Anjarle, Aade, Kelshi, Velas and Ansure in Mud Crab Farming and We Express Our Thanks to Them in Taking Part in Field Trips and Assisting Us in Collection of Samples

FINAL REPORT A strategic assessment of mud crab farming potential in brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Project Funded by GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Existing and Potential Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in Maharashtra

Implementing Partners ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Mangrove Cell, Maharashtra Forest Department Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Project Team K. Vinod, P.K. Asokan, P.U. Zacharia, P. Kaladharan, V.V. Singh, A.P. Dinesh Babu, N. K. Sanil, D.D. Sawant and A. Anasukoya

ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi 682 018, Kerala, India www.cmfri.org.in PROJECT FINAL REPORT A strategic assessment of mud crab farming potential in brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Project Team K. Vinod, P.K. Asokan, P.U. Zacharia, P. Kaladharan, V.V. Singh, A.P. Dinesh Babu, N. K. Sanil, D.D. Sawant and A. Anasukoya

Project Funded by GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Existing and Potential Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in Maharashtra

ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi 682 018, Kerala, India

@ 2016, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Acknowledgement

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mangrove Cell, Department of Forests, Government of Maharashtra for funding this important project to identify the suitable mud crab farming sites in brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. We sincerely thank Dr. A. Gopalakrishnan, Director, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi for providing all the required facilities, encouragement and support. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Shri N. Vasudevan, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests, Mangrove Cell & Nodal Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project for his suggestions and critical review of the work progress. We sincerely thank all Heads of Divisions, Scientists and technical personnel of ICAR-CMFRI who have helped us during the sojourn of this project. We wish to place on record the timely services of the Administrative, Audit and Accounts Sections of ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi for executing this project. Dr. Girish Gopinath, Senior Scientist, CWRDM, Calicut helped us in the preparation of digitized maps of study stations and we sincerely acknowledge the timely help rendered by him. We express our gratitude and heartfelt thanks to Shri K. Yogesh Kumar, Research Scholar, Mangalore Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI for his untiring efforts in collection of samples, processing and analysis during the field surveys. We also express our thanks to Mrs. Silpa, Technician in helping us in the analysis of sediment samples collected during the study. Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project has always been kind and supportive in all phases of the project and we extend our sincere thanks to him. The arrangements made by Shri Bhaskar Paul along with his team of Project Associates Shri Mohan Upadhye and Shri Abhinay Kelaskar helped us to conduct the 'Project Report Finalisation Workshop' at Dapoli very successfully. We also wish to place on records our sincere thanks to Shri Mohan Upadhye and Shri Abhinay Kelaskar, for all their support in arranging our field trips and village-level stakeholder meetings in Ratnagiri district. We appreciate the enthusiasm shown by the village leaders and the beneficiary groups of Anjarle, Aade, Kelshi, Velas and Ansure in mud crab farming and we express our thanks to them in taking part in field trips and assisting us in collection of samples. Finally, we thank all the stakeholders who actively participated in the 'Project Report Finalisation Workshop' and providing valuable inputs.

i Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY 1

PROJECT PROFILE 3

INTRODUCTION 6

PROJECT INCEPTION WORKSHOP 9

POTENTIAL AREAS FOR MUD CRAB FARMING IN RATNAGIRI DISTRICT 14 Anjarle 16 Aade 22 Kelshi 28 Velas 34 Ansure 38

SCREENING OF WILD MUD CRAB FOR PRESENCE OF PATHOGENS 45

MEETING WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES 46

PROJECT REPORT FINALISATION WORKSHOP 48 Inaugural session 49 Technical session 50 Group discussion 54 Plenary session 54

REFERENCES 55

Appendix I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE INCEPTION WORKSHOP 56

Appendix II LIST OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE PROJECT REPORT 57 FINALISATION WORKSHOP

ii Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Mangrove species observed at Anjarle Table 2. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Anjarle Table 3. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Anjarle Table 4. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Anjarle Table 5. Mangrove species observed at Aade Table 6. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Aade Table 7. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Aade Table 8. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Aade Table 9. Mangrove species observed at Kelshi Table 10. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Kelshi Table 11. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Kelshi Table 12. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Kelshi Table 13. Mangrove species observed at Velas Table 14. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Velas Table 15. Nutrient characteristics in brackishwater stretches at Velas Table 16. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Velas Table 17. Mangrove species observed at Ansure Table 18. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Ansure Table 19. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Ansure Table 20. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Ansure

iii Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Google map showing the study locations

Fig. 2. Map of Anjarle showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

Fig. 3. Map of Aade showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

Fig. 4. Map of Kelshi showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

Fig. 5. Map of Velas showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

Fig. 6. Map of Ansure showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming ACRONYMS USED CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute CMPA Coastal and Marine Protected Areas DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GIZ-GmbH Deutsche Gesellscheft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit GOI Government of India GOM Government of Maharashtra ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research IFS Indian Forest Service NPP Net Primary Production PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction TDS Total Dissolved Solids TSS Total Suspended Solids WSSV White Spot Syndrome Virus

iv Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

SUMMARY

The State of Maharashtra has vast stretches of estuaries, creeks and mangrove swamps which would have great potential for aquaculture. The mud crab, Scylla serrata is one good candidate species which has great demand in local markets as well as in the export trade and commands a premium price. The lucrative price for mud crabs, both in the domestic and international markets has made many coastal communities to opt for mud crab farming as one of the enterprise. The Department of Forests, Government of Maharashtra aims to promote mud crab farming in the state of Maharashtra considering the vast natural resources like the estuaries, tidal creeks and mangrove swamps which the state is endowed with and also considering the market potential. This novel approach aims at A total of 10.063 ha providing livelihood support to the local communities utilizing the have been identified mangrove wetlands, and thereby the local communities also as suitable area for shoulder the responsibility of conservation of mangroves. In this mud crab farming backdrop, GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project on 'Conservation and based on the Sustainable Management of Existing and Potential Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in Maharashtra' supported the programme studies carried out in which the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, at Anjarle, Aade, Mangrove Cell of the Maharashtra Forest Department and Deutsche Kelshi, Velas and Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH are Ansure in the the implementing partners. Ratnagiri District of The main objective of the project was to undertake an assessment Maharashtra of mud crab farming potential in brackishwater stretches between

1 Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. The study was aimed to identify the suitable sites for sustainable mud crab culture in GIS environment based on various physical and environmental criteria including topography, soil types, land-use systems, vegetation, water quality, water availability, salinity, risks of flooding, infrastructure, seed resources and availability, market and support services. Detailed field surveys were conducted in brackishwater areas of Anjarle, Kelshi, Aade, Velas and Ansure in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. All stations in the study region had patchy to thick mangrove vegetation and the major mangrove species encountered were Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata and Acanthus ilicifolius. Besides, Ruppia sp., a seagrass belonging to Ruppiaceae family was also observed at Kelshi, which formed prominent "sand dune" vegetation. The area of the study stations ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 ha and the depth ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 m. The pH of water was near-neutral to alkaline, while dissolved oxygen levels were found to be within the ideal range. The salinity of the tidal creeks ranged from 4.04 ppt (Kelshi) to 35 ppt (Ansure) which generally varies with the tide. The ammonia levels which ranged from 0 (Ansure) to 0.05 ppm (Anjarle), falls within the safe levels for aquaculture. The sediment pH ranged from 6.02 to 7.32. The organic carbon levels in sediment ranged from 1.26 to 2.61% indicating medium to high productive nature of sediment. Samples of mud crab collected from the study areas were processed for screening for WSSV infection. All samples gave Negative results in primary as well as nested PCRs, indicating the absence of WSSV in the wild mud crab population. After completion of field studies a stakeholder workshop was organized at Dapoli on 15th March, 2016 wherein the results of the studies were discussed in length and the inputs of stakeholders were also obtained. Based on the topography, water quality, water availability, soil type and accessibility, a total of 10.063 ha have been identified along the brackishwater stretches of Anjarle (1.91 ha), Aade (2.069 ha), Kelshi (1.77 ha), Velas (0.538 ha) and Ansure (3.776 ha) as areas suitable for mud crab farming.

2 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

PROJECT PROFILE

1. Title of the Project : A strategic assessment of mud crab farming potential in brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

2. Funding Agency : GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Existing and Potential Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in Maharashtra

3. Nodal Officer : Chief Conservator of Forests, Mangrove Cell, Mumbai

4. Implementing Institute: ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi 682 018, Kerala, India Tel. +91-484-2394867 Fax: +91-484-2394909

5. Principal Investigator : Dr. K. VINOD Principal Scientist, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, West Hill P.O., Calicut - 673 005, Kerala. Tel. +91-495-2382033(O) Fax: +91-495-2382011(O) Mob: +91-9496475596 E-mail: [email protected]

6. Co-investigators: i) Dr. P.K. ASOKAN Principal Scientist & Scientist-in-charge, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, West Hill P.O., Calicut - 673 005, Kerala. Tel. +91-495-2382033 (O) Fax: +91-495-2382011 (O) Mob: +91-9447137278 E-mail: [email protected]

3 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

ii. Dr. P.U. ZACHARIA Principal Scientist & Head, Demersal Fisheries Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No.1603, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala Tel. +91-484-2394867- Extn: 214 (O), Fax: +91-484-2394909 (O) Mob: +91-9495149414 E -mail: [email protected] iii. Dr. P. KALADHARAN Principal Scientist, Fishery Environment Management Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No.1603, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala Tel. +91-484-2394867 (O) Fax: +91-484-2394909 (O) Mob: +91-9447391830 E-mail: [email protected] iv. Dr. VEERENDRA VEER SINGH Principal Scientist & Scientist-in-charge, Mumbai Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, 2nd Floor, CIFE Old Campus, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai - 400 061, Maharashtra Tel. & Fax: +91-22-26320824 (O) Mob: +91-9869326746 E-mail: [email protected] v. Dr. A.P. DINESHBABU Principal Scientist, Crustacean Fisheries Division, Mangalore Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, Technology Wing Campus of College of Fisheries, P.B.No.244, Hoige Bazar, Mangalore - 575 001, Karnataka. Tel. +91-824-2424152 (O) Fax:+91-824-2424061(O) Mob: +91-9449825790; E-mail: [email protected]

4 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

vi. Dr. N.K. SANIL Scientist, Marine Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No.1603, Kochi - 682 018, Kerala. Tel. +91-484-2394867-Extn:205 (O) Fax: +91-484-2394909 (O) Mob: +91-9249869305 E-mail: [email protected]

vii. Shri D.D. SAWANT Senior Technical Assistant, Mumbai Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, 2nd Floor, CIFE Old Campus, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai - 400 061, Maharashtra. Tel. +91-22-26392795 (O), Mob: +91-9423805278 E-mail:[email protected]

viii. Shri A. ANASU KOYA Technical Officer, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, West Hill P.O., Calicut - 673 005, Kerala. Tel. +91-495-2382033(O) Fax: +91-495-2382011(O) Mob: +91-9497215510 E-mail: [email protected]

7. Duration of Project : One Year (April, 2015 to March, 2016)

8. Budget : Rs. 8.0 lakhs (Rupees Eight Lakhs)

5 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

INTRODUCTION

The Department of The brackishwater mangrove swamps is one of the most Forests, Govt. of biologically productive habitats of the coastal and marine Maharashtra aims to ecosystem. They act as a buffer zone between the land and the sea. The mangroves act as a shield against the vagaries of promote mud crab storms, cyclones and other natural disasters and play a farming utilizing the significant role as protectors of shorelines. Mangroves help to mangrove swamps and prevent erosion by stabilizing sediments with their tangled tidal creeks which the root systems. They are also capable of filtering the pollutants state is endowed with. and trapping sediments originating from land. The mangrove This is a novel habitats are home to a variety of life forms like invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and even mammals. They are approach providing also ecologically significant as they serve as breeding and livelihood support to nursery grounds for many of the commercially important fin the local communities and shell fishes. The mangrove trees are harvested for water- and achieving resistant wood for building houses, boats, furniture etc. Some mangrove conservation mangrove trees are good source of charcoal and some of them in a participatory way serve as source of dyes which are extracted from the barks. Some mangroves are also known for their medicinal properties. The mangrove habitat is a rich source of commercially important fishes thereby providing income to scores of coastal communities. Therefore loss of mangroves would have direct economic repercussions on the coastal people. There has been a continuous decline in mangrove forests caused by various factors like conversion to agriculture, reclamation for aquaculture, urban development and tourism (Upadhyay et al., 2002; Sahu et al., 2013) and according to the Government of India (1987) report, India lost 40 per cent of its mangrove area in the last century. The reduction in mangrove

6 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

area will increase the threats due to cyclones, erosion and flooding, besides affecting the coastal water quality and reduction in biodiversity. The decline in mangrove vegetation will also lead to release of large quantities of stored carbon, exacerbating the process of global warming and climate change. Considering the enormous ecosystem services which the mangroves provide, there is an urgent need to conserve and protect our rich mangrove areas. There are wide range of methods for conservation like developing sanctuaries, community sacred groves and mangrove plantation programmes. However, any conservation programme would be successful if only all the stakeholders including the local communities are involved. According to the Forest Survey of India data, the mangrove cover in Maharashtra had remained constant at 186 sq. km. since 2005 till 2013; but showed a sudden increase to 222 sq. km by 2015. The state of Maharashtra has been proactive in conservation of mangroves and the state has notified 15,087.6 hectares of mangroves across the state as reserved forest, becoming the first state in the country to do so. The State of Maharashtra has vast stretches of estuaries, creeks and mangrove swamps which would have great potential for farming some of the fin and shellfishes in captivity. The mud crab, Scylla serrata is one good candidate species which has great demand in local markets as well as in the export trade and commands a premium price. The euryhaline nature, adaptability to various cheap feed materials including trash fish and slaughter house wastes, and quick growth rate makes this species an ideal candidate for coastal mariculture. The lucrative price for mud crabs, both in the domestic and international markets has made many coastal communities to opt for mud crab farming as one of the enterprise. The mud crabs are generally marketed live and the prices depend on season, size, sex and gonadal maturity. The Department of Forests, Government of Maharashtra aims to promote mud crab farming in the state of Maharashtra considering the vast natural resources like the estuaries, tidal creeks and mangrove swamps which the state is endowed

7 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

with and also considering the market potential. This novel approach aims at providing livelihood support to the local communities utilizing the mangrove wetlands, and thereby the local communities also shoulder the responsibility of conservation of mangroves. In this backdrop, GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project on 'Conservation and Sustainable Management of Existing and Potential Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in Maharashtra' supported the programme in which the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mangrove Cell of the Maharashtra Forest Department and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH are the implementing partners. Objective The main objective of the project was to undertake an assessment of mud crab farming potential in brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. The study was aimed to identify the suitable sites for sustainable mud crab culture in GIS environment based on various physical and environmental criteria including topography, soil types, land-use systems, vegetation, water quality, water availability, salinity, risks of flooding, infrastructure, seed resources and availability, market and support services.

8 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

PROJECT INCEPTION WORKSHOP

The project team from A ‘Project Inception Workshop’ of the GOM-GIZ-CMPA Project “A ICAR-CMFRI and strategic assessment of mud crab farming potential in Mangrove Cell, brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra” was organized at the Calicut Research Mumbai participated. Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) The methodologies and on 7th July, 2015. Shri N. Vasudevan, IFS, Chief Conservator of action plan were Forests, Mangrove Cell & Nodal Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra discussed. The study areas were finalised

Dr. P.K. Asokan, Scientist-in-charge, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI welcoming the participants

9 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Project presided over the function. The Programme Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project Shri Bhaskar Paul, the Project Associates Shri Mohan Upadhye and Shri Abhinay Kelaskar and the entire project team of the mud crab project – Dr. K. Vinod, Dr. P.K. Asokan, Dr. P.U. Zacharia, Dr. P. Kaladharan, Dr. Veerendra Veer Singh, Dr. A.P. Dinesh Babu, Dr. N.K. Sanil and Shri David Sawant participated in the Workshop.

Shri N. Vasudevan, Chief Conservator of Forests, Mangrove Cell & Nodal Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project delivering the inaugural address

Briefing of the Project by Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project

10 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Dr. P.K. Asokan, Scientist-in-charge, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR- CMFRI and Co-PI of the Project welcomed all the participants to the Workshop and briefed the objectives of the mud crab project. Shri N. Vasudevan in his inaugural address briefed the mandate of the GOI-GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project. He appreciated the efforts taken by the ICAR-CMFRI in various other projects that are operational in the state of Maharashtra. He said that there lies lot of

Dr. K. Vinod, PI presenting the objectives and action plan potential for mud crab farming in the brackishwater areas of Maharashtra and farmers can take up mud crab farming as an additional avenue for income generation. Besides the local markets, the mud crab also has export potential and thereby higher revenue is possible, if practiced on scientific lines. He said that many farmers in Ratnagiri district have been showing interests to take up mud crab farming, and therefore there is an urgent need to identify the suitable locations for mud crab farming in these districts. He also

Dr. A.P. Dinesh Babu, Co-PI speaking on marine spatial planning

11 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra informed that the state of Maharashtra would soon have some pilot mud crab hatcheries to cater to the seed requirement of the farmers, once it is taken up on a large scale.

Dr. V,V. Singh,Co-PI - on the importance of mud crab farming in coastal Maharashtra

Dr. K. Vinod, Principal Investigator of the Project made a brief presentation of the objectives, plan of action and the anticipated outcome of the project. He also briefed the various parameters that would be studied during the field surveys and the various methodologies that would be adopted for the studies. He also listed the mangrove areas along the different creeks in Ratnagiri District and informed that there exists tremendous potential to utilize this wetland for improving the livelihood of coastal communities through mud crab farming. Shri Bhaskar Paul in his address explained the major challenges of the project. He said that groups of interested people will be formed

Dr. P.U. Zacharia, Co-PI proposing the vote of thanks

12 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra soon in different coastal villages of Ratnagiri District, who will be the beneficiaries of the project. He expressed that there is a need to organize exposure visits to the interested farmers to different places where mud crab seed production and farming is practiced successfully. Dr. A.P. Dinesh Babu spoke on marine spatial planning and aquaculture zoning for sustainable mariculture. He said that spatial planning on a GIS platform, in delineating the potential areas for aquaculture is a pre-requisite for proper planning and implementation of any viable aquaculture project. Dr. Veerendra Veer Singh spoke on the importance of mud crab farming in the state of Maharashtra and lauded the initiatives taken by the Mangrove Cell in conservation of mangrove habitats and at the same time utilizing these habitats for livelihood security of coastal communities. The Workshop witnessed good interaction among the participants on planning the technical programme, time line, field surveys, collection and analysis of samples, methodologies and stakeholder consultation workshop. Shri Vasudevan also suggested taking up field studies at Anjarle and Kelshi as there are many interested beneficiaries in these villages. P.U. Zacharia gave the concluding remarks and also proposed the vote of thanks.

Participants of the Workshop

13 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

STUDIES TO IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL SITES FOR MUD CRAB FARMING

The entire field The studies to identify the potential areas for mud crab farming study was were undertaken in brackishwater stretches at Anjarle, Aade, undertaken in a Kelshi, Velas and Ansure villages in the Ratnagiri district of participatory Maharashtra (Fig. 1). The studies encompassed field surveys, mode wherein collection and analysis of water and sediment samples, interaction the project with various stakeholders in the field as well as through meetings associates of the and workshops, and preparation of geo-spatial maps showing the GOM-GIZ-CMPA suitable areas for mud crab farming. The study also attempted to Project and the estimate the total area that is most suitable for mud crab farming local communities/ and can be immediately taken up by the beneficiaries. beneficiaries from the respective During the field surveys, surface water samples were collected and villages participated analysed for various phyico-chemical parameters like temperature, in field surveys salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total along with the Suspended Solids (TSS), chlorophyll-a, primary productivity, project team of ammonia, nutrients like nitrite, phosphate and silicate following the ICAR-Central Marine standard methods (APHA, 2012). The sediment samples were Fisheries Research collected using a PVC core. The sediment samples were analysed Institute for pH using a table top pH meter. The organic carbon in sediment was estimated following the methods of Walkley and Black (1934). The sediment texture was determined through pipette analysis method (Day, 1965).

14 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Map showing Anjarle, Aade, Kelshi and Velas

Map showing Ansure

Fig. 1. Google map showing the study locations

15 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

ANJARLE

16 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Anjarle has patchy to dense mangrove vegetations. Extending from the bar mouth, it is a large stretch of water body with many creeks meandering into the fringing mangroves making it highly suitable for aquaculture. The mangrove species observed in the study area were Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia sp. (Table 1). The salinity ranged from 33.15 to 32.87 ppt and the pH was alkaline and ranged from 8.10 to 8.24 (Table 2). The dissolved oxygen content in water was found to be optimum and ranged from 5.48 to 6.48 ml/l. The Total Suspended Solids ranged from 0.0412 to 0.0256 mg/l. The water quality parameters were found to be suitable for mud crab farming operations. The nutrient characteristics and productivity are given in table 3 and the sediment characteristics in table 4. The sediment pH was found to be alkaline in nature and the organic carbon values were 1.23 and 1.56% indicating a good productivity. The analysis of sediment texture revealed predominance of silt fraction when compared to sand and clay.

A view of Anjarle close to the bar mouth

17 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Table 1. Mangrove species observed at Anjarle

Study Stations Geolocation Mangrove species

Station 1 17o 50’44.4"N; 73o 05’45.8"E Avicennia marina, Sonneratia sp., Avicennia officinalis Station 2 17o 50’42.6"N; 73o 06’0.2"E Avicennia marina, Sonneratia sp., Rhizophora mucronata

Table 2. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Anjarle

Air Surface TDS DO TSS Salinity Study Temp. water Stations Temp. pH Eh (mg/l) (ml/l) (mg/l) (ppt) (°C ) (°C )

Station 1 30.0 31.0 8.24 48.27 45.33 5.48 0.0256 32.87

Station 2 29.6 31.3 8.10 48.71 45.65 6.48 0.0412 33.15

Table 3. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Anjarle

NPP NH NO PO Si SiO Study stations 4 2 4 2 (mg C/l/hr) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Station 1 1.9562 0.25 0.20 0.02 0.10 0.21

Station 2 2.4453 0.025 0.15 0.015 0.18 0.37

A view of the Anjarle creek 18 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Field survey, sample collection and analysis

Table 4. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Anjarle

Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics Study stations Sand Silt Clay Loss Organic fraction fraction fraction in solution pH Carbon (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Station 1 30.18 54.32 14.15 1.35 7.42 1.23

Station 2 33.61 47.40 18.15 0.84 7.60 1.56

19 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Assessment of seed resources

The area along Anjarle estuary was spatially analysed to understand the existing water use and found that the northern border of the estuary is being used for many industrial, domestic and transportation activities. This area has a dense human population which depends on water for multiple uses. The main stretch of the water body is used by fishermen of different villages to reach the sea. However, the marginal areas and the creeks do not have much human interference. Site suitability studies have shown that the northern and southern banks of the main creek are suitable for mud crab farming. Besides, some of the smaller creeks that ramify into the fringing mangroves are also suitable. The potential areas have an easy access from the boat jetty present closer to the bar mouth. The mud crab is regularly caught by fishermen from the creeks of Anjarle. The availability of mud crab seed resources at Anjarle is an added advantage for the local people who are interested in mud crab fattening/farming. The suitable areas available for mud crab farming in Anjarle is shown in the map (Fig. 2). Based on the topography, water quality, water availability, soil type and accessibility, a total of 1.91 ha has been identified as highly suitable which can be immediately taken up for mud crab farming.

20 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

A total of 1.91 ha has been identified as highly suitable for mud crab farming in the Anjarle mangrove wetland of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra.

Fig. 2. Map of Anjarle showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

21 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

AADE

22 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The brackishwater stretch along Aade village is a vast area and offers enormous potential for aquaculture. Patchy to dense mangrove vegetations were observed here. The mangrove species observed were Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata, Kandelia sp. and Acanthus ilicifolius (Table 5).

Bar mouth region at Aade

Table 5. Mangrove species observed at Aade

Study Stations Geolocation Mangrove species

Station 1 17o 53’44.2"N; 73o 04’59.6"E Sonneratia caseolaris, Avicennia marina, Kandelia sp., Rhizophora mucronata Station 2 17o 53’26.2"N; 73o 05’21.8"E Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius Station 3 17o 53’42.9"N; 73o 04’56.8"E Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata, Kandelia sp. Station 4 17o 53’47.9"N; 73o 04’43.1"E Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata, Kandelia sp., Acanthus ilicifoius

23 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The salinity ranged from 8.10 to 33.66 ppt, while the pH values were alkaline and ranged from 7.76 to 8.18. The dissolved oxygen values were found to be in the optimum range (Table 6) and ranged from 5.66 to 6.11 ml/l. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged from 12.47 to 46.13 mg/l while the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ranged from 0.0048 to 0.0388 mg/l. The nutrient characteristics and productivity of water is given in table 7 and the sediment characteristics in table 8. A higher sediment pH ranging from 7.36 to 8.32 was observed while the organic carbon values ranged from 0.80 to 1.35% indicating a reasonably good productivity.

Table 6. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Aade

Air Surface Study water Chl-a TDS DO TSS Salinity Temp. 3 Stations Temp. pH Eh (mg/m ) (mg/l) (ml/l) (mg/l) (ppt) (°C ) (°C )

Station 1 34.0 31.9 8.17 49.32 0.151 46.13 6.11 0.0388 33.28

Station 2 35.3 30.0 7.76 19.36 0.0204 12.47 5.91 0.0048 8.10

Station 3 36.1 30.7 8.18 34.53 0.153 31.21 6.36 0.0192 21.76

Station 4 34.1 30.7 8.18 49.24 0.056 46.10 5.66 0.0212 33.66

A view of the Aade creek

24 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The texture was predominantly silty in all the study stations except in station 2 which was predominantly sandy (62.75% sand). Station 2 was towards the upper reaches and considering all the criteria including accessibility, this area was not considered suitable for farming. The map of Aade creek is shown in figure 3. Only few fishing boats ferry through the main creek to enter the sea for fishing as large number of boats are anchored close to the bar mouth itself. There are no industries nearby and thereby the creeks were found to be safe from any contaminants. Most of the suitable areas are found along the main creek itself and a total of 2.069 ha have been

Table 7. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Aade

NPP NH NO PO Si SiO Study stations 4 2 4 2 (mg C/l/hr) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Station 1 0.9524 0.150 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.21

Station 2 0.7722 0.025 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.53

Station 3 6.933 0 0.10 0 0.20 0.43

Station 4 3.25 0 0.15 0 0.13 0.25

Table 8. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Aade

Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics Study stations Sand Silt Clay Loss Organic fraction fraction fraction in solution pH Carbon (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Station 1 37.00 52.84 6.40 3.76 8.32 1.35

Station 2 62.75 29.77 3.08 4.40 8.15 0.81

Station 3 33.10 46.90 17.00 3.00 7.36 0.80

Station 4 30.58 54.22 13.75 1.45 8.17 0.98

25 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra identified as most suitable for mud crab farming based on the topography, water quality, diurnal water retention, soil characteristics and other infrastructure facilities. The mud crabs are available in the creek and are regularly caught by fishermen using traps. The creek is also known to have mud crab seed resource. The access to the potential sites is from the landing centre close to the bar mouth. There are many human settlements close to the bar mouth, near the landing centre and hence the area nearer to the human settlements have been avoided while choosing the ideal farming sites.

Rapid assessment of water quality

26 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

A total of 2.069 ha have been identified as highly suitable for mud crab farming in the brackishwater stretch of Aade, Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Fig. 3. Map of Aade showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming 27 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

KELSHI

28 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Kelshi is a mangrove-rich area dominated by Avicennia marina and Rhizophora sp. with Acanthus ilicifolius in the periphery (Table 9). The mangroves were found to form thick vegetation. The area is rich in fish resources, besides oysters and clam. The livelihood of many people living in Kelshi village is dependent on this mangrove stretch. Picking of clams and oysters and catching shrimps and finfishes is an important occupation and source of income of many people living in the coastal hamlets at Kelshi.

Table 9. Mangrove species observed at Kelshi

Study Stations Geolocation Mangrove species

Station 1 17o 55’51.4"N 73o 03’59.8"E Rhizophora sp., Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius Station 2 17o 55’41.0"N 73o 03’53.8"E Rhizophora sp., Avicennia marina

Station 3 17o 55’54.9"N 73o 03’56.3"E Rhizophora sp., Avicennia marina

Kelshi bar mouth

29 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The pH of water ranged from 8.03 to 8.23, while the salinity at Kelshi ranged from 29.12 to 34.54 ppt during the field survey (Table 10) indicating the suitability of this area for aquaculture. The dissolved oxygen values ranged from 5.15 to 5.70 ml/l which was found to be within the ideal range for mud crab farming. The nutrient characteristics and productivity of water is given in table 11 and the sediment characteristics in table 12. The sediment pH ranged from 6.25 to 6.70 while the organic carbon values ranged from 1.02 to 2.94% indicating high productivity. The textural analysis of sediment indicated a high silt fraction ranging from 61.82 to 65.28%.

Table 10. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Kelshi

Air Surface Study water Chl-a TDS DO TSS Salinity Temp. 3 Stations Temp. pH Eh (mg/m ) (mg/l) (ml/l) (mg/l) (ppt) (°C ) (°C )

Station 1 30.2 29.8 8.13 49.26 0.126 46.77 5.70 0.0220 34.12

Station 2 33.0 29.9 8.03 42.90 0.185 41.80 5.33 0.0080 29.12

Station 3 34.0 30.4 8.23 50.43 0.0592 47.27 5.15 0.0288 34.54

Kelshi creek during low and high tide

30 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Table 11. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Kelshi

NPP NH NO PO Si SiO Study stations 4 2 4 2 (mg C/l/hr) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Station 1 4.9936 0.050 0.30 0.30 0.18 0.37

Station 2 2.8829 0.500 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.43

Station 3 4.8391 0.050 0.35 0.30 0.15 0.32

Table 12. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Kelshi

Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics Study stations Sand Silt Clay Loss Organic fraction fraction fraction in solution pH Carbon (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Station 1 26.17 62.72 6.49 4.62 6.30 1.02

Station 2 20.50 61.82 12.68 5.00 6.25 1.71

Station 3 19.82 65.28 11.9 3.00 6.70 2.94

A thick patch of Rhizophora sp. along the Kelshi creek

31 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Clam picking in Kelshi creek

In Kelshi, the southern part is found to have a multi-user scenario for water with comparatively high domestic settlement. To make the proposal human friendly and eco-friendly, the water bodies which are being used for various uses by the local population was avoided to reduce conflicts and also to avoid pollution. The mangrove area has criss-cross of streams which are narrow and wide. Most of the creeks meandering into the thick mangrove vegetations have also been found suitable for aquaculture. This region has very good water exchange, and the mangroves all around ensure very good protection for crab pens even in the case of heavy water flow in estuaries. Based on the topography, soil characteristics, water quality, tidal amplitude, water retention and infrastructure facilities, a total of 1.769 ha have been identified as most suitable for mud crab farming (Fig. 4). The access to the potential sites is from the village hamlet, where some of the villagers own a boat for fishing and navigational purpose.

32 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

A total of 1.769 ha has been identified as highly suitable for mud crab farming in the Kelshi mangrove wetland of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra

Fig. 4. Map of Kelshi showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

33 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

VELAS

34 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The brackishwater available at Velas for mud crab farming is a small stretch, with no much human inhabitations around. The dominant mangrove species is Avicennia marina. The other mangrove species present are Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris and Acanthus ilicifolius (Table 13). During survey, the salinity ranged from 7.24 to 17.2 ppt (low tide), while the pH was near neutral and was 7.64 at both the study stations (Table 14). The dissolved oxygen values were 7.07 and 5.31 ml/l at stations 1 and 2 respectively. The nutrient characteristics and productivity of water is given in table 15 and the sediment characteristics in table 16. The sediment pH ranged from 6.20 to 6.88 while the organic carbon values ranged from 0.66 to 2.88%. Station 1 which is towards the upper reaches is predominantly sandy (60.8% sand), while station 2 which falls in the suitable zone identified is predominantly with silt fraction (60.49% silt).

Table 13. Mangrove species observed at Velas

Study Stations Geolocation Mangrove species

Station 1 17o 50’43.0"N; 73o 06’0.2"E Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Acanthus ilicifolius Station 2 17o 57’35.6"N; 73o 01’54.5"E Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Acanthus ilicifolius

A view of Velas creek during low tide 35 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Table 14. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Velas

Air Surface Study water Chl-a TDS DO TSS Salinity Temp. 3 Stations Temp. pH Eh (mg/m ) (mg/l) (ml/l) (mg/l) (ppt) (°C ) (°C )

Station 1 30.2 30.2 7.64 11.47 0.27 12.05 7.07 0.0112 7.24

Station 2 30.0 30.6 7.64 27.22 0.18 26.31 5.31 0.012 17.20

Table 15. Nutrient characteristics in brackishwater stretches at Velas

NH4 NO2 PO4 Si SiO2 Study stations (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Station 1 0.050 0.10 0.25 0.25 0.53

Station 2 0.050 0.09 0.19 0.30 0.52

Table 16. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Velas

Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics Study stations Sand Silt Clay Loss Organic fraction fraction fraction in solution pH Carbon (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Station 1 60.80 30.50 4.99 3.70 6.20 0.66

Station 2 30.01 60.49 6.30 3.20 6.88 2.88

The area is free from any contaminants as there is no industrial outfall near to this region. The suitable sites identified is somewhat close to the bar mouth where there is a good tidal water exchange. There is no human settlement in the vicinity and the area is free from navigational use. Based on the topography, water quality, tidal amplitude, water exchange, soil characteristics, and accessibility, at total of 0.538 ha has been identified to be suitable for mud crab farming (Fig. 5).

36 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

A total of 0.538 ha has been identified as highly suitable for mud crab farming in the brackishwater stretch of Velas in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Fig. 5. Map of Velas showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

37 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

ANSURE

38 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The mangrove area at Ansure is an excellent stretch for mud crab farming. The mangrove species observed were Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia caseolaris and small fringing patches of Acanthus ilicifolius (Table 17).

A view of Ansure creek

Table 17. Mangrove species observed at Ansure

Study Stations Geolocation Mangrove species

Station 1 16°33'12.1"N; 73°21’40.4"E Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata Station 2 16°33'11.3"N; 73°21'54.1"E Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia caseolaris Station 3 16° 33' 10.9"N; 73° 22' 14.0"E Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata Station 4 16°33'8.0"N; 73°22’26.9"E Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata Station 5 16°33'6.1"N; 73°22' 23.8"E Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis Station 6 16°33'20.8"N; 73° 23'3.7"E Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata Station 7 16° 33' 19.0"N; 73° 23' 18.8"E Avicennia marina, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora mucronata, Acanthus ilicifolius

39 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Table 18. Physico-chemical parameters of water in brackishwater stretches at Ansure

Air Surface Study water Chl-a TDS DO TSS Salinity Temp. 3 Stations Temp. pH Eh (mg/m ) (mg/l) (ml/l) (mg/l) (ppt) (°C ) (°C )

Station 1 30.5 27.9 7.66 51.83 0.385 48.60 5.48 0.0098 35.90

Station 2 33.0 29.1 7.75 52.19 0.152 48.94 6.16 0.0067 35.74

Station 3 31.5 28.7 7.72 51.67 0.471 48.45 5.72 0.0083 35.55

Station 4 35.0 29.5 7.75 51.41 0.394 48.22 5.62 0.0113 35.22

Station 5 33.0 30.7 7.68 51.07 0.365 47.82 5.55 0.0129 35.15

Station 6 34.5 30.1 7.68 50.61 0.298 47.29 5.35 0.0107 34.19

Station 7 31.3 30.3 7.55 49.63 0.218 46.54 5.54 0.0124 33.86

Ansure creek during high tide

40 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

The salinity of water ranged from 33.86 to 35.9 ppt, while the pH ranged from 7.55 to 7.75 (Table 18). The dissolved oxygen content in water found to be ideal and ranged from 5.35 to 6.16 ml/l while the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged from 46.54 to 48.94 mg/l. The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were in the range of 0.0067 to 0.0129 mg/l while the chlorophyll-a values ranged from 0.152 to 0.471 mg/m3. The nutrient characteristics and productivity of water is given in table 19 and the sediment characteristics in table 20. The sediment pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.32 while the organic carbon values ranged from 0.27 to 2.61%. The textural analysis of sediment revealed a higher silt fraction in all the stations, except for station 1 and station 7 which were predominantly sandy. Station 1 is close to the bar mouth and station 7 is towards the upper reaches.

Table 19. Nutrient characteristics and productivity in brackishwater stretches at Ansure

NPP NH NO PO Si SiO Study stations 4 2 4 2 (mg C/l/hr) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Station 1 0.5060 0 0.15 0.06 0.10 0.21

Station 2 0.2830 0 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.32

Station 3 0.3345 0 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.32

Station 4 0.1286 0 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.32

Station 5 0.1275 0 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.37

Station 6 0.0257 0 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.37

Station 7 0.0230 0 0.15 0.10 0.17 0.37

41 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Table 20. Sediment characteristics in the brackishwater stretches of Ansure

Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics Study stations Sand Silt Clay Loss Organic fraction fraction fraction in solution pH Carbon (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Station 1 61.05 31.75 3.45 3.75 7.32 0.27

Station 2 25.60 62.50 8.24 3.66 7.18 0.81

Station 3 35.30 55.32 6.68 2.70 7.04 2.04

Station 4 36.28 55.81 3.37 4.54 7.23 0.66

Station 5 33.30 46.20 16.50 4.00 6.80 1.83

Station 6 37.34 52.50 6.50 3.66 7.27 2.61

Station 7 73.75 13.86 8.24 4.15 7.03 1.11

Fringing mangroves along the Ansure creek

42 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Local people of Ansure participating in field surveys along with the project team

Figure 6 is the map of Ansure showing the suitable areas for mud crab farming. The area very close to the bar mouth is avoided due to the frequent movement and berthing of fishing boats. A little beyond, towards the eastern side, the mangrove areas were found to be highly suitable for mud crab farming. The water body has access from more than one point and the village has good roads almost reaching close to the mangrove wetland. As the Ansure village lies in the northern side of the main creek, the potential zones along the northern belt is identified. Based on the topography, water quality, sediment characteristics, water availability and accessibility, a total of 3.776 ha has been identified to be suitable for mud crab farming (Fig. 6). The creek is also known for its rich fish, shrimp, crab and edible oyster resources. Some of the villagers are dependent on the creek for their livelihood by regularly harvesting the fish and shellfish resources.

Boat jetty at Ansure 43 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

A total of 3.776 ha have been identified as highly suitable for mud crab farming in the brackishwater stretch of Ansure in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Fig. 6. Map of Ansure showing the suitable sites for mud crab farming

44 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra SCREENING OF WILD MUD CRAB FOR THE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENS

Samples of mud crab (medium sized) were collected from the brackishwater stretches of study sites. The animals were dissected and gill tissues were preserved in absolute alcohol for further studies in the laboratory. Methodology The samples were processed in the laboratory for screening for WSSV infection in them as per the OIE protocols with slight modifications. Briefly, DNA was extracted from the samples using HiPurA™ Multi-Sample DNA Purification kit as per the manufacturer’s protocol. The extracted DNAs were stored at - 20°Cuntil used for PCR analysis. PCR was performed with EmeraldAmp GT PCR Master Mix (Takara) in a ProFlex™ PCR System (Applied Biosystems) as per the OIE recommended protocols. Briefly, 0.5 µl DNA was added to 10µl of 2x mastermix containing 200 µM each of forward (146F1, 5’-ACT-ACT-AAC-TTC-AGC-CTA-TCTAG-3’) and reverse primers (146R1, 5’-TAA-TGC-GGG-TGT-AAT-GTT-CTT-ACG-A- 3’). The PCR profile was 40 cycles of 98°C for 30 seconds, 55°C for 1 minute, and 72°C for 2 minutes, and a final 5-minute extension at 72°C. A nested PCR step was followed with 0.5 µl of the first-step PCR product to 19.5 µl of a PCR cocktail with the same composition as above except that it contains the second (inner) primer pair: 146F2 (5’-GTA-ACT-GCCCCT-TCC-ATC-TCC- A-3’) and 146R2 (5’-TAC-GGC-AGC-TGC-TGC-ACC-TTG-T-3’). The WSSV-specific amplicon for the first step PCR was 1447 bp while that for the nested step was 941 bp. PCR products were visualized on a 1.5 % agarose gel containing Studies indicated 0.5 µg ml–1 ethidium bromide. absence of WSSV in the Result wild mud crab All the samples gave negative results in primary as well as population of nested PCRs, indicating the absence of WSSV in the wild mud the study area crab population of the study area.

45 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

MEETING WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES

Meeting with local communities at Anjarle A meeting was held with the local communities to understand their perception and interests in mud crab farming. The meeting was arranged by Anjarle Gram Panchayat on 21st July, 2015 and many people from the locality attended the meeting. Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, Mangrove Cell, briefed about the objective of the on-going project and the purpose of field visits. The scientists of ICAR-CMFRI explained the importance of mud crab farming and the economic benefits. Shri Suresh Mahadalekar, President, Village Tanta Mukti Committee, complemented the project initiative and requested that the beneficiaries may be explained about the technical know-how of mud crab culture. He also said that it would immensely benefit and motivate the beneficiaries if visits are arranged to the operational crab culture sites.

The beneficiaries were highly motivated and enthusiastic in taking up mud crab farming. However, they felt that there is a need for capacity building on the technical know-how of mud crab farming

46 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Meeting with local communities at Kelshi A meeting was organised in Kelshi Gram Panchayat Office on 22nd July, 2015 in which scientists of ICAR-CMFRI, Programme Officer & Project Associates of Mangrove Cell and the local people participated. Mr. Mohan Upadhye, Project Associate, Mangrove Cell, briefed about the project and the scientists of ICAR-CMFRI briefed about the importance of mud crab farming. Shri Ved Pathak, Police-patil, Kelshi welcomed and complemented the project team and the initiative taken by the Government. He mentioned that this initiative is an excellent opportunity, particularly for the unemployed youth who can take up mud crab farming as their avocation. Shri Nilesh P. Baikar, Sarpanch (Village Head), Kelshi and Shri Prakash Khot and Patnage of Indian Coast Guard were also present during the meeting.

47 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

PROJECT REPORT FINALISATION WORKSHOP

A ‘Project Report Finalisation Workshop’ of the GOM-GIZ-CMPA Project “A strategic assessment of mud crab farming potential in brackishwater stretches between Velas and Dabhol in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra” was organized on 15th March, 2016 at Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri. The officials of GIZ-CMPA-Maharashtra Project from the Mangrove Cell, Mumbai, representatives from the Forest Department and coastal communities of Anjarle, Kelshi, Aade, Velas and Ansure villages also participated in the Workshop.

Inauguration of Workshop by the Chief Guest Shri Sandesh Devkar, Panchayat President, Anjarle village

48 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Inaugural Session Shri Sandesh Devkar, Panchayat President from Anjarle village who was the Chief Guest inaugurated the Workshop and spoke on the livelihood avenues of coastal communities in Ratnagiri District. Shri Prashant Gawkar, Vice-President of Ansure village Panchayat gave the felicitation. Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, GIZ- CMPA-Maharashtra Project spoke on the mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District and urged the beneficiaries of various coastal villages to reap the benefits of natural mangrove habitats for farming mud crab with the support of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and the Mangrove Cell, Mumbai.

Shri Sandesh Devkar, Panchayat President, Anjarle village delivering the inaugural address

Felicitation address by Shri Prashant Gawkar, Vice-President, Ansure village Panchayat

49 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Technical Session During the technical session, Dr. P. Kaladharan, Principal Scientist, ICAR-CMFRI and Co-PI of the Project spoke on the ecological importance of mangroves, different species of mangroves available in the state of Maharashtra and keys for identification of mangrove species at the field level. He stressed the need to safeguard the critical mangrove habitats which are facing serious threats globally. Dr. K. Vinod, Principal Scientist, ICAR-CMFRI and Principal Investigator of the Project highlighted the salient findings based on the studies conducted by ICAR-CMFRI. He also presented the geo- spatial maps showing the most suitable locations for mud crab farming at Anjarle, Kelshi, Aade, Velas and Ansure, based on the studies conducted. He urged the villagers to sustainably utilize the vast stretches of mangroves available in the district for income generation. Shri Uday Vijay Bhagwat, Forest Guard from Mandangad spoke on the importance of conservation of mangroves and said that the CMPA Project is an initiative to bring livelihood support to the coastal people of Maharashtra. Shri Prashant Bhatkar, Shri Rupesh Agare and Shri Prakash Gawkar – village representatives shared their perceptions on mud crab farming in their respective villages.

Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, GIZ-CMPA-Maharashtra Project

Shri Mohan Upadhye, Project Associate, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project 50 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Shri Uday Vijay Bhagwat, Forest Guard, Mandangad Dr. P. Kaladharan, Principal Scientist, ICAR-CMFRI & Co-PI

A village representative sharing his perception Dr. K. Vinod, Principal Scientist, ICAR-CMFRI and P.I.

Participants discussing in groups

51 VALIDATING SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Community participation is vital for the successful implementation of developmental programmes

Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Presentation by Group Discussion group representatives The technical session was followed by a Group Discussion in which the participants were organized into different groups. They made a sketch of the mangrove creeks around their village and marked the suitable sites for mud crab farming according to their perception. They were also asked to list out the merits and demerits of each of the sites marked by them. At the end of group discussion, representatives of each group made a presentation of the outcome of their discussion and the perceptions of group members. Plenary Session During the plenary session, various questions raised by the villagers were answered by the scientists from ICAR-CMFRI and the project staff of GIZ-CMPA. The representatives from various villages gave their feedback on the Workshop. They expressed keen interest in mud crab farming and assured that the rich mangrove resources will also be protected by the communities to ensure a sustainable income. They thanked GIZ-CMPA for this initiative and ICAR-CMFRI for conducting the feasibility study through community participation. Shri David Sawant, Senior Technical Assistant, ICAR-CMFRI proposed the vote of thanks.

Participants of the Workshop 54 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

REFERENCES

APHA. 2012. APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater. 22nd edn. Washington: American Public Health Association; 1360 pp.

Day, P.R. 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis, in Black, C.A., ed., Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, p. 545-567.

Government of India. 1987. Mangroves in India - Status report, New Delhi, Ministry of Environment and Forests. p. 52-55.

Government of India. 1997. The State of Forest Report. Forest Survey of India, New Delhi, Ministry of Environment and Forests, p. 5-6, 38.

Sahu, S. C., Sahoo, K., Jee, P. K. and Dhal, N. K. 2013. Floral and microbial dynamics in relation to the physico-chemical constituents of the Devi estuary of Odisha coast of the Bay of Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 42: 90-96.

Sahu, S. C., Suresh, H.S., Murthy, I.K. and Ravindranath, N.H. 2015. Mangrove area assessment in India: Implications of loss of mangroves. J. Earth Sci. Clim. Change, 6:280.

Upadhyay, V. P., Ranjan, R. and Singh, J. S. 2002. Humanmangrove conflicts: The way out. Current Science, 83: 1328-1336.

Walkley, A. and Black. I.A. 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29-37.

55 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

APPENDIX I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE INCEPTION WORKSHOP

Shri N. Vasudevan, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests, Mangrove Cell, Maharashtra Forest Department & Nodal Officer, GIZ-CMPA Maharashtra Project

Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project

Shri Mohan Upadhye, Project Associate, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project

Shri Abhinay Kelaskar, Project Associate, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project

Dr. P.K. Asokan, Principal Scientist & Scientist-in-charge, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Calicut

Dr. P.U. Zacharia, Principal Scientist & Head, Demersal Fisheries Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi

Dr. P. Kaladharan, Principal Scientist, Fishery Environment Management Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi

Dr. V. V. Singh, Principal Scientist & Scientist-in-charge, Mumbai Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mumbai

Dr. A. P. Dinesh Babu, Principal Scientist, Mangalore Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mangalore

Dr. N.K. Sanil, Scientist, Marine Biotechnology Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi

Dr. K. Vinod, Principal Scientist, Marine Biodiversity Division, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Calicut

Shri D.D. Sawant, Technical Officer, Ratnagiri Field Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ratnagiri 56 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

APPENDIX II LIST OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE PROJECT REPORT FINALISATION WORKSHOP

Dr. P. Kaladharan, Principal Scientist, Fishery Environment Management Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi

Dr. K. Vinod, Principal Scientist, Marine Biodiversity Division, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Calicut

Shri Bhaskar Paul, Programme Officer, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project

Shri Mohan Upadhye, Project Associate, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project

Shri Abhinay Kelaskar, Project Associate, GOI-GIZ-CMPA Project

Shri Uday Vijay Bhagwat, Forest Guard, Maharashtra Forest Department, Mandangad, Ratnagiri

Shri Sudhakar Gadu, Forester, Maharashtra Forest Department, Mandangad, Ratnagiri

Shri A. Anasukoya, Technical Officer, Calicut Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Calicut

Shri D.D. Sawant, Technical Officer, Ratnagiri Field Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ratnagiri

Shri Pawar Balaji Digambar, Research Scholar, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

Shri Sandesh Sudhakar Devkar, Panchayat President, Anjarle village

Shri Prashanth Prakash Gawkar, Panchayat Vice-President, Ansure village

Shri Prakash Kiran Gawkar, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Shirish Yashwant Pangerkar, Rajapur, Ansure 57 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Shri Prashant Ramakant Pangerkar, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Ashish Ashok Patil, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Krishna Vishnu Kageri, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Dinesh Gaonkar, Ansure

Shri Yashwant Mahadev Gaonkar, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Ajay Yashwant Gaonkar, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Yogesh Vasudev Gaonkar, Rajapur, Ansure

Shri Ameya Narendra Mahatik, Panchnadhi, Dapoli

Shri Rupesh Ravindra Aagte, Dapoli

Shri Pradeep Krishna Sawant, Dapoli

Shri Jitendra Ananth Takdevkar, Dapoli

Shri Kishore Shothram Darte, Dapoli

Shri Sameer Ananth Shigwan, Dapoli

Shri Surendra Tukaram Bhogal, Dapoli

Shri Vijay Rajaram Tevkar, Dapoli

Shri Vishal Vasant Ganekar, Dapoli

Shri Ganapat Ambekar, Dapoli

Shri Ashok Ajinath Dakane, Mandangad

Shri Naresh Ramesh Nandilkar, Dapoli

Shri Praveen Daripkar, Mandangad

Shri Ajith Bhaskar, Anjarle

Shri Praful Mahatik, Mandangad

Shri Veerendra Patil, Mandangad

Shri Jeetendra Patil, Mandangad

58 Assessment of mud crab farming potential in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra

Shri Omkar C. Jadav, Velas, Mandangad

Shri Aadesh C. Mahatik, Velas, Mandangad

Shri Sameer Gopinath, Velas, Mandangad

Shri Mandar Vaidya, Velas, Mandangad

Shri Amith Nimkar, Dapoli

Shri Mayur C. Gopawkar, Dapoli

Shri Kedar Todankar, Dapoli

Shri Sanjay Madukar Nivathe, Dapoli

Shri Yogesh Subash Kamble, Dapoli

Shri Rajish Ramesh Aapte, Dapoli

Shri Ruyog Dileep Kadam, Dapoli

Shri Viswanath Tukaram Badane, Kelshi

Shri Pranay Pramod Ambekar, Kelshi

Shri Siyog Sanjay Mayekar, Dapoli

Shri Bavesh Yashwant Mandalik, Dapoli

Shri Sanjay Shetye, Ratnagiri

Shri Vinayak Prabhakar Kaleskar, Dapoli

Shri Sanketh Sasikanth Makadik, Dapoli

Shri Prathanesh Jagannath Thodenkar, Dapoli

Shri Harshanth Suresh Bhatkar, Dapoli

Shri Adivya Arun Kelaskar, Dapoli

Shri Deyban A Bhagmode, Prakalp Adhikari, Jilla Ayked, Dapoli

Shri Manith Bikani, Anjarle

Shri Vaishav Vijan, Dapoli