir level of SUpPO! t The Zionists wanted to control the Diaspora, and fe!fthat theY:had.earri~ij.::" 'for Israel's policies then you were a Zionist. Since the requirelllents uf this brand that right by virtue of their Israeli dtzenship.l11eIsraelis toldA.inerican.,~e~ish; . of Zionism were so minimal. if you weren't a Zionist you were suspected of leaders exactly what to tell America's govemment.Tp.~y,triedto'.forc~the ,American Soviet Jewry Movement to' abandon any Russianl'ew'wllo,aidnot treason. ~ . Like my friends and co-activists, my ideology was wuven into the fabric of choose to emigrate to Israel, and they destroyed or'took,over():i'gap.~a.iiq¥suc~, . ; .my life. My Jewish commitments led me to keep kosher and observe the Sabbath, ,as Network or Breira for daring to disagree with them; '.' .. ,"'" . , ... ' ':but they also drew me deeply into the Jewish Student Movement. We talked, They claimed, with an assumed tolerance, thatZi?n~n1'ell1~Jac~dati~p: Ideology until one in the morning and cried in the office, Our private lives and thing, Jewish. It's the loX on your bagel, or thestaronyourchest~:$o~'we,;;-a~~:.~ . ourpplitical convictions were hardly separated. all Zionists. Once they had comPleted the niath~mati~al 'imp9ssibi1iiyofJo~n~' :l,didnot choose' Zionist ideology. I did not believe that ,the moral impera­ parallel lines to form a circle, they proceeded to' draw ,iiewlin~s.·· :';":i:.····.··.·· >C.' tivep(my Jewish life was aliyah. I never thought that a Jew could only feel at In reality the world Jewish community w~~videdb~ween:Zi6ni~s~d',· ,.home'in Israel. I felt completely at home in the Jewish counter-culture. In the non-Zionists who nonetheless supported Israel.' Afi.erAhe:Z.ionist:en¥ssarie~ : '~Diaspora 1 could struggle with issues I believed would improve the quality of welcomed all Jews as Zionists, they anriouuceq a"new'merarCl1y~ri'hdseZionisfS -Jewish.1ife;l could fight for Jewish feminism, work for alternatives in Jewish who live in America and lend political and furariciai SUPP~It:,to the'Stat~ ofI~raet . , . -Eciucation. try to create new Jewish communities. In Israel I was certain that are good Zionists. And the. better Zionists are t:ilOse who'a~tu.a11Y';,lllak~ t~e, .:'. ~yJewish conc~ms would be viewed as merely a luxury lost amidst greater sacrifice of living in Israel...... ;... . .' •. " .:. -affaiJS:'ofstate ~ .' To .live in the Diaspora was then. no longer regarde-d. as. a~tter~:of~choiC~ ,':'Jhave never been one to yearn after sand or stone. Land does not fulfIll and decision, but rather as an indicationof'ffioral,inferionty.. And it,would ~ IrierWater does not move me_ Flags and armies don't make me feel complete . certainly be·unseenily for those who had proytmthemselye~weakand~lDwi1lirig' . 'Arid.so,I -remiliIed·qci.te distant from Zionist enticements. to settle in Israel to criticize Zionists ;Who did live in JSraeLThat circuJar~rgg;. ; '<:".:Sui I always' supported Israel, lqved and respected her, criticized her with ment became the noose with which' the Zionist establishment ~iiedth_strangi~: ··"llie_Jr~~d.()m"b()mof friendship and the desire to see her change and grow, I did the voice of dissent in' the~ewishcommunity.. .. '. '. '., .·.i , "not con~4er that I woul4 ever be regarded as a traitor. I simply was not a Zi!=>nist. IV ,:< . >;'l} . " .• M~:·probJem with Isra£!~is not that I aronot a Zionist. My problem is t~at I "amh~vi~gtrouble liking Israel very much. I know that I once loved Israel. I PROPAGANDISTS:1d ·PEAC~·M}\KER$::~··' '. adiriiredher~past. and was hopeful about her future. Now I look at her as some· NEW R'O'LES,FOFt;" ... ,' "":'" '. tl~ihg:ljkea childhood friend with little but memories to hold us together. I'll ;~waYs:be.her friend but my passion and devotion is fading . . When,LabOl; was in power I saw its leaders as shortsighted, inillwral in AMERICAN';lJONIST$: t~~ir refusal to recognizethe Palestinians, too cowardly to take risks for peace. Butididnot consider them to be at all unredeemable. We fought with them iII a b.attie wag6d between loving opponents, between people who had travckd the In 1968, Arab university students and their leftistaJIi¢sJau~diedA~eu": , same terrain, and emerged on different sides of the sea, but who werc lI'eVl'r, rill~nced propaganda drive for the hearts and mindsQr:An:}eii,c~n·:itlldents::.~orc 'thelcss-apart of the same community. But with a Begin gUVCfIlJIlCll[ HI p()Wl'J, [Wl) Yt':irs, Zinnist collegians rallied to the defenseof'the)e~~hll~l'l'l~laDd'Y~tll. with 'the terrible 13th year of our occupation of uther pcuple's Ialld, W J[1i [!Il' dd):itcs Ie:iflcts dorm discussions and public deI1)0l1str~ti6ns,'Thafl?ropagan~a ·r.fght wing ever settling in; I am 'having a difficult lilllt: believillg ill hr :.It'1. M} W:if prt;vided Il~e with S<;lI11C' of the most exhilfratihginomen~s',~(mY'.life.):" . 'hopefor her future has frozen into blind faitll. Will a: cUlIlItly [1i;1[ elnlnl Bq'.I11 III oudly Jed ColullIbia Uni,versity's Zionist students in batt:ling:and:eyent~,~AY! 'c"c;r be wonoycr by Peace Now? Before I would ILIVl' Ieapnl 1(1 ;111 ;dIIJlII;111\l • : •. J'.. ,' ,". ' ...,'.;. ...• , delealillg OUI Arab opponents. . . . ' ;. . .' , ...... •....••. <:.:;.. Tcspo~1Se·. Nowlwatch the Peace MovelllL'lIt's d'i'orb Willi llie Pd\\IVil) I,J 1)111' Sillce tilClI, I regarded public defense of Israel witnintl:l(.~soc~ety,)¥~ose;:,\ who'has turned from protest to praycr. surrort is so critical for Israel's security as a personat"obligation, 'OJl,~Whi9~'J<,·· . Only three years aftcr Michael RllSCllbclg tliL'd 1,0 tl'llllll' thaI Ill' hl'IIl'\I'd Clll braced willingly, Even as late as 1977, I quietly held sedousl1lisgivjilgs~~?l,lt:/' ZiOllism was a PesHch scdar, I stood ill a WOIII at a N;llil)llal Jl'wi\11 ('1>l1\l'II[IIIII Illy many friends in Brcira who m~de visible emerging fissur,eS'jn4~erican andw.as,told "if you're not 11 Ziollist, ~et 0111:" Whl'll Illl' Jl'wisll i\gl'lIl'\ 1('llIl" Jewry's heretofore solid support for Israel. ' '. -', , . "" ." .. ' sentntive who made that anIHHlIlCl'1l1L'1l1 was asked, "wll;11 1\ ;1 lllllll\I')" Ill' , III fhe l(lst two years, though, I've felt steadjJymouriting,d()Ubts,'a:b6~t: replied that if you don't know the 1111 SW l'l , ~,Oll dllll'l hl'lolI". III 1111\ 1(111111. hl;J(;I\ rolitical stanCe and moral position. These doub~s crysta11iz,edtP1s'r'a~t::;' I was not a Zionist I did not hUllgl'l rOf the l;lIld. 1\1) dIL';IIIIS WL'll' 11(11 S.eplelliher, during my last trip to Jerusalem, when lexperienced,a,thOi'pugt;~,." 'scented by her flowers or colored blue and while, going shift in my basic paradigm, the interconnected worldviewthrough;wp:ich.~i( .' But the ZionIsts had always been my comrades, Illy l..'ll-\\llLkL'IS, my frie1ll.h look a1 the Arab~J sraeli conflict. I still write my;year1yc1iec~ lo\theVJA;rsf~r'l"~: . . alld'my family. The Zionists had given texture tl) a drealll, They wde people contribute even larger sums to self-help moVements ~n'Israeli.1itough!mY',t~e;:·: ';vhocol.lld liiake their vision into reality. They were revolutionary in their ability 'dakah coUective; and J still will continue my; decade-l(mg'C1l~totn,:pf:visitip.g~ , totrallsforill radical ide~iogy into .everyday living, ' Eretz Israel every year or two. But now, for the first tin1~is'a politic~Ym~tqr~" :;: ::,But nior~ and more I feel Israel receding from me and others, And J wall t adult, I find myself publicly expressing func1amrEialortP'9sition:~~,Isra~r~:':. llerb'a,ck: 1 want to talk with her, argue with her, just pass the time of day with policies toward her Arab citizens, neighbors '.' ::" ...... •. her.·,lwa:nt·he; to be brave in the fight for peace rather than for war. I want to a~d en~!es:. .:.~;,. In the last two years, Israel has moveq furtl1er.~ndfij!!~era'NaytroIll:th~;: "feel: that:liei.; h~undaries do not exclude Jews who are her friends but are not center of my Jewish consciousness. What was oncespleli!a'source()t:.plea:su~~/ ,iiohi§ts. But more arid more often when I stand is some room her voice seems to and. pride has become simultaneously a cause for p~inlI1id,.yes. sh me'and ,; ',say"tha-t"lfycmdqu't know the answer (or believe that we have the right one), ll em barrassment as welL thell:;'ousimply,don't belong. "'0 ... > ',., Isiae!-isi1ot only occupying the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Israel is -oCCUpyiI~g~ po~~ibleIsrael,and trying to occupy the Jewish community in the Abuse and Mistreatment ' ::Oiasp,oraas,welL T ask now for her liberation and my own. I ask that she let ,,',)ris!oIl:be'e;ruightening rather than threatening, and permit the light 19 shine even How am I to explain this dramaticshifi, on~whic'hI feirji:farfiol~fidiO:.'i "iri::thedarke'st:comers of our souls and her soil. : syncra tic? I prefer to offer a few illustrative ite1J1Sin'p~ce of ~Ih'ore d.ev~fope4~~IW, '" """ ", ',' ,'" .- thovgh perhaps ultimately l~ss compelling'argUmenL: . " ., . "" r;,

,: .26...... ~iI~l} '. '. · .' .<:·IriMareh,:J979,Ai~liS.bfthesmall West Bank village of Halhoul demon­ The list will stop 'here. The 'p~ilitlsratherstraightf()t\vaici:."stae1i·:dffi~ill1~:';ii:\ ;s~ia.te.d against' the.cam~:!~k.'1d accords. During the umest, an empty tourist dom claims that their Occupation,o(Arab .lands ha~~~en:;~·eW~;i~~~:.A:r~~.s I btiswasst~ned.·Israelilffi1i,tary authorities ordered the mayor and the vi1lag~ in pre-'67. Israel are .treated quite ,~.qirltably; in. }jgh(ioryears()(~"o~lility;":~nd ·;.~oun2iIto, ~ppe~rat theihilitary governor's headquarters immediately. The that the army pays scrupulous att~ntion t0minimizfug·:ciViliail,qasual~i~~~and. , • 0ffiG~we~e' roused from~'their homes at 2 A.M. and forced to stand in the to .enforcmg . commonly recognize'dethics oLwarmaklng~The~e.~la.~~·al£,: govem,or'scourtyard until hb arrived at 9 AM. su "bstantially undercut by the roste}" qf abtises :proVided~bove .....•.•• :i";'o :,.':. ,',':" " ',' The governor imposed a 23-hour curfew which was to last 16 days. Vii· . ' Some parts of the brutality :.inhumanity, andi~sens.it~vi~'c.lln hera~iori~~ ,> " 'lllgetswererequired to remain in their homes for all but one hour a day. Farmers alizetl away. Lovers of Israei can t3kesomeso1ace,inc.the0ther:slde's.itnm~raJi,tY::: snea~g ciutat night to ,spray their fields with insecticide were beaten back to and its historic rejection of peaceful :altematiyes;' we' ates0'1t1e~4atJelievl.:dto··'.'·· '. '",~tlJ,~jt homes by .Israeli soldiers. They lost upwards of 40% of their crop. Soldiers learn that incidents of brutality are fude~dJess comm.onthan,l;ulderc~mpaia~le . 'destroyedaiI glass windows in the town, causing $10,000 in damage. The gover· cif)Cumstances in recent history; and tile Begm·govemm~ntp,olicieS}~e.in4e.ed'.' ,norcancelled plans fora new produce market which would have meant IL 2.5 significantly more repugnant than thoSe.' ofjts:lib9rpredec~ss.or~)3~t'.~ven·;!. "rnilUonfpr the village economy . Most tragically, one Arab teenage girl was after one excuses and rationalizes blghtinks·of :disappointnjent.,~.oll:e':is;,syll::i'" '. 'killed and two other students were injured by soldiers putting down the ~ation­ l<;ft with the se~se that something is perhaps und~rstandal>ly bl.lt,hev~r~~~less·" alist demonstrations that sparked the governor's reprisals. ipexcusably wrong with the way braet relates to;Arabs within· 'lsra~Ll'ropeu "', The key officer involved in these admittedly unusual collective punish­ in the Occupied Territories, and,elsewhere. .:: '.' " < .• ." :, ... , ..•...... ' rnents wa.s subsequently reprimanded and removed from his post. . This sense is not mine \ilone. The Israeli Peace,~ovemenf,(I~a.dingIll,e~bei~. , . Over the past sum~er, Israeli newspapers rep,Orted the shameful handling of Knesset, Israeli newspap~r editors, and other good,~ds~ne::Ziorijsts:h~v~: of'the case of an army officer who had been convicterj by a military tribunal repeatedly decried these abuses, Moshe Dayan has ,ca11~d'f,oi.the:ulli1at~ri11 of s!rangling four Arab prisoners of war during Operation Utalli, the Israeli withdradrawal of military government from th~ populated areaspf·t~~JVe~t.x, J 'in,' cursion in,t.o1Lebanon. The original sentence of 12 years imprisonment was Bank and Ga?-a. His reasoning is simple: "We are not wanted there'''';An,datleasr: , reduced to 2 years by the Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces. Subsc­ 27 high school youths have pledged to refuse to. serve, in', the Territ,Orie~.Mp,s~·;',· qtient outcry by segments of the Israeli public was of rw avail. significant on 3 personal level; a friend of mine, a recent imnii&rant,t,oIsrael,atl'

Sinct! 1967t thousands of acre~ of land in the Occupied Territories have , ,peenapproprlated for military, agricultural. and urban residential settlements Ignoring the Peacemakers by,Israeli authorities. Though most of that land may indeed be "unowned," ',:traditional practice in the area dictates that untitled land is held in common by, More furdamental, thou/ih, than Israel's. behavio~ t6,nardsi!s~r~~i'" local villagers until a farmer cultivates it, making it his own prope,rty via an citizens and neighbors, is that thisgovemmen:t,even moreclear1ytna,-n;'~tsA~r~~{-" . ancient equivalent of sweat equity. decessors, has abandoned the pursuit for peace.Solllehow,itbelieyes~~on:s '::,Since 1948, Jewish towns and municipalities in Israel have benefitted from of Palestinians will go away; that a' free, democratic, JeWish B,tate~.catl,'~iV~ve: 'steady' imprbvement in services fmanced by the quasi-governmental Jewish by defeating and subjugating over a millioni\rabs;'and s0:tneh~w,t~e,~01:kI, AgencY:; a conduit for contributions from Diaspora Jewry. Meanwhile, lacking will abide a deep-seated. shift in 'the Zionist rationale' aViayJrqrn tlJ.c'flotion7":'· . ,a "Jewish Agency" of their own, let alone parallel compensation by the Israeli advanced by Ben-Gurion and other proponents"of partitio~t~ttwopeopl~s~ 'gove~eIlt; Arab localities fail to enjoy the quality of roads, sewers, schools, have legitimate claims to Israel/ to the. 'absur4,' claiinthat;: pnly 'J~\vs '.. ~.w:9:,()ther'public facilities found in their Jewish counterparts. Moreover, Israeli have legitimate national. rights.in the area...... :~' '.' .. ". ... , ... ::': '" ~. " .":'.~auth()rities' ha~' repeatedly' thwarted efforts within the Arab population to . Consistent with the policies of the. Israeli. V{a!JIiakers'aret~ipetceptions, i ,Q~eparties to~represent Arab interests in the Knesset. of all Palestinian nationalists as unalterably oPPo,sed to'coe?dst~n.ye: alongsJ;de :, ':, ',,\:1llidmosttragic of all, Israeli bombing and shelling have killed over 2,000 ~ State' of Israel.. Palestinian and Israeli. wannakeii'need 'o.p.e.anqther;.they<

"PiUesfullm'villagers in southern Lebanon; and tens of thousands of Lebanese confmn each other's view of the world. ThuS; 4espite'a :VVide·,range ofo~jdris-.: I. '::were:~·fnade,hom.eless l,)y Israeli forays into the area along Israel's northern within the loosely· structured Pa1es~e Liberation 'Orginizati6n~:~tnd desp~~~ " ",:::boitler~Apparelltiy, Israeli shells and soldiers are as indiscriminate as are those sharp differences between Palesti$n' ieaders. in the . West BaD.~~GaZa~Beiiut;!' "of other'countpes: noncombatant civilians suffer more than do enemy s~ldiers and elsewhere, Israeli offi.cia1s prefer to -pamtal1 Palestinian·~atiorialists.:~',d: euid, ~tatyt;Ug~ts. PLO supporters (the ternis are, virtually .synonymousthesedays)-with 'a. broad: to' .', ., :;' , •••• '; ;' ':'.... ,oJ:' ':: ''''';",'. '_ "J ,~·~:f~(· '!, '!~'t .:...• ::.. " . ,.>,;~lf~;) . under way . . b~sh~o.(n1~rderousterr~~., The mayor of Bethlehem's comments on 25 in 'Beirut: ·,Arabltlayors'·succe.ssful ~~paign to free their colleague from Nablus accused ... ~ ": 'ofitdvocativg'PLO teuoJin.~re quite pertinent. Elias Freij, in a recent interview' " InAidtirnishmar, -Israeli' neVl~paper, said: The focal issue between the. PLO liIldI,s.raelat thi& ~faieis'ndt~',Ih~tt~t;:~i' mutual recogrution, but rather ~·muti.ialnoIi-recogrutioll:\q'he,'te*,ts.of.'chlJters.' . n'bY:6rie;':i ·like·us,he. .favors the establishrrient of a Palestinian state under the ... PLO, o~ . the other. . . . The PLO's position. hasbe~n eVolvingtl:hvardgteatei"~exj,..~< . : ""hich is the only 'legitimate representative of our people. Like ourselves, he bility "compared with Israel's adamant:'intransigence. The '1977:C6,uncil'-wenf') 'q'7P1anManend to the qccupatIon and Israeli withdrawal from the occupied as far as to sanction a dialogue with "Israeli progTessive;Jorc~s/~,;B~t'Isr~er:h~s' consistently refused to recognize or Jlegoti te:,wit llePLO:.!:;,. ,.," '.~~gitories=including the Arab part of Jerusalem. Like ourselves, he demands a ht 'triatthe Israeli settlements which, in violation of Israeli law, have been estab­ Some Peace Now advocates have been 'saYing .. 'li~hedon Our land, be removed .... But, just like ourselves, he does not identify th~~J>~~~ti~iIDls·;#e~~gePto with those who murder innocent people: women and children- as he was establish a Palestinian state on the West :Bartk and :Gaza)an~ tll:atwrthpl'oP~~.; inaliciouslY ,misquoted. arrangements such a state would present little or no d~ger to]srae1.(j~leis.haYe,< . An even more telling example of how predispositions color percepli(~m i~ lllujlltained that such :1 state would be the first step i~ ;lPLOdriv~·:t6era~ic~t{c., found in reactions to a, recent interview with eleven Pakstiniao kaJers ill nil' Israel. Again. the evidence from the interviews jsmi;x~(!... SoJ.TIe·PJ;O·leaders" . Middle .E.ast, an English language Arab-oriented puhliClti()1l ()ut ()f LUlld(lll. dearly dCIll:.IJ1d fulfillment of Article 21 calling for an ,end to part~ti,oh,o'fPa1es~.' ',Thc.lead~rs 'were asked whether 'they would agree to alllellO (ht: 111()st ()hll"" Ijll~' iII to Jewish :1l1d Ar:1b seetors. Others are ambigUous, a,nd.:s:till ~theis,.'e:cho'; tionableportions of the Palestine National Charter, 'portiofls wllil'h l:til 1(11 Illl' Sayigh's views:;, destruction of.1srael and the expulsion of most Jews 1'1 (1111 till' I:I/ld. :111l1 ('lIdOI \(' terrorism ("armed struggle"), The extrcmist political l'dit(ll (II till' 1(i111lI:ti, Perfect justice is not ulwuys attainable in an imperfect W(:,,;,id:,aJly, aliens;' But the Palestinian people have evolved by a revolutionaIY'nationa'{stiuggle and'.",' -,Idrcifessor ;Hisham Sharabi of Georgetown University and editor of the anned struggle, if it could be shown that· the'liberati~npfp;Ue~i~e;:Couldbe.~·:· ',P~9~s:iou~alofPalestine Studies, answers, "There is no Charter that is sacro­ achieved by otheI' means." 'Sharabi's ,'viewsarel~ss'reassurfu.g, butneveIthel~~s ·~ct:.bI:WjJL serve .all ·circumstances at all times .... Fundamental documents give cause for hope: "Political struggle is equallyyalid:, and'is'b~ing,·u~e:d.,by the: .~ ili.'achanged,.': .• not by.direct ainendment.but by practical, de facto supe.rcession." Palestinians. Which weapon would have ,Precedence'?-t allygiv~n stag~"dep:e~ds ·):rrpih~I',v.iQrds, significant elements of the PLO are saying publicly that on the circumstances. So lo~g as, the Israelis use' force to deny the' :pales.!huans reytSion'oftne' Charter' c~ occur de facto if peace negotiations were to .get: their, rights, armed struggle Will always be legitimate:;'" ...... \Vhatof.,Jhe<'!ill~ future~i:;jj'b, theSe' Palestiirlans demand the expulsion of all jsr~~li}ewsbufthose~#~f;'~veiaJ, generations in the larid? Said is consistent ,ili'hls View ofthe Chartb.bjif'TIle Article is' a function of the period and the .' . The only path·. to pea~e.~bet~een,Jew~ndPales~~·is·O~~;lb~;~app6~:~'.•• · . ';clrculllstaricesin, which it:vj~ written. In so far as circumstances change these' mutual, recognition of national asp~~tions.and mutua1;s~rro",;::o~e~:'i~j~rfes-,:' iterDS canbeloo'ked at," Say~ghis even more straightforward: don~ . to both peoples ()verthe lastcentuI¥.:Fortunately;.~owingnurnbeIs.' of Israelis ·and Palestiniansare'expressin,g, su$; sentimeIits;-'·but,.theirV9ic~S.:·. are drowned out by extremists 011' both sides_An1€n'ic;ap :Je~sC~nb~st,~~rV~\ '.'l'hedefiniti~nof a Palestinian iIi the Charter is not the same thing as the defmi­ i Israel'.$ interests by. supporting thbse , Isr~elis .. int,en( ~P0i1;.?y~rc9m.ing/y~~rs!,,;, 'tlon.Qf\Vhb~.il1. bea citizen in.Jhe future. s~~te .... If the political settlement i of enmity and ending both Jewish and M'ab.assaults1)pOll hU~~'dghts,:]if~;" ' produces the pluralistic '~seculfr-democrat1c state, then all Jews and all Arabs and .property. Only with such a stance expect ;~;§f. PaIestin~'wi11 qwilify as citizens. If the solution produces two separate states, c~n we' Isr~e1i)and:'Pal~stinian' : then the Jews ·in'Israel will continue to be governed in their status by the laws pea'remakers to come to the fore' andsuppla,ntmilitants·,whonQ.\V}lfifortu.; , of that state. nat&ly dominate events in the land that one . p,eople .• c~s: PiUestipe,~d:the., ' other calls Eretz Israel. . , ',', ' ...... : ...... Thousands of Israelis who share these~e~sare .askit1g;'Am.eric,~~t?: In short, some leading Palestinians hold out hope of arriving at a solution cease obstructing the peace process by eXpliCitlY'3J}d ji1iplicit1y.~UPJ?O!ti~g,; , to 'the Israeli-Palestinian dispute which offers both security to Israel and ful· settlement, colonization, expansion, abuse ofhuJ1)andghts';,'-a~d.. ;tinjustifie(r: .. fillment of~ational aspirations 1.0 the Palestinians. Leading Israelis have called discrimination. I choose to heed their plea for. helprailier thanth'oseiof.the' , . upon their government to take up the offer of ~ore moderate Palestinians morally and politically b3!1krtipt leaders of the pr'eserit g(lVernment; .. :.'.,}',/~·; and ,proclaim Israel's readiness to repartition the land provided Israel's security In these days, Israel may well be better off ifAmedcarl' Jews~l,lohave: caohe guaranteed. Abba Eban has called for an Isracl-Palcstinc-Jordan commun­ marched in the propagand,~ war to a tune ca,lled by ,the lSl'~~li, cOl.l~ulat~;'march,: ity op·the Eur~pean model. Former Knesset member and ~abor Party secrctary loyaJly for peace instead. Israel will be bettcr sel'ved'b~"American::}e'1ls'vho;, publicly accept the legitimacy of m?-ny Palestinian claims"Vlhjl~ reje~HJlgthose.: general Arych 'Eliav suggests an Austrian/Japanese solutIOn, one combI!llJlg o 'pei'manent demilitarization with a temporary initial pcriod involving stationing that are clearly unacceptable. Such a shift in role 'for thestaunchest'stJ,RPorters:+: Israeli troops in, some parts of sovereign Palestine. Some say thc Palcstinians of Israel inevitably entails anxiety" pain, and soulcsearching; Nevertheless;"~.:: would never accept such proposals. If they do'n't. their advocates retort, nothing position which sees right and wrong on both sides of t~e 'confiict'3n,dproPQses' ' is lost an(\ Israel's. diplomatic image i~ enhanced; and if they do agree to Israeli ~olutions responsive to the legitimate needs of both peopl~~ isnot:.onlYnic9~allY' . security demands, a peaceful solution can be achieved. superior, but, in fact,'may be politically more.effective. . ... ,,' .• '.':' ...... '" However, rather tlfim strengthening and promoting those Palestinians who " The painful shift to a new mode ofZionistservlce is'well:expiesseintimsified policies aimed at repressing the emergence of a moclerate West Bank! re-eva~uation of Qur government's misguided po1i;eies: . ';'."-,.'!;:,;:.' .. G:u;apoliticalleadership. Palestinians are treated to constant humiliat'ion. Their , ' lands are ,confiscated, 'their water is placed under Israeli control, even their elec· Call it peace o~ call it treason; , ,t~cc'()nipanY'ha:s been put on nbtice that it will be absorbed by Israeli authori- Call it love or can it reason, . I ~ .. tiesrlext·year, and they have been offered a false autonomy made even more But ain't a-marchin'any·more.' . empty. by the cynical actions of a duplicitous governmen t. As Eban has written:

·:,The.G~~emm:en.t·s:,dec1ara.tions . l::. against all options which could ever lead to ,'

F~~mb~enl thinkets;~ve so exasperated and confounded admirers, and hav.ebeens().consistently~read by even assiduous readers, as Hannah Arendt. . P()liticaltheorists, philosophers, historical sociologists, leftists, conservatives;and AR'ENDT: IN ... jERU8A,LEJVf , anarc~tshave all been drawn to her at different times, only to be disappointed . by(:m~"ofanother apparent inconsistency in her work. (Arendt herself shrugged ,ofr'such;crlticism, insisting that she eschewed classic political categories and ;e~si1Y recognizable affiliations of all kinds.) Indeed she somehow combined a It is extraordinary that se~ente.ny.ears'f~'it~;P~bli~tibp,!~~';;.· penchant" fOf.both de Tocqueville and Marx, a commitment to the concept of Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem remains as controversial' as'ever .• As:'~he:.he.rself pl'iyate:property and a sympathy for Third World' revolution, a belief in the points out in the postscript to the 1964editiori~ the-receptj9npf.tl~~bo~k:and'·' .ne~essityo(iilVolvement in the public world, and a profound skepticism abuut the well-orchestrated campaign against it aSsulTIed~difeof~1~ek,'9wp;:.~~iteapa:rt· · 'the role of the engage intellectual. frolll the actual contents of the book itself.1 iHs aI:sol'elllark~ble~hatt11eis~ue,:: Hannah Arendt's relationship with her Jewish readership wa~ IlU k~~ w.hich has involved the greatest debate and,has bfought'down:J'l'),Quntail~s;of: complicated and problematic. Her highly suggestive, iconuclastic ()riXill) oj abuse 011 Arendt's head'-'the alleged cooperation of Jewisl(le~dei'sjnjhe;,.dest!:l1~. Tptalitarianism (1951) placed the contemporary Jewisll experieJlce al tIle vcry liull of the Jewish people-takes up no more than rtille.pages6uto{;tlle:3J~~I · ':centecof modern European history, but it was ArcJlJt's repurt Oil thl' II)l)! tIlt> houk, Moreover, Artwdt'.s position-th~t col1ab6ratioJ1.'Was.almo'$f1Jniyer~ar., ' . Eichmann triai, Ei(,:hmann in Jerusalem (1963), which IllaJL' hL'l~ a h()lI~eh(>Id alill without it far fewer,Jews would have beenkilled,":'isactudlly'in-cidcl)talto' name, in Jewish circles. Following its publicatiull, Arclldt bL'C:Jllle tIll' Cl'll t LJi Ill'l arglJlllcllt alld slle only includes it sjnce she beJieves.thatitwastneltiostglar<';<:,; foc~.s·of the mbst acrimonious Jewish intellectual COlltroversy ill reCL'llt tillll':-'. illg OJllissiOIl to the "gencralpicture" which the prosecutioJltiicdto:dr~w,?rthe':;; I • She was accused of faulting European Jewry ill her book for lack oj InisLIIlL'l' holocallst. In fact, with this one undoubtedlycontroversialexcepti9n~~re~dt.·· to, the Nazis, claiming that the Jews wcrc as rcspolls'ible I'm llleil (lWII dL'at!l~ tries 10 stick as closely as possible to the trialitself andtc,' refiain'from:q~agging:";; · as were'the Germans, minimizing EichllUlIlI\;S crimes by illsisting that tlll'lL' in ex t rancous issues (as ~hc<; argues the prosec\ltion did) i~cons~~erirtgwhet4e~ vyas'something of nn Eichmann in evcryonc, and declaring that blaL'1 !1;1l1 II() justice was clone ill Jerusalcrrf. ....,., ,; '.. ""."::' ',:/,. rIght,to eithe,r place EiclHnann 011 tria~or to exccutc him. Paradoxically, Alelldt Why, then, the controversy? Why did thisbook,creat~Pl9reacc~s~ti?ns:. wrote none of this, though the book's rather flippallt tOIlC (seOlcd, pcrh;lp~ alld c()ulltcr-accus~tions than any other work on the holoca;u~t? Upu,~tl1Jlo~;itJ ;u~fairly, by Gershom Scholem as "heartless ... snecring and malicious") made . sl:l:lJled as if the controvcrl)jes over collaboratio~ and the b~nalityofevil~e,re: jis. nlajbr thrust difficult to discern. . actually about those issues. Yet, the persistent misreadings,cif;ihe·book.a~d,~ar~' ',,' Arendt SUbsequently came to be seen by Jews as something of a "Nllll­ ticularly the misreadings by such shrewd obserVers asGe!s1ibm'Sc~~olem;-si.igg~sr, Je:wish'Jew," a universalist offended by the clubby particularisill of the Jewish that something very different is at stake. 1n the final ,aria1ysi$;,'t~e·bp.,O~yf:aKi c,S!reet'{theb,6:olsj~.,ieg~l Muller),' RESPONSE. thought that a short symposium on Hannah Arendt as a and the real controversy over it should have ,revolved af,ound thejllri4ic~:theb±y~ . .JewiShtluriker'·w~u1d be va1uable~ David Biale's and Henry Feingold's essays which Arendt presents, particularly in. theepilogue:-for6n1y:by uIid,e,rsi~Admg . ' '~a.iy.:z~d.iffyrent aspects'of EichmlIluz in Jerusalem, and Sharon Muller's review­ these arguments can one begin to understand the:, book as 'awholeand:pa~ic;~;' ,'~~ssaYls~:briefeva1dation of the assumptions implicit ill Arendt's Jewish writ­ larly her position on the trial, aposHion. whlch'wasm~c~ ~oie 'l'bSitiV~;;ff~P irigs.TKeco.n.clu9ing essay is a'fevealing memoir by Jeannette Meisel Baron on most of her critics assume;ThehookJsreally~aninvestigation ofWh~t~.ei:9~!r .. ', cwrent concepts an d practice of justice aFeadeqlia~e·llide#fu,gwith9ie'c?me'of.: ,::~e~J:ri~D:dshipwiihHannah Arendt. -Steve Zippers'tein , r: ...., ...... '\)]!~Ij' •.

~i]~,i:· 3'4'

,i" :_.;"",;, .,.;';,i~!I·r .... ·g~~~ci~~!:~:thepages~th~t{!~-pllow, I will·try to examine some of Arendt's legal and convicted in absentiiz),.btiib~cau~"hiSSc()pe,~a;"n~te¥sehiuJlzj;irl~e\-ri' . ,~r~meJits indetail,refle9~9.¥ the 'general legal theory behind them and, fmally" . ti9nal. He bad to cross. borders! for .anriccidental" 'l'e,asori~'l1amel)';;~~caus~"~ ..•.. ,\ ... Jews lived in more than one ..•.• ~h0"rtheircdnnectioIltd ~orica1and political principles which she develops couIi~rYandhis'functi9Il,~astd'ro\ln4;~l'J~w$:~:;'; ~':else~he!e inhercprpus of vr:ntings. One signifi~t bene~t of this close exegesi~ I t.was the .te~torial' dispersion o(the. J e.ws th~t mad~th~. cnme' againsttll~~;#";:: _of Jewish about which she ,was will;b~ili:.erecovery Ar~ndt's commitm~ts, ''iDtemational'' concerp. ~ .' . Once: the Jews,had ~. te,Ilitoly b(th~ir>own"tl!e'," ·.alw~Ysfar l~ssambivaIent than her critics believed her to be. State of Israel, they obViously had 'as much ri~tto sit -mjud,gme~f.Oll:thecnm~s,F;\: The epilogue of Eichmann .in Jerusalem addresses a number oflega! objec­ committed against their people as'the' l'oleshad,toJudge'cnmes'committedin' '. ti~9st6 the trial. I will not disC1:lSS all of these or Arendt's treatment of them, . 3 '. ,-' ' '., .;. " . .~ce·sorn.eare of purely' technical interest or have no general ramifications.2 'tYr0,'however, ar:e of general interest: the claim that the Jerusalem court had no Qp this basis, Arendt argues that the 'Eic~~n't$lYi~~'ndInQJeand'~~;le~s: . legitimate jurisdiction to try Eiclunann and that the charge against him (that he titan the other successor trials held.all over EUIopeaftex;the w~'.. '. ,,' ."'·'i_..; f .had, committed crimes "against the Jewish people") was legally problematic, as . Arendt's strenuous defense of the tight'ofIStaeltotrY,:Eiclunann'~enis', ~jlsthe ISraeli laW under which the charge was made. We shall see that'Arendt's rather weak as I have presented It here. Even thoughthe.Jew:s:qu.a'fey.,swe~~·!,' solutions'to these two problems are actually contradictory, but that the co'ntra- Eichmann's only victims, he still committed his crimes.on soilotherthailt¥t:.y. diction will fum out to have fruitful consequences for understanding her thought which became the State of Israel. In ~hat sense~ete-lvsa~tivitieS~ffer,ellt*ii.· :,' ·'I'heJeru.salem court invokeq three principles of international law to justify kind from those of "truly" international, cl'irilir!.a1s. suchas',·Qoerihg.'·or.Speei?,.', . Israel's trying Eiclunann: p'assive personality, universal jurisdiction and territori­ Arendt herself recognizes these difficulties .and ~espoh<;tshy.sugg~·stjngthat.:the~<· ality: The first says th~t the country of the victim m~y try a criminal even if the court should have reder~ed;thc territoriality principle:' . : ';'. . , crime was committed in another country, which, of course, was the case with Israel could easily have claimed territorial E!~huin. This\w?u1d be akin to France demanding extradition of an American Jurisdictionif,sh~hadon,i:y;ei1?!~e~ that "territory" ... is a political and ,a legal concept andnot~el'elY'.ageogl'aph" "cltIzen who hadl killed a Frenchman in America. Arendt regards this doctrine as I, ical term. It relates not so 'mUCh, 'and not primarily, to a',Pie~e~f1~ndas'tothe.>. highly suspect because it has a strong political motive, that of the desire for space between individuals i.ri a group whose members ate boun.a.to,;a~d attli~: '. re~engeby the aggrieved party. Justice, she argues, do.es not se'ck to avenge the same time separated and protected. from each other by ,all kindsofielati0!lShii)s,:i; Victim, but .to punish the guilty, which arc two very different matters. Even if based on a common language, religion, a commonhist<:>X)',cllstotns,'and)aws>', the vIctim does nqt wish to bring cha~ges, the community prosecutes. because Such relationships become spatially manifest insofarasth<&thems~lves~onstitllte" the crilne undemlines its stability and order. Hence, the country of the victim is the space wherein'the different members of a StOUp relate :to,and~"hav:ein:ter~' not generally recognized as having a legitimate claim of jurisdiction and Arendt course with each other. No State of Israel would 'everY'1liave,.coinein.to,b'e,~g'if~ , 'cQUCUl:$ and dismisses this claim. the Jewish people had not created and maintained its ownsp.ecifieip;.b~tw~~~;: ", . ,"She also .dismisses the second principle of universal jurisdiction. This is an space through'out the long centuries of dispersion, that1S,prio'r:t,Othe:seizure:of:;c:-'~' its ~ld territory.4 ., ,: '.' c'" ',' ..... ' .•~.'. " .' \ ' .,.()ld'~()ctrine applied in cases such as piracy where anyone who catches the .. " . pirate-,?onsidered hostz8lzumani generis (an enemy of mankind)--can try, him. It Arendt professes astonishment that the 'court failedto,redefmfftemtory'on·tllis,: is'cle~~that-thisprinciple cannot 'apply to Eichmann who was not acting on the basis, since the judges must have been aware of ~l~eas,hut as a representative of a sovereign state. Moreover, Eichmann was tp:e8p~ci31 c;ondition~,w~I(, brought about the . !10t.:cap~ed on the high seas, as it were, but was kidnapped from another Yet~ this:e~traoidinary.'st~telllentactUa11Y· conceals a radical defInition of nationality which owes , ."·'fPuntry.~I(sP.buldbe noted that this is the only feature of the case which Arendt .a' great:deaJ.·to;Aren.~t.'s, ,'~~ds:~unprec.edented and. she condones it as a non·precedent-setting act earlier writings on Jewish nationalism. , ' ", ,- '. .' : f:.-.·~"'~< '.,. -...... ;<. :"-. ,f... ..: ~.... : ::,' /<',' in. jpstifl.ed·~y:the n~c'essity6fbringing Eichmann to justice. Arendt ,:"as certainly not~ alone clainllngthai!heJevisiare'a.nati6~ 'despite their lack of territory. She uses the ' ...... ::Th~co~.adva:ric~d a third argument for jurisdiction-territoriality-and it notionofan,int~tion~!evvisl1., 'People in several of her essays criticizing Herzliah Zioriism,writttm .' i~)leiethat Arendt .fully supports the legitimacy of the Eichmann trial. The :IriainIyjfl·~,Ire 194Os.5 Herzl held that the people were. nati9n' "heid together' 'Pril1ciP~e'6f territoriality states that a criminal is judged in the place .where he Jewish 'a 'Q.y~.:<. " conUnon Arendt tl$.d,efinition. his ~oilul1itted.p.~c~e.This was. the principle invoked by the so-called successor enemY.'~ explicit~y,rejectS HetZ~p~d def~~f¥-t:·. , tOals.{ollowing·the \Var whlch tried Nazis whose territorial purview was;limited tion of the Jewish nation onantisemitism~and hls:politicalmoveillep.~p~~y,., to·i specit1c.., .. ~~NUf~Ji.l?eig~wasnot that he was missing (Martin Bonnann, after all, was tried • , • • .' : <" , :, .,'." ' ': -.' , ~~::~ .:~, ". • ~1W~\ ::.'.

.:'l' ..,'- ~. 0':;:!F..'W:iJ,: Gurion's desire to teach, youngisrae1isaJessollabo~t,tlie.hol~ca~st;~en4~01~l;·;: "tioriaiy~oveIl1enis:''\Vha;~;~sought was not an escape from but a argument· implies that it ~as· a llecessary~e~u1tofth~:l~\v':,u?~er"J1icp ~;i~~~~ll;' '~Illobilizationofthe peop~·,;a~st its foes.'~7 Regardless of whether one agrees, was tried, a law dictated more by the political ',aDd]ti~~9?pal.~llckg~Oil~d,o~~e,': 'viith,.:Arendt's'prafse for Thiz~re as a "conscious pariah" or considers him a hope- Jewish 'State than by the commonly ~c~epted caIlons~fj~;~tice~,', .' . ..' ". l·;:..., •less ,utopian (aIthough HerzF~lf must have sounded as utopian in his day), , ' If Ha~r's approach wasille~tiffi~te,beCaUSejt:'h~~·R?li~~c.al,r~~~er.',~~~:: .Aferidt'sdisti~ctionbetween'.jthe$e tylo types of Zionism is crucial to her rede­ 'flnition,'oftheterritoriality issue in the Eichmann trial. The Jews are a nation legal goals, it also failed because' it. did n~~'discem that,:Eic~~n'~;c:~~~~~:~ ..:., entirely new and required '.~ thOIpughlYllmo~ative:tIieC!ry of,:Ja:w::'.H~llsner! b'e'cau~e'ofth~on-territorial "in.~between space" created through the centuries assurried-as did most Jewish nationa1is'~s-that:UIe: Naziho(qcaust~as;,J?ut, Ori~,: ?f,dispersion.Thesearch for a territory does not negate this defmition, but more pogrom, if on an unprecedented . remaihs sec6ndary to it and can even become dangerous if that part of the nation :scale~ in,the,lorghlS:t~ryQtantiS~Titi~~~,,:" He .therefore reviewed the historY of 'aritiseniitism.in~n~(fort,~9"eSit!lbl~sh .wll:ichjs~erritorially based~hould cut itself off from the rest of the nation. This EiChmann's motive, surely a legitimate n,onAeIri,torial nationalism,:".which resembles Simon Dubnow's position in some IJar1; :Of~y,tdal~~sp.eci~n~w,jtJ!~e"~~ect to sentencing. Yet, what Hausner-and, '. r~spectS',jssuspiCious of national sovereignty since the latter concept ;s neces· n1os~()ther:,(eoPle;,'Ar,en.dts~gg~s,~s::did~,,:: not understand is that the crime. of'genocide can becarrie4o~tlj,y':~ure~u"Cl'a~~, .. saru,y rooted in the primacy and inviolability of territory. Indeed, Aren,dt's who do not necessarily hate the people they send :to de,a.th.'H~nce,th~tlti~to%f;.' essays'against poUtical Zionism in the 1940s and her ardent suppurt fur the Ichud movement of Judah Magnes and which opposed Jewish statehuud antisemitism may not really help in understandjngEiclurt~;8>;u:rJ~galSyst~rn .'. should':be read in this light. A believer in the Jews as a nation and a strung advo­ assumes that "intent to do wrong is necessary for:.co~).1mjs$i9n:()ra.~ljm~~''.'.Wll,3-( cate.ofthe . she argued nevertheless for the largely hopeless possibility of seelllsto characterize totalitarian systems is that th~y invert;,all'noti9ns"ofrigl1t: alld wrong. So we are led to .question A.rab-JewiSh political confederation. Yet, interestingly enough, it is 011 the baSIS howbureaucl'ats,caJ1behe,~~'~~~~q~~j?l~.';' lor their crimes, especially if it can be shown, that they:had~no l~t~l;lt':.to,Jl~ , o(hernon.. teui'torial definition of the Jewish people and 011 that basis alolle lll:!t sh~,justifies Israets kidnapping, trial and execution of Adolf lichmann. WlOllg., ' ",('" ...... ',~:'; II is this /1otion of genocide as a bureaucratjccrl1l'!-e\Vhichmay;,.~lud~,O~!' "'Arendt SU~POl'ts the court on its jurisoictiori, albcit with her OWII MF,II' legal axioms that lies behind Arendt's much~debated phra~;,,~'the'b.a~a1ity,?~:;: ments.But she comes to rather different conclusiolls ~)JI the secolld iSSlIL', the evil." One may legitimately wonder whether or not thisphrasere~)'~~~edbe~: nature·Of the crime committed. Eichmanll was chargcd ullder'thL' Israeli LIW Liellmann, for the Eichmann Arendt saw in Jerusa1emr:p.ayhaveJoo~7d~ery'· (1950). against Nazis and Nazi collaborators with "crilllts agaillst the .lewisii different from the Eichmann in Berlin. But whether,or n?t th~ nevvriotiop.Qf people." Arendt rejects the legitimacy of this law. Just as she assails the doctrille 'evil applies to Eichm,ann, Arendt is not suggesting that since t?~li1a:jal.lj.s!D!?b~". ofpas~iye perSonality for the reason that~erilllillal juslicl' is 1I0t dqiglled 10 satisfy' tile individ ual of his autonomy, the '"banality" ofthe, '; the victims but to restore order to a comlllunity, so she argues that a crime is lIot ~rj:mh,1als,~t~lltexcu.lpates,' '!tis crime. Nothing could be farther from her jntention.She ' defined Py its victims but by the nature of the act committed. For installce. we a~~~eps7r~nllou,s!y:: that notions SUGh as "colJec6ve guilt" in which aU are, it,1l1Q(:~nt;p~~~ll~~~~JJ~r~)i, would not:charge a murderer who kills only storekeepers with "crimes, against . equally guilty are sophisms to avoid individual responsibility: '", .. ",: " stoh~keepers." but with murder. Hence. murder-regardless of the identity of the ,Victim.-requires punishmep.t. The notion of "crimes against the Jewish people" . Guilt and innocence before the law are of-an objectiv~nat~i-~,aIld:ei~nii~ghiYl;' corifusestlte nature of the crime with its victims. ' million German had done as (Eichmann) did., ihiswould not,hav~1?~en~'e,x~s~"

I. " ILis'this legal argument which lies at the heart of Arendt's persistent and for (him) .... Let us assume, fOI the sake of ar~meIit,;t~ati~ wa~:~dthiri~lll~x:e '. I, eVyllvituperativecriticisms of Gideon Hausner, the Israeli prosecutor. Hausner, than misfortune that made (Eichmann):a willing mstrument.lllthe prga~atloni ,She:clairns,was more interested in establishing what he called the "general of mass murder; there still remains the fact that',(he) :cariied~)'£i~ ~nq't~erefore 8" ." •.•..'. . ~.: .: ..:' ',picture"':, ofantisemitism and the Nazi extermination program than in trying the actively supported a policy of mass murder.. .. ,. '.' ,;.. .' ". ,~".: ,.' ...... 'speCific:in'dividual iIi the' dock. Arendt accuses him of dragging extraneous issues Eichmann's or into~th'e'p'se'iriorder to show why the Jews were chosen as victims and to give a Whate~er motjvati~n-b~ dem~mic~whai_tburif~:legapYisth~t· he committed the crime of genocide, while therest'ofus .did ri?t'aIld'wQ~~dHo~,' "history 6fOtheholocaust even when it had nothing to do with Eichmann's juris­ '.'~~tion:,~~ th¢' court itself rejected this approach-and Arendt compliments necessarily do so in the same situation. Arendf~qlds.no'bri~!f~r th~ id~a; ~hiC.~~, >tlie;juageS':With almost lavish praise-the prosecution, guided by "the invisible some have attnouted to her, that '.'there is aJi~t1~.blt.ofEH~h,In~p 11};~ pftlS.;.), . b,an~;~;of,th~~~'Israeliprime' minister, David Ben Gurion, was more interested in Because she is resolutely not a determinist:in.her.view.'6r~uman:~~~r~?,~h.~., ,.... th~'p()lltic~andhistOrica1 m~ssage of the trial than with the aims of justice. Y yt, believes that we can and shouldjud.gespecific.i.ildividuals.f?rpoIitk.a1ly~q!1.vat~~r;: , ' . ..',.' ... Th: ' .. 'bl"'b . ality" '~ofElchiriann's .. ~the:;~Sho~ina1'~'aspectof the Eichmann case was no mere consequence of Ben crimes even under totalitanan syst:e1lls. epo~le '.~. .' .' .. '" .' ',' " .ii, ~ . - '. '. "...,,' '.' . "~ . :",: -' . evil, whne interesting and provocatlve',has no legal.ton~q~e1J~s for,~er~' , ...... '1fJr that it makes· the eXistertce df.: riationsan. ·essential·#tdI;latura.l·.c~hditio': ,.. ' ..,.. .., 1~:!S'pr~ciseI~ :~·'ii:wmgness and even con:p~ion to judge that made humanity and therefo~ the desire. t6'destroy:th~·Je",S·.no(:a~rinre:,~g~s!: Arendt,.s·~()Qkso d~f~to so many readers, for JUst as she does not believe riation e'crimes against the Jewish,:people").jbut:a;Cfurte'~gakst'huniafiI.: ...... illt~ecollecltive-guilt.of~·~~~ Germans, neither does she believe in the collective perpetrated "on the body of the ,~wishpeople.~':rhen:<)tio~·qf'crinles'agains~::.·i:: ... ' . inn9cence of. the!ews. A~; specific individuals can and should be judged for humanity" was' fIrst developed by the: ,Charter of the:O:N~reinberg'frib~rial-,~:'~'" their'actiolls' b~,.those wh?! ,were. not in their place, for the law presumes that order to, make it possible Tnb.wial such judgrilent' is not only possible, but also essential if crinrinials are to be forth~ torea~h:those.·N"~~is",h9se~~itfteS':::,.· were against German ~citize:ns.l.4. ~these'crirnil'lalswou1dn9nna1lY"~e,p~ot~ct~&J:; , ~r9ught to justice. This is the theory which lies at the heart of her criticism of by 'the doctrine of national sovereignty,' The: ilie,JewiSh leaders. It should be noted that she never says that only the Jews Charter'a1so-had.a!mpre.g~n~t~y notion of crimes against humanity as:crin1esunrelllted·t().tnepresec~tio:~'bi~ar::.:,· , ; .. ;,.,~oUaborated~but quite to the contrary, that "this chapter of the story ... offers (Crimes related to the latter are· definep ~s '~'war'crimes/')B~t,tp~~,],ltelllberg) .. ;,;tf.emost srrlking insight jnto the totality of moral conapse the Nazis caused in J?ribunal generally avoided the radica1conse.quencesofthisne'y.·9iim~-by.tY~~;.i:, . respectable European society.... "9 On the other hand, her remarks sound it to other charges which had morewidespr~ad,accePtangejnillt~~.nati()p:al1~W';i' ,~Ostas ifshe believes fu the collective guilt of the' Jewish leadership-undoubt­ (crimes against peace and war crimes). Had the.Je~usale~'rc¢u~t~aseiorni~.e~,W'p)', '. ,shatters the assumption that law is based on conscience, for the law under which: I': making it impossible for a human being to:enjoy thesinghts,,:1inless~he ~a$'a'''' ' I ~e operated was clearly ''illegal'' in tenns of common convention, y'et there is I mem ber 0 fan a ti onal polity .. This. situation· be~ame' paiticularlY.eviden,t,afte,r' 'scarcely;myevidence that conscience compelled resistance to this law. World War I when special minority treaties weredrafied to ·enspie., tlierights1o(.:: ,.' ..... A.g3mst what I take to be this Kantian view of law. Arendt wants 'to return \~:', minoritie~ in the new states of Eastern Europe ut:t(ler the. aSsu~ption'ibati~heY,r., t9 the?latonic idea of deriving laws from nature, a not'ion she shares with Leo could not be protected by universal human 'riglits~'The U1;lderininiI1go(hU~ri.<. The affairs of men have a natural order dictated by certain immutable ~~U~~!7 rights by national sovereignty became complete'in thelate:/i93o"~~henrnasse's.\ ·',}~~jtist.as surely as the processes of nature. A crime like genocide violates this of stateless people flooded various nations,.· and, .. bereftof ~ .. ,. goY~rnme11.~:toi'·· ',~t~o!der ~d itmust be punished to set that order aright. In fact, Arendt protect them, discovered that their. "human rights'? wereh~rdiyw6rth~he.paper' ,.seeP1s)o 'hold:thatgenocide is the archetypical case of a crime which could not .on which the Declaration of the Rights of Man .was V;ritten~T4eserefugees· :-~be,iecogruze.d,bYany other legal theory. Under our current legal doctrines, < "could see that ... the abstract nakedness·ofbeingItoth~gbuth:uman,was'.t~,eir·; :geriOci~eis.considered nothing but murder writ large. Arendt argues that geno­ greatest danger ... Not only did loss of nationalrlgntsinall instance~eniail:the' ::,cide .is,a crim~ different in kind from any other and that it "is an attack upon loss' of human' rights; the restoration ,of humaI1righis,aS,th~recel1t~xcllnple'or,. :,~uman -diversity such, that is, upon a characteristic of the 'human status' as' the State of Israel proves, has beenachieveds()fa:r 0Illy thro:ugI1iher~st()raWm .:' . "~th()u~~whi~.' the very words 'mankind' or 'humanity' would be devoid of of the establishm~t of national ,!}ghts."l.6.Thls ~

- «,r..,: ~ ..,::.: ·",-"'

:'. " .:~.

~Hman-' dghts'~ctually , '- concept of humanity of any meaning. as no more. than .a fictio1~liied. c6n~ir~ct.JQrher'.inanyb~~;{]tis~ead;:~he:ha;'~~;:' 'The subordination elimination of human rights is connected for mind some form of world governmerit~,~;,advocated by~ext~acher~arl:J~see.~~~t~: -Arendtwith,the~modein concept oflaw: "A conception oflaw which' which ~ou~d be comp'osed not of so.ven;:igu stat~s,·but.'or'i1atio~~:>groUps't~~t 2 'id~niifi~swhat "is right notion of what is good ... for the individual, or have given U.P their sovereignty. 2. ,\yhat~ver,e~actp61l~ical,sy~~em-'Slte"ml@1t,' :'th~family,- orthepeopie,: the largest number-becomes inevitable once the hav~ had in milid, .the crucial.aspect6f:~s,~eOfy ~s'~h,~~~~e~~tY()fest~~li~m:g' 'absolute ,and :transcendent ," of religion or the law of nature have th e Idea of humanIty as such ill the p011tlCal realm. ..' : ....•.. '.-":._ ••..•...••...•..•. .•. 'ii,- , ,_' -liitlc:rI hasis for hUlllanity, Indecd,it was PJimarilytheJcwsaslst3.tclc-s~pe()pfc'~ho~( sph~re finds ,it difficult to tolerate the "mere giYL'Jlncss" of hUlllan divL'lsit \ :!Jld filst exposed IIle hyponisy of tile Rights of Man and dcmanded'a~ew~otiori'ofi therefore falls back on an artificial Iwtion of forlllal eqllality wllil'll ()h~l'I'IJl'S :1 IillJllanit y, III the sallle Jig/It, the genocide of the'JewsJocusGd mote acutelytlian." . fuildm:nentalhuman,right: the right of h\tnUlIl beings to dilll'l Jlat ulal" Pill' III HII ,111y otlier event tile. need for a new concept of lawbas~d,oiJ)luri1ari-rjghts,., atl()ther.By developing a concept of diverse hUlllaJlity div(l!'CL'd hUI-li lIatlPllrl· It sllould be dc'arly understood that this arguinentdocs notc~llforallcnd ",;'i~~~l"':but not 'divorced from the "giVCIlIICSS" of nat-iollal ditTcrL'IICL'S ;\Iell'dt t,() Jlati()m, 11m did Arendt ultimately condemn the jews'forvvail;tingth~iiown 'hopes that it may pe possible to restore diversity to the political ar('lIa, territory, To be sure, during the debatcsover Jewish statehoodin-:t~eJ.~40s:sh'~;' 'i;:TI~s theQry, argued somewhat enigmatically in The Origins ;JI7iJ{IlJirarian­ carne

I

1 all ethnic nat ionalism. Inpartkular, she believed that theZionistillovei11ent:had:r I, i~nl-.receives much fuller treatment in The Humoll COlldiriol/ where she main­ ~tains-;-perhaps wlhistoricaIly-that the Greek polis had such an ide,a of a p()litical 'been taken over by the Revisionist statIst position W;hich sheseemst&:ha~~id~.~-" ,sph~re'~iri :whic1i human diversity' was the central premise, Modern political tified with imperialistic "tribal nationalism.~' Thisdangerwas".alreadyjn~e!e~ijll Herzl's politics, But these arguments were against ,th~ory.wllOse origins she traces back to .1Plato, has inverted this hierarchy of t~~,ideabfastateandno~' against a Jewish territory. In fact, she seems to ";I>~blic ~dp~vate spheres and relegated diversity to the private,20 The modern ha"eregard~4the1Yish~vunde~:j '~9~cept,Qr"S?cietY." whic~Arendt regards as a disastrous invention for public the. British mandate as a political communitr withsom~ ut9pia_:(lc;~ajag~~riStics.: Her argl}ment was that since the day of the natiort-state, an(fespecially·thesula1l:: life'Jel~Yfted"the' cop.cemsiof the private sphere in the polis (economic survival) .:to.:ili¢n1ain Jlrinciple' of the political arena. It is the function of law to set the nati.on-state, was over, the Jews should not fall fO,r an;anttcfliaied;na~bna1ism:'<' She regarded the Zionism which made a sovereign stateiis Eizdziel asa qangerous'., . ,,; p~6p~r.?~~d~Iesbe~ween the public and private spheres, to define the legiti­ 4 21 throwback to the nineteenth century.2 , ~hYrd,esir~ito tetuirrto an'earlier system of I;laturallaw , Arendt suggests re,defming of these ideas for her reaction to the. Eichmanii triaL

-, , ":,:", .. ,:-": ,"", f'~r·6rhfie~ a~aiIi:st"llurnatlit:l1 . '. ~.~~pl~.is.'ftoacfiieve, o~ mankind" and she saw the trial as an Oiscussion expressed on apersollalleyel: onthe:orie.iiariiJ.: sh€~ re~ec:ts·'the id!~a'i~ .. ideal ,opportunity :f9r' lSk. Hence, whether tried by an inter- "love" of one's people, a sentiment she WoUld n~ doubt ..le iel1lti~y,.;vvitli;Clia.\llVili nafional':tribunal0rby:; cour~ deriving its jurisdiction from the extra- ism and tribal nationalism. Bllt, '. on'· the .otherh:3ii'd~ .....$1.: l¢ ... attim1l.s,thena:ttmii1:::,>., tertifonhl ,nature of the natio'n, the Eichmann trial provided a test case ~'giveimess~' of national identity. Itseems~toideiedt'(Octoberl~45):and "Th~ Jewish State: Fifty Years After" (May 1946),:al1 repiintedui.',11ieJew ali;"iid:. id~ntity. For the first time, Jewish history is not separate but tied up with that as):ia1 Ron H. Feldman (New York, 1978),125-77. ,;., '. ." ,,,>/>;:,, or-all o~her nations. The comity of European peoples went tb pieces when, and 6. While the chief editor of Schocken Books, she edited. an,dpub1jshedL~e's' . .':b~cause,;it , allowed 'its weakest. member to be excluded ard perse'cuted. ,,27 Job's Dungheap (New York, 1948). '" ,... '.' 7. The Jew As Pariah, 128. 'Arendt's elevatibn of human diversity to a cardinal prinCiple of natural law 8. Eichmann in Jerusalem, 278-79. 9. Ibid., 125. . .-' . is.,refl~cted 'in and e~erges from her own . This fact emerges with 10. Ibid., 277. extfac)l:dinary clarity in her reply to Gershom Scholem's critique of the Eichmann 11. Ibid:, 294-95., .. '. ",'.' .....' '. i' .'" .'. :.... , . .12. See his Natural Right and History (Chicago,:1953).4,.r,endt diffeI.8.froID;Strauss:.< 2,8\C cholem.attacked her for lacking ahavat yisraeZ (love of Israel) in her ,)e 0k. S in that she tends to glorify the polis and criticize P1ato'on'rn6siissue~;'wh1leheis mqre ~eatm~nt ofthe-:Jews during the holocaust, and goes on to imply that she lacks squarely a Platonist. For a ~eneral hiStory of tJl(~ concePt.of natura1law;seeOtto Gierke's ·tru~i,JeWi~ comIlntment. She answers that, indeed, she does not love any collec· classic study, Natural Law and the Theory of Society (Camluidge, 1950).' ,.,,' .. " Q 13. Eichmann in Jerusalem, 268-69~· . ." '" ."".' ...... •. . ..,. '~.' . '·tiv~·peo:ple, but' Qn1y'iridividuals. Yet, on the other hand, "I have alway.s regarded 14. The bestarudysis of the Nuremberg Charter and theleg'aIprob1emsofthe trial ;'myJewishness'as,one of the indisputable factual data of my life .... There is Robert Woetzel, The Nuremberg Trials in InterTlt!!ional Law (~ondon and,NewYork;~1.962)~· such'a~tl*ig. as a basic-gratitude for everything that is as it is; for what has been Woetzel also has an interesting analysis ofthe'Eichrnarui'careinapostscript .. 15. The Origins ofTotalitarionism~ 29fi-302. .' . .' :'. give~~d"was not, coUld not be, made.,,29 For this latter reason alone, she says ,_ 16. Ibid., 300, 2.99. . I ·that~~is·more grieved bywrong do~e by her own people than by wrong done 17. Ibid., 299. b~:'~Y' 'other~ Here~ inbrief,are the fundamental categories ·of her theo~etical 18. Ibid., 30!. 19. Ibid.

"." ., f,'$:~i~ '~';.,

1'. ."-.: ".i{f.ti{'" ,, ·i;14.?~,,;: i .. " ...• ~ ..••...... <';'JI .··liijnry~i*~ . .: .... .20;·',SeepaxticuJ.arly: pa#';~~ "The Public and Private Realm,'" The Hu1fuzn Condition :(Chisago,:'195B),23-71 (An:choA~>~ . '. '. . . 21;lbid.• l73-76. . ,1<1 ;!) , ...... 22.See·her'essay ..Kaxl Ja$I'ers~ Citizen of the World?" in Men in Dark Times (New , York;'1968); 71-BO. ", . ~( "':.23.;,The, OriginsofTotalittWanism~ 74, 240. , .24.·Seeespecia11y her "Zioirism R~onsidered," The Jewas Pariah, 131-63. 25, The Origins o[Totalitarianiim. 74 . . 26.Fir~tpublished in The Menorah Journal, (January 1943), 69-77, rpL in The Jew

.osPorioh,SS,-66 •. . &- " 27.·TheJewasPariah.66. r,28:The.ex;change with' Scholem was flrst published in EncounTer 22: 124 (1964), , SJ~S3andJ'ep~ted in The Jew as Pariah, 240-51. The world o'f native~~vages;was:a.:·p~if,e'ct'settiIlg,f()t .• :·~ . 29; The Jew as Pariah, 246. men who had .escap·ed'the.;ea1itx,'qf.,ciViliiat~9n;'· Under a merciless !sun,. :surr9rinded9Y .. ,anentirely,"" hostile nature, they .. were .' confr~nted:';b}\c111lma.l:. beings who, living wjthoutthe,futur¢ofa ])utiiose' ,.;' and the past of an accomplisbmen:t~;were<'as'fucorn~""" prehensible as the inmat~s of madhQu$e.: ","",;,' . Hannah Arendt~ The' brigiml ofTotalitan~nl~1'n

If for instance, an anti~tank ditch h~to'be:4~g and, 10,000 Russian women die. ofexhaustioti,dig~,:, ging it, my only interest. is' wheth~r ,·the: ditchjs;", completed for' the benefit ~f.(krm,anY'~~:,i.sha~f,· never be savages orheat"tless., .:,~' ~/GexmanSr'arte;t;", all, are the only peopl~

The quest for historical comparisons with the'Jfo~o~atis{'i~es,'ibnv~l'd" . relentlessly. It is motivated by a desire to dehlOhstrate, thht,what;Jlapp~ii~d' in AuS{;hwitz is after all not so strange. Every yearth~~t 'gmwsJru1:ger,;there are Armenians, Ibos, Indonesians, Burundians,CaIllbodians,. .Amencan:lndians': and Blacks, and recently even the victims oftheb~b~g'ofPresdenandfIiro~: " shima have been added. One understands thatvU1fter~ble power1~~srrtin.oriti~'sL; eiipJoy the Holocaust metaphor to signal the danger' they fee~~The)f underiiahd,: as only potential victims can understand, that if anything, ~eww:asdeyeJop'ed', in tJJ.e death camps it was that troublesome minQritiesneed Ii6tbetoleratedot'J integrated. They can simply be liqUidated. . , Despite ,the natural sympathy, on.e.feels fOf.theiru,nly\vho havebr.~':l',!. '

victimized there are facets of the Holocaust experience whichmarkhoffas::'ac :, ' novum, a unique experience, which g9~s'beyond whatJul~happened,o~qther' bloody pages of history. It:;mayhave':somethirig~~bdo with thehl~Oricai.role . . . ~ '.~ ,~A6f. '2itt . . "'?:::,'" C'"'-pl~yedby,E~ropeanJ¢¥(~irHnturnirig upon. the Jews of Europe the Nazis . ~ented. the slaughter.. ~et ;it· waSpos~ib.e.JQr.tlte~io ~~6und)lp"cotice~tr:~te/ destroy~c];;a'UIuCJ.Uepeo1?,~~1~ho produced a disproportionate share of Europe's and ultimately shoot, gas, bum andotlienvise ·erush·!0'deatll'l11()the~s,fath.~it· -: m0ssible~f~rtheJunCtioIia;ies ,; :mann,Levi~trausand cirii¥ps of other opinion-makers who stemmed from the to objectify' a' basically like kind to.' such·an·extenithat~:;I11aSsiveact:()f'sbCi3I Jewish community. It was ;ilieEurope wl:rich by dint of its ethos and technology :doininated much of the re$t of the world. In liquidating the group which' pro­ cannibalism could be implemented .., '.. ' " ... :. <' ..":<",' '",'r': ,'" -:,. ..' . . 'The sundry cadres of Qureau,erats, 't , .duCed· mell, who because of their marginality were in a good position to sense pettyoffici3Is;:t3ilroa~Xllrittio~aries camP' commanders, guards, < not billY what was amiss with the nation-state but what the next and better and sin1Ple"l'C)~.cemen·.Wh~.iInple~ent~d:~Yerystep:' of an elaborate process whose end~prQduct was death~ppll1'en1:ly.we:re' ,.history? ,What is so eccentric about the that we cannot force it banality. "The trouble with Eichmann," she observed,'~~Vi~s preci,sely that'sp: • ',iI1to~~nomothetic mold? I suggest that one small clue can be gleaned from many were like him, and that the many werenej:ther:peryert~dnq'r;sadistlc:,"·, this~ffe~nt sqrt of objectification. That is the name of the process by which they were and still are, terribly and terrifyingly nOrrria1."~{his..trialEichmariri' groups can be read out of the "universe of obligation" and ',ceit~,>ta~eted still using the bureaucratese of the time,' whiCh"·viasi~:,()n1y.way~.~e~:coUl~;' eliCtlcatedas if they were so much vennin. (It is illustrated by the prefacing express himself, .admitted his central role 1n .admirifSterip:i.the;traii~!,Ortati~'· ; ,Himniler

. ". ~'. !

...... iWI1... . '\':"" jI " ;".,,"', ., i .. ·p.eI:r0!rtte~_ by'·'tr¥:. TIle::~r,~iemfor students of the Holocaust is to discover element .that might still survIve. mine. fudustrialpro'~ess/The.·c-arriag~~.§f)Vpr~~: )t~e, matrlx,ofhfutoricai c§rt~tiOns which produce functionaries like Eichmann . Will I which'witnessed the incredibleexpencliture:()fHve~.~eJ{c~~ge·.f9!·al~.~.' •.•. -'. Arendt"inher se~dhl;for origins, turned for answers to the imperialist, yards of ground, and the use of poisoiigas to·bringihdiScriIniI1~~t~Ae.a}p!9:~tP~i: ;.?has(ofE,~~opeaIlhlstorY':·i~ both its overseas and continental. "pan~ move- "enemy," the.. organization of homp' "fn)n ts·as.we!l· as'Y~r froll;tswhiS]i.bl~i~~d·::··: . mentsvariations. She pains~g1y demonstrated how 'all the mgredlents of th~ 'lines between the riiilitary' andCi.villans.andoften:resul~~.&'iI1Jlig~e~:A~~~~>: .. t1'ie;;FinalSolution~ racialisriI, tribal nationalism, bure'aucratic lawlessness, 'and ties for the latter are welllrnown:,an'd thelr.liflkage,totll,e·:Hblpcaust}~.~l?~m;ent.~": 'aLtiffies.ev~nthe Component of anti-Semitism, were put in place during this It c1}.eapened life and in the context~ftota1.war'macteitp?Ssible>W't1~;ot:. phase of EUfopean history. The twin phenomena of racialism and bureaucratic entire nati~ns as subject to indiscrimib.ate\.s1aughtei;~np'ackofitall.;~~s:~gam',. ' ~wle'ssnessparticli1arly drew Afendt's interest. "Of the two main devices of the process of bureaucratic. objectifica:t~on which ~lowed,:tilllital"Y'function.~rie~.'- .. "ijmperi,alist!rule," she explained, "race was discovered in South Africa and to make decisions which sent millions 'to'· tll,eirde,a:th. 'Jpst,as'Gontemple'

.and develope,d a bureaucratic type wh'O could COllllllit llJass Illurder as if it wcre o defellses ag(Jinst it ,.had diSintegrated. Not only would thechea:~eningan.d.t~.e; :~anorinal part of his job description. Arendt cOllcluded that thisruk hy hurouc, dClllcalling of' life (Jnd even the use of poison gas pe'd'ttPlicat~9,in';the:;qeath: . racy was central to the totalitarian system. Its actions. its decrees did Ilot rcprc· caJllPS, hut the objectification process now buttressed bY~:'scientific"l'lan,()f serit law but its own will. All students of the Holocaust are familiar with the rll(Jssiv r: social cngjncering on the basis of a ra~al euge,nics"cjsten,$ibly._atlcb,ol'C? h,W;dIeds of threatening decrees which ultimately crushed th~ life out of the in science, g(Jve the bureaucracyapprobatioJJ, arid a rati. '.:i"; 'J~~ili,victims against whom they were di!'ected. These dectees. written in an Eichmann was prototypical of the newbu're~ucr~ygf'unCtiollary'.'1?Vy~ " 'oitlci,alstyle~w~~ actually the quintessence of lawlessness beca,use the bureauc· while claiming to be powerless he was'i¥ reality i1?i'conten~toi:~ntror~he. racy,itself. father than some constitutional legislature, was their source, All outer destinies of his clients, not satisfieawith'whaf,Arendi: ~al1e:dth:e,."radfu~o/ "'the functioA?TY needed was an order to commit the most inhuman acts. A of power," he controlled their "inner" lives totally::1I,eYl~l~e.;;'a~d.w~?:\ .:bUreaucracy,gone wild in· the sense that it was not at the command of a lawful decided whether they should live or die. That.~nc6n~rolledb'llreap.cra~,pll;~ ~·;;",.auth~ritY isat'thevery heart of the objectification process which pennitted fettered by the sanction of law and untotichedbycoml11bn,hiuriariitv~machiIl~~ "tlie,finar,solutionto be implemented. The precedent for government by like and automatic is the hallmark of all totalitarian~stemsas,weJi'.as·,t~e , 'bul"eauCJ:ats beQ;an:with the .need to administer colonial areas in the 18th and mode] of organizati~n of the elite parties which conb::o~thern:' Suc4s?cietiesJ~e':.: , 19th,~entur1es."'By"Vorld War II the habit of rule by decree and objectification basically lawless, and it is in their nature to make. nobodies' out'~of;t~e' subj~qs" . 9tsu~je~t piople"was:well established. they administer. It turns ou~ that Eichman~.'~d·the~~o~~and.s:·1i1ce~·d.i:~~ , • ,'World War . I 'reinforced the "objectification" phenomenon from two not track 'down Jews ill Europe's. remotest :r¢~ches;because ..... 6fa'particuJ~' . ,:ad,ditio*a1::~ources: the .exigencies of the war itself and the development of virulent hatred of Jews. Rather, they weIe,zea1oushureauci~ts'itl~j~ta~ta~a,!l' \'llie.lD:q.l,istrlal. mana~ment ~process. The latter process included as part of its society where burea~crats ruled; Like.aIlcar~eristsEfc1unanri

,.,'-- ::. ~:~~r- J

'lill' .. ' ',: .' .. ' .••... !: .•..• : .', . ". :.,:.:";' .. '.::,:...... ,. the most French of 'Fre.nchmen;,:Tlie 'objectincation.'¥q:,~otocc:ui1in.jthe.:I.ste:am::I. , tio~~re,s1;'wlli""nnniill~3kneW precisely what he was doing and precious ~grainforest to a people ;whowere'perceptibly?~~iciil1y,o",tl.l.e ,:r~,'Jrheore:ticiillY.... ···'· , llttIeelSeeitherabout Nazhia~ology or war aims. For the new bureaucrat there ..; ;.<';':'.' . ;;...... :c .. '.' .'. "."":,.;f.: .- it need not have been European Jew.ry'Nho.:was.sif;igl~·

"~, .,

sought to deny the Jewishm1sses~quirights;and'opp~rttil1ities~' aJ'1! .• a~L",U1JJ to enhance their own privileged. status;\Yhile,'jn .~l).e'latter:she .;'( lis,cuss~~s1;n . failure of French Jews to' uhderstari'd:ilie'p61iticalnnport' agitation- during the Dreyfus Affair an?hericeto,~evelopstr#egi~sJ~:>;c'OUI1te.!r~q;t? it. Fe'ldman's 'decision to excerpt on1yth6sefewpa~es()rt~e. '•. ' ", .. ' ...... • ' THE PARIAH SYNDROME Arendt had not previously fucorpora.ted into the()rigins0f".·,. understandable from the' pomt of v,iew or' spaceand'thlaccessibility-; 9(' material. However their absence from this 'collectionserlouslyunderu.'rlnesthe, editor's intention io present Arendt's co.I~ereIit t~eory'()fi1io.d~p1;J~WiShlUst?IY.'" ,<",Pew theories of Jewish history have had so penetrating an influence as Feldman also fails to include any'. Of·the ,jewi~h'~ie·Ce~ Jewisllexperiimce. Indeed~'it would be only a slight exaggeration to claim that serve.d as a columnist during her first years,in theUnitedSt;lte~) •• Tl~o~gh:h~r' . ·the_4uestionk raised by her Origins of Totalitarianism and Eichmann in Jero­ contributions to Der Au[bau were of a rather j()umalisdc"n~ture.,m~ypJa~e~ ..:,' .salem, havedo~~ted the concerns of a generation of modern Jewish hist'ur­ a critical role in the development of her Jewish tho:ught.,:Thes~;~clu~e4·}lei'''' . :."jans~'atleast in this country. It would be wrong, however, to take Arendt's IIlost explicit ideological and programmatic statements 'on, t1~e ina?eqiJacies' , ,grea't'influenceas evidence of the veracity of her conclusions regarding Jewish of traditional Jewish politics as practiced by both Ziqnists and assimilationists? ' aJld on the need for the Jewish people to pursue ;historyjn~thcp6st-emancipation period. For an analysis of the main themes of a nafiona1i'~voltiti?narY·p()l~ti~::1l the basis of The Beginning of ;J Jewish' Politics" (1941),. "The Crisis of,Zjorlism~";fl?~2);. ce;t~hi philosophical presuppositions which she brought to the study of 1lJ00krn "I'll! the lionor aJld Glory of the Jewish People'~ '(1944)',:and'~'Tb:eJ~\Yislt:; Jewish~story than on objective, empirical evidence. Despite the serious crili­ 'd~ms.whlcl} have! 'been leveled against Arendt's method alld cOllciusiollS, her Partisans in the ,European Resistance" (1944)...;...... ' ....• ' .',(: ,.' .. . 'intel,pretatioll qf the modern Jewish experience continues to find adherents The editor's introducto~y essay, while accurately:tr~~i~g~h~:~~Wne~/"'r' of Arendt's theory of Jewish historical, development,adds httle,toq1:lr.~p.del'":, 'aniong contemporary intellectuals and students of Jewish history: ROil Feldman standing of her Jewish wrjtings. Feldman's accou.tlt,suff~rs fromhisJ~ck;~f,/ . '...:..wholUls brought together some of Arendt's mbrc illlportant essays OIl Jewish critical distance' he seems to share the typical exalted s~lf~image'qf1ll~nywodern" themes 1nTI1e Jew As Pariah-is clearly one such indiviuual for whom ArcIld t 's .. .. ,,, " . ,'. ~ irltellectuals and theil ideological antipathy. towards , theoriescontiriue·to have gr~at-even blinding-appeal. ',me.i1;:·of, bu~~e&s~calpe~speCtive ::: ;:~afticlesf(}ruD.de~tandlD.gAreildt's Jewish historiography are ''Privileged Jews" or ..•. :8hd:"Frb~:DteYfus to France Today:' In the former essay, Arendt puts forth and hence is unc1asSifiable. . ." .,. ',:.,'.. ' .. ' ...... Feldman also adopts uncritica11yArendt'svieyi of the .::~~r-~th.esis~regatding the d<;>rnlnation of the post-emancipation Jewish community controve~~>~~r-·I!., rounding Eichmann in ferusalem. Hel·?~picts ,AieD;dtas :a,:persecllte,d:v~ctlP:.~f. \ b-y·~;.·sinaiIcli9.ueof apolitical, self-serving, assmruationist Jewish notables, wh<;> the Jewish establishment, who was ~'subjectedto a:mod~mform·{)f.exc0IDJI:lum~ cation from the Je~h communitj"(p. 1'7) lJecause-$he:,spqke tl).etruth wrucll" , • . • • _. ~ '. • .; .' • i " • "r 0 "-i,"~\:,,·' the pariah, like his Gelltn~~otinte~rit;,stiu~{ ..' .' ." . ' ,ri(ron~wiulie~:'t() gives no credence to the important critiques and work in consort with' otheipeoples; fbrhe, .. ' ....•" ...... '••.... '....•....• ;. " ...... Jo(t,b.e'fate':,·',>' · :ofthe.bo6k,passing.. as simple misinterpretations. of humanity as a whole. This public-~pilitecbi~Ss\\'as>a1so:Char'a~teris~cr9~his: '.: .' ' ,;Feldmanjs right :' that Arendt's peculiar notion of politicS attitu4e towards the Jewish .people ...• ·The.~ariah1:iol"ea;~senseptloralty.#td,:':, h3S::Wportant '... ' . '. . '. for her Jewish thought. It is thus all the more re8pP1lsibility· to the, entire Jewish!,coJI1IllUIlity (Le.;to·1#eJ!~i~~asses).}J:e. · ,puzzlirlg.that ~fai1s to ~pecify what the· "special mearungs and uncommon unaerstood that honor' w~notwon :u:hy'the"culfo'f.-succ~ssorf~e,bY.~U1tl7L unplications"(p. 49; n. 47}pfher perception of polities were. . . vation of one's own self, nor e~eri pyp~rsonai·dignity~';·th~tth~'0nlY'.es¢llp,~ '; " . :Theceilttal tenet of Arendt's Political theory is the radical separation "from the 'disgrace' of bemg a Jew,.,.~''[waSJto'fight, fQtthe~o~or·()(t~e,:,.

. o(thelmblic-political sphere of human existence, represented by the citoyen, Jewish people as a whole" (p. 121). "'. .' , .... "".j .,' '.. ...• , fibtn:the'pnvate-societa:l (or economic) realm, represented by the bourgeois. Once the prinCipal categories and;preprlsesQfNend~'.s iIlterpretiveff~e~., ,According/to Arendt, life in the political realm-which she presented as the w9rk for understanding Jewish historyare'.brought, tojigtlt,.,.the,Junci~enta1 ;inrmitely higher Jl.lode()f human existence-is ch~acterized by genuine human prbblems of her theory become eVident. Th~ 'Under1yingifauacy'~Jle):analYsis;' , iiiteTaction, creativity,'and concern for the welfare of all humanity; while is' her Manichean distinction between the public andpriv,ate spherespfh~man:";' Jifein the private domain is characterized by human isolation, enslavement existence and her highly romanticiZed (even ut0l?1ai1.}~9~oA'of;P6li'tics+a'\lie\V~.; . to the necessities of physical existence, and concern for the material success point without basis in historical reality.1 . ' ..' •.... ",'::>",;' of the individual. Arendt's theory of Jewish political ineptitude: js;likew~~;inol'~:?fa:nide?:.:,'< Arendt's distinction between the two modes of human existence had logical premise than an historic-ally proven fact. In hel'bighly. se,le.ctive''.acCQur:t'> . iin.portantiuiplications for her Jewish thought. For, in her view, the pre-e!llillcnt of modern European Jewish history) Arendt studio~slY ;:lvpidedall:~;aiUJ?l~$J()(."" facfof Jewish existence was the political ineptit'ude and indifference uf the the ability of Jewish leaders" "to identify their collectivejnterests,to.asses~th,e,

'Jewish people~ Thus in the dichotomy politics/society Jews are located entirely possibilities for action, to locate allieS 1 to fJrganize and deploy.t~~ii,~es9ui~es,:·o:" withiU the inferior societal realm and identified with the contemptible bourgeoisie. and to learn from their failures and mistakes."z Thtis'slie neg1ectedthe,~o~:k: In theOhgins o/Totalitarianism Arendt asserts that it was the intrusion of of the Alliance Israelite Universelle an4 Zentralvereiwdeutscher'Stddtsliurger:\ thel;!ourgcoisie and its "societal" (economic) con~erns into politics in the jiidischen Glaubens-the two .majo~ self-defense organization~~9£jVest~rn~ur:~. 'Jusi'aS the 'parvenu bore the distinguishing characteristics of the bourgeois, institutionS, founding Jewish 'newspap~s~and,i6uIIla1S .:and'fo~gJe\VisP: . , ;.'·,so.:to'oClldllie ~pariah resemble·the dtoyen. like the citQyen, he led an inwardly defense organizations to promote ,JewiShemancipation'ab~badaI\q~a~e;z::;~o'''' . '~'.' fre'e.'an,,~,cre.ative e:rlstence. He was, moreover, endowed with the citoyen's protect Jewish rights at home?:Allthes~ effo~s cm,t.hepart:of;rC\\1isb,;l3,!~d.!" :'Y9litlcal ::astu.te~ess and spirItual dignity, which were born of his abili'ty to religious leaders were not· narrowly 'dire~edat:a small Jewi~h, elite;pu~gea:r~', ',:', ., ~' .• ,_, ' • '01 • According to rumor ".it was'~arth,'H~idegg~~,\\riili.~h6~'~annffl-:'had' studied in Freiburg, whoalerted·h~r.io:uitpending da~ger.~':Gerin~Y;~h:etook .:,' thew~g seriously and departeiifbrParis~,ntere shetumedmtoa.~p~tiv'e Jew,and Zionist who, friends ~ave'il'ecalled, pppo~4'C~~:d-l~~~ .an.d re~~~~~,.'i; i those who converted to Christianity~ " " , , ".'>:"'::,~",'.;' .'·1i. m1:',;i r"" ,While in Paris, Hannah,along \vith twomen,f6u~d~dl'~~ol~',d'~gricu1~i~' ' et Artisanat. Its object was 'to tram yp\lng JeWishief\lgees'it1;agi:iGU1ture'.1Ul~· . craftsmanship as preparation for theiJ: e~i~ation to.~the~cduriti-iesiTpey'we~e,' , HANNAH ARENDT: PERSONAL also taught Hebrew and Yiddish. For'two years,Bm1nah'stu4iedDothliut~liges REFLECTIONS with the t~acher the school had hired. Inadciition~ ontheadviceofhe(.ex~sjster-' in-jaw. Mrs. Michaelis, a clos~ co-worker of JIenriet-t~szQld,:Hannahi'vas:~,ap- " 'I pointed head of the French Youth Aliyah, aposi~ion she~~ld~()rfiv~,~e~s~'()ne" of her first activities in 1935 was to escort a'grotipofyoungsteistoPalestiile~,:: " ",' Hannah Arendt was a very private person. Yet to those who knew her, she " After the outbreak of World War II~ Hannab:;:~sa:~'GeIll1an:J~(uge~"",:lS;'" was a'devoted, loyal,.and supportive friend. Forthright and determined, she set iritemed in the Gurs concentration camp. It was the'worstofits kin~in F:rilnce~, " high:standards both for herself and for others. She could not tolerate f??Js, The same fate befell Heinrich Bluecher, a philosopher, pl,aY\Vri~ht,'an~je~t~wing shams, or "phonies:' Hannah was a proud woman, who had her share of vamtles. Socialist, whom she mru;ried' in 1940. When lb:n.mU1 ardvedat'Gu.rs,the.(ifsf She.. enjoyed the admiration of others and became contentious and thin-skinned thing she did was, to ha~k 'off her beautifullong,l}air~ fea:ririgiha~,it.~o~ld;,. when her philosophical or political views were attacked. But at heart, Hannah become infested with vermin. What she could not fOieseewastb:atshe.\VQ~ld.fall was an extre~e1y sensitive human being, who took great interest In the needs of victim to malnutrition and that her beautifullegs, 'o{wbich she>waaso':proud,'. those aroundr her. would bear sc'ars from untreated abscesses for the remainderofhcrlife.ijan,nah" Hannah was born in Hanover, Germany, but, moved to Konigsberg at an liked to relate the story of her release from Gurs' and her'att~pt to>a.~ert#' early age:She was the only child of highly assimilated, upp~r middle class Jews whether Heinrich was still in the camp. Unknown to her ,he had beenfreed the with Socialist political leanings. When Hannah was six yea,rs old, her father dIed, same day as she. Although they pass'ed on the street,' it toOka'se~o~denC0111it~r She then lived in her grandfather'S home until 1920, when her mother remarried, ,before they recognized each other since their appearariceflWeresOgre~tl;y,~l~~~e$:; " From 1924 until 1929, Hanriah studied at the Universities of Marburg, Their joy at having sUrvived and ,found one ,another again was bouil~less.;\:o'.ii .• Freiburg and Heidelberg. Intimates from her student years remember that In 1941, Hannah, Heinrich, and H~nnah's inot1ier"~arne .tp,Jhe'tJnited., " Hannah always craved to, be a blue-eyed blonde instead of the attractive brunet~e 'States when President Roosevelt intervened on behalf of one hundr¢4 intellec-;' , 'wh.o~ they knew. She never denied her lewishness and ,in fact, during her tuals ,and their families. They were penniless. H.annah·to()kajob~s:~·-dome~i(?" ":Univ~~ty days and later, became friendly with many East Eur'opean Jews, with a family in Boston, not only to make· a Jiving but a1sot~:le~rnsp?k~ll despite, prevailingp:rejudice against them (shared, in part, by Arendt herself) as English. I had the good fortune of meeting l{annah'.socm.a{ter'her:~r!iya1.,~~.~'· "wicUitured. ,uncouth and uneducated," but Hannah kept at arms length from had corne from Boston to visit my husband. in hisofijc~ attolu~ia'UniveJ:sity. 'inVOlVement' in Jewish affairs. Though her close friend, Kurt Blumenfeld, a well­ They spoke ~bout possibilities for her enteringtheNnerlc~h'a?~demiqworld.:' lalowriZionist leader in, Berlin, spent endless hours discussing Zionism with her, He advised her to make her debut by nieansofherp~.'S4e ,~~ar~¢dth~tshe!' ~ ,'he failed in his attempt to convert her to his Zionist ideology. It took more than had been thinking about modern anti.semitism:¥t.~Frarice;TIiisJ~'onv:eisa~i~l.11ed:', " :p~rsuasiVe :argumentation to alter Hannah Arendt's beliefs. During this period, Hannah to write an essay for Jewish Socitll Studiesentiiied "FremDreyfilsto'. ,.. Sb.e,liiaIried,Gtinllier Stem, a young Jewish philosopher who carne from an F ranc~ Today" (1942).' It laid the ,fou~dation ,fo)", herlater ,wOrk;, 'nze, (Jriiins'; It was a short-lived marriage. oj Totalitarianism and for her recogrution asa sch:oIar ofgreatrjability;arid',:;, ·:;e9.uan~assimnat.edfamily. ,'" .',,1. ': ".:,' Harinah~s first book was a biographical study of Rahel Varnhagen, a lewess penetration. , , ,', ' , , ," , ,',' . ',: ...~ho>moved 'irlihe ,poSt-Mendelssohnian circle, conducted a salon, married a In 1942, ~annah moved to New Yo!k~whereshe,'and~erfami1yIiVe~ ~' "Chrlstiap..Jiobleman-diplomat, and was accepted by the intellectual and social three rooms in a single-room occupancY apartment ()nWestpSthStreei,sharilI~' , ",' ~1ite of:Berlih~Here was a perfect example of what, Hannah was later to tenn a the kitchen and bathIoom facilities with the' other tenants~Hei m0thetbabysat ,,~~Pariah.~~perhap~'lt was no accident that Hannah's. choice of subject matter was to earn her livelihood and Heinrichtook w~tev~rjop wasavallable, incluqi,t:lg '~~"i:a,*mhan'whoconstantly struggled with her Jewishness. To the brilliant but that of 'a factory worker~DeSpiterher hardShips, Harui3h .took tnne,frQIllher , . >.<.}iIii>resSip~ble YOUn&~aimah" Rahel'easily lent herself as a model. scliolarly pursuits to ,serve as :aStau1,1c11,. advocate of the, theil-projected Jewi~ ,60,;; ; •... :ltlt!' '.( .'Biiga~ein., tl1~:AIlied~~~~. She was also involved with Judah Magnes in the when she. should have star~edchayirigherf~ilYshe'\Va~tob1o()i~~d¥e~ji;~~ , >Ihudm()veN~nL,. :.h:/(ii' ' '.' , . t~o l~te. This regret was reiterated onlllany·'ocpaslons~ .. Weh~dmanylongdi~c~s- " Soorithereafter"sne::Q~gan working as Research Director of the Commis-' Slons that summer, on topics i'anging'!!o~:apartheidiI1SouthAfriCang the Orthodox that it was God's will. Passivi~ . progress in ~ting, and a "long discussion ,about~heviability.• ofI.Srael~'dl1#.':'· can be just.asheroi~·as ac1:ivilml.! which she expressed deep concern o~er:its future;Wethen~ tumed~oa;p~o~le~;' : ',After the . of the New Yorker series I, was frequently stopped I was having at "the Conference·. .1t r~tated. tq ·the fundniisiiig.effortnece~sad·in: . h~,friends'ahd,acquamt both Jewish and non-Je~~, who demanqed .an order to publish a collection of ~tiltMiilgUat essays9n'tlieHolocausfbythe:' explanation for her unsympathetic treatment of the Vlctuns of such a major , late Plillip Friedman, the "Fatb,er of H.oloca~st Historiograph~.~"·H~·i1l~~t~~.'l:;, n ·munoral. atld inhuman catastrophe. To those who had r~ad The Hurru: Cun- that I try to raise the needed 'sum and exclapned:''His~O~kissu.perior,t()11'10st:./·: . ditionI'could' clalm that it was an extension of her philosophy that inhere~t of what is being written [on the. subjectTtQdaY~Itniustbe'l11ade:availablei~~e"" ',yici6usness,exists in governmental authority and that Eichmann, was but a ,c~~ In English language." She then rose to freSh.~~ '.our·drinks~r~riJrnedto.her:~eat,.:·· '1hemachlne. Others, some of whom insisted that she must be a 'Commufllst to cougped, and died, her ever-present cigarette still betweenherflngers~ ~.,::,;" take;thatstand, could pot be swayed from their deep resen,tment over h:r tre~t­ , In planning Hannah's fUJleral, her ~xecutQJ;sanifpUbUsh~~~ide~i~at';·· merit of the triaL A young woman's comment, that she believed Hannah,s,senes since Hannah had been a universalist,' no teligiou~symb,oliS.lJl WaSJl~C~ssa~ ...... "'onEicIuhannto have been based on the author's self-hatred, was surp~Slng to Under pressure from family and friends, however~ 'theyfinallyC'onsente4Jo:h~~e';" 'me f()J' this was not a facet of the Hannah I knew so well. a Psalm read in both Hebrew and English:. Yet after,the:funeral,'H:annah~s's~e'~~":'; •..•. Some of the animosity, highly vocal from Jewish segments of society and sister, who had flown from Engl~nd for theservice,toldagrou)?of·Js.the:KoF:' . ro6~e'subdued from others, might have died down had the New Yurker articles lowing story. Hannah's mothe~. while visiting·hel',step·daught~r'in~n.gland~'~ad(.'< nofappeared in an ,expanded version in a widely-read book. The articles had fallen ill and died there. For sO,me reason, Hapnahhalbeenunablet9~ttendthe' "been hastily written and did not allow for the research and thought that w~n.t funeral. When she asked her stepsister to describe theservlceandH~ard"tha~:' into Hannah's other studies. ·She was emotionally shattered by the harsh cntl­ neither the HI male rahmim northe Kaddish had b.een l'.eci~ed,Hannah'g!~~v',sg'·~ . cisms,'she rec~ived verbally and in print. Heinrich was even more acutely wounded angry that she ~id not communicate with her sisterforthre~y~ars;Surely;·what ; since he agreed with her stance. . . Hannah had wan~ed for her mbther she would haveowanted.forheiself':Butthiir'·· Though the Eichmann trial provided Hannah with even greater world-wide shortcoming was somewhat remedied when her ashes were buried, tieiito"th~~;: recognition she continued to suffcr from, thc acc.usations 'hurled agai,nst h.er. 7 of Heinrich, on the campus of Bard College. A basically traditiohaIJe\Vislise,r~;. In 'order to avoid further discussion of the trial, she severed her relatIOnships vice was held. The Kaddish was recited, Hebrew Psalms wer.~re(1d;and,~~Gh.'()f..': 'with almost all.of her Jewish fricl\ds, whether they faulted her or not. When her old and beloved friends shovelled some earth into heigr~ye~:Those,present;" forced to defend her position, Hanna.h's stance was weak. Gershom Scholem, Jews and non-Jews alike, felt that an omission had b~en remedied,~sfor'b~neatli.':'· for example, accused her of having little sense of "Ahabath Israel" (love of the Hannah's veneer of universalism, and her profound c6n(jem"for'the future of , Je~ish people). Hannah replied, "You are quite right ... I have never in my li(e modern democrat)c civilization, lay a deep emotional c.om~i~p1~l'lt tc;Ju~a~fuf, ' ,~loved any people or collective ... Indeed I love 'only' my friends ~nd the only and to her feUow Jews. ' . .,...... ".," c, :."; •• kfudoflove I know of and believe in is the love of persons." , ,'Yet during this period, Hannah remained a member of the Board of Directors of the Conference' on Jewish Social Studies. She attended board m~etings) her cardiac condition pennitting, and carefully read those essays :whiCh were subniitted to her for judgment. It was only a matter of time before > Hannhlt.:reestablished closer social contact with us and other Jewish friends. ",:-':AIthough Hannah. rarely spoke about her religious beliefs, she once told .::::I11C.th,atShebelieved ina superior power, God. She was not an observant Jew, '~yetniamtairi.ed':~. str,ong feeling for the Jewish tradition. Interestingly, when , Hefunclrdied, .Hann'ah arranged' for him to be buried through a Jewish funeral h.6me'eve(l'though Heinrich hadn't been Jewish. Soon after, Hannah began to 'come iri:bur, home' for the Passover Seders. One year, everyone at the table "~eiriirke

Interpreted from the Originai Hebrew Book of Lamentations Ghimel - (Chapter 3) My mind was-utterly stranded surrounded by seas of pove~ , l'o aPlPear.in Chosen Days: Celebrating Jewish Festivals i7i Poetry and Art, Fall 1980, from Doubleday. he let me sit in the dark until I could not think

Aleph I was,sealed up in a tomb wi th the ancient dead It is I who have seen with just a man's eyes I was fenced in like sheep _ I was locked in an, empty rOOm suffering beyond the power of mC~l to know is there I was bound in chains I could not tum around a WTath so deep we are struck dumb I cOuld not stand up to pray he had turned away and we arc sheep seized by animal terror

~ defenseless before a world l\nk~l~h ( 1 Dalet r from anything human l' I would cry after him for.help I we have seen its frenzy raisrd Ii kc an arm my throat was dry as day but we feel our shepherd's blow

all my hopes came to roadblocks . Bet all my dreams to barbeq wire inside myself I was exposed a des.ert • He has led me into darkness lit all my ways arrived at despa,ir - " a valley no light can reach he was a scorpion in my path nothlngto _iJ.lumj.ne the smallest step I take a lion crouching in the brush tlwugh I follow what he alone may teach he had become my nightmare he has ttimed a."aainst me a' mad b~ar in my tracks .' :with the arin that pointed my '''lay a cancer waiting inside me it is I alone who felt his hand a fear of bemg t~m to piec.es . all $l~epless night and day a",aain I was b~ok¢n' doWn, m~~hling I was shatto/ed by an."detY

the more I tasted w6nriwood',' turning to poisonwith.ih me I was his target and now, still, I remember,evetythirig : I was pinned in the center of his sight my soul staggers into exile':, ' I was pierced in my vital organs I had lost control of my bowels Het I was a laughing-stock to the world he made me their cruelest joke Memory the Weight on my back and deep in my bre~st every crushing detail he passed me the cup of bitterness he made me drunk with tears I cannot close my eyes before it I cannot rise' ~rOln my bed Vav ;Old yet I do each day and I rouse my heart I was dazed with wormwood I was in a deadly stupor that the memory itself so vividly tves awakens a deathless hope he pressed my face in the dust 1 had ground my teeth to bits lovingkindness like air ~ cannot he used up 'I have woken with my heart in pieces 1 have breakfasted on ashes though J breathe heavj]y, locked in a room beyond the wall a wind blows freelJ;' , my life was pulled from my grasp my soul was in exile

I was a hollow shell Tet 1 was a stranger to myself The Lord's mercy brings a new mo~g , peace was a dry husk, an empty word each day awakens the thought ?fhim: I was blown in the wind though I'm buried in nights of doubt , Zayen day returns faithfully-he's always there' ','

is "I forgot what goodness means ''The Lord all that I have" shalom meant nothing to me 'calls'my soul and my heart responds, ..

my hope lives within, infmite and I thought: my spirit is dead as.m~cy-:' how else could remember h9pe in God is beyond me r it!- nIS·g'Oiod!ne:ss does not disappear turning to him:

Yod

Remembering.in the turning Lamed trusting in the memory And when men lower us· in their eyes how good to find patience cheapen our right to be ourselves '. to let rejected hope return when we are brutalized by "universal" justice,.' ap.d how good to learn subverting the word "justice" itself. . to bear the burden young

because men believe they are n()t seen ~" .. to sit silent and alone are not in God's presence when they judge when the weight falls on your shoulders (even with their hands 1aid upon bibles. . , to feel the weight of your maker t~eir interest devout self~interest) i. as all hope seems lost and when we are tonne~ted for bei~g'duferent' to put your mouth to dust by laws of idol or human supremacy . . . (perhaps living is. still worthwhile) his justice is brutally mocked * he has l1;0t desired it: To iurnyour cheek to its striker to be. overwhelmed by abuse Mem

to face the worst His own creation abandoning him to d~ink your fill of disgrace is a horror

to swallowmotkeryof things held dear but men can say and do as they'want . io survive the poison of humiliation they can act like gods: spea~ and it cO!I1es'topass .

* but they become heartl.ess idols,speakirig they will pass into dust and silence .' Kaph they couldn't have opened their eyes . How good to be des(\!;:;.te and alone if the Lord did not desire it . because the Lord does. not reject forever and they strut in iron ()ver us . after the intensity of anger yet the Lord does not will it-. mercy returns.in a firm embrace because. the words. for good and· evil because his love lasts forever both came from,him . beyond anything we can know , ,a ~trong man ~r woman remembers I , the earth was avast pe~ for us, their weakness you were hiddei). beyoyd the douds

mstead of running from the past our prayers were,hollow echoes' tum to face the source our hopes were crushed flow~rs,

op~n your heart on the rough pat~ of knowing , "'. littering the ground like discoloredpage.s~ oPen your mind on the hard road understanding ripped from prayerbooks, ' the solid ground supports you'had made us garbage firm trust in the world's eyes let us search our ways human refuse examine the difficulties within: reeking in a'senseless world

i' Samech Pey

Where the will and faith tum bitter Our misery only enraged them , repent that loss, return to him all our enemies gathered to jeer us',

. take your heart in y~our hands we were beaten asa whining dog, lift it high our blood pounded in our ears flows from a broken heart s~eetness their mouths were opened wide 'to heaven po~ring out hatred, we' have ,hurt' and destroyed the world in open chorus in s~lf-rigllteo~~ ignorance blind and shameless '''. Lord, we were lost in clouds of our own making we had fallen into ahole you could not forgive this the world was a hunter's pit

'you knoekedusdown death was our horizon you'exRosed us to your anger: terror as far as our eye~ could see the:da~ghter of my people terrorized' her d~fenses breached, pride swept away yet your name.w~ o~Jny lips'

all the built up pressure released and you knew I \\Tas there, , " like a river that runs forever do not turn your ear from'mygroariing " , "

until th,e Lord looks down whenever I turnedtopraye~,' to me I felt you suddenlyne;u-

what I see with my own eyes as if you said "do not fear" floods my mind, sickens me Lord, you restored my soul

you were there and I knew I am swept up in the wake I could never be disowned of my daughter's despair

,Qoph $hin ',Il. , I was brought down for no reason You gave me the right to be myself ' like a bird with a stone and you've seen men take it away

hy people who hate ~e just for being you've seen the hands across my mouth again they bring me down, again Lord, speak for me and clear my name

lam thrown into. a pit even words have been subverted, a stone is rolled over me I was brought to the bar of injust~c,e

I who, sing to the sky you saw their barbarous vengeance am not to breathe you saw their final solution'

the nations of the world were like water my life was a living death flowing over my head I ~as butchered for you

to whom could I tum my death was the solution to,'all their probl~s , , I said to myself "I am gone" all their imagination was brought to my dyirig· .You hatred crafted agalrtst me ·as.shameids as daily prayers , ~ ~I . ". .

. holy. alliarices condemning me you. saw the papers draw:n up openly

th,eir minds and their mouths fastened on me : like bloodsucke~s

· behind my back or in their comp~y I was spittle on their lips

in conference or on the street ·I am the scapegoat uniting them

I lighten their labors ·I am the guinea pig of their salvation

*

For the hands they raise to slaughter us · by your hand, Lord, strike them deeply within

I·· . · let their pride be the poison they swallow · their hea~ts are stones, their minds to'mbstones

etched. there forever let all their words mock them with their bloody thoughts spilling into silent dust

* (Chapter 3) •• q ••• To summarize in slightly different terms: arc~etypes are cues from the ' ..: ':r~~lll' of;th~.Collective Unconscious or Objective Psyche which point toward . ·.·... ihe 'next'sulge of.. human psychic development. Operating through individuals, ·.:they:are the forms from. that realm of the Collective Unconscious which can :r' ·.. eneil~ize)lIldforward such development. . . . They rirust not be confused with instincts. Other animals have their . behaviQr rather precisely' determIned by instincts, very specific patterns of •beh~yiorwhich ar~ activated by particular stimuli. An example:

In Canada it was observed that during the rutting season male elk would throw ·.thems~lves headlong against moving trains. It was then discovered that the . whistieOf the locomotive resembled the roaring of a male elk in rut, and this was why there occurred a "duel" between elk and locomotive .. Such behavior is '. ,~eriainly not the result of any sort of reflection. The animal reacts "instinc­ ·tively ,~' not in. the sense of a vague, indefinite urge, but in the sense of bringing to coinpletion"exactly.regUlated patte11).s of behavior which usually are meaning­ 7 .J~ in relation to the givell situ~tion.

. .... Human b~ings, although' carrying inherent tendenci~s toward particular . behavior in the form of archetypes, are less precisely reg'tllated by these arche­ . types than are other animals by their instincts. The archetypal patterns are more .•. numerous than instincts, more complicated, less precise in detail, and never fully ':'lltiiized ili their entire range. . . .. ' .' . Safar as masculine and feminine tendencies to patterns of behavior, there ~.reriuIl1erous archetypes. At one particular moment in history a given archetype maypedpriIinant, but this can change with time, and so one must take care not ·t,o·identifyany single archetype with the masculine or the feminine as such. (-:rhis cautIon 'is"especially important when speaking of Jewish tradition, where 'limi!edsexual stereotypmg. of the female has been unduly indulged -often in > dis~ega:rd of well~known historical.Jewish women.) ' . .•.... •. • Neither should' archetypes .be identified with role models. The latter are '-full, figures who .. may invite coriscious. or inte~tional emulation; archetypes, on theothel:h~lIld .. are' unconscious. tendencies toward reactions, and in their sym­ 'bollc 'ormythie representations are likely to be aspects of rather than full human. ,:l:J·eings.· . . . " .:" .. :,,' '~l' .' . '. . ':i I...... <.: .. ~< iJ;Ilaginalole' in Jewish tradition? Quite apart from the Secondly, thi~' range. of archetypal resou'~~~sinVit~lSl'-~)y'ail~'(;:yeirl';tlrad;iti~l:ri: l;.'!r\·nri<'i";;"Thi:>r~ such a figure.isravishingly described in tenns, Jewish women to experiment with !and .live ouryariou~ COJriib'irt~~titrils a:tl(d'.jjio'~.'.',i:: s.visual,Proverbs 5:15-20 provides another portion~ of feminine possibilities as represent¢dpytlie~:~ch.e ....., .... ' ' !;ti(~h·:arclhet.vne.(,,~ui1teI'emlar.~rnb!le to md the sensual wife shining forth from the standing that the c'ombinations and,theresults;·\Vil1~ot"~~c~~~arily...... :,':•. boc)kWhicl1l blrini!!S us EshetH il, the. woman of valor! conscious chOice-archetypes are ·as much ch06sfugasChos~ni.J,."';·'•. ··.·.:·:'i..;.!'i" SlJea.kirlg of whom, we arrive t our sixth feminine archetype, "the wise, Thus, for example, the woman who elects arabbinjccare~rn~~4119tfee~~,">,: .. er.!er~~etic:: woman,' selfsufficient, 'on-sexual, nevertheless helpful to men." hers~1f in. opposition to Judaism in its fullness. Reca11lligthe.:3.rc~~tYl?~IMip~rtit,;.;: 'Greek tradition certainl has a companion in the woman of valor in leadmgthe community in exultant song. at the Sea" the: rabbirii~·candidate.>Y4ir;·:: . :I0-31.Hard(y a.roman icfigure, her severe utilitarianism stands at hopefully feel energized and atpeace with hercalling . .;And·:uRo~th~s~dq~9~si9n,. opposite the exquisite crea. ure of Proverbs 5:15-20. of ~ death in the community ,might she nqt function mo.te:~ffedj~ely.by:the:·· Aseventh. archetype is the widow or divorced woman of marked indepen­ activation, at some symbolic level,of the mater doJoJ:Osaarc~etype?.Examples·.: J.~nce;.Who'rnight such bein the Bible? Tamar, of course, the impressive widow could be multiplied, but the above may indicate ways in' which',~rchetyp~" \Vhbse' triumph over Judah's neglect and hypocrisy earns additional cheers with awareness can support some of the. transformationsoccurrirtgiD.· our·c.omrhluuty each reading (Genesis 38). ' today . . '. .' .~ '.. : ...... :'< <·'i:' : All the foregoing archetypes are primarily related to the male and to chil­ At the same time, it must be said that archetypal awaren~ssu{it~elfCann()~;j: dren or family. Were these the only ones to be cited, one might be confirmed in and should not determine all questions. Archetypes thernselvesa,re,,,ai-it.d·'jls:we •. the notion that the essence of feminine nature is erotic relatedness. But Guggen­ have seen, and different .ones may exert greater or;lesserinfl~en~:at~ariO~s.· . '. buhl,Cr~: as well, will lead. As Guggenbuhl-Craig puts it: . "" . , . . '.'. A ninth archetype is represente~ in Greek tradition by Artemis, an inde­ pendent figure whose only relation to man is to her brother Apollo. In Jewish Everything that we are, we are through the working out, . tradition Miriam,· whose significant relations with males are confmed to her i:hro~glrtll'e#~p",.ice and the refinement and the humanization, of the. archetype: PrecisearclletyPal .. · bro'thers, Moses and Aaron ,comes immediately to mind. patterns always govern our behavior. We can cultivate this be~avi:or;grasp:#pt.:: . :Finally , another archetype not related to men or children is the nun or images, become conscious of it, and give fQrm t6 it. But we can~s~ld'om"iuIicti~h:r:· pnestess; the Vestal Virgin. Miriam again comes to mind, especially in her role as ,solely from the will in important matters. To say this ~other way,~e~xperi(mce:::;'

.1ea:derof the songof'triumph,at the Sea (Exodus 15:20-21). So do Huldah our activity as meaningful only when it is related to an ·arc~etypal foutida~ion.~,:;: I', . '.,' (lIKings 20~14-20), Jephtha's (laughter (Judges 11 :2940), and the "Witch" of.Endor (I Samuel 28:3-25). Jephtha's daughter is especially intriguing The specifics of renewal and revitalization with.iU' JudaiSm frdm autl1isar~">': archetypally, bei!).gassociated as she is with virginity, with woman's companion­ hard to predict, nor is that necessarily our task. Better; r 1hink,.j~ tblivethelli:\'" ~hipprior to her being sacrificed, and posthumously with an annual Israelite cult out, then "taste and see" the results, That ¢.ey will profoWrdly:affect;~llbr'US~' .":.' ,:':>:.:\' . 1. Erich Neumann, "Note on Marc Chagall" in ArtandtheCreativeUn~()nSad~~> . So much for an this too brief survey of ten feminine archetypes readily New York, 1959. . . ..•...... • '.' .,' .... ,'.:; '; .. within Biblical tradition. What are we to make of it? What is its significance? 2. C. G. lung, Four Archetypes, Princeton, N:J., 1973 • .. ' Firsj of ,all, it is clear that the range of archetypal resources for females 3., Edwa;rd F.,Edinger, Ego and Archetype, Baltimore, 1973. ,...... ,. .. is considerably broader than one would have guessed from the 4. M. Esther Harding, The '.'I"and.rhe ''Not-r, Newyoik,1965.... ' '" '" ...•. 5, Neumann, The Origins and. History of HUtrUln COrisciousness, Ne\V.Yo,rk,19S4,:i., stereotypes wllichpass for "traditional." "Traditional" is placed in quo­ 6. Ann Belford U!anov, The Feminine in Jungian PsycfzoioiYtiruiin~,!~TjstiOn·.·J; 'i . as t;lsed in this context, it represents.a redu~ed and quite Theology, EVanston, Ill., 1971. .' '...... " ...... " . ....,,:::..':,:. :.'<:.'\: 7. Cited in Adolf Guggenbiihl-Craig, Marriage-beadorAlive,·ZUric.h;19;n:. ;.<' ,i traditipnla}lareald.iJlg of feminine possibilities within Judaism, and: is but.a un ~mall , 8. Ibid. .• '. . '" ...... : . i!;slic:eofJulll.hi~t()ric:aJ fact~ , 9. Louis Ginzberg, Legends of the B~ble, Philadelphia,1~56: .DAS FA,USTRECHT DER LIEBE A CHILD'SSMII.-E'

At times we become like goyim On one of those. sunny ,bright, not-yet-too-liot rilOcii4gsiI1.ear~YJ~Y, ,'i' love before law I watched as two children stood on the city street, thio\Vinga 1ll:til~i;:c()Ior~'Q" new before old plastic ball back and forth over the awning. Nearby, an infantgtirgledin.J).er Abraham carrying Isaac to the mountain carriage, proudly exhibiting two new teeth. Just. as it shoulcl,b~'"r:t~(Ngh{:i love suspending law Children are supposed to run and play, to smile .and laugh. Som.etimes;'tQ:scrap~ lonely man of faith an elbow and cry. The older ones stopped, noqaing as I. wa1ke~l bY()o,the· trusting, loving way to Sabbath services, impatient for me to pass so they might.contlnueth~ii·: but on the mountain, at the gate game. The baby clapped her hands and stopped to appreciate the sQund<'::" you stand halting The Sabbath, I thought. Shabbat shalom. Here~ on this block,~y;~i:)rt1liI1k holding law is in fme order. God's children are healthy and happy ~. '. ,',/' ",',f':<:",. Suddenly, the image of Solly Geller's face aros~ all too cleariy..i~, ~y>' and I grow old mind's eye. I remembered when I met him, just this past' week,on.!he'pedi-; silently I came atric floor of the Rehabilitation Center, amid other mis~hapen,bodiesofY6ut~,.: ' and silently I go Four-year-old Solomon had suffered seyere cerebral injuries, ina car' ac~delJ;~' ~ over a year ago. Months of coma followed; ,then he regainedcon;Sci(msit~~:~i;'" Jesus cried because he loved me for what it was worth, given his partial paralysis, minimal motor"control; loss: loving me crucified him I loved him so I killed him of speech and verbal comprehension. A growing child, his' pareilt?sjoy';,witJj' and if he loves me he11 kill me too the capabilities of an infant? But it was that wide, wide sIJ;l.ile o[:hiswhich' appeared before my eyes. . ' ...': .' " '. '"i',' .. " whom does he love Solly's parents were pious Chassidic Jews, wi'th five chi1drenat~pni,e, ' he loves me . including a newborn baby. Their quiet, resigned mother travelleddai1y.to)fee~ . if Abraham really loved God her Solly, to replace the large yarmulke 'on his sh~ved head,:t~\vetand twist he would have been there before the angel the fine strands of his side curls, the peyot oftl).e Cp.assidim~He laughed\y~en Abraham loved himself she arrived and cried at departure time; that wassom~thingianY"Yay ,for,~er'': to be proud of.' Sometimes an older brother. ~¢compapiedl1ef';speakingsoft and ISaac Yiddish and hiding behind his mother's full skirts. EVerYf~\V1a.ys:the,~eard~~, he was always getting fooled. black-coated father would come to wheel Solly's chair or to pray over bimin"

the ancient words. . c.' ," : Prayer. Yes; here it is,Shabbat, the seventh,day ofCiod'screatiolJ.H~~e' I stand at 'Shabbat worship, but Solly's face only loom~J~rgerbeforerne,.~s·,· •. mother's sad glance fades in and out . .Lord of the World! IdespaiIedtHo~.,~J, to worship, to offer thanks, while that child nes helpless? "HodutAQon~i'~. . '. " .,.': .,' ."" ',';':,' ,,'···.:'·",1,,:<:·,·. ":'",:./'! tov-Praise the Lord, for He is good, for His mercy endureth;; ·"-:the\V<:>rds' are stuck, remain unuttered. ','. ... :.... "', .•

denies me the comfort of familiar phrases of I. began to understand' how deficiencies j~ s~fl1~,carea:s are:,'·comtperls"if¢I[j:·i':,' Peldiatric~s I have seen a child without a foot scream for in other God-given gifts. The lnostbeloved:pediatdc.o,,Cc:11Pati6.J;lal,fherapis1t· w(IOcltor eXluulned his infected stump-I will' extol Thee, my God, at the Center 'was born with no arms' and one leg,Yet shi~Jive~;,·iIltdepeI1de:.nt]:Y/,:, of that child's cries, not of praise. I have',watched in the' city, and supports her ailing,fuothe~. Shec~:pes .urlsellfct)nsciouSl:y:vVit~i:; •• :.>.' palsied girl contort in vain attempts to maneuver her own wheel­ artificial limbs, and her smile gives extra motivation to,: ',c, h.. "ildrerlWifhl,c()rig;en:ita.ll,· ('h~1T·-,'HIOnp., in, the Lord, be strong-for ,that girl, Lord, there is no hope· of amputations. For them sheis inspiration to workharder·;,fOl:.nle·;:L]rnQlti\'atioIr::,~. have helped a: traumatic pa.raplegic move his permanently useless to reexamine my own gifts and thqse of others, Who is lik',e .JitiLte·T.lJlee. art'Thou, 0 Lord our God, King of the Universe, whd' guidest revered in praises, doing wonders? . '.: . ".; tn~~,stleps of man-Where were you for that little boy? The human body is so complex, its workings a' niyriad:of > ': ',' .. All around me my friends are immersed in prayer. Eyes closed, bending to marvel that when so countless many things cduld gowron:ginthe' back arid forth, singing and chanting before the Ark. I wrap my home­ workings, so few really did. When mistakes 'occur: chil:drenoverl~oK,~llem, in~de prayersha~lmore" tightly around my shoulders, attempting the tradi­ soaring ahead, growing and developing, ignoring thepitYirigg~aIlces.9f.. a~\llt~·,:: . tio"n.a.l recitation: 'The children of men take refuge under the protection of who do not understand. On one of the last days at the C.er:ter;l~~all{ed?ut: Thy sheltering care."Today there was no shelter, no protection. Mere empty the door into hot, crowded city streets. Just look. at. howve.ix·rrian~:huiriall wordsofJ,',u,stice, mercy, lovingkindness. No, 1 could offr no praise; I clenched beings are put together properly! See all these masses, peeple waJking home my teeth. I ":,,S obsessed with their faces, those fors~ children of men. Ah, from work, holding a briefcase. in one, hand and flowers.in the oth.er.:¥Y·re?F'· and SOlly's beaming, noncomprehending smile. tation of prayers gained a deeper awareness-How gr,eatareYouto/.o*s~gL?~~,;.· I , I. stubbornly r

". . ' , .' . "Sirtc~rely~ To the editor: de~;cribmlg the emergence of Minyan Miat, Michael Strassfeld (Response In issues 37 and 38 there' have size as the principal factor underlying the break with the West Side Minyan in New York. We' fmd th~t +h<•• "rl-.,,·\oco Mmyan. Several times in his cogent analysis, he cites the Germantown Minyan of members as if they were fact. Much of Stlrasl;fe1ld's a:ttic1j~.jn,l)ar1ticli1,ai'{i!!,(,c:i' "Phi1~delphiaas support or counterpoint for his .argument. He attributes the split either opinion or not accurate. ill' our Minyan to social rather than ideological divisions, as well as to the dispro­ While we welcome discussion 'pohionate burdens, felt by leaders who received insufficient compensatory minyanim and havurot, we see no need focus,on psychic rewards. "Until now," he adds, "no group has managed to successfully are 'surprised that you have devoted so much space to ~trecimtlY. As the only open davening alternative on the Upper West: ~;rlo_.~.. ",'·'; .... "";+'" diVideit~If." An update on this comment is in order. The Germantown Mmyan, which ,had divided, reunited briefly in the Fall, regular participation by anyone who would like to join us. 1919; but by.the Winter (1979-80) we divided a second time. The ultimately unsuccessful Fall compromise saw the Matbeah of TfIla (liturgy; form of prayer) moved to the ideological right. However, this shift still did not provide the tradi­ tionalist fririge with a satisfactory prayer experience. The size issue dissipated THE WEST SIDE MINYAN STEERING CO~IJTE~. but., was replaced by' concern with the quality of the service. Genuine different ',:'ideological needs could not, in fact, be met within one davening group. Adina Ab,ramowitz Most members of the traditionalist group were newcomers to German town. Daniel Bpstein They gradually ~ecame convinced that they were imposing their views on a core ~aula Freedman , group inherently unable to meet their needs. Meanwhile, members of the min­ 'yan's founding generation re-committed themselves to maintaining the on-going Havurah-styleminyan. This core group did not see its service as experimental; rather jt held to it~ centrist course thfoughout the Fall and thereafter. Thus, only those who were considerably to the religiOUS right of the minyan's main­ stream split frorn the main group. Fortunately, we have not witnessed a slow 'arift of it ','braindrain" of core leaders to the new, more traditional minyan, a 'trend wmchcharacterized the. first split, some months back. Although the fOrmation of the new minyan generated some tension, that tension was not so thre~tening that it lead to an end to cooperation in non-davening activities. The ,fwogroups meet in the sa~e shul; share a Talmud class before services, and will , join together at our annual Shavuot retreat. Whether this division will stay amicable and permanent remains to be seen. However, it does provide a model for an ideologically based division of a havurah­ ",'style 'prayer service and is one which differs from the Minyan Miat experience in s¥veial'respects. Further updates and addenda will be forthcoming as the history of the havu~ah movement unfolds over .time. Rela Geffen Monson AUTHOR'S QUERY Chava Weissler Philadelphia, Pa. , .

, ' , , SHARON MULLER is-cur~entiy s~tvmg as the Jewish Theological Seminary ~ She holds from Columbia, and is 'presently completing a Maste:rs',inljbirav.(/Sdenc~~{,:~lso at Col\lmbia. NOTES ON. CONTRIBUTORS ' •.j;' .• ' ANITA NORICH, an editor of this magazine; is As~;ist:mt.rn[)te:ssoirarld:t!\ssilsta,nf;",::,,;< Director of the General Studies program at New York University. .

DAVID ROSENBERG's latest book, JEANNETTE M. BARON is the President of the Conference on Jewish Social will be published by Doubleday in October. Sfudies~ She has worked with her husband, SaIo Baron for forty seven years, and in Harper's, Hudson Review, Midstream and Menorah.- has'co-authored, several essays with him. MICHAEL STRASSFELD is a co-editor of the DAVIDBIALE is the author of Gershom Scholem: Kabbalah and Counter­ Manhattan with his wife and two children. History. He teaches Jewish history at the State University of New York at Bingham.ton. BOB WOLFE is a doctoral student in English at Columbia University~ J..:!-ic ...

, , , I STEVEN M. COHEN is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Queens College, and editor of this magazine,

ARNIE EISEN is an Assistant Professor of Religion at Columbia University.

~ HENRY FEINGOLD is Professor of History at Baruch College and the Graduate Omter of the City University of New York. He is the author of The Politics of , Rescue and in Amen'ca; He is the editor of American Jewish History.

ELIZABETH FELDMAN wrote her article in her senior year at Radcliffe College. ';Shehas just completed her first yen of medical school.

: EVERETT GENDLER lives in Andover, Massachusetts, and is active in the Marblehead Alternative Jewish Community.

M~RI(KIEL is rabbi of Temple, Emanuel in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, and is '~!iting a dis,sertation on Jewish anarchism at the Jewish Theological Seminary. o RESPONSE 11 New alternatives to the synagogue ; Philip Roth and ou:rsitmltic)ri..;Be:ri·,;<.:r;:··::{, on changing Jewish education; the crisis in Reform: JUljai~;m:

RESPONSE 12 AMERICAN, FRIENDS OF "PEACENOW" The problem with Jewish hospitals; a conversation Zionist theory still viable? The open .c1assroom ~~ the Je'lV'is]tlsch()ol;Hn()teij\ A CaR for Support on' the Ramah experience; more .

.' Shalom Adtsbv - "Peace,Now" is an Israeli'peace movlEmenl step toward that end. Peace secure; borders bttr:t'r tnaJ"l borders can supported by hundreds of thousands of·lsraeli citizens. II is secu~ peace, .incfei>e.ndent of any political party. Founded by .....rve comb.t officors • Continued Israeli rule over more than a million Arabs 1fl the We-st RESPONSE 13 during the spring of 1978, "Peace Now" has since brought .oge.her a • Bank and Caz.a subverts the democratic and JcW'isn ch.aracter of Isr.adi c~lition t?f people with a wide·range of political and r"I!'iiipolJ:!I outlooks society, Our third issue· of the arts. A.n:ierican Hebrew .poetry; to promote reconCiliation betWeen Israel ~d i,ts neighbom;, • All further settlement of the West Bank must be ,topped, Such a policy 5eriously impedes any eventual agrftment With the Pal~tinians Israeli ~d'Amtrican Jews lI'Iust not make the wo~ of re1~tionist:s photography and essays on Jewish arts and literature; the . easier by !>king positions which do not benmt Jsr.oel's in.trrest:! and and distresse-s Israel's friends and aHies, It suggests diplom-1itic priorities undemiine .ts n""( ruations with Egypt and its longstancDing odler than peace and security, relationship with the United States. • The govenunent of Israel should conducl n~oti..atiorlS with any of the Jewish Catalogue; more. Pa1estirtian body that renounces terrorism and acce"pts the path of peaceful negotiations as the only way to solve thl~ conElict with lYad, ':Peaa: Now" oUfirms th.at: Such ~egotiations should c~nlirm eacn side in its nat10naJ right, • ISraeli security requires normaliZ:ation of relations beOfift"n l!iratl RESPONSE 14 and, its neighbors. The l~raeli-E,gyprian peace, treaty ~ tne'ltSStntiaJ fi~t ~~~~~:~sp~~~=~: !~:~~r::I:::rt and ~ognized A special issue: In the Beginning, a new English rendition JOIN FRIENDS OF ''PEACE NOW" Fox, based on the Buber-Rosenzweig translation of 'the duction by Nahum Glatzer and an afterword by the trans1ator~

RESPONSE 15 Sympo,sium on Living in Two Cultures; with Alan Ozick, David Roskies. Jacob Neusner and others. Also, an ·e]~chanige Jewish student movement; Novak and Narva on Jewish priorities more.

RESPONSE 16

M.ailto: RESPONSE 17 American Frict\cls ot '~Pe;a.

RESPONSE 19 William NoVak and Ernst Pawel

RESPONSE 20 Israel - After the War and Before the Peace, AS~ecialIssue. Ira Moskowitz Studies after College; The Jewish Press in by Marcia Falk, Marc Kaminsky and others;

RESPONSE,3S Soviet Dissidents and SoViet J~ws,. Terry Magady; the:,.N:e.t'7ioJrkCo:~tl:'()ylers:y;-\ .Th"eBook of Jonah,A New Translation by Everett Fox; Grief Takes a Holiday Review of Halkin, Alan Mintz; on Y. H .. J3renner, "b~ SIi.lo:mo Riskin; The Jewish Catalog - A Review; On Leaving the Havurah. 1918:78, Steven Zipperstein;other articles by chofsky, Robert Kirschner, Lucy Y.· SteInitz, and

,:r~()focc:ans in Israe~ Be a Jew in the Diaspora; Jewish Dance; Creative Prayer; RESPONSE 36 more. ' "l- On the Argument over Zionism, Donna Robmson Hugh Nissenson, Arthur Kurzweil; Jewish Life as RESPONSE 26 ' Nina Morris-Farber on Baeck, and Korczak; Vicki ,ISSUE OF THE ARTS. Kafka the Dreamer by William Novak; Joel Rosenberg by Grace Paley, Phil Lopate, and more. 'oli Literary Approaches to Torah; fiction by Gerald Siegel, Nancy Ludmerer, arid' Yossi Gamzu;poetry by Barry Holtz, Zev Shanken, Susan Fromberg RESPONSE 38 " , ,Schaeffer, and others. Too Many for a Minyan, Michael Strassfeld; Jacob at theRiver,Joel;'Ro~nbe~g; Israel vs. Soviet Jewry, William Orbach; reviews, poetry, more. .' - RESPONSE 27 c. Ethel.,and JUlius Rosenberg Revisited by Joel Rosenberg with an Afterword RESPONSE 39 '., ". ' . " by Michael Metfropol; Jewish Learning by Jacob Neusner; poetry by Susan Israel SympoSium with Shifra Bro~nick, Steven~. Coh~n,Arnie Eisen;Micha~l,-: Schaeffer, Mark Kaminsky, Sandra Braman; Bill Aron's photo essay; Fro~berg Strassfeld; Reflections on Hannah Arendt with Jeannehe Baron, David Bi~e,,/' more. Henry Feingold, Sharon Muller; Ten Feminine Archetypes, EverettG:endie~; review, poetry, more. RESPONSE 28 Articles on Israel by Art Waskow and~ David Twersky; interview with Michael Harrington; articles on the Jewish woman; more.

RESPONSE 29 ,Have You Sold Out? A Symposium with Veterans of the Jewish Student Move­ ment; An InterView ,with Shlomo Riskin; Teaching Jewish Ethics; Communal Democracy; poetry; ficti,on; more. . ' , "

lOth',Anniversary Issue;Whv I Don't Give to the VJA; Alternative Jewish Eciucation;The Havurah.; Hebrew Calligraphy; Project Ezra; Kol Nidre in 'M~sc6w';Changing Federations; Yoga and Judaism; Kibbutz Gezer; more. "," , .

,RESPONSE 32 A Demurral ,on Breira by Alan Mintz; Irving Greenberg's Crossroads at Vienna; Sex and the Tradition: Two Views; Art Waskow's Shalom Seder; Marcia t;p.edlualll, M.K. On Women and War; Buber and Rosenzweig; Holtz on Wiesel.

'of the arts; Everett F,ox and David Rosenberg on Translating the Bible; SUBSCR'IBE TO RES PO N S E'

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