August 2008 Bulletin Number 889

An Update A of the Field Guide to

LouisianaLouisiana BE SoilSoil ClassificationClassification

David C. Weindorf

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Btx Figure 1. Generalized geologic map of Louisiana (Louisiana Geological Survey, 2008) Generalized Geologic Map of Louisiana, 2008

Vicksburg Open water Terraces Group (Pleistocene) (Oligocene) Citronelle and Jackson O Alluvium u Willis Formations Group a c (Holocene) h (Pliocene) (Eocene) i t a R Claiborne . Coastal marshes Fleming (Holocene) Formation Group (Miocene) (Eocene) Terraced braided- Catahoula Wilcox Group R stream deposits Formation (Paleocene/ ed (Pleistocene) (Oligocene/ Eocene) Miocene [?]) Toledo Bend Reservoir R 25 50 kilometers iv 0 er 0 25 50 miles

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Louisiana Geological Survey, Louisiana State University, Chacko J. John, Director and State Geologist http://www.lgs.lsu.edu

Figure 2. Louisiana annual temperatures (Soil Survey Staff, 2008a). Table of Contents

Preface ...... 2

Introduction ...... 2 General Occurrence and Features...... 2 Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs)...... 2 131B Arkansas River Alluvium ...... 2 152A Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods ...... 3 151 Gulf Coast Marsh ...... 4 150A Gulf Coast Prairies ...... 5 131C Red River Alluvium...... 5 133A Southern Coastal Plain...... 6 131A Southern Mississippi River Alluvium...... 7 131D Southern Mississippi River Terraces...... 8 134 Southern Mississippi Valley Loess...... 9 133B Western Coastal Plain...... 1. 0 152B Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods...... 1. 1

Soils of Louisiana ...... 1. 2

References ...... 1. 3

Table 1 . Soil series, classification and extent in Louisiana...... 14 .

Table 2 . Soil area, MLRA, landscape setting, parent material and interpretations for Louisiana ...... 22.

Table 3 . Taxonomic key for soils of Louisiana...... 31

Table 4 . Added and deleted soil series in Louisiana since Amacher et al . (1989) and soils recognized, but with no mapped extent ...... 35.

Author Information ...... 3. 6

ON THE COVER: Fluker silt loam in East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. (Photos by David C. Weindorf )

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 1 winter months, cold fronts advancing from north to south can PREFACE cause sharp drops in temperatures, to include freezing tempera- This field guide represents an update of work by Amacher et al. tures in much of the state. Soil temperature regimes in Louisiana (1989), the original idea of which started with Dr. Bob Miller. are thermic and hyperthermic (Figure 4, inside back cover). Field The guide provides researchers and others interested in soils with validation work on the dividing line between these two regimes a concise key to the classification of soils throughout Louisiana has recently established the line farther south than originally along with information on geology, climate, vegetation, etc. mapped; and roughly along Interstate 10. Soil moisture regimes in Louisiana are udic or aquic (Figure 5, back cover). Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs) INTRODUCTION The previous guide to classification of soils in Louisiana (Amacher et al., 1989) cited work by Lytle (1968) and Lytle and Sturgis For years, researchers have used county or parish soil surveys (1962) in defining six major soil areas in Louisiana: coastal when conducting field work and research. Such surveys provided plain, flatwoods, coastal prairie, loess hills, recent alluvium and researchers with quick, easily accessible information (chemical, coastal marsh. Although these associations remain generally physical, taxonomic) in the field. The classification of soils has pro- valid, they have been more precisely defined and differentiated found effects on a variety of soil properties from land use to agro- by the Soil Survey Staff (2006a) into eleven major land resource nomic productivity. Although initial soil survey work in Louisiana areas (MLRAs)(Figure 6, back cover). It should be noted that is complete, the inventory of soils in Louisiana is dynamic and the following descriptions and interpretations describe the entire subject to temporal change. MLRA area, some of which exist beyond the border of Louisiana. The soil survey staff continues to produce soil series updates and The Soil Survey Staff (2006a) define the MLRAs of Louisiana as continually works to update soil maps in response to changing follows: land use and concepts of soil survey. For example, soil surveys were published for years on an individual parish basis. Yet such political 131B—Arkansas River Alluvium boundaries do not conform to natural soil or land use patterns. As Louisiana constitutes 33 percent of this MLRA to include the such, parish soil surveys often resulted in fragmentation of soils town of Monroe, LA. Parts of Interstate 20 fall within this data along artificial (political) boundaries. Today, much greater MLRA. emphasis is placed on mapping soils across parish boundaries us- ing the concept of major land resource areas (MLRAs). Physiography This area is in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Section of the Coastal With the advent of Web Soil Survey, the Soil Survey Staff has Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. It is on the alluvial plains ceased printing of paper copy soil surveys. Although this allows for along the lower Arkansas River in Arkansas and the Ouachita highly efficient updating of soils data available on the NRCS Web River in Louisiana and Arkansas. The landforms in the area are site, it can be more cumbersome to use since most field person- level or depressional to very gently undulating alluvial plains, back- nel do not have Internet-linked laptop computers for use in the swamps, oxbows, natural levees and terraces. Landform shapes field. Thus, this field guide has been assembled to serve as a link range from convex on natural levees and undulating terraces to between historical soil surveys of the past and modern soil survey concave in oxbows. Landform shapes differentiate water-shedding concepts. positions from water receiving positions, both of which affect soil General Occurrence and Features formation and hydrology. Average elevations start at about 50 feet Louisiana consists of 43,562 miles2 (112,825 km2) (U.S. Census (15 meters) in the southern part of the area and gradually rise to Bureau, 2000) extending from the Gulf Coast inland some 379 about 250 feet (75 meters) in the northwestern part. Maximum miles (610 km). Elevation of the state ranges from 535 feet (163 local relief is about 10 feet (3 meters), but relief is considerably m) (Driskill Mountain – Bienville Parish) to -7 feet (-2 m) (New lower in most of the area. Orleans)(U.S. Geological Survey, 2008). The state is dissected Geology by numerous river systems, most notably the Mississippi River, Bedrock in this area consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous sands Red River and Ouachita River (ATLAS, 2008). These rivers have formed as beach deposits during the retreat of the Cretaceous historically provided a major source of alluvial sediment to the ocean from the midsection of the United States. Alluvial deposits state. Geology of Louisiana consists largely of Pleistocene terraces from flooding and lateral migration of the Arkansas and Ouachita and Holocene alluvium associated with the major rivers (Figure 1, Rivers typically lie above the bedrock. These sediments are sandy inside front cover). Because flooding has been controlled through to clayey fluvial deposits of Holocene to late Pleistocene age and a series of dams, levees, etc., new sources of sediment deposition are many meters thick. The geologic surfaces are identified as the have been cut off and have contributed to subsidence, particularly Arkansas Lowlands, which extend from the Yazoo Basin up the along the coastline. Arkansas River to the margin of the Coastal Plain, and the parts The climate of Louisiana is moist and subtropical. Average annual of the Tensas Basin west of Macon Ridge. The deposits on both of temperatures range from 63°F (17°C) in the northern part of the these surfaces are of Holocene age. In some areas late Pleistocene state to 71°F (22°C) along parts of the coast (Figure 2, inside front terrace deposits are within several meters of the present surfaces, cover)(Soil Survey Staff, 2008a). Average annual rainfall ranges but they do not crop out in the MLRA. from 47 inches (119 cm) in the northwestern part of the state, to Soils 71 inches (180 cm) in isolated areas north of Lake Ponchartrain The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Vertisols, Alfisols, (Figure 3, inside back cover) (Soil Survey Staff, 2008a). In the Inceptisols, and Entisols. The soils in the area have a thermic soil

2 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 temperature regime. They dominantly have an aquic soil moisture cerns are control of surface water, management of soil moisture, regime, smectitic clay mineralog, and mixed sand and silt fraction and maintenance of the content of organic matter and produc- mineralogy. They are very deep and generally are poorly drained to tivity of the soils. Conservation practices on cropland generally well-drained and loamy or clayey. Nearly level Epiaquerts (Perry include nutrient management, crop residue management and series), Vertic Hapludolls (Desha series) and Vertic Epiaquepts alternative tillage systems, especially no-till systems. In many areas (Portland series) dominate the Holocene-age alluvial flats and land leveling or shaping optimizes the control of surface water. backswamps. Nearly level to gently sloping Eutrudepts (Coushatta Other major cropland management practices are control of com- series), Udifluvents (Roxana series), and Vertic Epiaquepts peting vegetation and insects through aerial or ground spraying (Latanier series) dominate the recent Holocene-age natural levees. of herbicides and insecticides and fertility management programs Nearly level to gently undulating, sandy Udifluvents (Bruno that make use of chemical fertilizers. series) and Udipsamments (Crevasse series) dominate the recent Holoceneage levee splays and point bars. Nearly level to gently 152A—Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods undulating Epiaqualfs (Hebert series), Hapludalfs (Rilla and Louisiana constitutes 8 percent of this MLRA and Hammond Sterlington series) and Argiudolls (Caspiana series) dominate the and Covington, LA. A number of national wildlife refuges, state Holocene-age natural levees along the older meander scars. parks and a few state forests are found in this MLRA. Biological Resources Physiography This area once consisted entirely of bottomland hardwood Almost all of this area is in the East Gulf Coastal Plain Section deciduous forest and mixed hardwood and cypress swamps. The of the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. This MLRA major tree species in the native plant communities in the areas of is a nearly level, low coastal plain crossed by many large streams. bottomland hardwoods formerly were and currently are water oak, Elevation ranges from sea level to 80 feet (0 to 25 meters). Local Nuttall oak, cherrybark oak, native pecan, red maple, sweetgum, relief is generally 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 meters). eastern cottonwood and hickory. The major tree species in the native plant communities in the swamps formerly were and cur- Geology rently are cypress, water tupelo, water oak, green ash, red maple Pleistocene-age terraces consisting of ancient Mississippi River and black willow. The important native understory species are deposits of unconsolidated fine sand, which grades to coarser sand palmetto, greenbrier, wild grape and poison ivy in the areas of and gravel at depth, are at the surface in the western end of this bottomland hardwoods and buttonbush, lizardtail, waterlily, water area in Louisiana. Recent silt, sand and gravel deposits fill the val- hyacinth, sedges and rushes in the swamps. Some of the major leys along most of the major rivers in the area. wildlife species in this area are white-tailed deer, feral hogs, red Soils fox, coyote, rabbit, gray squirrel, American alligator, water turtles, The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Alfisols, Ultisols, water snakes, frogs, otters, beavers, armadillo, crawfish, wild tur- Entisols, Spodosols and Histosols. The soils in the area domi- key, mourning doves, ducks and geese. Fishing is mainly in oxbow nantly have a thermic or hyperthermic soil temperature regime, an lakes, rivers and bayous. The species of fish in the area include aquic or udic soil moisture regime and siliceous mineralogy. They largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, catfish, drum, bluegill, gar and generally are deep or very deep; are somewhat poorly drained to yellow perch. very poorly drained; and are loamy, mucky or sandy. Alaquods Land Use (Chaires and Leon series) and Psammaquents (Scranton series) Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: formed in sandy marine sediments on flats and in depressions. Haplosaprists formed in organic deposits in swamps and depres- Cropland—private, 70% sions (Dorovan and Pamlico series) and in marshes and swamps Grassland—private, 2% (Lafitte and Maurepas series). Sulfihemists (Handsboro series) Forest—private, 22%; Federal, 1% and Sulfaquents (Axis series) formed in saltwater and brackish Urban development—private, 1% water marshes. Quartzipsamments (Newhan and Corolla series) and Psammaquents (Duckston series) formed on dunes and in Water—private, 3% interdunal swales on barrier islands. Glossaqualfs (Guyton series) Other—private, 1% and Hydraquents (Arat and Levy series) formed in alluvium on Farms and scattered tracts of forested wetlands make up nearly flood plains. Endoaqualfs (Meadowbrook and Wekiva series) and all of this area. The farms produce mainly cash crops. Cotton, Albaqualfs (Tooles series) formed in loamy marine sediments soybeans, milo and corn are the main crops. In many areas furrow on flats and flood plains and in depressions. Endoaquults (Myatt irrigation is used during droughty parts of the growing season. series) and Paleudults (Stough series) formed in mixed fluvial Throughout the area, catfish are produced commercially on farm and marine sediments on flats and stream terraces. Paleaquults ponds that are contained by levees. Migratory waterfowl are (Plummer and Bayou series) and Paleudults (Escambia and Ocilla harvested throughout the area. Hardwood timber is harvested on series) formed in loamy and sandy sediments on marine terraces. some forested wetlands, and most forested areas are managed for Biological Resources wildlife. About 15 percent of this MLRA is not protected from This area supports pine forest vegetation and freshwater, brack- flooding, and flooding occurs occasionally or frequently in these ish water and saltwater marsh vegetation. Longleaf pine and slash unprotected areas. Levees protect nearly all of the cropland from pine are the major trees. Chalky bluestem, Indiangrass and several flooding. Most of the forested wetlands are not protected from species of panicum make up the understory. Palmetto, gallberry flooding. Networks of drainage canals and ditches help to remove and wax myrtle are the dominant woody shrubs. Roseau, com- excess surface water from the cropland. The major resource con- mon reed, bulltongue, maidencane, cut-grass and alligatorweed

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 3 characterize the freshwater and intermediate water vegetation. Vermilion Bay has a smoother shoreline. Low, narrow sandy ridges Marsh-hay cordgrass, salt grass and Olney bulrush characterize characterize much of the area. Many rivers, lakes, bayous, tidal the brackish water vegetation. Salt grass, marsh-hay cordgrass, channels and manmade canals are in the area. Elevation generally smooth cordgrass and black needlerush are included in the salt- ranges from sea level to about 7 feet (2 meters). It is as much as water vegetation. Some of the major wildlife species in this area 10 feet (3 meters) on beach ridges, canal spoil banks and natural are white-tailed deer, feral hog, gray fox, red fox, bobcat, raccoon, levees, and it rises to 165 feet (50 meters) on salt dome islands. skunk, opossum, otter, rabbit, squirrel, turkey, bobwhite quail and Some areas that are protected by levees have subsided below sea mourning dove. The species of fish in the area include largemouth level. bass, channel catfish, bullhead catfish, bluegill, redear sunfish, Geology spotted sunfish, warmouth, black crappie, chain pickerel, gar, The surface of this area is primarily Mississippi River clay, silt and bowfin, sucker, spotted trout, croaker, striped mullet, flounder and fine sand deposited over the past 2 million years. The eastern half red drum. of the area, part of the Mississippi River Delta, is underlain by a Land Use mixture of Recent alluvial material and Pleistocene-age marine Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: sediments. The area west of Vermilion Bay is underlain by older alluvial and marine sediments. Salt domes, natural gas and petro- Cropland—private, 1.3% leum deposits are below the surface in this area. Grassland—private, 1.9% Soils Forest—private, 55.6%; Federal, 11.5% The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Entisols and Urban development—private, 10.4% Histosols. The soils in the area dominantly have a hyperthermic Water—private, 12.0%; Federal, 3.0% soil temperature regime, an aquic soil moisture regime and smec- titic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, very poorly drained Other—private, 4.3% and clayey. Hydraquents (Bancker, Creole, Larose and Scatlake se- Very little of this dominantly forested area is farmland. Much ries) formed in clayey sediments in coastal marshes. Haplosaprists of it is in large holdings owned by pulp and paper companies. formed in organic deposits over alluvium (Allemands, Clovelly Pulpwood and lumber are the principal forest products. Some and Lafitte series) or entirely in organic deposits (Kenner and of the forestland is grazed. Some areas are in state and national Timbalier series). forests or are used as game refuges or as military training sites. Biological Resources Only a very small acreage is cropped or pastured. Corn, pea- This area supports freshwater and saltwater marsh vegetation con- nuts, tobacco and soybeans are the major crops. The major soil sisting of grasses, sedges, rushes and other plants. Alligatorweed, resource concerns are water erosion, maintenance of the content spikerush, maidencane, cut-grass, and bulltongue characterize of organic matter and productivity of the soils, surface compac- the freshwater vegetation. Roseau, common reed, bulltongue tion and management of soil moisture. Conservation practices on and marsh-hay cordgrass characterize the intermediate water forestland generally include forest stand improvement, forest trails vegetation. Marsh-hay cordgrass, salt grass and Olney bulrush and landings, prescribed burning, riparian forest buffers, forest characterize the brackish water vegetation. Salt grass, marsh-hay site preparation, bedding, establishment of trees and shrubs and cordgrass, smooth cordgrass, and black needlerush are included in management of upland wildlife habitat. The most important con- the saltwater vegetation. Some of the major wildlife species in this servation practice on pasture is prescribed grazing. Overseeding area are white-tailed deer, alligator, nutria, raccoon, otter, muskrat, of pastures with small grains and/or legumes during winter swamp rabbit, cottontail rabbit, mink, mottled duck, bobwhite commonly supplements forage production. Haying also provides quail, mourning dove, meadowlark, lark bunting and crawfish. additional feed during the long winters. Conservation practices on cropland generally include systems of crop residue management, Land Use cover crops, crop rotations, water disposal, subsoiling or deep till- Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: age, pest management and nutrient management. Critically erod- Cropland—private, 16% ing areas and areas where animals congregate must be monitored Grassland—private, 6% regularly and treated promptly. Forest—private, 8% 151—Gulf Coast Marsh Urban development—private, 3% Louisiana constitutes 95 percent of this MLRA, including Water—private, 33% the towns of Gretna, Chalmette, Marrero and New Orleans. Other—private, 30%; Federal, 4% Interstate 10 and U.S. Highway 90 cross the area. The New Most of this area supports marsh vegetation and is used for Orleans Naval Air Station is in this MLRA. A number of national wildlife habitat. The area is almost treeless. Much of the area is wildlife refuges and state parks are situated in this area. uninhabited. The area is in the fertile and productive estuarine Physiography complex that supports the marine life of the Gulf of Mexico. The Vermilion Bay splits this area into an eastern half and a western area provides wintering ground for millions of migratory ducks half. The eastern half is in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Section and geese and habitat for many fur-bearing animals and for alliga- of the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. The west- tors. A significant acreage west of Vermilion Bay is firm enough to ern half is in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Section of the same support livestock and is grazed by cattle in winter. A small acreage province and division. The land east of Vermilion Bay, part of the of freshwater marsh is drained by pumping systems and is used for Mississippi River Delta, has a ragged shoreline. The land west of pasture or for rice. The major resource concerns are determined

4 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 by land use and marsh type. Flooding is a major concern in New a loamy or clayey surface layer and a clayey, very slowly permeable Orleans. The concerns in areas of native marsh include mainte- subsoil. Aqualfs and Udalfs (Crowley, Aris and Vidrine series) are nance of the salinity level in the soils, ingress and egress of fresh dominant in Louisiana. Uderts and Udalfs (League, Lake Charles, water or salt water, and the content of organic matter in the soils. Laewest, Hockley, Katy and Telferner series) are dominant in The concerns on pasture and cropland include maintenance of the eastern and central parts of the area. Usterts and Ustolls the content of organic matter and control of the salinity level in (Banquete, Cranell, Orelia, and Victoria series) are dominant in the soils. Erosion caused by overland water from high rainfall or the western and southwestern parts. a storm surge in the Gulf is a concern in areas where the native Biological Resources vegetation has been altered. Conservation practices on cropland This area was originally a natural grass prairie with hardwood include systems of crop residue management, which help to trees along the rivers and streams. Little bluestem, Indiangrass, control erosion and maintain the content of organic matter in the switchgrass and big bluestem are the dominant species. A few soils. Timely tillage and planting can help to maintain tilth and groves of live oak dot the landscape. Some of the major wildlife the supply of soil moisture and control salinity. The practices on species are white-tailed deer, raccoon, opossum, rabbit, fox, coyote, pasture include prescribed grazing, brush and pest management, squirrel, armadillo, nutria, quail and mourning dove. Migratory prescribed burning and watering facilities. Management of upland waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, and neotropical migratory and wetland wildlife habitat is needed. songbirds winter in this area. The species of fish in the area -in 150A—Gulf Coast Prairies clude bass, channel catfish and bream. Land Use Louisiana constitutes 17 percent of this MLRA to include the Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: towns of Crowley, Eunice and Lake Charles. Interstate 10 and highways 90 and 190 are in the eastern part, in Louisiana. Cropland—private, 32% Physiography Grassland—private, 39%; Federal, 1% This area is in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Section of the Coastal Forest—private, 5% Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. It is characterized by nearly Urban development—private, 16% level plains that have low local relief and are dissected by rivers and streams that flow toward the Gulf of Mexico. Elevation ranges Water—private, 5% from sea level to about 165 feet (0 to 50 meters) along the interior Other—private, 2% margin. Most of this area is in farms. Rice, soybeans, grain sorghum, cot- Geology ton, corn and hay are the chief crops. About two-fifths of the area This area is mostly a strip of land that is about 50 to 80 miles (80 is rangeland or pasture. The forested areas, consisting chiefly of to 130 kilometers) wide and runs along the Gulf of Mexico. The hardwoods, border the rivers and streams that cross the MLRA. sedimentary rocks at the surface are of Pleistocene age. They were Urban development is rapidly expanding onto agricultural land laid down during the last 2 million years. The deposits are deltaic throughout the area. and lagoonal clays and loams derived from older rocks to the west. The major soil resource concerns are wind erosion, water erosion, At the western edge of this area, mostly within Texas, the sedi- maintenance of the content of organic matter and tilth of the soils ments are older and more weathered and contain more sands. At and management of soil moisture. Increasing salinity is a problem the eastern edge, mostly within Louisiana, a cap of mixed loess in some areas. Conservation practices on cropland generally in- and alluvium occurs on most soils. The loess was derived from the clude systems of crop residue management, which help to control flood plain along the Mississippi River. Some Tertiary deposits erosion and maintain the content of organic matter in the soils. occur along the interior edge of this MLRA. The weight of the re- Timely tillage and planting can help maintain tilth and the supply cent deposits has caused them to tilt towards the Gulf of Mexico, of soil moisture. Conservation practices on pasture and rangeland so successively older deposits crop out from the coastal edge to the generally include prescribed grazing, fences, watering facilities and interior edge of the area. Salt domes, natural gas and petroleum nutrient and pest management. deposits are commonly below the surface throughout this area. Recent deposits of alluvial sand fill the valleys of the Brazos and 131C—Red River Alluvium Trinity Rivers and the other large rivers in the area. Louisiana constitutes 86 percent of this MLRA to include the Soils eastern half of the city of Shreveport and the towns of Alexandria The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Alfisols, Mollisols and Bossier City. Interstate 20 crosses this area and intersects and Vertisols. The soils have a hyperthermic soil temperature Interstate 49 in Shreveport. Small areas of the Kisatchie National regime in the southwestern part of the area and a thermic soil Forest are along the southwest edge of this MLRA. temperature regime in the northeastern part. The soils in the MLRA generally have an ustic soil moisture regime and smectitic Physiography mineralogy. Drainage ranges from well-drained in very gently Almost all of this area is in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Section of sloping and gently sloping soils in convex areas to very poorly the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. The southern end drained in soils in enclosed depressions. Soils that formed in early is in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Section of the same province Pleistocene sediments, generally occurring north of Interstate 10, and division. This MLRA is on the alluvial plain along the lower are very deep and have a loamy surface layer and subsoil and sili- Red River in Louisiana. The landforms in the area are level or ceous mineralogy. Soils that formed in late Pleistocene sediments, depressional to very gently undulating alluvial plains, backswamps, generally occurring south of Interstate 10, are very deep and have oxbows, natural levees and terraces. Landform shapes range from

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 5 convex on natural levees and undulating terraces to concave in wildlife species in this area are white-tailed deer, feral hogs, red oxbows. Landform shapes differentiate water-shedding positions fox, coyote, rabbit, gray squirrel, American alligator, water turtles, from water-receiving positions, both of which have a major effect water snakes, frogs, otters, beavers, armadillo, crawfish, wild tur- on soil formation and hydrology. Average elevations start at about key, mourning doves, ducks and geese. Fishing is mainly in oxbow 40 feet (12 meters) in the southern part of the area and gradu- lakes, rivers and bayous. The species of fish in the area include ally rise to about 270 feet (80 meters) in the northwestern part. largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, catfish, drum, bluegill, gar and Maximum local relief is about 10 feet (3 meters), but relief is yellow perch. considerably lower in most of the area. Land Use Geology Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: Bedrock in this area consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous sands Cropland—private, 37% formed as beach deposits during the retreat of the Cretaceous ocean from the midsection of the United States. Alluvial deposits Grassland—private, 20% from flooding and lateral migration of the Red River typically lie Forest—private, 30%; Federal, 1% above the bedrock. These sediments are sandy to clayey fluvial Urban development—private, 5% deposits of Holocene to late Pleistocene age and are many meters thick. In some areas late Pleistocene terrace deposits are within Water—private, 5% several meters of the present surfaces, but they do not crop out Other—private, 2% in this MLRA. The geologic history of the area is greatly influ- Farms and scattered tracts of forested wetlands make up nearly enced by a large logjam that formed in the Red River channel in all of this area. The farms produce mainly cash crops. Cotton, the middle part of the area during the late 18th century and the soybeans, milo and corn are the main crops. Sugarcane is a major early 19th century. At the time of its largest extent, the logjam crop in the southernmost part of the area. In many areas furrow obstructed the river and its tributary outlets for a distance of 160 irrigation is used during droughty parts of the growing season. miles downstream from the Arkansas State boundary. Backwater Throughout the area, catfish are produced commercially on farm flooding, reformation of natural levees, and crevasse splays caused ponds that are contained by levees. Migratory waterfowl are by this logjam played a major role in covering large parts of the harvested throughout the area. Hardwood timber is harvested on area with a mantle of recent clayey to sandy material. Destruction some forested wetlands, and most forested areas are managed for of the logjam in the late 1800s resulted in the drainage of many wildlife. About 22 percent of this MLRA is not protected from large lakes that had formed. flooding, and flooding occurs occasionally or frequently. Levees Soils protect nearly all of the cropland from flooding. Most of the The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Vertisols, Entisols, forested wetlands are not protected from flooding. Networks of Inceptisols and Alfisols. The soils in the area have a thermic soil drainage canals and ditches help to remove excess surface water temperature regime. They dominantly have an aquic soil moisture from the cropland. The major resource concerns are control of regime, smectitic clay mineralogy and mixed sand and silt fraction surface water, management of soil moisture, and maintenance mineralogy. They are very deep and generally are poorly drained of the content of organic matter and productivity of the soils. to moderately well-drained and loamy or clayey. Nearly level Conservation practices on cropland generally include nutrient Epiaquerts (Moreland series) and Vertic Endoaquepts (Yorktown management, crop residue management and alternative tillage series) dominate the Holoceneage alluvial flats and backswamps. systems, especially no-till systems. In many areas, land-leveling Nearly level to gently sloping Endoaquepts (Coushatta series), or shaping optimizes the control of surface water. Other major Udifluvents (Severn and Roxana series) and Vertic Epiaquepts cropland management practices are control of competing vegeta- (Latanier series) dominate the Holocene-age natural levees. Nearly tion and insects through aerial or ground spraying of herbicides level to gently undulating, coarse-silty over clayey Udifluvents and insecticides and fertility management programs that make use (Caplis series) and sandy Udifluvents (Kiomatia series) domi- of chemical fertilizers. nate the Holocene-age levee splays and point bars. Nearly level to gently undulating Hapludalfs (Gallion and Rilla series) and 133A—Southern Coastal Plain Argiudolls (Caspiana series) dominate the Holocene-age natural Louisiana constitutes a mere 1% of this MLRA near the town of levees along the older meander scars. Bogalusa, in the extreme eastern part of the state. Biological Resources Physiography This area once consisted entirely of bottomland hardwood This area extends from Virginia to Louisiana and Mississippi, deciduous forest and mixed hardwood and cypress swamps. The but it is almost entirely within three sections of the Coastal major tree species in the native plant communities in the areas of Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. The northern part is in the bottomland hardwoods formerly were and currently are water oak, Embayed Section, the middle part is in the Sea Island Section, and Nuttall oak, cherrybark oak, native pecan, red maple, sweetgum, the southern part is in the East Gulf Coastal Plain Section. This eastern cottonwood and hickory. The major tree species in the MLRA is strongly dissected into nearly level and gently undulat- native plant communities in the swamps formerly were and cur- ing valleys and gently sloping to steep uplands. Stream valleys rently are cypress, water tupelo, water oak, green ash, red maple generally are narrow in their upper reaches but become broad and and black willow. The important native understory species are have widely meandering stream channels as they approach the palmetto, greenbrier, wild grape and poison ivy in the areas of coast. Elevation ranges from 80 to 655 feet (25 to 200 meters), in- bottomland hardwoods and buttonbush, lizardtail, waterlily, water creasing gradually from the lower Coastal Plain northward. Local hyacinth, sedges and rushes in the swamps. Some of the major relief is mainly 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 meters), but it is 80 to 165 feet

6 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 (25 to 50 meters) in some of the more deeply dissected areas. Forest—private, 61%; Federal, 3% Geology Urban development—private, 6% This MLRA is bordered on the west and north by the “fall line.” Water—private, 3% This line of waterfalls marks the western and northern extent of the unconsolidated Coastal Plain sediments. It is an erosional Other—private, 2% scarp formed when this area was the Atlantic Ocean shore in Timber production, cash-grain crops and forage production are Mesozoic time. The MLRA is underlain by eroded igneous important in this MLRA. Soybeans, cotton, corn and wheat are and metamorphic bedrock. Rivers and streams draining the the major crops grown throughout the area. Pastures are grazed Appalachians deposited a thick wedge of silt, sand and gravel east mainly by beef cattle, but some dairy cattle and hogs are raised in and south of the fall line as delta deposits in the Atlantic Ocean. the area. The major resource concerns are water erosion, main- These Jurassic and Cretaceous river sediments were eventually tenance of the content of organic matter and productivity of the exposed as the Coastal Plain uplifted and the sea level changed. soils, control of surface water, artificial drainage and management When the sea level rose again, the Coastal Plain was submerged of surface compaction and soil moisture. Conservation practices and covered by a thin layer of Cretaceous sands in the eastern half on cropland generally include systems of crop residue manage- of the area. In the western part of the area, the water was deeper ment, cover crops, crop rotations, water disposal, subsoiling or and limestone, dolomite and calcareous sands were deposited. As deep tillage, pest management and nutrient management. The the Coastal Plain continued to uplift and the sea level dropped most important conservation practice in pastured areas is pre- again, Quaternary material consisting of unconsolidated clay, silt, scribed grazing. Pastures commonly are overseeded with small sand and gravel was deposited over the Tertiary sand and carbon- grains and/or legumes to supplement forage production during ates. Subsequent changes in the sea level created terraces in these winter. Haying also helps to provide supplemental feed during younger deposits along many of the streams and rivers draining the long winters. Critically eroding areas and areas where animals this area. Much of the MLRA has a “benched” appearance because congregate should be monitored and treated. of the cycles of erosion and deposition that occurred as the area was exposed and submerged numerous times in its geologic 131A—Southern Mississippi River Alluvium history. Louisiana constitutes 32 percent of this MLRA including the Soils towns of Lake Providence, Morgan City and Houma. Baton The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Ultisols, Entisols and Rouge and New Orleans are just outside this area. Parts of Inceptisols. The soils in the area dominantly have a thermic soil Interstates 10 and 20 cross this MLRA. temperature regime, a udic or aquic soil moisture regime and sili- Physiography ceous or kaolinitic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, some- This area makes up most of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Section what excessively drained to poorly drained and loamy. Hapludults of the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. It is on the formed in marine sediments (Luverne and Sweatman series) and alluvial plain along the lower Mississippi River, south of its conflu- mixed marine sediments and alluvium (Smithdale series) on hills ence with the Ohio River. The landforms in the area are level or and ridges. Kandiudults formed in marine sediments (Dothan, depressional to very gently undulating alluvial plains, backswamps, Fuquay, Norfolk and Orangeburg series) and mixed marine and oxbows, natural levees and terraces. The parts of the MLRA south fluvial sediments (Troup series) on hills and ridges. Fragiudults of Baton Rouge are on a deltaic plain. Landform shapes range (Ora and Savannah series) and Paleudults (Ruston series) formed from convex on natural levees and undulating terraces to concave in mixed marine and fluvial sediments on uplands and stream in oxbows. These shapes differentiate water-shedding positions terraces. Fluvaquents (Bibb series) and Endoaquepts (Mantachie from water receiving positions, both of which have a major role in series) formed in alluvium on flood plains. Quartzipsamments soil formation and hydrology. Average elevations start at sea level (Lakeland series) formed in sandy eolian or marine material on in the southern part of the area and gradually rise to about 330 uplands. Paleaquults (Rains series) formed in marine and fluvial feet (100 meters) in the northwestern part. Maximum local relief sediments on terraces. is about 15 feet (5 meters), but relief is considerably lower in most Biological Resources of the area. This area supports mixed oak-pine vegetation. Loblolly pine, long- Geology leaf pine, slash pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, yellow poplar, red Bedrock in this area consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous sands oak and white oak are the major overstory species. Dogwood, gall- formed as beach deposits during the retreat of the Cretaceous berry, and farkleberry are the major understory species. Common ocean from the midsection of the United States. Alluvial depos- sweetleaf, American holly, greenbrier, southern bayberry, little its from flooding and lateral migration of the Mississippi River bluestem, Elliott bluestem, threeawn, grassleaf goldaster, native typically lie above the bedrock. These sediments are sandy to lespedezas and low panicums are other understory species. Some clayey fluvial deposits of Quaternary age and are many meters of the major wildlife species in this area are white-tailed deer, thick. The Yazoo, Tensas and Atchafalaya Basins and the modern turkey, rabbit, squirrel, bobwhite quail, and mourning dove. The deltaic plain are in areas of Holocene deposits. The St. Francis species of fish in the area include bass, bluegill and channel catfish. Basin, in the northwestern part of the MLRA, and some surfaces Land Use surrounded by the Yazoo Basin, in the central part of the MLRA, Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: are in areas of Wisconsin Stage deposits of Pleistocene age. Some Cropland—private, 17% small areas in the western part of the MLRA are covered by a thin mantle of pre-Wisconsin, Quaternary-age loess deposits. Grassland—private, 8%

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 7 Soils of the area. Migratory waterfowl are harvested throughout the The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Alfisols, Vertisols, area. Hardwood timber is harvested on most forested wetlands, Inceptisols and Entisols. The soil temperature regime is thermic and most of the forested areas are managed for wildlife. About 29 in most of the MLRA. It is hyperthermic, however, south of percent of this MLRA is not protected from flooding, and flood- Baton Rouge. The soils in the MLRA dominantly have an aquic ing occurs occasionally or frequently in these unprotected areas. soil moisture regime, smectitic clay mineralogy and mixed sand Levees protect nearly all of the cropland, urban land and grassland and silt fraction mineralogy. The soils are very deep, dominantly from flooding. Most areas of forested wetlands are not protected poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained, and dominantly from flooding. Networks of drainage canals and ditches help re- loamy or clayey. Nearly level Epiaquerts (Sharkey series), Vertic move excess surface water from the cropland. The major resource Epiaquepts (Tunica series), and Vertic Endoaquepts (Dowling concerns are control of surface water, management of soil moisture series) dominate the alluvial flats and backswamps of Holocene and maintenance of the content of organic matter and productivity to late Pleistocene age. Nearly level to gently sloping Endoaquepts of the soils. Conservation practices on cropland generally include (Commerce series), Udifluvents (Robinsonville series) and nutrient management, crop residue management and alternative Fluvaquents (Convent series) dominate the natural levees of tillage systems, especially no-till systems that reduce the cost of Holocene age. Nearly level to gently undulating, sandy Udifluvents tillage. In many areas, land-leveling or shaping optimizes the con- (Bruno series) and Udipsamments (Crevasse series) dominate the trol of surface water. Other major cropland management practices levee splays and point bars of Holocene age. Nearly level to gently are control of competing vegetation and insects through aerial or undulating Endoaqualfs (Dundee series), Hapludalfs (Dubbs ground spraying and fertility management programs that make use series), and Epiaqualfs (Tensas series) dominate the terraces of of chemical fertilizers. Pleistocene age. Biological Resources 131D—Southern Mississippi River Terraces This area once consisted entirely of bottomland hardwood Louisiana constitutes 12 percent of this MLRA, including the deciduous forests and mixed hardwood and cypress swamps. town of Bastrop. The major tree species in the native plant communities in the Physiography areas of bottomland hardwoods formerly were and currently are This MLRA is in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Section of the water oak, Nuttall oak, cherrybark oak, native pecan, red maple, Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. It consists domi- sweetgum, eastern cottonwood and hickory. The major tree spe- nantly of Pleistocene-age, level to gently sloping terraces along cies in the native plant communities in the swamps formerly were the Mississippi River. Slopes generally range from level to gently and currently are cypress, water tupelo, water oak, green ash, red sloping but are steep along terrace escarpments. Channel scars are maple and black willow. The important native understory species evident in some areas. Elevation is generally 50 to 250 feet (15 to are palmetto, greenbrier, wild grape and poison ivy in the areas of 75 meters) on the terraces. bottomland hardwoods and buttonbush, lizardtail, waterlily, water hyacinth, sedges and rushes in the swamps. Some of the major Geology wildlife species in this area are white-tailed deer, feral hogs, red Bedrock in this area consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous sands fox, coyote, rabbit, gray squirrel, American alligator, water turtles, formed as beach deposits during the retreat of the Cretaceous water snakes, frogs, otters, beavers, armadillo, crawfish, wild tur- ocean from the midsection of the United States. Alluvial deposits key, mourning doves, ducks and geese. Fishing is mainly in oxbow from flooding and lateral migration of the rivers crossing this area lakes, rivers and bayous. The species of fish in the area include typically lie above the bedrock. These sediments form Pleistocene- largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, catfish, drum, bluegill, gar and age alluvial terraces. Silty alluvium underlies most of the area. yellow perch. Crawfish are a commercial species in the southern Clayey sediments are in old channel scars. The Pleistocene terraces end of this MLRA. are part of the Prairie Terrace complex. A minor portion of the area is in the Deweyville and Montgomery terrace formation. Land Use These terraces have a base of red alluvium capped by one to several Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: meters of brownish alluvium. Cropland—private, 70% Soils Grassland—private, 2% The dominant soils in this MLRA are Alfisols. They have a Forest—private, 15%; Federal, 3% thermic soil temperature regime, an ustic or aquic soil moisture regime, and mixed mineralogy. They are very deep and formed Urban development—private, 3% dominantly in silty alluvium. They generally are moderately well- Water—private, 6% drained to poorly drained. Gently sloping Hapludalfs (Goodwill Other—private, 1% series) are on natural levees and low terraces. Gently sloping to lev- Most of this area is in farms, which produce mainly cash crops. el Hapludalfs (Immanuel and Stuttgart series) and Fraglossudalfs Cotton, soybeans, milo and corn are the main crops, and sugarcane (Grenada series) are on broad interfluves and along terrace escarp- is a major crop in the southernmost part of the area. Furrow irri- ments. Level Endoaqualfs (Idee series), Albaqualfs (Dewitt series), gation is used in many areas during droughty parts of the growing Glossaqualfs (Ethel series), Epiaqualfs (Lagrue) and Fragiaqualfs season. Rice is grown in some land-leveled, flood-irrigated areas. (Henry series) are on low terraces and natural levees. Nearly level Catfish and crawfish are produced commercially on farm ponds and level Endoaqualfs (Tichnor and Forestdale series) are on low that are contained by levees. The catfish are produced throughout terraces, natural levees and flood plains. Nearly level Dystrudepts the MLRA, and the crawfish are produced in the southern part (Oaklimeter series) are along drainageways and on flood plains.

8 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Biological Resources thins rapidly as distance from the valley wall increases. Valley sides This area supports hardwoods and pines. The Grand Prairie area, are hilly to steep, especially in the western part of the area. The in- in Arkansas, originally supported tall prairie grasses interlaced tervening ridges generally are narrow and rolling, but some of the with hardwood timber. Cherrybark and Shumard oak are widely interfluves between the upper reaches of the valleys are broad and distributed. Yellow poplar, white ash, cottonwood and black flat. Stream valleys are narrow in the upper reaches but broaden walnut are important species on the flood plains. Loblolly pine and rapidly downstream and have wide, flat flood plains and meander- shortleaf pine are on a wide variety of sites, mainly the eroded soils ing stream channels. Elevation ranges from 80 to 600 feet (25 to on uplands and ridges. Other hardwood species that commonly 185 meters). Local relief is mainly 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 meters), grow in this area are white oak, basswood, sweetgum, water oak, but it can be 80 to 165 feet (25 to 50 meters). American elm, blackgum, sycamore, sassafras, southern red oak, Geology chinkapin oak, American beech and hickory. Some of the major This area is mantled with loess, which varies in thickness. The area wildlife species in this area are white-tailed deer, coyote, bobcat, is underlain by unconsolidated sand, silt and clay, mainly of marine beaver, raccoon, skunk, armadillo, mink, cottontail, turkey, mourn- origin. Crowley’s Ridge is underlain by Pliocene sand and gravel. ing dove, ducks and geese. The species of fish in the area include The seas extended up the present-day valley of the Mississippi channel catfish, largemouth black bass, crappie and bluegill. River in Tertiary time, when these sediments were deposited by Land Use rivers draining the surrounding uplands. Throughout Quaternary Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: and Recent time, the valley floor received fine-grained sediments Cropland—private, 42% each time the Mississippi River flooded. After these sediments dried, winds picked them up and deposited them as loess in the Grassland—private, 4% higher areas on each side of the valley. Five known periods of loess Forest—private, 46%; Federal, 1% deposition are in the area. The surface deposit is the Peoria Loess, Urban development—private, 3% which is of Late Wisconsin age (about 10,000 years ago). Pre- Peorian Loess, which is of Middle Wisconsin age (about 20,000 to Water—private, 3% 40,000 years ago), occurs in some areas. This loess is thinner than Other—private, 1% the Peorian Loess and is generally redder or darker. Loveland- Scattered tracts of forests and farms make up nearly all of this Sicily Island Loess, which is of pre-Wisconsin age (85,000 to area. Rice, soybeans and wheat are the main crops. In most 130,000 years ago), is at the surface in some areas in the southern areas, furrow or flood irrigation is used throughout the growing part of this MLRA. It has a well-developed reddish paleosol season. Hardwood timber is harvested on some forested wetlands (buried soil). Two other loess deposits have been described on and most forested areas are managed for wildlife. Bait fish are Crowley’s Ridge. They have been identified as Marianna Loess produced commercially in ponds that are contained by levees. and Crowley’s Ridge Loess. These deposits are not exposed at the Migratory waterfowl are harvested throughout the area. The surface. They have well-developed paleosols. major soil resource concerns are management of soil moisture, Soils erosion control and maintenance of the content of organic matter The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Alfisols, Entisols, and productivity of the soils. Depletion of ground water through Inceptisols and Ultisols. The soils in the area are very deep or excessive pumping is a major concern in the Grand Prairie area. deep, are medium-textured and have a thermic soil temperature Conservation practices on cropland generally include nutrient regime, a udic soil moisture regime and mixed mineralogy. Well- management, crop residue management and alternative tillage drained, nearly level to very steep Hapludalfs (Memphis series) systems, especially no-till systems that reduce the need for tillage. are on uplands. Nearly level to steep, well-drained Hapludalfs In many areas, land leveling or shaping optimizes the control of (Memphis, Coteau and Feliciana series), moderately well-drained surface water. Other major cropland management practices are and somewhat poorly drained Fraglossudalfs (Olivier, Grenada control of competing vegetation and insects through aerial or and Calloway series), moderately well-drained Fragiudalfs (Loring ground spraying of herbicides and insecticides and fertility man- series) and well-drained Eutrudepts (Natchez series) formed agement programs that make use of chemical fertilizers. in thick deposits of loess. Nearly level to gently sloping, some- what poorly drained Epiaqualfs (Patoutville series), moderately 134—Southern Mississippi Valley Loess well-drained Fragiudults (Gigger, Toula and Tangi series), well Louisiana constitutes 15 percent of soils in this MLRA in three -rained to somewhat poorly drained Hapludalfs (Colyell and separate areas: 1) Opelousas, Lafayette and New Iberia; 2) Dexter series) and well-drained Paleudults (Lytle series) formed Winnsboro, Epps and Mangham; and 3) Baton Rouge, Clinton in deposits of loess 2 to 4 feet (1 meter) thick. Nearly level and and Livingston. Interstates 49 and 10 cross the area. very gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained Glossaqualfs (Calhoun, Encrow, and Frost series), somewhat Physiography poorly drained Glossudalfs (Egypt series), somewhat poorly This area is in the Coastal Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. drained Hapludalfs (Satsuma series) and somewhat poorly Most of the part of the area east of the Mississippi River is in drained Argiaquolls (Jeanerette series) formed in a thin mantle the East Gulf Coastal Plain Section of the province. Parts of the of loess over loamy alluvium or mixed loess and loamy alluvium. western edge of the area, the part of the area in Arkansas, and the Deep, gently sloping, well-drained Eutrudepts (Weyanoke series), isolated part in northern Louisiana, are in the Mississippi Alluvial somewhat poorly drained Fragiudults (Bude series) and some- Plain Section. The farthest southwest part in Louisiana is in the what poorly drained Fraglossudalfs (Fluker series) formed in silty West Gulf Coastal Plain Section. The sharply dissected plains in material or in a mantle of loess and the underlying late Pleistocene this MLRA have a loess mantle that is thick at the valley wall and

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 9 loamy terrace material. In the eastern part of the area, where the of the year. Measures that improve drainage should be applied, loess mantle thins, well-drained Paleudalfs (Lexington series), or the crops adapted to the wet conditions should be selected for moderately well-drained Fragiudalfs (Dulac and Providence se- planting. ries), well-drained Hapludults (Brandon and Silerton series) and well-drained Paleudults (Smithdale series), all of which are gently 133B—Western Coastal Plain sloping to steep, are on ridgetops and side slopes. Well-drained Louisiana constitutes 31 percent of this MLRA and includes Dystrudepts (Ariel series), moderately well-drained Udifluvents Minden, Ruston, Mansfield, Leesville and Shreveport. The area (Collins series), moderately well-drained Dystrudepts (Oaklimeter includes parts of Interstates 20 and 49. series) and somewhat poorly drained Fluvaquents (Gillsburg series) are on flood plains. Physiography This area is in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Section of the Coastal Biological Resources Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. It consists of level to steep This area supports hardwood-pine vegetation. Cherrybark oak, uplands that are intricately dissected by streams. Broad flood Shumard oak, white oak, post oak, southern red oak and south- plains and terraces are along some streams. Elevation ranges ern magnolia are widely distributed. Loblolly pine and shortleaf from 80 to 650 feet (25 to 200 meters), increasing gradually from pine are the dominant pines. Yellow poplar, white ash, swamp southeast to northwest. Local relief is generally less than 30 feet (9 chestnut, cottonwood, sweetgum, and black walnut are important meters). species on the flood plains. Loblolly pine and shortleaf pine are on a wide variety of sites, mainly the eroded soils on uplands and Geology ridges. Other hardwood species that commonly grow in this area Tertiary and Cretaceous marine sediments underlie most of this are white oak, basswood, sweetgum, water oak, American elm, area. Tertiary units include the Wilcox and Midway Groups, the blackgum, sycamore, sassafras, southern red oak, chinkapin oak, Claiborne Group, the Jackson Group, the Catahoula Formation American beech and hickory. Beech-magnolia-holly forests are and the Willis Formation. They consist of interbedded sandstone, dominant on narrow ridges and in steep ravines in the Tunica siltstone and shale and unconsolidated sands, silts and clays. The Hills of Louisiana. Some of the major wildlife species in this area Reklaw and Weches Formations in the Claiborne Group form the are white-tailed deer, red fox, gray fox, raccoon, opossum, skunk, Redland area in east Texas. The Cretaceous marine sediments of muskrat, cottontail, gray squirrel, fox squirrel, bobwhite quail and the Fleming and Oakville Formations are of minor extent in the mourning dove. The species of fish in the area include largemouth area. They consist of calcareous clays and marls. Sand, silt and clay bass, bluegill and bullhead. alluvium is under the flood plains and terraces along the major drainages. Land Use Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: Soils The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Alfisols and Ultisols. Cropland—private, 36% The soils in the area dominantly have a thermic soil temperature Grassland—private, 13% regime, a udic or aquic soil moisture regime and siliceous, mixed Forest—private, 38%; Federal, 2% or smectitic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, well-drained to poorly drained and loamy or clayey. Hapludults formed in re- Urban development—private, 7% siduum (Cuthbert and Kirvin series) and marine sediments (Sacul Water—private, 2% series) on hills and ridges. Paleudults formed in marine sediments Other—private, 2% (Bowie and Malbis series) and mixed marine sediments and alluvi- Most of this area is in farms. A small acreage is federally owned. um (Ruston series) on uplands. Endoaquults (Amy series) formed About one-third of the area is cropland, but the proportion varies in old alluvium on stream terraces. Fragiudults (Savannah series) greatly from county to county, depending on the soils and the formed in mixed marine sediments and alluvium on uplands and topography. This is largely a cash-crop area. Cotton, corn, rice, soy- stream terraces. Hapludalfs (Eastwood and Woodtell series) beans and wheat are the major crops. Strawberries are important formed in marine sediments on hills and ridges. Glossaqualfs in Louisiana. Feed grains and forage are grown on dairy farms. formed in alluvium on flood plains and stream terraces (Guyton Less than 15 percent of the area is pasture or hayland. About two- series) and in old alluvium on stream terraces (Wrightsville series). fifths is forest of mixed pine and hardwoods. Lumber is the major Biological Resources forest product, and some pulpwood is harvested. The present This area supports pine-hardwood vegetation. The dominant trend is toward the conversion of pasture and forest to cropland. trees are loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, Some areas are used for urban development, which is expanding white oak, flowering dogwood and post oak. American beau- near the metropolitan areas. The major soil resource concerns tyberry, greenbrier, hawthorns and berry vines are included in the are water erosion, maintenance of the content of organic matter woody understory. Little bluestem and pinhole bluestem are the and productivity of the soils and management of soil moisture. dominant herbaceous species. Other major grasses include beaked Water erosion is a hazard in sloping areas that are bare because panicum, longleaf uniola, spike uniola and yellow Indiangrass. of tree harvesting. Conservation practices on forestland generally The plant community has many species of low-growing panicums include systems of tree residue management and reforestation. and paspalums and perennial forbs. The major wildlife species in Conservation practices on cropland generally include crop residue this area include white-tailed deer, coyote, beaver, raccoon, skunk, management, which increases the content of organic matter in opossum, muskrat, mink, cottontail, squirrel, weasel, armadillo the soils, and applications of lime in areas of low pH. Many of and mourning dove. the soils remain wet or have a high water table for some or most

10 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Land Use paspalums are the principal grasses in shady areas. Lespedezas, Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: tickclover, wildbeans and several composites are the principal forbs Cropland—private, 2% in the area. Some of the major wildlife species in this area are white-tailed deer, coyote, fox, nutria, raccoon, skunk, cottontail, Grassland—private, 18% gray squirrel, fox squirrel, mink, armadillo, wood rat, white-footed Forest—private, 65%; Federal, 4% mouse, eastern harvest mouse, cotton mouse, golden mouse, Urban development—private, 6% hispid cotton rat, hispid pocket mouse, marsh rice rat, turkey, quail and mourning dove. Other major species include cottonmouth Water—private, 3%; Federal, 1% moccasin, broad-banded water snake, coral snake, hognose snake, Other—private, 1% canebrake rattlesnake, pigmy rattlesnake, copperhead, Louisiana The forested areas in this MLRA are used for the production of milk snake, speckled kingsnake, rough green snake, buttermilk lumber and pulpwood. The cleared land is used mostly for pasture snake, five-lined skink, broad-headed skink, green anole, smooth and hay. Where the water supply is adequate, such crops as corn, softshell turtle, three-toed box turtle, red-eared turtle, Mississippi grain sorghum, oats, soybeans, peanuts, rice and vegetables are mud turtle, marbled salamander, smallmouth salamander, Fowler’s grown. The major resource concerns are water erosion, wetland toad, East Texas toad, spring peeper, eastern tree toad, northern restoration and water supplies for livestock. Conservation practices cricket frog, northern leopard frog and bullfrog. The species of fish on cropland generally include buffer strips, which help to control in the area include spotted bass, largemouth bass, crappie, catfish, erosion and runoff. They also include the proper use and timing of bullhead, carp and bluegill. irrigation. Land Use Following are the various kinds of land use in this MLRA: 152B—Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods Cropland—private, 1% Louisiana constitutes 41 percent of this MLRA and includes Grassland—private, 12%; Federal, 1% Singer, Sulfur and Oberlin. Interstate 10 is just south of this area. The Sam Houston Jones State Park is in the Louisiana portion. Forest—private, 74%; Federal, 3% Physiography Urban development—private, 7% This area is in the West Gulf Coastal Plain Section of the Coastal Water—private, 1% Plain Province of the Atlantic Plain. The area is nearly level to Other—private, 1% gently sloping and has low local relief. Elevation ranges from 80 to The forestland in this area consists principally of pine and pine- 330 feet (25 to 100 meters). hardwood forests. Much of the forested acreage is owned by Geology large corporations, and lumber and pulpwood are the chief forest The entire area is underlain by unconsolidated clay, silt, sand and products. Cleared areas are used mostly for pasture. The major gravel deposited by ancient rivers in late Tertiary and Quaternary pasture grasses are Bahia grass and coastal Bermuda grass. Only time. Recent silt, sand and gravel deposits fill the valleys along a few small areas are used for crops. Many small subdivisions are most of the major rivers in the area. being developed throughout the area, especially in the vicinity of Soils Houston and Beaumont, Texas. The major soil resource concerns The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Alfisols and Ultisols. are water erosion, maintenance of the content of organic mat- The soils in the area dominantly have a thermic soil tempera- ter and productivity of the soils, and soil moisture management. ture regime, an aquic or udic soil moisture regime and siliceous When areas are bare after a tree harvest, water erosion is a hazard or smectitic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, moder- on sloping land. Conservation practices on forestland gener- ately well-drained to very poorly drained and loamy or clayey. ally include forest stand improvement, forest trails and landings, Glossaqualfs formed in loamy and clayey sediments on stream prescribed burning, riparian forest buffers, forest site preparation, terraces (Caddo and Evadale series), in loamy marine sediments on bedding, establishment of trees and shrubs, and management of uplands (Waller series) and in alluvium on flood plains and stream upland wildlife habitat. The soils in this area are low in content terraces (Guyton series). Glossudalfs (Messer series) formed in of organic matter and productivity. Measures that increase the loamy marine sediments on mounds and ridges. Vermaqualfs content of organic matter are needed. Applications of lime in areas (Sorter series) formed in old alluvium on uplands. Hapluderts of low pH help to maintain or improve productivity. Many of the (Kaman series) formed in alluvium on flood plains. Paleudults soils remain wet or have a high water table for some or most of the (Kirbyville and Malbis series) formed in loamy marine sediments time during the year. Measures that improve drainage or adapt the on uplands. land use to the wet conditions are needed. Biological Resources This area supports pine-hardwood forest vegetation characterized by longleaf pine. Sweetgum, blackgum, post oak, blackjack oak and southern red oak are the principal hardwood species. Hawthorns, myrtle and shining sumac make up the woody understory. Mid-size and tall grasses dominate open areas. Little bluestem, pinhole bluestem, big bluestem, switchgrass and Indiangrass are the principal grasses. Longleaf uniola, Virginia wildrye, Florida paspalum, beaked panicum and several low-growing panicums and

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 11 Soils of Louisiana B't2 – 52 to 67 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; In 2008, 315 soil series were being used in Louisiana (Soil Survey friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; common thin discontinuous Staff, 2008c) (Table 1). Among these series, 54 benchmark distinct clay films on ped surfaces and in pores; few thin patches and soil series were mapped in the state (Soil Survey Staff, 2008c). streaks of pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand, few chert gravel up to 2 cm. Benchmark soils occupy large extents, hold key positions in soil in diameter; about 30 percent by volume firm and brittle material up classification and are important in determining the properties and to 10 cm. in diameter; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. interpretations of soils in a large area (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). B't3 – 67 to 85 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam, weak The state soil of Louisiana is the Ruston series (fine-loamy, coarse prismatic structure; friable; few fine roots; common thin distinct siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudult). These soils cover clay films on prism faces; few thin patches of light yellowish brown 733,714 acres (296,924 ha) in Louisiana and largely support (10YR 6/4) sand; very strongly acid. (Combined thickness of the B't woodlands of pine and hardwood species. The official soil series horizons is 10 to 50 inches) description of the Ruston follows (Soil Survey Staff, 2008c). TYPE LOCATION: Rapides Parish, Louisiana; approximately 3 miles northwest of Woodworth; 150 feet northeast of gravel road; The Ruston series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately NE1/4NE1/4 sec. 11, T. 2 N., R. 2 W. USGS Woodworth west permeable soils that formed in loamy marine or stream deposits. These topographic quadrangle; lat. 31 degrees 10 minutes 01.66 seconds N. soils are on uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal Plains. and long. 92 degrees 32 minutes 14.19 seconds W. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness exceeds TYPICAL PEDON: Ruston fine sandy loam – forest. (Colors are 60 inches. The Bt/E and B't horizons are definitive for the series. for moist soil.) Calcium-magnesium ratios are variable in the Bt horizons, but typi- cally are less than 1 in the B't horizons. A – 0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many coarse, medium and fine The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chro- roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 6 inches thick) ma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, gravelly fine sandy loam, or gravelly sandy loam. The E – 4 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam; common A horizon ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. medium faint light yellowish brown mottles; massive; firm; common fine and medium roots; few yellowish red (5YR 5/6) bodies of B The Ap horizon in severely eroded areas has colors and textures simi- horizon material in lower part; few channels filled with dark grayish lar to the upper part of the Bt horizon. brown (10YR 4/2) material; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The E horizon and E part of the Bt/E horizon have hue of 10YR, (0 to 15 inches thick) value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is fine sandy loam, Bt1 – 7 to 18 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam; moderate medium loamy sand, or sandy loam and occurs in streaks and pockets that subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; com- make up as much as 50 percent of the horizon. Small dark bodies that mon, distinct, continuous clay films on surfaces of peds and in pores; are compact and brittle make up as much as 10 percent by volume of strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. the Bt/E horizon in some pedons. Bt2 – 18 to 26 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam; A thin BA or BE horizon is in some pedons. The Bt, Bt part of the weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few Bt/E, and B't horizons have hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 to 6, fine pores; common, thin, patchy clay films on faces of peds and walls of and chroma of 4 to 8. They are sandy clay loam, fine sandy loam, pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of loam or clay loam. The B't horizon, in most pedons is mottled with the Bt horizons is 10 to 40 inches) shades of gray, brown, red or yellow. Clay content of the Bt horizon averages between 18 and 30 percent in the upper 20 inches and the Bt/E – 26 to 39 inches; 70 percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and silt content ranges from 20 to 50 percent. The Bt and B't horizons are 30 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sandy loam; weak very strongly acid to medium acid. As much as 15 percent by volume coarse prismatic structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; discon- of ironstone fragments or quartz gravel are present within the solum of tinuous bands of firm and brittle material up to 5 cm. thick make up some pedons. The clay content decreases from the upper Bt horizons to 30 percent of horizon; common clay bridges between sand grains in Bt the Bt/E horizon and increases again in the B't horizons. part; few red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam bodies of Bt material up COMPETING SERIES to 7 cm in diameter; few black accumulations; strongly acid; gradual : These are the Allen, Etowah, Holston, wavy boundary (4 to 20 inches thick) Sailes and Silsbee series in the same family, and the Addielou, Avilla, Bama, Dubach, Ironcity, Leesburg, Lytle, Minvale, Nella, Noboco, B't1 – 39 to 52 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) fine sandy loam; few fine Octavia, Pikeville and Warnock series in closely related families. distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) mottles; weak coarse pris- Allen, Etowah, Sailes and Silsbee soils soils do not have a bisequal matic strucutre parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; few profile. Holston soils have color hues of 7.5YR and 10YR through- fine roots; few fine pores; common, distinct, discontinuous red (2.5YR out. Addielou soils have an A horizon greater than 20 inches thick. 4/6) clay films on ped surfaces and in pores; thin patches and streaks Bama, Ironcity, Minvale and Noboco soils have a CEC to clay ratio of pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand; few fine chert gravel; strongly acid; less than.24 in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon. In addi- gradual wavy boundary. tion, Bama, Octavia and Pikeville soils do not have a bisequal profile; Avilla, Ironcity, and Nella soils contain more than 10 percent coarse

12 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 fragments throughout; Minvale soils contain less than 20 percent fine Tables 1-4 provide information on the and coarser sand in the control section; and Dubach, Leesburg, Noboco soils of Louisiana to include taxonomic and Warnock soils have color hues of 7.5YR and 10YR throughout. Lytle soils have a surface mantle of loess that is 2 to 3 feet thick. classification, mapped extent, MLRA, GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on nearly level to landscape setting, parent material, drainage, moderately sloping uplands of the Western and Southern Coastal permeability, series deleted and series Plains on slope gradients of 0 percent to 8 percent. The soil formed in marine or stream deposits of Pleistocene age. The climate is warm and added. humid with mean annual temperature of 65 degrees F., and mean an- nual precipitation of 59 inches near the type location. REFERENCES GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Amacher, M .C ., W .J . Day, B .A . Schumacher, P .M . Walthall, and B .J . competing Sailes and Lytle series, and the Beauregard, Betis, Boykin, Miller . 1989 . A Guide to the Classification of Soils of Louisiana . Mahan, Malbis, McLaurin, Ora, Savannah, Sawyer, Smithdale, Bull . 803 . La . Agric . Exp . Stn ., Baton Rouge . and Tangi series. Beauregard and Malbis soils contain more than 5 ATLAS . 2008 . The Louisiana Statewide GIS [Online] . Available at percent plinthite. Sawyer and Mahan soils are finer textured. Betis, http://atlas .lsu .edu/ (Verified 20 Feb . 2008) . Boykin, and McLaurin soils are coarser textured. Ora, Savannah, and Louisiana Geological Survey . 2008 . Generalized Geologic Map of Tangi soils have a fragipan. Smithdale soils are not bisequal and are Louisiana [Online] . Available at www .lgs .lsu .edu (Verified 20 Hapludults. Feb . 2008) . DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well-drained; medium to rapid runoff; moderate permeability. Lytle, S .A . 1968 . The morphological characteristics and relief rela- tionships of representative soils in Louisiana . La . Agric . Exp . USE AND VEGETATION: Principal use is woodland consisting Stn ., Baton Rouge . of southern pine and some hardwoods with understories of shrubs or grasses. A small acreage is used for cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, Lytle, S .A . and M .B . Sturgis . 1962 . General soil areas and associated truck crops and pasture. A considerable portion of the acreage formerly soil series groups of Louisiana . Agronomy Department, La . Agric . Exp . Stn ., Baton Rouge . cultivated has been converted to pasture or southern pine woodland DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plains of Alabama, Soil Survey Staff . 1993 . Soil survey manual . USDA-NRCS . Agricultural Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Handbook No . 18 . U .S . Gov . Print . Office . Washington, DC . The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 1,000,000 Soil Survey Staff . 1999 . Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed . USDA-NRCS . U .S . Gov . acres. Print . Office . Washington, DC . MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Little Rock, Arkansas Soil Survey Staff . 2006a . Land resource regions and major land SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lincoln Parish, Louisiana; 1909. resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin . USDA-NRCS . Agriculture Handbook No . 296 . REMARKS: The concept of the series limits the series to a bisequal U .S . Gov . Print . Office . Washington, DC . profile. Soils formerly included in Ruston but having low silt content are excluded. Soil Survey Staff . 2006b . Keys to soil taxonomy 10th ed . USDA- NRCS . Pocohontas Press, Blacksburg, VA . Diagnostic horizons and features recognized are: Ochric epipedon..0 to 7 inches (A and E horizons) Soil Survey Staff . 2008a . Louisiana climate data: temperature and precipitation [Online] . Available at http://datagateway .nrcs . Albic horizon..4 to 7 inches (E horizon) usda .gov/ (Verified 20 Feb . 2008) . Argillic horizon..7 to 85 inches (Bt, Bt/E, and B't horizons). Soil Survey Staff . 2008b . Major land resource areas of Louisiana [Online] . Available at http://datagateway .nrcs .usda .gov/ Seven soil orders are found in Louisiana to include Alfisols, (Verified 20 Feb . 2008) . Entisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Ultisols and Vertisols. Soil Survey Staff . 2008c . Official soil series descriptions [Online] . Lower classifications of soils in the state include 14 suborders, Available at http://soils .usda .gov/technical/classification/ 36 great groups and 105 subgroups of US Soil Taxonomy. The osd/index .html (Verified 21 Feb . 2008) . precise classification of each series depends on the edition by which it was keyed out, but most series have been keyed using US Census Bureau . 2000 . State and County Quick Facts: U.S. Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed. (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) or Keys Louisiana [Online] . Available at http://quickfacts .census . gov/qfd/states/22000 .html (Verified 19 Feb . 2008) . to Soil Taxonomy 10th Ed.(Soil Survey Staff, 2006b). Since the first Louisiana soils field guide by Amacher et al. (1989), 51 soil U .S . Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey Quality Assurance series have been added in Louisiana and 14 previously recognized Staff . 1994 . Soil Climate Regimes of the United States . soil series in Louisiana have been removed. Of the 315 soil series USDA – Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Division, approved for use in Louisiana, 38 have no mapped extent in the National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE . (digital maps data state as of 2008. and attributes) US Geological Survey . 2008 . Elevations and Distances in the United States [Online] . Available at http://erg .usgs .gov/isb/pubs/ booklets/elvadist/elvadist .html#Highest (Verified 20 Feb . 2008) .

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 13 Hectares 21022 18496 8977 3830 482 171151 49196 121 9171 2881 8607 14563 14839 16515 10804 516 44320 18253 59127 154698 18338 3569 10045 3314 85492 44674 45693 1639 1696 26699 13225 15422 409 Acres 51946 45704 22182 9463 1190 422918 121565 300 22662 7118 21268 35985 36668 40808 26697 1275 109517 45104 146104 382264 45314 8820 24821 8190 211254 110391 112909 4050 4192 65973 32680 38107 1010 Classification

Taxonomic thermic Glossaquic Paleudalfs active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Epiaqualfs smectitic, thermic Aeric Fine, thermic Oxyaquic active, Glossudalfs mixed, Fine, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Quartzipsamments Typic coated Thermic, Haplosaprists Terric hyperthermic smectitic, euic, Clayey, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts Very-fine, Endoaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Albaqualfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Fine, Argiaquolls Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Paleudults thermic Aquic semiactive, mixed, Fine, Hydraquents Typic thermic nonacid, superactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, Endoaquepts thermic Fluventic acid, active, mixed, Fine-silty, Argiudolls thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, smectitic, thermic Chromic Dystraquerts Very-fine, Paleudalfs Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Epiaqualfs Vertic smectitic, hyperthermic Chromic Fine, Hydraquents Typic hyperthermic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Sodic Hydraquents Very-fine, Typic Hydraquents hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Hapludults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Aquic smectitic, thermic DystrudertsVery-fine, Hapludults Typic thermic superactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Paleudults thermic Plinthaquic superactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, Haplosaprists Terric hyperthermic smectitic, euic, Clayey, Aquic smectitic, thermic DystrudertsVery-fine, thermic Glossic Paleudalfs semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Glossudalfs Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, thermic Lamellic Paleudults siliceous, Sandy, Fluvaquents Typic thermic acid, active, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Paleudalfs thermic Psammentic Siliceous, Quartzipsamments Typic coated Thermic, . Phase silt loam silt loam silt loam silt loam sand loamy mucky peat clay silt loam silt loam peat very fine sandy loam mucky silt loam silt loam clay clay fine sandy loam silty loam clay silt loam muck muck silt loam sandy loam clay very fine sandy loam silt loam muck clay fine sandy loam fine sandy loam fine sand loamy sandy loam fine sand loamy sand loamy Series

*Note: Bold indicates Benchmark Bold Soil indicates *Note: Series Table 1. Soil series, classification and extent in Louisiana. extent in and classification 1. Soil series, Table Soil Abita Acadia Acadiana Acy Alaga Allemands* Alligator Amagon Anacoco Andry Angie Arat Arkabutla Armistead Ashford Attoyac Baldwin Balize Bancker Barbary Basile Bassfield Bayoudan Bearhead Beauregard Bellpass Bellwood Bernaldo Besner Betis Bibb Bienville Bigbee

14 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 2320 20118 7271 1404 4605 1924 66828 8353 61436 16226 24405 2058 1149 2229 3921 17842 93154 29795 29287 49252 16809 105608 1467 2996 46180 23863 11267 209 116704 492 83676 34583 2993 36408 6908 36740 Hectares 5734 49711 17966 3470 11380 4754 165134 20640 151809 40096 60306 5085 2839 5507 9690 44088 230185 73625 72370 121702 41535 260960 3624 7403 114113 58965 27842 517 288379 1215 206765 85456 7395 89966 17070 90786 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudalfs Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Paleudults Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Paleudults thermic Aquic active, siliceous, Coarse-silty, thermic Glossic Natraqualfs superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Aeric Epiaquerts smectitic, thermic Very-fine, Paleudalfs Vertic thermic active, mixed, Fine, Paleudults thermic Plinthic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Paleudults thermic Arenic active, siliceous, Loamy, Paleudults thermic Arenic semiactive, siliceous, Loamy, thermic Glossic Natraqualfs superactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Oxyaquic Eutrudepts superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, thermic Oxyaquic active, Paleudults mixed, Fine-silty, Udifluvents Typic thermic mixed, Sandy, Fragiudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Glossaqualfs thermic Aeric active, mixed, Fine-silty, Aquic Hapluderts smectitic, thermic Very-fine, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Albaquic Hapludalfs active, mixed, Fine, Hapludults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Fraglossudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaquepts hyperthermic nonacid, Fluvaquentic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Oxyaquic Udifluvents calcareous, smectitic, superactive, over mixed Coarse-silty clayey, over Haplosaprists Terric hyperthermic smectitic, euic, Clayey, Endoaquepts hyperthermic Fluventic calcareous, superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, Dystrudepts thermic Fluventic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Argiudolls Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Udipsamments Typic hyperthermic Carbonatic, Haplosaprists Terric hyperthermic smectitic, euic, Clayey, Udifluvents thermic Aquic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, Endoaquepts thermic Fluvaquentic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Endoaquepts thermic Fluvaquentic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, smectitic, thermic Albaquic Hapludalfs Fine, hyperthermic active, Glossaquic Hapludalfs mixed, Fine-silty, Eutrudepts thermic Fluventic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Hydraquents Typic hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Fine, Phase very fine sandy loam very fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam clay fine sandy loam very fine sandy loam fine sand loamy fine sand loamy silt loam silt loam silty loam clay sandy loam silt loam silty loam clay clay silt loam very fine sandy loam sandy loam silt loam silt loam silt loam very fine sandy loam mucky peat very fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam loam sandy clay muck very fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam mucky clay Soil Series Bistineau Blevins Bodcau Bonn Bossier Boswell Bowie Boykin Briley Brimstone Bruin Brule Bruno Bude Bursley Buxin Caddo Cadeville Cahaba Calhoun Calloway Cancienne Caplis Carlin Carville Cascilla Caspiana Cheniere Clovelly Cocodrie Commerce Convent Corrigan Coteau Coushatta Creole

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 15 9607 139824 2237 2865 124802 14008 3641 11720 2102 1273 80799 9496 80166 2582 8764 2654 131565 8844 850 1964 4288 1708 17568 117707 1629 4693 4516 11075 9397 16630 16234 499 692 47189 58887 2309 Hectares 23740 345509 5528 7079 308388 34613 8996 28960 5195 3145 199657 23466 198092 6379 21655 6557 325100 21855 2100 4852 10596 4221 43412 290857 4025 11596 11160 27366 23220 41093 40114 1234 1710 116605 145511 5706 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments Typic thermic Mixed, Albaqualfs Typic smectitic, thermic Fine, Fluvaquents Typic thermic acid, superactive, mixed, Fine, Paleudalfs Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Hapludults Typic kaolinitic, thermic Fine, thermic albic Glossic Natraqualfs superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Haplosaprists Terric hyperthermic euic, mixed, Loamy, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, Paleudults Plinthic thermic Arenic semiactive, siliceous, Loamy, Vertic Endoaquepts thermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, Paleudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Endoaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, hyperthermic Endoaqualfs active, Aeric mixed, Fine-silty, Glossudalfs thermic Fragic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Paleudalfs thermic Aquic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Vertic Hapludalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Chromic Fine, Glossudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Haplic Glossudalfs active, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Glossic Paleudalfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, Fluvaquents thermic Aeric acid, active, mixed, Coarse-silty, Paleudalfs thermic Aquic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Vertic Endoaquepts hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, hyperthermic Udipsamments Mixed, Aquic thermic Lamellic Paleudalfs siliceous, Sandy, Fraglossudalfs thermic Aquic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic albic Glossic Natraqualfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, Paleudalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Very-fine, Endoaqualfs Typic smectitic, thermic Fine, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Glossudalfs thermic Aquic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs active, siliceous, Coarse-silty, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Phase sand silt loam loam clay fine sand loamy fine sand loamy silt loam mucky peat silt loam silt loam fine sand loamy clay fine sandy loam loam silt loam silt loam silt loam very fine sandy loam silt loam fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam silt loam silt loam clay silt loam fine sand loamy fine sand loamy silt loam silt loam silt loam silty loam clay silt loam silt loam silt loam silt loam silt loam Crevasse Crowley Cypress Darbonne Darley Deerford Delcomb Dexter Dossman Doucette Dowling Dubach Dundee Dupuy Duralde Duson Eastwood Egypt Elysian Essen Evangeline Falaya Falkner Fausse Feliciana Felicity Flo Fluker Foley Forbing Forestdale Fountain Fred Frizzell Frost Frozard Soil Series

16 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 59211 10165 19471 14856 449 19725 45356 67969 2652 1662 84635 11245 4265 6983 14100 10530 483648 6759 911 23422 5044 38314 619 4162 26972 1119 64783 55499 9094 18187 45168 482 59579 1414 115199 46779 Hectares 146313 25119 48114 36709 1110 48740 112075 167953 6554 4106 209136 27786 10540 17255 34841 26019 1195108 16702 2250 57876 12465 94674 1530 10285 66648 2766 160081 137140 22472 44941 111611 1190 147222 3494 284661 115593 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Hapludalfs Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, hyperthermic Endoaqualfs superactive, Aeric mixed, Fine-silty, Typic Endoaqualfs hyperthermic active, mixed, Very-fine, Hydraquents Typic hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Fine, Vermaqualfs Typic hyperthermic active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Fragiudalfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Paleudalfs active, siliceous, Fine-silty, hyperthermic superactive, Oxyaquic Hapludalfs mixed, Fine-silty, Hapludalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Coarse-silty, Paleudalfs Vertic thermic active, mixed, Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Epiaquerts Chromic Fine, thermic Oxyaquic active, Fraglossudalfs mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Fluvaquents Typic cracked thermic, smectitic, nonacid, Fine, Paleudults thermic Aquic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-silty, Fine-silty, siliceous, active, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, hyperthermic Endoaquepts Aeric mixed, Sandy, Endoaquults thermic Aeric active, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Vertic Endoaquepts hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, Paleudults thermic Aquic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric active, mixed, Fine-silty, Hapludalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Fine, Hapluderts smectitic, thermic Aquic Fine, Typic Epiaquerts hyperthermic smectitic, Very-fine, Hapludalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Fine, Udifluvents thermic Aquic acid, active, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Argiaquolls Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Dystrudepts thermic Fluventic active, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Epiaquerts Typic smectitic, thermic Fine, Epiaqualfs Vertic Chromic smectitic, thermic Aeric Fine, thermic Rendollic Eutrudepts carbonatic, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Paleudalfs semiactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Haplosaprists hyperthermic Fluvaquentic Euic, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Phase silt loam silt loam clay muck fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam silt loam silty loam clay very fine sandy loam silt loam silty loam clay silt loam silt loam muck silt loam silt loam fine sand loamy fine sand loamy clay loam silt loam very fine sandy loam clay clay silt loam fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam silty clay silt loam loam clay very fine sandy loam fine sandy loam muck silt loam Soil Series Gallion Galvez Ged Gentilly Gessner Gigger Gilbert Glenmora Glenwild Goldman Gore Gramercy Grenada Groom Gueydan Gurdon Guyton Hackberry Haggerty Harahan Harleston Hebert Herty Hornbeck Iberia Iota Iuka Jeanerette Jena Judice Kaplan Keiffer Keithville Kenefick Kenner Kinder

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 17 Hectares 14369 38964 28669 259 49679 429 102701 61586 3284 33781 13519 728 21604 5819 23869 347 13550 2633 7042 14294 36728 1153 7381 12510 45728 164001 2606 3314 51730 12949 19260 18769 19074 350 9996 3248 35507 96280 70842 641 122757 1060 253776 152181 8115 83473 33405 1800 53384 14380 58980 858 33483 6505 17400 35322 90757 2850 18238 30912 112996 405252 6439 8190 127826 31997 47591 46378 47133 865 24700 8025 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Oxyaquic semiactive, Paleudults siliceous, Fine-loamy, Hapludults Typic thermic semiactive, mixed, Fine, Hapludalfs Typic smectitic, thermic Fine, hyperthermic active, Oxyaquic Glossudalfs mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Paleudalfs active, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Natrudalfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, Haplosaprists Typic hyperthermic Euic, Typic Hydraquents hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, Paleudalfs thermic Arenic semiactive, siliceous, Loamy, thermic Oxyaquic Hapluderts superactive, mixed, smectitic over loamy, over Clayey Hapludults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Albaquults Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine, Aquic Hapluderts smectitic, thermic Very-fine, Paleudults thermic Arenic semiactive, siliceous, Loamy, Glossaqualfs Typic hyperthermic superactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs active, mixed, Fine-silty, Fragiudalfs Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs semiactive, mixed, Fine-loamy, Dystraquerts thermic Chromic active, mixed, Fine, hyperthermic superactive, Mollic Endoaqualfs mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Oxyaquic active, Fragiudalfs mixed, Fine-silty, Quartzipsamments Aquic coated Thermic, kaolinitic, Kandiudults thermic Arenic Loamy, Paleudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Hapludults Typic kaolinitic, thermic Fine, Paleudults thermic Plinthic subactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Albaqualfs thermic Aeric active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Endoaquepts thermic Fluventic acid, active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Haplosaprists Typic hyperthermic Euic, Dystraquerts smectitic, thermic Chromic Fine, Hapludalfs Vertic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine, Paleudults Typic thermic subactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Hapludalfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Argiudolls Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Endoaquepts Typic hyperthermic nonacid, superactive, mixed, smectitic over loamy, over Clayey Glossaqualfs Typic thermic superactive, siliceous, Coarse-silty, Phase fine sandy loam very fine sandy loam loam silt silt loam silt loam muck muck fine sand loamy clay sandy loam silt loam clay sand loamy loam silt loam silt loam fine sandy loam clay silt loam silt loam sand sand loamy silt loam fine sandy loam fine sandy loam silt loam loam muck silty loam clay fine sandy loam sand loamy silt loam silt loam clay silt loam Soil Series Kirbyville Kirvin Kisatchie Kleinpeter Kolin Lafe Lafitte Larose Larue Latanier Latonia Leaf Lebeau Letney Leton Lexington Libuse Liddieville Litro Loreauville Loring Lotus Lucy Lytle Mahan Malbis Mamou Mantachie Maurepas Mayhew Mckamie Mclaurin Memphis Mer rouge Mermentau Merryville

18 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Hectares 57693 58362 12835 4225 48449 3586 95897 16231 817 2032 52054 4276 58424 722 597 7297 11145 14854 6947 66307 1143 29275 3438 32038 4175 6144 3353 64270 15141 76486 79220 473 4085 491 491 2660 142562 144215 31715 10440 119720 8860 236965 40107 2020 5020 128628 10567 144367 1785 1476 18030 27540 36705 17165 163847 2825 72340 8495 79166 10317 15183 8286 158812 37414 188999 195754 1170 10094 1214 1214 6573 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Coarse-silty, siliceous, superactive, thermic Haplic Glossudalfs superactive, siliceous, Coarse-silty, thermic Glossaquic Paleudalfs semiactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs semiactive, mixed, Fine, Endoaquepts thermic Fluvaquentic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaqualfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Chromic Fine, Hapludults thermic Aquic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, smectitic,Oxyaquic thermic HapludertsVery-fine, hyperthermic superactive, Oxyaquic Argiudolls siliceous, Fine-silty, Udifluvents Typic thermic nonacid, active, mixed, Coarse-silty, Hapluderts thermic Chromic superactive, mixed, Fine, Glossaqualfs Typic smectitic, thermic Fine, Paleudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Endoaquults Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudalfs Fine, Eutrudepts Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, Vertic Hapludalfs smectitic, thermic Very-fine, Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Fraglossudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaquepts thermic Fluvaquentic nonacid, superactive, mixed, smectitic over loamy, over Clayey Paleudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Eutrudepts hyperthermic superactive, Fluventic mixed, Fine-silty, Udifluvents Typic thermic siliceous, Sandy, Udifluvents Typic thermic acid, active, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, smectitic, thermic Chromic DystrudertsVery-fine, Fraglossudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Hapludults Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Fragiudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Psammaquents Typic thermic Siliceous, Dystrudepts thermic Fluventic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Hapludalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Fine, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaquerts smectitic, thermic Chromic Very-fine, Udipsamments Typic thermic Mixed, thermic Glossaquic Fragiudults active, siliceous, Coarse-silty, hyperthermic semiactive, Oxyaquic Fraglossudalfs siliceous, Fine-silty, Paleudults thermic Plinthic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Fluvaquents Typic hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Fine, Phase silt loam silt loam fine sandy loam silt loam silty loam clay loam clay loam silt loam clay silt loam silt loam silt loam fine sandy loam silt loam loam sandy clay silt loam clay fine sandy loam silt loam fine sandy loam sandy loam loam clay silt loam fine sandy loam sandy loam fine sand loamy silt loam very fine sandy loam silt clay fine sand silt loam loam loam silty clay Soil Series Messer Metcalf Meth Mhoon Midland Mollicy Moreland Morey Morganfield Morse Mowata Muskogee Myatt Nacogdoches Natchez Natchitoches Necessity Newellton Niwana Norwood Nugent Ochlockonee Oktibbeha Olivier Olla Ora Osier Ouachita Oula Patoutville Perry Peveto Pheba Pineisland Pinetucky Placedo

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 19 16910 22820 20545 7005 2972 1428 17100 15173 3139 16531 27643 1342 251557 318077 2451 2574 1603 5194 123632 13343 62538 150004 29220 490510 11355 114964 1748 4808 624 1481 726 9478 36327 12725 2 2221 Hectares 41785 56390 50768 17310 7345 3528 42255 37493 7756 40848 68307 3315 621604 785977 6056 6360 3960 12835 305498 32970 154533 370664 72203 1212064 28059 284080 4320 11880 1543 3660 1795 23420 89765 31445 6 5488 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Very-fine, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts thermic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Very-fine, thermic Glossic Fragiudults semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, thermic Oxyaquic active, Fragiudalfs mixed, Fine-silty, Hapludalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Fine, thermic Oxyaquic active, Hapludalfs siliceous, Fine-silty, Epiaqualfs Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Hapludalfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Vertic Endoaquepts hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, Udifluvents Typic thermic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Coarse-loamy, Endoaquepts thermic Fluvaquentic acid, active, mixed, Fine-silty, Udifluvents Typic thermic nonacid, superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, Rhodudults Typic thermic parasesquic, Fine, Paleudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Hapludults thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine, Paleudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Dystrudepts thermic Fluvaquentic active, siliceous, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Paleudults thermic Plinthaquic subactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Fragiudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Paleudults thermic Aquic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, hyperthermic smectitic, nonacid, Sodic Hydraquents Very-fine, hyperthermic smectitic, Epiaquerts Chromic Very-fine, Udifluvents Typic thermic calcareous, superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, Epiaquerts smectitic, thermic Chromic Very-fine, Fragiudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-silty, Hapludults Typic thermic subactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Paleaquults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, Epiaqualfs thermic Aeric superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Aquertic active, Argiudolls mixed, Fine-loamy, Fluvaquents Vertic thermic smectitic, nonacid, Fine, Albaqualfs thermic Aeric active, mixed, Fine, Hapludalfs Typic thermic superactive, mixed, Coarse-silty, Paleudults thermic Fragiaquic semiactive, siliceous, Coarse-loamy, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs active, mixed, Fine, thermic Rendollic Eutrudepts carbonatic, Fine-silty, Hapludults Typic thermic semiactive, mixed, Fine, Phase silty clay loam silt loam fine sandy loam loam fine sand loamy silt loam muck very fine sandy loam silt loam very fine sandy loam loam gravelly fine sandy loam very fine sandy loam fine sandy loam silt loam silt loam fine sandy loam fine sandy loam silt loam peat clay very fine sandy loam clay silt loam sandy loam loam clay clay clay silt loam silt loam fine sandy loam very fine sandy loam silty clay silt loam Soil Series Portland Prentiss Providence Rayburn Rexor Rigolette Rilla Rita Robinsonville Rosebloom Roxana Ruple Ruston Sacul Sailes Sardis Satsuma Saucier Savannah Sawyer Scatlake Schriever Severn Sharkey Shatta Smithdale Smithton Solier Sonnier Sostien Springfield Sterlington Stough Sugartown Sumter Sweatman

20 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 95646 1223 118179 71947 10671 24573 16274 33584 6750 8567 4153 3590 4254 3063 78231 2305 2295 621 826 8466 932 14963 36500 59595 3373 5641 753 Hectares 236344 3022 292024 177783 26369 60721 40214 82988 16680 21170 10262 8871 10512 7568 193311 5695 5670 1534 2040 20919 2304 36975 90193 147261 8336 13940 1860 Acres Acres Taxonomic Classification Classification Taxonomic Fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Fragiudults Typic thermic semiactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Albaqualfs thermic Aeric active, mixed, Fine-silty, Epiaqualfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Chromic Fine, Haplosaprists Typic hyperthermic Euic, Paleudalfs thermic Aquic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Fragiudults Typic thermic semiactive, mixed, Fine-silty, Paleudults thermic Arenic semiactive, siliceous, Loamy, Epiaquepts Vertic thermic nonacid, superactive, mixed, smectitic over loamy, over Clayey Epiaquepts Typic thermic acid, active, mixed, Fine, Epiaquepts Vertic thermic acid, active, mixed, Fine, Fluvaquents thermic Aeric nonacid, smectitic, superactive, over mixed Coarse-silty clayey, over Aquic smectitic, thermic DystrudertsVery-fine, thermic Glossic Natraqualfs superactive, mixed, Fine-silty, thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs active, siliceous, Fine-silty, Glossudalfs smectitic, thermic Aquic Fine, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Paleudults Typic thermic semiactive, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Hapluderts Leptic shallow smectitic, thermic, Clayey, Endoaquepts thermic Fluvaquentic acid, active, mixed, Coarse-silty, Thapto-HisticFluvaquents cracked thermic, smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, thermic Dystric active, Eutrudepts mixed, Coarse-silty, Paleudalfs thermic Arenic semiactive, siliceous, Loamy, Hapludalfs Vertic smectitic, thermic Fine, Glossaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine, Vertic Epiaquepts thermic smectitic, nonacid, Very-fine, Albaqualfs Typic thermic active, mixed, Fine-silty, Endoaquults thermic Aeric active, siliceous, Fine-loamy, Phase silt loam silt loam silty clay muck silt loam silt loam fine sand loamy clay silty clay silty loam clay silt loam clay silt loam silt loam silt loam loam fine sandy loam clay silt loam clay silt fine sand loamy fine sandy loam silt loam silty clay silt loam loam clay Soil Series Tangi Tenot Tensas Timbalier Tippah Toula Trep Tunica Una Urbo Vacherie Vaiden Verdun Vick Vidrine Waller Warnock Watsonia Waverly Westwego Weyanoke Wolfpen Woodtell Wrightsville Yorktown Zachary Zenoria

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 21 Permeability slow very slow very slow slow moderately rapid very slow very slow slow very slow slow moderately slow very slow moderate slow very slow slow very slow slow very slow very slow slow rapid moderately very slow moderate slow very slow very slow moderate moderate rapid moderate rapid moderately rapid Drainage poor poor well moderately poor excessive very poor poor poor poor very poor well moderately very poor poor poor poor poor poor very poor very poor very poor poor well well moderately well moderately well moderately very poor poor well well excessive poor excessive excessive Material

Parent silty sediments alluvium clayey alluvium and clayey loamy loess & alluvium sands & loamy clay OM over decomposed sediments slack water clayey alluvium silty & clayey & silty clays acid clays age loess prairie OM over sediments sandy & clayey alluvium loamy silty alluvium alluvium loamy over clayey alluvium clayey & sandy sediments loamy alluvium clayey alluvium loamy sediments clayey OM over alluvium clayey alluvium loamy & sandy sediments loamy marine sediments clayey and sandy alluvium loamy stratified sediments loamy sediments clayey OM over sediments Tertiary clayey, acid, sediments loamy acid, alluvial sediments sandy sediments & sandy sediments loamy sandy alluvium sandy sediments Setting

Landscape terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene uplands terraces Pleistocene uplands & terraces marshes freshwater floodplains terraces uplands brackish marshes uplands swamps uplands alluvial plains terraces Pleistocene terraces stream levees natural marshes freshwater brackish marshes backswamps floodplains terraces stream uplands mounds and convex ridges elongated terraces Pleistocene marshes saltwater uplands uplands terraces Pleistocene divides interstream floodplains terraces stream floodplains MLRA 152A 150A, 152B 131C, 133B, 150A 134 152A, 152B 133A, 133B, 131, 151 131A 131A 133B 151 133A,133B 150A, 151 134 131C 133B 152B 133B, 131A 151 151 131A, 151 150A 133A 133B 152B 133B, 152A, 152B 133A, 133B, 151 133B 152B 133B, 133B 133B 152A, 152B 133A, 133B, 152A, 152B 133A, 133B, 133A Area

Soil Flatwoods Flatwoods Prairie Coastal Hills Loess Plain Coastal Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Marsh Coastal Alluvial (Flatwoods) Stream Red River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Alluvial (Flatwoods) Stream Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Flatwoods Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Series

Soil Abita Acadia Acadiana Acy Alaga Allemands Alligator Amagon Anacoco Andry Angie Arat Arkabutla Armistead Ashford Attoyac Baldwin Balize Bancker Barbary Basile Bassfield Bayoudan Bearhead Beauregard Bellpass Bellwood Bernaldo Besner Betis Bibb Bienville Bigbee Table 2. Soil area, MLRA, landscape setting, parent material and interpretations for Louisiana. for and interpretations material parent MLRA, 2. Soil area, landscape setting, Table

22 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Permeability moderate moderate slow moderately very slow very slow very slow slow moderately moderate moderate slow moderate moderate rapid moderate slow very slow slow very slow moderate slow slow slow moderately rapid (drained) rapid moderate moderate moderate rapid very slow moderate slow moderately moderate Drainage well well poor poor poor well moderately well moderately well well poor well moderately well moderately excessive poor poor poor poor well moderately well poor poor poor well moderately very poor poor well well excessive very poor well moderately poor poor Material Parent loamy alluvial sediments loamy sediments marine or stream loamy silty alluvial sediments thin loess or silty sediments alluvium clayey acid clay sandy loam & clays sediments sandy & loamy sediments sandy & loamy alluvium loamy alkaline alluvium loamy silty alluvium sandy alluvium loam thin loess over deposits thin loess & terrace alluvium clayey sediments loamy & siltyclay clay & sandy sediments loamy loess loess alluvium and clayey loamy alluvial sediments loamy sediments OM over alluvium loamy silty alluvium alluvium calcareous shell & sand sediments clayey OM over sediments loamy dredged alluvium alluvium . . & alluv Landscape Setting Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene uplands or old terraces terraces Pleistocene terr Pleistocene Plains backswamps uplands uplands uplands divides interstream terraces Pleistocene alluvial plains floodplains floodplains uplands & terraces terraces Pleistocene floodplains terraces Pleistocene uplands terraces stream terraces Pleistocene uplands & terraces on alluvial levees natural plains floodplains marshes freshwater floodplains levees natural on levees old natural floodplains beach ridges brackish marshes spoil banks waterway alluvial plains floodplains MLRA 133B 133B 133B 134 133A, 133B, 131C, 133B 133A, 133B 133B 133B 133A, 133B 152A, 152B 131A 150A 131A 133A 131A, 134 131C 152A, 152B 133B, 133A 133B 131A, 134 134 131A 131C 151 131A 134 131C 131B, 151 151 131A 131A 131A Soil Area Red River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Hills Loess Red River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Flatwoods Mississippi River Alluvial Prairie Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Hills Loess H . ) Alluvial (Loess Stream Red River Alluvial Flatwoods Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Hills Loess Hills Loess Mississippi River Alluvial Red River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial H . ) Alluvial (Loess Stream Red River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Marsh Coastal Alluvial Stream Mississippi River Alluvial Mississippi River Alluvial Soil Series Bistineau Blevins Bodcau Bonn Bossier Boswell Bowie Boykin Briley Brimstone Bruin Brule Bruno Bude Bursley Buxin Caddo Cadeville Cahaba Calhoun Calloway Cancienne Caplis Carlin Carville Cascilla Caspiana Cheniere Clovelly Cocodrie Commerce Convent

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 23 Permeability very slow slow moderately moderate very slow rapid very slow very slow slow slow slow (drained) rapid moderate slow moderately moderate very slow moderate slow moderately slow moderately slow slow very slow slow moderate slow moderate slow slow very slow moderate very rapid rapid poor poor well very poor excessive poor very poor well well poor very poor well well well very poor well poor poor poor poor well moderately poor well moderately poor well moderately poor poor very poor well poor excessive Drainage . Material Parent acid clays &silty clays acid clays loess alluvium loamy calcareous, alluvium clayey sandy alluvial sediments alluvial sediments alluvial sediments clayey acidic, sideritic marine sediments sed marince clayey sideritic, loess silty sediments OM over silty alluvium loess sediments sandy and loamy alluvium clayey sediments loamy alluvium loamy silty alluvium loess and clayey thin loess overy loamy alluvium & sandy sediments loamy sediments loess & terrace mixed sediments loamy loess loess silty alluvium silty alluvium alluvium clayey loess sandy sediments sandy sediments Landscape Setting uplands divides stream levees natural brackish marshes floodplains terraces Pleistocene channels or lake stream beds uplands uplands terraces Pleistocene brackish marshes terraces Pleistocene dissected hills uplands and depressions backswamps uplands or low levees natural terraces levees natural terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene divides interstream terraces Pleistocene mounds on terraces terraces Pleistocene & drainage ridge tops divides floodplains terraces stream backswamps and uplands terrace beaches coastal divides interstream MLRA 133B 134 131, 133B 151 131A 150A 152B 133B, 133B 133B 134 151 134 134 133B 131 133B 131 131 134 134 133B 134 133B 134 134 131A, 133A, 134 133A, 134 131A, 151 134 151 133B Soil Area Coastal Plain Coastal Hills Loess Red River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Prairie Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Hills Loess Marsh Coastal Hills Loess Hills Loess Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Mississippi River Alluvial Hills Loess Hills Loess Plain Coastal Hills Loess Flatwoods Hills Loess Hills Loess H . ) Alluvial (Loess Stream H . ) Alluvial (Loess Stream Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Soil Series Corrigan Coteau Coushatta Creole Crevasse Crowley Cypress Darbonne Darley Deerford Delcomb Dexter Dossman Doucette Dowling Dubach Dundee Dupuy Duralde Duson Eastwood Egypt Elysian Essen Evangeline Falaya Falkner Fausse Feliciana Felicity Flo

24 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 slow very slow very slow very slow slow moderately slow moderately slow slow slow moderate slow moderately very slow very slow very slow slow very slow slow slow moderately moderate very slow very slow moderate slow moderately very slow moderate slow moderate rapid moderately very slow moderate Permeability poor poor well moderately poor poor well moderately poor poor poor well poor very poor very poor poor well moderately poor well moderately well moderately well moderately well moderately poor well moderately poor poor poor poor poor poor poor well moderately Drainage . . terr loess over loamy sediments loamy loess over loess alluvium clayey loess loess loess silty alluvium loess loess silty alluvium silty alluvium sub alluvium over clayey alluvium clayey sediments loamy sediments terrace thin loess over sediments loess & terrace mixed alluvium mixed alluvium silty and clayey alkaline alluvium alluvium clayey fine-silty over clayey alluvium loess sediments silty & loamy alluvium clayey silty alluvium silty alluvium & sandy beach deposits loamy fluvial sediments sandy & loamy alluvium clayey sediments loamy Material Parent . stream terraces stream terraces Pleistocene dissected Pleistocene terraces or low levees natural terraces terraces Pleistocene uplands or Pleistocene terraces terraces Pleistocene uplands or Pleistocene terraces terraces Pleistocene levees natural or low levees natural terraces marshes freshwater brackish marshes terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene natuarl levees older floodplains or low terraces terraces Pleistocene alluvial plains uplands & terraces terraces Pleistocene marshes freshwater terraces Pleistocene floodplains on terr Pleistocene beach ridges terraces Pleistocene levees natural uplands & terraces Landscape Setting 133A, 134 131, 134 133B 131 131, 134 134 133B 134 134 131 131 151 151 150A 134 134 133B 131 131 133B 131 134 133B 151 133B 151, 152A, 133A, 133B, 152B 151 133B 131, 151 133B MLRA Loess Hills Loess Hills Loess Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Hills Loess Hills Loess Hills Loess Hills Loess Hills Loess Red River Alluvial Mississippi River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Marsh Coastal Prairie Coastal Hills Loess Hills Loess Flatwoods Mississippi River Alluvial Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Hills Loess Alluvial (Flatwoods) Stream Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Marsh Coastal . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Soil Area Fluker Foley Forbing Forestdale Fountain Fred Frizzell Frost Frozard Gallion Galvez Ged Gentilly Gessner Gigger Gilbert Glenmora Glenwild Goldman Gore Gramercy Grenada Groom Gueydan Gurdon Guyton Hackberry Haggerty Harahan Harleston Soil Series

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 25 moderately slow moderately very slow slow very slow very slow moderate slow moderately moderate very slow slow slow very slow moderate very slow slow moderate slow moderately very slow moderate slow very slow (drained) rapid very slow moderate very slow rapid moderately very slow very slow rapid moderately slow moderate moderate moderate very slow slow moderately Permeability poor poor well moderately poor well well moderately poor well poor poor well well moderately well very poor poor well moderately well well well moderately well moderately poor very poor very poor well poor well poor poor well poor well well moderately well poor poor Drainage . Material Parent silty alluvium & silty clays acid clays sediments calcareous clayey, alkaline alluvium clayey alluvium and clayey loamy alluvium sandy or loamy loess alluvium loamy acid, sediments clayey sediments marine sediments calcareous sediments & clayey loamy sediments sandy and loamy alluv with clayey OM stratified alluvium loamy sediments loamy sandstone stratified acid, & silty clays acid clays loess sediments clayey silty over sediments loamy sediments clayey OM over sediments clayey sediments sandy & loamy alluvium loamy over clayey sediments sandy & loamy sediments clayey marine & stream alluvium clayey sediments sandy and loamy alluvium loamy sediments loamy loess over sediments loess over sediments loamy alluvial sediments clayey acid, sediments loamy Landscape Setting natural levees natural uplands uplands mid-Teriary levees natural terraces Pleistocene floodplains terraces Pleistocene levees natural terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene uplands uplands terraces Pleistocene marshes freshwater terraces Pleistocene uplands uplands uplands terraces Pleistocene terraces stream terraces Pleistocene marshes saltwater marshes freshwater uplands & terraces alluvial plains uplands & terraces uplands backswamps uplands depressions uplands & terraces uplands and terraces terraces Pleistocene floodplains levees natural MLRA 131 133B 133B 131 150A 152A 133A, 133B, 134 133A, 133B 150A 150A, 150B 133B 133B 150A, 152B 151 150A, 152B 152B 133B 133A, 133B 134 133A, 133B 131A, 134 151, 152A 151 133B 131 152A 133A, 133B, 152A 133A, 133B, 131 133B 150A 133A, 134 133B 134 133B 131 Soil Area Ouachita River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Prairie Coastal . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Hills Loess . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Prairie Coastal Prairie Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Flatwoods Marsh Coastal Prairie Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Flatwoods Marsh Coastal Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Red River Alluvial Flatwoods Plain Coastal Red River Alluvial Plain Coastal Prairie Coastal Hills Loess Hills Loess Hills Loess . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Mississippi River Alluvial Hebert Herty Hornbeck Iberia Iota Iuka Jeanerette Jena Judice Kaplan Keiffer Keithville Kenefick Kenner Kinder Kirbyville Kirvin Kisatchie Kleinpeter Kolin Lafe Lafitte Larose Larue Latanier Latonia Leaf Lebeau Letney Leton Lexington Libuse Liddieville Litro Loreauville Soil Series

26 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Permeability slow rapid moderate moderate moderate moderate slow moderate (drained) rapid very slow very slow moderate moderate slow moderately very slow slow slow very slow slow moderately slow very slow slow moderately very slow slow moderate very slow very slow slow moderate moderate moderate very slow Drainage moderately well moderately excessive well well well well moderately poor poor very poor poor well well well well moderately poor poor well moderately poor well poor poor poor poor poor well well poor well moderately poor well well well . . sed Material Parent loess sandy deposits sediments sandy and loamy loess marine sediments & Clayey loamy loams and sandy clays silty & sandy deltaic alluvium alluvium loamy remains plant woody shale over sediments clayey acid, alluvium clayey sediments marine or stream loamy loess silty alluvium clacareous, alluvium loamy over clayey and sandy alluvium loamy stratified silty alluvium sediments & clayey loamy deltaic deposits & loamy clayey alkaline alluvium sediments clayey alluvial sediments loamy sediments clayey deltaic alluvium silty alluvium alluv clayey calcareous, alluvium silty & clayey sediments clayey silty over marine or fluvial sediments sediments glauconitic loess sediments glauconitic Landscape Setting uplands & terraces upland alluvial plains uplands uplands uplands uplands levees natural floodplains swamps uplands terraces Pleistocene uplands uplands & terraces floodplains ridges in brackishlow marshes terraces stream mounds & Pleistocene ridges divides interstream uplands floodplains terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene backswamps terraces Pleistocene floodplains uplands areas depressional & marine terraces stream & stream upland flats terraces uplands uplands uplands MLRA 134 133B 133A, 133B 133A, 134 133B 152B 133B, 150A 152B 133B, 131 133B 133B 133A, 133B 134 131 151 152B 133B, 152B 133B 133B 131 150A 133B 131, 133B 150A 134 133B 150A 131, 133B 152A 133B, 133B 134 133B Soil Area Loess Hills Loess . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Hills Loess Ouachita River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Flatwoods Flatwoods Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Prairie Coastal Flatwoods Red River Alluvial Prairie Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Prairie Coastal Flatwoods Flatwoods Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Soil Series Loring Lotus Lucy Lytle Mahan Malbis Mamou Mantachie Maurepas Mayhew Mckamie McLaurin Memphis Mer rouge Mermentau Merryville Messer Metcalf Meth Mhoon Midland Mollicy Moreland Morey Morganfield Morse Mowata Muskogee Myatt Nacogdoches Natchez Natchitoches

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 27 slow slow moderate very slow rapid moderately moderate very slow slow moderately moderate moderate rapid moderate very slow slow very slow very rapid moderate slow slow moderately very slow very slow moderate moderate very slow moderate moderate moderate very slow moderate slow moderate moderate moderate slow Permeability poor poor well well excessive well well moderately poor well well moderately poor well well poor poor well poor well well moderately very poor poor well moderately well moderately well moderately well moderately poor well poor well poor well well well well Drainage . . . . . dep loamy sediments loamy alkaline alluvium sediments loamy sediments loamy sandy alluvium alluvium sandy or loamy marl or chalk over acid clay loess deposits loamy marine & fluvial deposits sandy alluvium alluvium loamy marine sediments clayey acid, loess alluvium clayey sand & shell marine or fluvial sediments alluvium loamy plain sediments coastal loamy alluvium clayey & silty alluvium clayey marine or fluv stratified loess & sediments & siltyacid clay clay alluvium loamy sed Tertiary over Pleistocene silty alluvium sediments clayey OM over or sandy alluvium loamy silty alluvium alluvium loamy stratified sed marince clayey sideritic, loam sandy loam & clay dep & clayey . loamy strat acid, Material Parent Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene alluvial plains uplands alluvial plains floodplains floodplains Blackland Prairies terraces Pleistocene uplands uplands floodplains floodplains uplands terraces Pleistocene backswamps beach ridges uplands levees natural uplands marshes saltwater backswamps terraces marine & fluvial uplands uplands uplands uplands levees natural freshwater drained marshes floodplains floodplains levees natural uplands uplands uplands Landscape Setting 134 131 152B 133B, 131, 150A 152A, 152B 133A, 133B, 152B 133A, 133B, 133A, 133B 134 133B, 133A, 133B 133B 133A, 133B 133B 133B 134 131 151 133A, 133B 150A 133B 150A, 150B 131, 133B 133A, 133B 133A, 134 133B 119 133B 131 151 131 134 131 133B 133A, 133B 133A, 133B MLRA Loess Hills Loess Mississippi River Alluvial Flatwoods Red River Alluvial . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Plain Coastal Hills Loess Plain Coastal Plain Coastal . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Alluvial (Flatwoods) Stream Plain Coastal Hills Loess Ouachita River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Plain Coastal Prairie Coastal Plain Coastal Marsh Coastal Ouachita River Alluvial Flatwoods Hills Loess Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Ouachita River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Alluvial (Flatwoods) Stream Red River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Soil Area Necessity Newellton Niwana Norwood Nugent Ochlockonee Oktibbeha Olivier Olla Ora Osier Ouachita Oula Patoutville Perry Peveto Pheba Pineisland Pinetucky Placedo Portland Prentiss Providence Rayburn Rexor Rigolette Rilla Rita Robinsonville Rosebloom Roxana Ruple Ruston Sacul Soil Series

28 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 moderate moderate moderate slow moderate slow very slow very slow rapid moderately very slow moderate moderate slow moderately very slow very slow very slow slow moderate slow moderately slow slow slow moderately moderate slow very slow (drained) rapid moderate moderate slow moderately very slow very slow Permeability well poor poor well well well moderately very poor poor well poor well moderately well poor poor poor poor poor well poor well moderately well well well moderately poor poor very poor well moderately well moderately well moderately poor poor Drainage . Material Parent loamy marine sediments loamy alluvium loamy dep stream loess & loamy mixed marine deposits & clayey loamy marine & fluvial deposits sedments & clayey loamy stratified sediments & organic clayey alluvium clayey & sandy alluvium loamy calcareous alluvium clayey silty sediments sediments marine or stream loamy alluvial sediments loamy silty sediments over clayey sediments clayey sediments clayey dredged silty sediments silty alluvium marine or fluvial sediments alluvium clayey & chalk marly clays sediments & loamy saly clays sediments loamy loess over loess alluvium stratified material organic decomposed sediments acid clayey silty, sediments loamy loess over sediments sandy and loamy alluvium loamy over clayey alluvium clayey acid, . . Landscape Setting uplands floodplains terraces Pleistocene uplands uplands & marine & terr fluvial uplands & terraces marshes saltwater and levees natural backswamps floodplains & levees natural backswamps terraces Pleistocene uplands terraces Pleistocene terraces low Pleistocene floodplains spoil banks waterway uplands and Pleistocene terraces levees natural uplands & marine & terr fluvial uplands Blackland Prairies uplands uplands divides stream levees natural low marshes saltwater uplands divides interstream uplands floodplains floodplains MLRA 133B 133B 134, 152A 152A 133A, 133B, 133A, 133B 133A, 133B 151 131 131, 133B 131 133B 133A, 133B 133A, 133B 131 131C, 133B 131 134 131 152A 133A, 133B, 152B 133B, 133A 133A 134 134 131 151 134 131A, 133A, 133B, 133A, 134 133B 131 133A, 133B Soil Area Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Flatwoods Flatwoods Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Red River Alluvial Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Red River Alluvial Red River Alluvial Alluvial Stream Flatwoods Ouachita River Alluvial Flatwoods Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Hills Loess Hills Loess Mississippi River Alluvial Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Hills Loess Plain Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Sailes Sardis Satsuma Saucier Savannah Sawyer Scatlake Schriever Severn Sharkey Shatta Smithdale Smithton Solier Sonnier Sostien Springfield Sterlington Stough Sugartown Sumter Sweatman Tangi Tenot Tensas Timbalier Tippah Toula Trep Tunica Una Soil Series

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 29 Permeability very slow very slow very slow very slow slow slow slow moderate very slow moderate very slow moderate moderate very slow very slow very slow slow slow Drainage poor poor poor poor poor poor poor well moderately well poor poor well well well moderately poor very poor poor poor . Material Parent clayey alluvium clayey alluvium clayey silty over chalk or marl over acid clays loess sediments thin loess over alluvium silty & clayey sediments loamy marine sediments loamy chalk or marl deposits over clay silty alluvium alluvium OM & clayey silty alluvium sands lentil dep & clayey . loamy strat acid, alluvium silty & clayey alluvium clayey silty alluvium alluvium loamy over clayey . Landscape Setting floodplains floodplains uplands & terraces terraces Pleistocene terraces Pleistocene mounds & Pleistocene ridges areas depressional uplands Blackland Prairies floodplains swamps drained terraces stream uplands uplands on old depressions terr stream backswamps floodplains terraces stream low MLRA 133B, 152B 133B, 131 133A 134 134 133B, 150A, 152B 150A, 152B 133B, 133B 133B 134 151 134 133B 133B 150A, 152A, 152B 133B, 131 134 131, 133B Soil Area . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Hills Loess Hills Loess Prairie Coastal Flatwoods Plain Coastal Plain Coastal H . ) Alluvial (Loess Stream Marsh Coastal Mississippi River Alluvial Plain Coastal Plain Coastal Flatwoods Alluvial Stream H . ) Alluvial (Loess Stream . Plain) Alluvial (C Stream Soil Series Urbo Vacherie Vaiden Verdun Vick Vidrine Waller Warnock Watsonia Waverly Westwego Weyanoke Wolfpen Woodtell Wrightsville Yorktown Zachary Zenoria

30 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Series Vacherie Falaya, Westwego Placedo Gueydan, Cypress, Bibb, Sostien Larose, Gentilly, Creole, Barbary, Balize, Arat, Scatlake Bancker, Osier Cocodrie Caplis Severn Roxana, Robinsonville, Nugent, Ochlockonee, Morganfield, Bruno, Lotus Alaga Bigbee, Iuka Felicity, Peveto Crevasse, Cheniere, Series Tenot Springfield, Mamou, Zachary Crowley, Anacoco Galvez Dupuy, Loreauville Ged Forestdale, Amagon, Dundee, Solier Hebert, Groom, Patoutville, Essen, Frozard, Acy, Acadia, Rigolette Tensas Baldwin, Kaplan, Midland, Bursley Acadiana Merryville, Leton, Mowata, Gilbert, Kinder, Guyton, Frost, Fountain, Calhoun, Caddo, Besner, Basile, Wrightsville Waller, Lafe Subgroup Aeric Thapto-Histic Typic Vertic Typic Sodic Typic Aquic Oxyaquic Typic Aquic Typic Aquic Typic Subgroup Aeric Typic Vertic Aeric Mollic Typic Aeric Typic Vertic Aeric Oxyaquic Typic Glossaquic Group Group

Order: Entisols Order: Great Fluvaquents Hydraquents Psammaquents Udifluvents Quartzipsamments Udipsamments Alfisols Order: Great Albaqualfs Endoaqualfs Epiaqualfs Glossaqualfs Natraqualfs Table 3. Taxonomic key for soils of Louisiana. for key Taxonomic 3. Table Suborder Aquents Fluvents Psamments Suborder Aqualfs

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 31 Bonn, Brimstone, Deerford, Foley, Verdun Deerford, Foley, Bonn, Brimstone, Gessner Bude Providence Loring, Libuse Gigger, Olivier Necessity, Fluker, Calloway, Pineisland Grenada, Vidrine Fred, Egypt, Duralde Messer Elysian, Kleinpeter Corrigan Cadeville, Goldman Vick Satsuma, Glenwild, Frizzell, Coteau, Colyell, Rexor Glenwild, Rilla, Memphis, Gallion, Sterlington Kisatchie, Meth, Sugartown Liddieville, Kenefick,Lexington, Dossman, Feliciana, Dexter, Woodtell Oula, Rayburn, Iota, Mckamie, Herty, Natchitoches, Eastwood, Falkner Tippah Duson, Muskogee, Wolfpen Larue, Kolin, Metcalf Keithville, Abita, Glenmora, Evangeline Bernaldo, Flo Bienville Nacogdoches Darbonne Bistineau, Attoyac, Gore Forbing, Boswell, Series Leaf Zenoria Haggerty, Myatt Series Glossic Typic Aquic Oxyaquic Typic Aquic Oxyaquic Aquic Fragic Haplic Oxyaquic Albaquic Aquic Glossaquic Oxyaquic Typic Ultic Vertic Aeric Aquic Arenic Glossaquic Glossic Lamellic Psammetic Rhodic Typic Vertic Subgroup Typic Aeric Typic Subgroup Subgroup Group

Vermaqualfs Fragiudalfs Fraglossudalfs Glossudalfs Hapludalfs Paleudalfs Ultisols Order: Great Albaquults Endoaquults Order: Alfisols Alfisols Order: Great Group Group Great Suborder Udalfs Suborder Aquults

32 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Smithton Pheba Prentiss Toula Tangi, Shatta, Savannah, Ora, Sacul Mollicy, Kirvin,Sweatman Mahan, Olla, Smithdale, Cahaba, Darley, Latonia, Bearhead, Bassfield, Lucy Ruple Sawyer Harleston, Gurdon, Bodcau, Angie, Trep Letney, Boykin, Briley, Stough Betis KirbyvilleBrule, Saucier Beauregard, Pinetucky Malbis, Doucette, Bowie, Warnock Mclaurin, Niwana,Sailes, Ruston, Dubach, Lytle, Blevins, Series Newellton Cancienne, Una Yorktown Urbo, Tunica, Portland, Hackberry Waverly Mhoon, Rosebloom, Mantachie Convent, Arkabutla, Carville, Commerce, Mermentau Rita Harahan, Fausse, Dowling, Sardis Jena, Ouachita Cascilla, Weyanoke Norwood Coushatta, Bruin Series Typic Glossaquic Glossic Typic Aquic Typic Arenic Typic Aquic Arenic Fragiaquic Lamellic Oxyaquic Plinthaquic Plinthic Typic Subgroup Fluvaquentic Typic Vertic Aeric Fluvaquentic Fluventic Typic Vertic Fluvaquentic Fluventic Dystric Fluventic Oxyaquic Subgroup Subgroup Paleaquults Fragiudults Hapludults Kandiudults Rhodudults Paleudults Inceptisols Order: Group Great Epiaquepts Endoaquepts Dystrudepts Eutrudepts Order: Ultisols Order: Great Group Group Great Udults Suborder Aquepts Udepts Suborder

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 33 Keiffer, Sumter Keiffer, Natchez Series Kenner Delcomb Clovelly, Carlin, Bellpass, Allemands, Timbalier Maurepas, Lafitte, Series Jeanerette Andry, Sonnier Armistead Morey Mer rouge Caspiana, Series Vaiden Bellwood, Bayoudan, Buxin, Hornbeck, Lebeau Morse Leptic Moreland Latanier, Oktibbeha Mayhew, Litro, Ashford, Alligator, Bossier Sharkey Schriever, Perry, Gramercy, Iberia, Judice Series Rendollic Typic Subgroup Fluvaquentic Terric Typic Subgroup Typic Aquertic Aquic Oxyaquic Typic Subgroup Aquic Aquic Chromic Watsonia Oxyaquic Chromic Aeric Chromic Typic Subgroup Subgroup Order: Histosols Order: Group Great Haplosaprists Mollisols Order: Group Great Argiaquolls Argiudolls Vertisols Order: Group Great Dystruderts Hapluderts Dystraquerts Epiaquerts Order: Inceptisols Inceptisols Order: Great Group Group Great s Suborder Suborder Saprists Suborder Aquolls Udolls Suborder Uderts Aquert

34 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Table 4. Added and deleted soil series in Louisiana since Amacher et al. (1989) and soils recognized, but with no mapped extent.

Soil Series Added Soil Series Deleted No Data/Extent Acadiana Benndale Bussy Ashford Darco Chastain Bearhead Darden Colyell Besner Dela Debute Bigbee Hollywood Dubbs Bistineau Kaufman Encrow Blevins Killian Eustis Bodcau Kullit Goodwill Bossier Malbis Hannahatchee Brule Mashulaville Idee Bruno Ocklockonee Ijam Cancienne Pelham Kalmia Caplis Rosalie Kenney Carville Troup Kildare Cypress Kurth Doucette Lakeland Dowling Lucedale Dubach Luverne Dupuy Miller Duson Mollville Feliciana Natalbany Gessner Oprairie Glenwild Orangeburg Gramercy Palm Beach Gurdon Pelham Hornbeck Roebuck Iota Scotlandville Keiffer Shubuta Kenefick Socagee Kirbyville Spurger Kleinpeter Summerfield Letney Susquehanna Lucy Thibaut Lytle Tillou Merryville Timpson Morganfield Vaucluse Natchez Vicksburg Niwana Yahola Pineisland Pinetucky Sailes Sardis Schriever Smithton Sonnier Sugartown Tippah Trep Warnock Weyanoke Wolfpen

An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 35 Author

David C. Weindorf

Assistant Professor

307 M .B . Sturgis Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803

dweindorf@agcenter .lsu .edu

www.lsuagcenter.com

Louisiana State University Agricultural Center William B. Richardson, Chancellor Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station David J. Boethal, Vice Chancellor and Director Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service Paul D. Coreil, Vice Chancellor and Director

Bulletin #889 (1M) 8/2008

The LSU AgCenter provides equal opportunities in programs and employment.

36 An Update of the Field Guide to Louisiana Soil Classification - LSU AgCenter Research Bulletin #889 Figure 3. Louisiana annual precipitation (Soil Survey Staff, 2008a).

Figure 4. Soil temperature regimes of Louisiana (USDA-SSQAS, 1994). Figure 5. Soil moisture regimes of Louisiana (USDA-SSQAS, 1994).

Figure 6. Major land resource areas of Louisiana (Soil Survey Staff, 2008b).

Research Bulletin # 889 (1M) 8/2008