Historic Property Survey Report for the Italian Bar Bridge Project, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

Prepared By: Adrian Whitaker, Ph.D. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.

July 2014

Submitted to: Area West Environmental, Inc. 7006 Anice St. Orangevale, CA 95662

FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2727 Del Rio Place, Suite A, Davis, California, 95618 http://www.farwestern.com 530-756-3941

Historic Property Survey Report for the Italian Bar Bridge Project, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

Prepared By: Adrian Whitaker, Ph.D. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc.

July 2014

Submitted to: Area West Environmental, Inc. 7006 Anice Street Orangevale, CA 95662

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT FORM

ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1: Project Vicinity, Location, and Area of Potential Effects Maps Attachment 2: California Historic Bridge Inventory Sheet Attachment 3: Archaeological Survey Report (Whitaker 2014)

State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

1. UNDERTAKING DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION Federal Project. Number. District County Location (Prefix, Agency Code, Project No.) 6 FRE BRLO-5942(214) Italian Bar Road at Redinger Lake, Fresno and Madera Counties Project Description: The County of Fresno is proposing the Italian Bar Bridge Project, which would replace the existing five-span steel girder and steel truss structure (Bridge No. 42C-0261) over Redinger Lake (part of the San Joaquin River). The project is located on Italian Bar Road, approximately 6.1 miles south of Mammoth Road, and the approximate centerline of the river serves as the boundary between Fresno and Madera Counties (see Attachment 1, Figures 1 and 2). The original bridge crossing the San Joaquin River along Italian Bar Road was constructed in 1925 as a three-span structure consisting of one 98-foot steel truss and two 27.5-foot steel girder spans. The steel truss segment was used to span the deep, low-flow portion of the river. In 1951, these three spans were relocated approximately 25 feet downstream to form most of the existing five-span structure present today. According to the Caltrans “Historical Significance-Local Agency Bridges” list, this bridge is ineligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). The existing steel truss is structurally deficient with a 2013 sufficiency rating of 6.0 and has load carrying capacity restrictions. It cannot be widened to current standards; thus, a replacement bridge is required. Closing the bridge for construction would require a 35-mile detour over Big Creek Dam Bridge (No. 7 104-022) to the west. Given the low speeds of this route, as well as the mountainous terrain, it is anticipated that this detour will take approximately 1.5 hours to complete. Because of this lengthy time period, it is recommended to replace the bridge on a new alignment to avoid lengthy road closures.

Proposed Bridge There are existing rocky mounds adjacent to the roadway on both sides of the bridge. The outcropping on the north side is up to 50 feet taller than the one on the south side. As a result, realignment of the bridge to the downstream side is preferred to minimize the amount of rock excavation. The new bridge would be approximately 200 feet long and would span the low- flow portion of the river. Foundation construction will consist of either spread footings (which would result in 10-20 feet of excavation) or cast-in-drilled hole piles not more than 50-70 feet deep. Curb-to-curb bridge width will be no less than 22 feet, following American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials requirements. Additional right-of-way will be required for the southern roadway approach, and existing overhead utility lines may need to be relocated. Seven potential staging areas have been identified on either side of the road (see Attachment 1, Figure 3).

[HPSR form rev 01-13-14] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Page 1 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

2. AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the project was established in consultation with Jeff Sorensen, District 6 Environmental Planner; Mohammad Amini, District 6 Environmental Planner; Thomas Glaski, District 6 Local Assistance Engineer; and Jim Perrault, District 6 Local Assistance Engineer, on July 23, 2013. The APE maps are included as Attachment 1, Figure 3 in this Historic Property Survey Report. The APE was established as both northern and southern approaches to the bridge with a sufficient buffer to include the possibility of construction both east and west of the current alignment. Ridgetops on either side of the bridge are included to account for potential road realignment and utility relocation. Seven potential staging areas are also included (see Figure 3). The vertical APE is assumed to be no greater than five feet below current ground surface in all areas except the footprint of the new bridge, where piles and footings may be installed at a depth of 10 to 70 feet. 3. CONSULTING PARTIES / PUBLIC PARTICIPATION X Native American Tribes, Groups and Individuals  Ms. Elizabeth Hutchings Kipp, Chairperson of the Big Sandy Rancheria, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call and an email on May 20, 2014. He left a message with the tribal EPA officer and received no response; the email bounced back as undeliverable.  Mr. Robert Ledger, Chairperson, Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call and an email on May 20, 2014. Mr. Whitaker left a message on the answering machine of Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government (same number as Eric Smith and John Ledger). Mr. Ledger did not respond to either the email or the voicemail.  Mr. Eric Smith, Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call and an email on May 20, 2014. Mr. Whitaker left a message on the answering machine of Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government (same number as Robert and John Ledger). Mr. Smith did not respond to either the email or the voicemail.  Mr. John Ledger, Chairperson, Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call and an email on May 20, 2014. Mr. Whitaker left a message on the answering machine of Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government (same number as Eric Smith and Robert Ledger). Mr. Ledger did not respond to either the email or the voicemail.  Mr. Robert Marquez, Chairperson, Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call May 20, 2014. During this call Mr. Marquez stated that he had no information on the area or comment on the project.  Mr. Lawrence Bill, Interim Chairperson, Sierra Nevada Native American Coalition, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call May 20, 2014. During this call Mr. Bill expressed a belief that the entirety of the San Joaquin River corridor was sacred and requested that someone from the Sierra Nevada Native American Coalition be present to monitor construction.

[HPSR form rev 01-13-14] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Page 2 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

 Mr. Ron Good, Chairperson, North Fork Mono Tribe, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call May 20, 2014, and left a message on Mr. Good’s voicemail. This call has not been returned.  Mr. Bob Pennell, Table Mountain Rancheria, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call on May 20, 2014. Mr. Pennell stated that the project was not within the tribe’s area.  Ms. Leann Walker Grant, Table Mountain Rancheria, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call on May 20, 2014. Mr. Pennell, speaking on behalf of the Table Mountain Rancheria, stated that the project was not within the tribe’s area.  Ms. Mandy Marine, Dunlap Band of Mono Historic Preservation Society, was sent a letter and an email on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call on May 20, 2014. Ms. Marine had no comment on the project.  Mr. Jerry Brown, Chowchilla Tribe of Yokuts, was sent a letter on April 22, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed up with a telephone call on May 20, 2014, but Mr. Brown’s voicemail memory was full. No response has been received to date from Mr. Brown. X Native American Heritage Commission  A letter was sent to the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on April 18, 2014;  No sacred Native American sites were identified in a search of the Sacred Lands file by the NAHC on April 22, 2014 (Attachment III, Appendix B). The NAHC provided a list of 11 Native American individuals who are listed as interested parties. X Local Historical Society/ Historic Preservation Group  JRP Historical Consulting, LLC, (JRP) sent a letter on June 20, 2014, to the following organizations regarding the county’s plan to replace the Italian Bar Road Bridge, and requesting input regarding known/potential historic resources:

Fresno City & County Historical Society Madera County Historical Society 7160 West Kearny Blvd 210 West Yosemite Avenue Fresno, CA 93706 Madera, CA 93637

Coarsegold Historical Society Frenso County Historical Landmarks and 31899 Highway 41 Records Commission Coarsegold, CA 93614 Laurel Prysiazny Fresno County Public Library 2420 Mariposa Street Fresno, CA 93721

Sierra Mono Museum Millerton Lake State Recreation Area 33103 Road 228 5290 Millerton Road North Fork, CA 93643 Friant, CA 93626

[HPSR form rev 01-13-14] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Page 3 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

 On July 1, 2014, JRP received a memo via e-mail from the Fresno County Historical Landmarks and Records Commission. Lauel Prysiazny, writing for the commission, states that since the bridge was rebuilt the project does not affect known historical resources. Any discovery of archaeological sites will require further evaluation.  On July 15, 2014, JRP Historian Cheryl Brookshear received an e-mail from Michael Purl, the Vice President of the Madera County Historical Society, stating that they did not know of any historical resources and had no objections to the project.  JRP received no other responses to these letters.

4. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFICATION EFFORTS X National Register X California Points of Historical Interest X California Register of Historical X California Historical Resources Information Resources (California Register) System (CHRIS) X California Inventory of Historic X Caltrans Historic Highway Bridge Inventory Resources X California Historical Landmarks _ Caltrans Cultural Resources Database (CCRD)  Both JRP and Far Western sent field personnel to survey the area. All areas of the APE were checked for previously unrecorded built environment and archaeological resources. In addition, Far Western conducted a buried site sensitivity analysis by examining soil mapping of the APE. Results:  The APE contains a single structure, the Italian Bar Road Bridge (42C261) over the San Joaquin River. This bridge was previously determined to be ineligible for the National Register or as a historical resource under CEQA, and is recorded as an ineligible bridge in the Caltrans Historic Highway Bridge Inventory.  No Archaeological sites were identified in the project area.  The entire APE is within Pleistocene or older soils and therefore there is a very low probability of encountering buried cultural resources.

5. PROPERTIES IDENTIFIED X No cultural resources are present within the APE.

X Bridges listed as Category 5 in the Caltrans Historic Highway Bridge Inventory are present within the APE. Appropriate pages from the Caltrans Historic Bridge Inventory are attached.

Name Location Community OHP Status Code Italian Bar Road Bridge Italian Bar Road (vic) Auberry, CA/ 6Y over San Joaquin River Sierra National Forest (Bridge No 42C261)

[HPSR form rev 01-13-14] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Page 4 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

6. HPSR to District File X Caltrans, in accordance with Section 106 Programmatic Agreement Stipulation VIII, has determined there are properties within the APE that were previously determined not eligible for inclusion in the National Register, in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) or formally determined not eligible for inclusion in the National Register by the Keeper of the National Register and those determinations remain valid; see Section 5. Copy of SHPO/Keeper correspondence is attached.

7. HPSR to SHPO X Not applicable. 8. HPSR to CSO X Not applicable. 9. Findings for State-Owned Properties X Caltrans has determined that the State-owned resources (built environment and archaeological resources) within the APE do not require evaluation or are exempt from evaluation because they meet the criteria set forth in the Section 106 Programmatic Agreement Attachment 4 (Properties Exempt from Evaluation) or were previously determined not eligible for inclusion in the National Register and/or registration as a California Historical Landmark and that determination is still valid; see Section 5.

10. CEQA Considerations X Caltrans PQS staff determined that there are resources in the project area that were evaluated as a result of this project and do not meet National Register or California Register criteria, as outlined in CEQA Guidelines 15064.5(a), and are not historical resources for purposes of CEQA; see Section 5. 11. List of Attached Documentation X Project Vicinity, Location, and APE Maps (Attachment 1) X California Historic Bridge Inventory Sheet (Attachment 2) X Archaeological Survey Report (ASR; Attachment 3)  Whitaker, Adrian (2014) Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California.

[HPSR form rev 01-13-14] Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis. Copyright © 2014 State of California. All rights reserved. Page 5 State of California Transportation Agency Department of Transportation HISTORIC PROPERTY SURVEY REPORT

12. HPSR Preparation and Caltrans Approval

Prepared by: 7/23/14 (sign on line) Consultant: Adrian Whitaker, P.I., Prehistoric Archaeology Date Affiliation: Far Western Anthropological Research Group

Reviewed for approval by: (sign on line)

District 6 Caltrans PQS John Whitehouse, Principal Investigator Date discipline/level: Archaeology

Approved by:

(sign on line) District EBC: G. William Norris, III Date

ATTACHMENT 1

PROJECT VICINITY, LOCATION, AND AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS MAPS

k e re Owens R C ek ive Rus h re r C iver an R Deadm ed Merc MONO COUNTY er v i Aó R Mammoth Lakes d rc e IÊ M e

r S ve o Ri MARIPOSA COUNTY u d th Fork Merce r ive R in u r q

e a v uth F Bootjack i o o J S o R rk a n ll C S Mono Creek i a h h a c S n k iq J e w o e k u a r o i e t q C re h o u in e C C C in a R P s k R o r r i p o e v ri o a e e a F er d k r M t Fre iv s sno R 2 a 22 E

er iv So uth F R ork a S ll a i MADERA COUNTY n h c Willow Creek J w o ho a C q u Project Location in Yosemite Lakes R r iv e e iv r R M o ad n Fork Ki e s r rth ngs ra e e o r v R C Ri N ive a F r na uin l q ?c a o J

M n a a Ak d e S ra Madera C anal er iv iver o R s R Fresn ng FRESNO COUNTY Ki rk o F F ri le an d t d K ings ive i e K R r M rn C South Fork Kings River er a n Riv n aqui a an Jo l r S ive R s Fresno g in K nal Ca Aw h itc w r S le w F o r Squaw Valley F A ia lt n a t K E e a r s n t C A÷ B a r n a a n l ?c ch C an TULARE COUNTY al r

e v Fres i no R F Slo riant K u s ern C g g a h n n i a

K l

Kilometers 0 20 40 O 0 10 20 1:800,000 Miles

Figure 1. Project Vicinity. Kilometers 0 0.5 1 Area of Potential Effects O 0 0.25 0.5 1:24,000 Miles

Figure 2. Project Location. IT A L I AN B A Madera Co. R R Fresno Co. D

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Staging Area O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 3. Area of Potential Eﬀects (Map 1 of 3). I T A Madera Co. L I A Fresno Co. N

B A R

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Staging Area O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 3. Area of Potential Eﬀects (Map 2 of 3). IT ALIAN BAR RD

D R R E G IN D E R R E P UP

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Staging Area O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 3. Area of Potential Eﬀects (Map 3 of 3).

ATTACHMENT 2

CALIFORNIA HISTORIC BRIDGE INVENTORY SHEET Structure Maintenance & SM&I Investigations Historical Significance - Local Agency Bridges June 2014 District 06 Fresno County Bridge Bridge Name Location Historical Significance Year Year Number Built Wid/Ext

42C0217 MILL DITCH JUST SOUTH OF MCKINLEY AV 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1948 1958 42C0219 HOUGHTON CANAL 0.2 MI EAST OF HUGHES AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 2002 42C0223 DRY CREEK CANAL WEST OF PEACH AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1964 42C0224 MILL DITCH JUST SOUTH OF MCKINLEY AV 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1959 42C0225 CENTRAL CANAL 0.1 MI N JCT JENSEN AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1900 1951 42C0226 FANCHER CREEK CANAL 0.1 MI WEST OF CLOVIS AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1950 42C0227 HERNDON CANAL WEST OF MILLBROOK AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1964 1972 42C0228 DRY CREEK CANAL AT ELIZABETH ST 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1935 42C0229 DRY CREEK CANAL JUST SOUTH OF FRANKLIN AV 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1953 42C0231 WAHTOKE CREEK NORTH OF ADAMS AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1965 42C0232 HERNDON CANAL 0.05 MI SE OF BARSTOW 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1936 42C0234 RIVERDALE DITCH 0.06 MI S OF RIVERDALE AV 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1979 42C0237 WAHTOKE CREEK 0.31 MI W BUTTONWILLOW AV 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1979 42C0238 DRY CREEK 2 MI W/O PITTMAN HILL RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1952 42C0240 DRY CREEK 0.1 M N/O PITTMAN HILL RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1946 42C0241 DRY CREEK 0.8 MI N/O PITTMAN HILL R 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1939 42C0242 DRY CREEK 1.7 MI N PITTMAN HILL RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1991 42C0243 DRY CREEK 1 MI N/O LODGE RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1939 42C0244 CENTERVILLE & KINGSBURG CANAL AT (E/O) RAINBOW AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1977 42C0246 ENTERPRISE CANAL 0.7 MI S OF COPPER AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1976 42C0247 KINGSBURG BRANCH CANAL AT DINUBA AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1978 42C0248 SELMA BRANCH C & K CANAL 0.4 MI W OF BETHEL AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1981 42C0249 TRAVERS CREEK 0.1 MI W OF CRAWFORD AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1950 42C0250 ALTA EAST BRANCH CANAL 0.1 MI E OF CRAWFORD AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1980 42C0251 FRIANT-KERN CANAL 0.85 MI N/O AMERICAN AVE 4. Historical Significance not determined 1947 42C0252 CENTERVILLE & KINGSBURG CANAL 0.1 MI N OF RIO VISTA AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1930 1950 42C0253 FOWLER SWITCH CANAL JUST SOUTH OF BELMONT AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1924 42C0254 FRIANT-KERN CANAL 0.5 MI E OF N FORK RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1979 42C0255 CENTERVILLE & KINGSBURG CANAL JUST WEST OF NEWMARK AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1969 42C0256 CENTERVILLE & KINGSBURG CANAL JUST WEST OF NEWMARK AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1944 42C0257 LONE TREE CHANNEL 0.05 MI E OF FALLER AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1971 42C0258 SELMA BRANCH C & K CANAL AT (E/O) ORANGE AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1936 42C0259 LITTLE SANDY CREEK 1.6 MI N/O S H 168 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1975 42C0260 LITTLE SANDY CREEK 0.2 MI S/O POWER HOUSE RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1966 42C0261 SAN JOAQUIN RIVER (REDINGER LAKE) 12 MILES NE OF AUBERRY RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1935 1951 42C0263 JOSE CREEK 1.54 MI E OF ITALIAN RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1983 42C0264 BALD MILL CREEK 2.3 MI NE/O AUBERRY RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1947 2001 42C0266 LITTLE DRY CREEK 5.38 MI N COPPER AVE 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1996 42C0267 NORTH FORK LITTLE DRY CREEK 0.8 MI E OF AUBERRY RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 42C0268 LITTLE DRY CREEK 1.8 MI E OF AUBERRY RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1982 42C0269 LITTLE DRY CREEK 2.6 MI E OF AUBERRY RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1983 42C0270 LITTLE DRY CREEK 3.93 MI E OF AUBERRY RD 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1925 1983 42C0272 LOS GATOS CREEK 14.97 MI W OF DERRICK BL 5. Bridge not eligible for NRHP 1990

hs_local.rdf

ATTACHMENT 3

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FOR THE SAN JOAQUIN RIVER BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT ON ITALIAN BAR ROAD, FRESNO AND MADERA COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA (WHITAKER 2014)

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

By: Adrian R. Whitaker, Ph.D.

July 2014

Submitted to: Aimee Dour-Smith Area West Environmental, Inc. 7006 Anice Street Orangevale, CA 95662

FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2727 Del Rio Place, Suite A, Davis, California, 95618 http://www.farwestern.com 530-756-3941

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

By: Adrian R. Whitaker, Ph.D.

With Contributions by: Jack Meyer

July 2014

Submitted to: Aimee Dour-Smith Area West Environmental, Inc. 7006 Anice Street Orangevale, CA 95662

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Fresno County proposes to replace the existing San Joaquin River (Redinger Lake) Bridge on Italian Bar Road. The existing bridge has been designated “Structurally Deficient” and needs to be replaced. The project will receive Federal funding and therefore requires compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as revised (36 CFR 800). The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is acting as the lead agency for Section 106 compliance. On behalf of Quincy Engineering, Area West Environmental, Inc., contracted with Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., (Far Western) to conduct a cultural resources study of the project area in compliance with Section 106. The project area encompasses the bridge crossing and adjacent approaches, and seven potential staging areas located along both sides of the river. The route is primarily on federal land managed by the Sierra National Forest, but the road and the bridge are maintained by Fresno and Madera counties. Far Western completed archival records searches with the Southern San Joaquin Information Center and the Native American Heritage Commission, and contacted 11 potentially interested Native American individuals or parties. These searches revealed that there are no previously recorded resources in the Area of Potential Effects (APE). One resource—a bedrock milling station—is recorded within one-quarter mile of the APE but is under the reservoir and will not be affected by the project. A buried site sensitivity study indicates that there is a very low probability of identifying buried archaeological sites in the project area. A pedestrian survey of the entire APE failed to identify previously unrecorded resources. Based on the findings of the pedestrian survey and archival research, it appears that the project will not affect cultural resources. In the unlikely event that previously unidentified resources are encountered during construction, it is recommended that work stop in that area until a qualified archaeologist can evaluate the nature and significance of the find. Additional survey will be required if the project changes to include areas not previously surveyed.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin i Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ...... i INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Project Description and Location ...... 1 Proposed Bridge ...... 1 Area of Potential Effects ...... 7 SOURCES CONSULTED ...... 8 Records Search Results ...... 8 Native American Consultation ...... 9 Buried Archaeological Site Assessment (with Jack Meyer) ...... 9 Buried Site Sensitivity Factors ...... 10 Buried Site Assessment ...... 10 BACKGROUND ...... 11 Geology ...... 11 Natural Environment ...... 11 Plants and Animals of the West-Central Sierra Nevada ...... 12 Plant Distribution ...... 12 Animal Distribution ...... 13 Ethnographic Background ...... 14 Archaeological Background ...... 16 Early Archaic (11,500-7000 cal BP) ...... 16 Middle Archaic (7000-3000 cal BP) ...... 17 Late Archaic and Recent Prehistoric (3000-100 cal BP) ...... 17 FIELD METHODS AND RESULTS ...... 19 Field Methods ...... 19 Results ...... 19 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 19 REFERENCES CITED ...... 23

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Records Search. Appendix B. Native American Consultation.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin ii Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Project Vicinity...... 2 Figure 2. Project Location...... 3 Figure 3. Area of Potential Effects...... 4 Figure 4. Archaeological Survey Coverage...... 20

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin iii Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

INTRODUCTION

Fresno County proposes to replace the existing San Joaquin River (Redinger Lake) Bridge on Italian Bar Road (Figures 1 and 2). The existing bridge has been designated “Structurally Deficient” and needs to be replaced. On behalf of Quincy Engineering, Area West Environmental, Inc., (Area West) contracted with Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., (Far Western) to conduct a cultural resources study of the project area in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act 1966, as revised (36 CFR Part 800). The project area encompasses the bridge crossing and adjacent approaches, and seven potential staging areas located along both sides of the river (Figure 3). The route is primarily on Federal land managed by the Sierra National Forest, but the road and the bridge are maintained by Fresno and Madera counties. This report presents findings and recommendations for the project. This study was directed by Adrian Whitaker, Ph.D., who has eight years of experience in cultural resources management projects in California. A historic-era built environment study was conducted by JRP Historical Consulting, LLC, under subcontract to Area West.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION The County of Fresno is proposing the Italian Bar Bridge Project, which would replace the existing five-span steel girder and steel truss structure (Bridge No. 42C-0261) over Redinger Lake (part of the San Joaquin River). The project is located on Italian Bar Road, approximately 6.1 miles south of Mammoth Road, and the approximate centerline of the river serves as the boundary between Fresno and Madera Counties. The original bridge crossing the San Joaquin River along Italian Bar Road was constructed in 1925 as a three-span structure consisting of one 98-foot steel truss and two 27.5-foot steel girder spans. The steel truss segment was used to span the deep, low-flow portion of the river. In 1951, these three spans were relocated approximately 25 feet downstream to form most of the existing five-span structure present today. According to the Caltrans “Historical Significance-Local Agency Bridges” list, this bridge is ineligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). The existing steel truss is structurally deficient with a 2013 sufficiency rating of 6.0 and has load carrying capacity restrictions. It cannot be widened to current standards; thus, a replacement bridge is required. Closing the bridge for construction would require a 35-mile detour over Big Creek Dam Bridge (No. 7 104-022) to the west. Given the low speeds of this route, as well as the mountainous terrain, it is anticipated that this detour will take approximately 1.5 hours to complete. Because of this lengthy time period, it is recommended to replace the bridge on a new alignment to avoid lengthy road closures.

Proposed Bridge There are existing rocky mounds adjacent to the roadway on both sides of the bridge. The outcropping on the north side is up to 50 feet taller than the one on the south side. As a result, realignment of the bridge to the downstream side is preferred to minimize the amount of rock excavation. The new bridge would be approximately 200 feet long and would span the low-flow portion of the river. Foundation construction will consist of either spread footings (which would result in 10-20 feet of excavation) or cast-in- drilled hole piles not more than 50-70 feet deep. Curb-to-curb bridge width will be no less than 22 feet, following American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials requirements.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 1 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California k e re Owens R C ek ive Rus h re r C iver an R Deadm ed Merc MONO COUNTY er v i Aó R Mammoth Lakes d rc e IÊ M e

r S ve o Ri MARIPOSA COUNTY u d th Fork Merce r ive R in u r q

e v Fres i no R F Slo riant K u s ern C g g a h n n i a

K l

Kilometers 0 20 40 O 0 10 20 1:800,000 Miles

Figure 1. Project Vicinity.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 2 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California Kilometers 0 0.5 1 Area of Potential Effects O 0 0.25 0.5 1:24,000 Miles

Figure 2. Project Location.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 3 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California IT A L I AN B A Madera Co. R R Fresno Co. D

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Staging Area O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 3. Area of Potential Eﬀects (Map 1 of 3).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 4 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California I T A Madera Co. L I A Fresno Co. N

B A R

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Staging Area O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 3. Area of Potential Eﬀects (Map 2 of 3).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 5 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California IT ALIAN BAR RD

D R R E G IN D E R R E P UP

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Staging Area O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 3. Area of Potential Eﬀects (Map 3 of 3).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 6 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

Additional right-of-way will be required for the southern roadway approach, and existing overhead utility lines may need to be relocated. Seven potential staging areas have been identified on either side of the road (see Figure 3).

AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS The Area of Potential Effects (APE) is shown in Figure 3. It includes both northern and southern approaches to the bridge with a sufficient buffer to include the possibility of construction both east and west of the current alignment. Ridgetops on either side of the bridge are included to account for potential road realignment and utility relocation. Seven potential staging areas are also included (see Figure 3). The vertical APE is assumed to be no greater than five feet below current ground surface in all areas except the footprint of the new bridge, where piles and footings may be installed at a depth of 10 to 70 feet.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 7 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

SOURCES CONSULTED

Prefield identification efforts for the project included archival research and an assessment of the potential for buried prehistoric sites.

RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS Far Western requested a cultural resources search by the California Historical Resource Information System’s Southern San Joaquin Information Center in Bakersfield on April 30, 2014 and a supplemental search of one staging area (see Figure 3, Map 3 of 3) that was not included in the initial search. Archaeologists with the Sierra National Forest were also contacted and asked to search Forest Service records for any resources not on file at the Information Center. The records search consisted of a 0.25-mile (0.8-kilometer) radius buffer around the proposed bridge alignment. The buffer includes the staging areas, though a buffer on the staging areas was not provided. Base maps were examined for archaeological sites and surveys within the records search area, and the following sources were reviewed: . National Register of Historic Places (National Register) . California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) . California Inventory of Historic Resources (1976 and updates) . California State Historical Landmarks (1996 and updates) . California State Points of Historical Interest (1992 and updates) . Office of Historic Preservation’s Historical Property Data File Available historical topographic maps (USGS Kaiser 15-minute maps [1904, 1928]) and General Land Office maps (1881 GLO Plat Map for T9S, R24E [Mount Diablo Base Meridian]) were also reviewed to locate potential unrecorded resources within the records search area. The initial records search identified one previously recorded prehistoric resource and two previous studies within the records search area (Appendix A). A bedrock milling station with six mortar cups was recorded in the records search area north and west of the bridge (P-20-000039) by the University of California in 1950 just prior to the inundation of Redinger Lake. The site record notes that the boulder would be inundated in November of that year. The exact location of the isolate is not known, but it appears to be well away from the bridge construction APE. The Sierra National Forest did not have any records of other resources in or around the project area. The supplemental records search identified five resources—two prehistoric and three built- environment within one-quarter mile of Staging Area 7. None is within or includes any portion of the proposed staging area. The prehistoric resources are CA-FRE-90 (P-10-000090), a village site covering a wide area under the modern reservoir, and MAD-48 (P-20-000098), two bedrock mortars along the north bank of the San Joaquin River that are currently under the reservoir. Both were recorded in 1950 just prior to the inundation of the reservoir. All three built environment resources are associated with the Hydroelectric facilities at the east end of Redinger Lake. Lambert and Brady recorded a portion of Camp 38—a work camp used in the construction of the hydroelectric facilities—as P-10-005201. They recorded elements including a cement foundation, rock retaining wall, and foundation. O’Neil et al. (2005) combined Lambert and Brady’s resource with the larger Camp 38 and Powerhouse 3 boundaries and recorded them all as FRE-3368H. They describe the site as comprised of a clubhouse, dispatch office, concrete water tank, standing stuctures, and various artifacts and remnants of homes associated with the construction camp. O’Neil et al. (2005) recommended the resource as a non-contributing element to the Big Creek Hydroelectric System Historic

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 8 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

District. Finally, Vallaire and Arellano (2006) recorded a rectangular concrete foundation, a square foundation, and a concrete pad associated with a Southern California Edison powerline. All three resources are outside the current project’s APE. Three previous studies included portions of the APE. The first was an archaeological survey for the Balsam Meadow Project by Varner and Beatty (1980). A more extensive survey and evaluation of resources was undertaken as part of the National Register evaluation for the Big Creek No. 4 Hydroelectric project (FERC Project Number 2017) by Taylor and Jackson in 1995.The third was a survey by Pacific Legacy in 2011 for a deteriorated distribution line pole replacement project. None of these three studies encountered any resources within the project area. Five additional studies were undertaken within one-quarter mile of the project area including: surveys by Ambro et al. in 1981 and Planas and Parrish (2003); a site specific investigation of the prehistoric and ethnohistoric records for FRE-341 at the Big Creek powerhouse #3 (Jackson and McCarthy 1987); a historical investigation at 30 cottage loop near powerhouse No. 3 in Fresno County, California (Brady 1996); and an overall environmental report by York et al. (1987) in support of the BICEP Transmission Project from Big Creek to Magunden.

NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION No sacred Native American sites were identified in a search of the Sacred Lands file by the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on April 22, 2014 (Appendix B). The NAHC has provided us with a list of 11 Native American individuals who are listed as interested parties. Letters describing the project were sent to these individuals on April 23, 2014. Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker followed-up with phone calls on May 20, 2014. Messages were left with the Environmental Protection Agency office of Big Sandy Rancheria, Dumna Wo-Wah Tribal Government, and Rod Goode of the North Fork Mono Tribe. Mandy Marine (Dunlap Band of Mono Historic Preservation Society), Bob Pennell (Table Mountain Rancheria), and Robert Marquez (Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians) had no comment on the project. Jerry Brown (Chowchilla Tribe of Yokuts) could not be reached and his voicemail was full. Lawrence Bill (Sierra Nevada Native American Coalition) commented that the whole San Joaquin river corridor is culturally important and requested monitoring of any construction in the area.

BURIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ASSESSMENT (with Jack Meyer) The potential for buried archaeological sites is a practical problem for resource managers who must make a reasonable effort to identify archaeological deposits in a three-dimensional project area, ensuring that potentially important resources are not affected by project activities. Early detection of buried archaeological deposits also avoids the potential for costly delays that may occur when unknown resources are discovered after project-related, earth-moving activities have begun and late discovery protocols are necessary. Before buried sites can be avoided, sampled, or otherwise “managed,” they must first be identified. Most buried sites are not found by conventional pedestrian surface surveys because they typically lack visible or obtrusive features that would indicate their presence to an observer in the field (Bettis 1992:120). Thus, locating sites that may be buried by natural deposition can be one of the most difficult issues faced by archaeologists and cultural resource managers. To help ensure that project schedules (critical path) and budgets are not inadvertently affected by late archaeological discoveries, a buried site sensitivity study was conducted to determine where buried sites are most likely to be located in the proposed corridor. When designed and conducted in an informed fashion, this type of geoarchaeological approach can help satisfy the requirements of Section 106 that “a

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 9 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

reasonable and good faith effort to carry out appropriate identification efforts” [800.4(b)(1)] is made for undertakings that receive federal funds.

Buried Site Sensitivity Factors Simply stated, there is generally an inverse relationship between landform age and the potential for buried archaeological deposits. For example, archaeological deposits cannot be buried within landforms that developed prior to human colonization of North America (Rosenthal and Meyer 2004). Therefore, as a first step, landforms with the potential to contain buried sites must be distinguished from those that are too old to contain them, allowing older portions of the landscape to be confidently excluded from further consideration. While this basic distinction addresses the potential for buried sites, the relative probability of locating a buried site depends largely on a more fine-grained distinction between the ages of different Holocene landforms. Furthermore, archaeological deposits are not distributed randomly throughout the landscape, but tend to occur in specific environmental settings (Foster and Sandelin 2003:4; Hansen et al. 2004:5; Pilgram 1987; Rosenthal and Meyer 2004). While the complexities of human decision-making are beyond the scope of this study, it is well known that most prehistoric occupation sites are associated with level or nearly level landforms that occur near stream confluences, especially where at least one stream is perennial (Pilgram 1987:44-47). This means that many sites are located in settings that were subject to periodic flooding and sediment deposition due to the combination of low-lying topography and active water sources. For the purposes of the project, buried site potential was determined using three main assumptions: (1) archaeological sites tend to be located near perennial or reliable water sources; (2) archaeological deposits from later time periods are more common because the density of human populations increased over time; and (3) the longer a landform remained at the surface, the greater the probability that any one spot on that landform was occupied. Thus, the potential for buried archaeological deposits is elevated when once-stable landforms are buried late in time, particularly near active water sources.

Buried Site Assessment The entire area surrounding this portion of the San Joaquin river corridor is within 35 to 65% slopes in the Ahwahnee Soil Series. Not only are the slopes too sleep for soil deposition, but the surface soils in the Ahwahnee family date to before the Quaternary (>2.56 million years ago). Since soils were deposited well before humans were present in North America, the entire project area has very low sensitivity for buried archaeological sites. No subsurface testing is recommended.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 10 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

BACKGROUND

This background section is adapted from Organization and Analysis of Existing Collections from CA-MAD-292/H, Falls Beach Rehabilitation Project, Madera County, California by Nathan Stevens and Jeffrey Rosenthal (2012). The project area lies within the San Joaquin River canyon on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, a 50-80-mile- (80-130-kilometer-) wide spine that extends for more than 400 miles (644 kilometers) across eastern California from the Mojave Desert in the south to the Cascade Range on the north (Bateman and Wahrhaftig 1966:107). The range is asymmetrical in cross-section, with a broad, gradually rising western slope and a relatively short, steep eastern escarpment. At lower elevations, the western slope is characterized by steep ridges and rolling foothills that grade into nearly level valleys. The valleys contain small meadows and relatively narrow floodplains.

GEOLOGY Beginning in the Miocene, rapid uplift and westward tilting of large fault blocks accompanied the emplacement of the large plutonic batholiths that now form the Sierra crest (Bateman 1992; Huber 1981). Widespread volcanism during the Pliocene and Quaternary periods resulted in the accumulation of tephra (ash) and other volcanic deposits on the upper eastern and western slopes. Increased uplift and continued weathering during the late Quaternary were responsible for extensive erosion, dissection of existing deposits, and entrenchment of stream and river channels within deep bedrock canyons (Clark 1970:5; Huber 1981:11). Much of the material eroded from the western slope of the Sierra was deposited on the eastern and central floor of the San Joaquin Valley during the Pleistocene and Holocene eras.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT California’s climate is Mediterranean with hot-dry summers and cool-wet winters and is controlled by the interaction between atmospheric circulation and topography. This circulation is driven by variations between the Pacific high pressure cell in the summer and the Aleutian low pressure cell in the winter (Anderson 1990; Hornbeck 1983; Major 1977). During the winter, a decreasing ocean-to-land temperature gradient allows storms originating in the Pacific Ocean to move onshore, bringing widespread precipitation to the state that often results in snowfall in the montane zone of the Sierra Nevada. As inland temperatures increase during the spring and summer, the Pacific high pressure cell intensifies and moves northward, obstructing Pacific air masses from moving onshore and creating seasonally dry conditions (Anderson 1990). Within the lower Sierra foothills, the mean annual rainfall ranges from approximately 30-21 inches (76-53 centimeters), while at mid-elevations average rainfall increases to about 46 inches (117 centimeters). Above about 3,500 feet (1,068 meters), most precipitation occurs as winter snow, with annual depths averaging as much as 80 inches (200 centimeters) at high elevations. Above about 8,000 feet (2,440 meters), precipitation decreases to the crest and continues to decline eastward (Curry 1969; Major 1977). Snow blankets the highest peaks and alpine zone (above 9,500 feet [2,900 meters]) from November through May, with periodic snowfall recorded annually to elevations as low as 2,300 feet (700 meters) above mean sea level (amsl). Although most of the yearly precipitation occurs between November and April, convective thunderstorms originating from the south are common at mid- to high-elevations in the Sierra during summer months and contribute a measurable amount to yearly rainfall totals. The warmest months of the year in the foothills are July and August, with average maximum daily temperatures ranging from about 91 to 97 °F (32.7 to 36.1 °C). Higher elevations are somewhat cooler, averaging in the low to mid-80s °F (mid-20s °C). Coolest conditions prevail at the highest elevations during

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 11 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

summer, averaging about 70 °F (21.1 °C). Between December and February, maximum daily temperatures at upper elevations are quite low, averaging just 37-39 °F (2.7-3.8 °C). The foothills are mild by comparison, averaging between 50 and 65 °F (10 and 18.3 °C) in December and January. Most mid-elevation localities have average maximum daily winter temperatures of 40-45 °F (4-7 °C).

Plants and Animals of the West-Central Sierra Nevada The varied relief and physiography of the western Sierra Nevada produce a diverse array of habitats that correspond to differences in elevation, precipitation, soils, and temperature, creating a series of distinctive ecological zones inhabited by diverse plant and animal communities. The project area is at approximately 1,400 feet amsl within the Blue Oak-Gray Pine Woodland. However, because communities above and below this elevation were part of the seasonal round of the area’s prehistoric occupants, they have been included in this discussion. Furthermore, the Sierra Nevada rises steeply to the south and east, with elevations of more than 6,000 feet amsl just eight miles east.

Plant Distribution Historically, the open woodland and grassland of the California Prairie stretched across the lowest rolling foothills of the San Joaquin Valley (i.e., less than 300 feet [90 meters] amsl). Riparian communities formed lush forests along most of the major waterways that drain the western Sierra foothills. An overstory of California sycamore and Fremont cottonwood was typical in these communities, with big-leaf maple, arroyo willow, narrowleaf willow, Pacific willow, red willow, and white alder making up common elements of the subcanopy. Grape, blackberry, and poison oak were also frequently associated with this community. At elevations of about 300-3,000 feet (90-915 meters), the prairie transitions to a Gray Pine-Blue Oak Woodland, which is dominated by California endemics such as buckeye, gray pine, blue oak, valley oak, and interior live oak. Near the prairie, the canopy opens to a savanna with pure stands of blue oak and a ground cover of forbs and perennial and seasonal grasses (Griffin and Critchfield 1972). Chaparral species such as chamise, manzanita, deerbrush, mountain mahogany, and wedgeleaf ceanothus are often intermixed throughout the drier portions of the foothills, with pure stands commonly found in canyons and on rocky or infertile slopes. Plant resources were available within the Gray Pine-Blue Oak Woodland during the spring, summer, and fall, but large crops of acorns and pine nuts, which ripen in the late fall, were by far the most important resource to prehistoric residents of the foothills. At higher elevations, the foothill woodland-chaparral community interfingers with the montane conifer forest. Along this boundary, pure stands of conifer are found on cool, north-facing slopes and canyons, while woodland and chaparral species occur in more-arid, south-facing settings. The Lower Montane Forest of the Sierra Nevada currently forms a continuous belt running along the western slope from about 3,000 to 7,000 feet (915 to 2,135 meters) in elevation. Ponderosa pine is dominant throughout this community in xeric settings, along with incense cedar, while white fir is the primary species found in mesic localities, frequently accompanied by sugar pine. Black oaks commonly grow in dry open areas of the forest or along the fringes of dry meadows, primarily associated with stands of ponderosa pine and incense cedar. Big-leaf maple, dogwood, manzanita, ceanothus, and bear clover are regular constituents of the understory. The Mixed Conifer Forest interfingers with Foothill Woodland and Chaparral communities at its lower limits, and with conifers associated with the Upper Montane Forest at its upper limit. Above about 7,000 feet (2,135 meters) amsl, the Upper Montane Forest is dominated by red fir, often found in pure stands. At lower elevations of the forest, a common associate is white fir, and at higher elevations lodgepole pine is frequently intermixed. Other associates include white pine, sugar pine, Jeffrey pine, and mountain hemlock. In exposed areas with rocky substrates, Sierra juniper and ponderosa pine

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 12 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

may be found. Just above the red-fir zone, the dense forest canopy opens and lodgepole pine becomes dominant. Meadows are most common in the Upper Montane Forest, although they do occur throughout the Lower Montane and Sub-alpine forests, as well as in the alpine zone. These environments range in size from a few square meters to several hundred hectares. In the wet meadows of the western slope, perennial grasses, sedges, and rushes dominate. Dryer woodland meadows frequently include a ground cover of grasses and forbs with scattered lodgepole pine and stands of willow, aspen, and black cottonwood (Rundel et al. 1977). At elevations of 9,500 feet (2,900 meters) amsl or more, the Sub-alpine Forest is distinguished by a spare overstory of widely scattered conifers, including mountain hemlock, whitebark pine, and western white pine. Although shrubby vegetation is scattered in the Sub-alpine zone, wax currant, bush oceanspray, and sagebrush occasionally occur, while willow, dwarf bilberry, and mountain laurel can be found on moist sites and around meadows (Rundel et al. 1977). Beginning at about 10,000 feet (3,050 meters) amsl, scattered trees of the Sub-alpine Forest give way to the open Alpine zone characterized by low, scattered shrubs, grasses, and cushion-plant communities. Trees cannot grow in this zone due to the short, cool summers and long, cold, and snowy winters. Bedrock outcrops, talus slopes, and boulder fields that occur throughout the Alpine zone limit soil formation and thus vegetation growth. Common elements of the Alpine zone include bottlebrush squirreltail, pussytoes, clover, gentian, as well as sedges, rushes, and a variety of grasses.

Animal Distribution Black-tailed deer would have been the most prominent large resident herbivore in the Foothill Woodland zone historically, with elk and pronghorn occupying only the lower oak savanna and adjacent prairie of the Central Valley. Unlike mule deer herds at higher elevations, black-tailed deer living in the foothill woodlands of the Sierra Nevada do not migrate, but instead are confined to comparatively small home ranges. Does and their fawns and yearlings occupy a territory some 2,132 feet (650 meters) in diameter, with older bucks having home ranges up to 3,940 feet (1,200 meters) in diameter. These territories, however, are not mutually exclusive, and as many as 80 or 90 deer may share portions of the same home range (Dassman and Taber 1956). Large-bodied omnivores and carnivores were once found throughout the foothill woodland, including grizzly and black bear, puma, coyote, bobcat, and gray fox. Brush and cottontail rabbits are quite common in the foothills, as are a host of other small mammals. California and mountain quail, grouse, flicker, Stellar’s jay, raven, hawks, and eagles occur regularly in this community, as do many other passerine birds. Warm, shallow-water streams running through the Foothill Woodlands are home to resident California roach, but are also used for spawning by anadromous steelhead trout and Chinook salmon, as well as Sacramento sucker, western pike-minnow, and other native minnows. In the deeper, cooler waters of major rivers and streams, Sacramento sucker and western pike-minnow are joined by rainbow trout, prickly sculpin, speckled dace, hardhead, and tule perch (Moyle 1976). Sierra mule deer are the most common large herbivore found at mid- and high-elevations on the western slope. These deer are migratory, wintering below the snow line in the Foothill Woodland and Mixed-Conifer Forest and summering at elevations occasionally exceeding 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) amsl in the Upper Montane and Sub-alpine forests. In mid-March or April, mule deer begin gradually moving to their summer range, arriving in mid-to-late May. During this time of year, herds are divided into matriarchal family groups and male herds composed of older bucks. In early June, fawning territories are established around meadows and shrubby habitats near water. Beginning about mid-October, family herds rapidly move downslope to winter range along traditional migration routes (Woolfenden 1988). Bighorn sheep are the only other large ungulate that would have been found in the upper elevations of the western Sierra, occurring primarily above the tree line in steep, rocky, alpine habitats.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 13 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

These animals rely on excellent vision and agility in precipitous rocky settings to escape predators. As a result, they usually avoid forests and thick brush. Bighorn sheep herds are typically fragmented, with males moving between groups of independent females. Like mule deer, bighorn sheep breed in the fall, and lambing season is in the spring and early summer. Grizzly bear, black bear, and puma were once common in the montane forests of the western slope, along with other carnivores and omnivores including bobcat, gray fox, Sierra Nevada red fox, ringtail, raccoon, pine marten, fisher, long-tailed weasel, ermine, mink, wolverine, badger, and striped and spotted skunk. River otter and beaver are found in riparian communities. Hares and rabbits in the Sierra include snowshoe hare, white-tailed jackrabbit, black-tailed jackrabbit, and brush rabbit. Gray and ground squirrels are residents of the western slope, as are porcupine, woodrat, yellow-bellied marmot, several types of chipmunk, and several species of gopher, rat, and mice. Rainbow trout are native to streams throughout the Sierra and in lakes below 6,000 feet (1,830 meters) amsl. In streams and rivers at lower elevations, rainbow trout, sculpin, and speckled dace were once common (Moyle 1976). Several species of hawks, eagles, and owls are indigenous to the Sierra, as are numerous other smaller birds, including the black-headed grosbeak, dark-eyed junco, Stellar’s jay, flicker, hermit thrush, blue grouse, and mountain bluebird, among many other species.

ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND The ethnographic group most closely associated with the area around Redinger lake is the North Fork Western Mono. The Western Mono occupied the mid-elevation foothills and higher country of the southern Sierra Nevada. Based on linguistic evidence, the Western Mono are thought to have migrated from the Great Basin only within the last 500 years, part of the larger “Numic spread” (Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982; Lamb 1958; Whistler 1984). Like Great Basin groups east of the Sierra crest, they possessed a language classified as part of the Numic family, but unlike these groups, Western Mono culture and lifeways closely resembled their California neighbors, the Foothill Yokuts. Detailed discussions of Western Mono ethnography can be found in several sources including Gayton (1948), Gifford (1932), and Morgan (2006), as well as syntheses of ethnographic data in many regional archaeological reports (TCR and ACRS 1984). There were at least seven distinct Western Mono groups, each sharing a common dialect and home territory (Gayton 1948). Extended kin groups and families moved between a number of small campsites and larger “hamlets” during the course of their seasonal round (Gifford 1932). Some groups (e.g., Entimbich and Waksachi in the Kings and Kaweah drainages) are said to have had permanent village locations while others (e.g., Wobonuch and Northfork in the Kings and San Joaquin drainages) apparently did not (Gayton 1948; Gifford 1932). Nevertheless, all Western Mono groups seem to have inhabited a few large settlements located below the average winter snow line (ca. 5,000 feet), along with several smaller, perhaps seasonally occupied, satellite camps. The general pattern of Western Mono subsistence involved the use of acorn (several species with black oak preferred), pine nuts (sugar pine and gray pine [P. sabiniana]), and a variety of bulbs and smaller seeds as staple plant foods. Seasonal movements tended to be upslope to higher country in summer and downslope to lower country in winter. Overall, it seems the most important subsistence activities occurred in the summer and fall (e.g., seed gathering, pine nut harvest, acorn collection). These are the months when storable resources were gathered that would last people over the winter and into the spring. Deer were hunted year-round but particularly during spring and fall migrations. Similarly, salmon fishing occurred during spring and fall runs (Gayton 1948; Gifford 1932; Morgan 2006). The seasonal round of Western Mono groups is difficult to reconstruct based on ethnographic information, but a general outline can be described. In spring, people congregated at larger village sites living

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 14 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

off stored acorns and other resources while awaiting the spring snowmelt that allowed access to higher elevations (Morgan 2006:152). The early summer months were spent gathering seeds in the lower and middle elevations of the foothills and then progressively following productive resources upslope (Morgan 2006:143). Mid-summer through early fall (ca. July to September) was likely spent at higher elevations (ca. 5,000-7,000 feet) where sugar pine nuts and other resources were exploited. In late summer and fall, harvesting the acorn crop was the priority. Black oak acorn could be gathered at elevations approaching 7,000 feet, but along with other varieties were stored at larger villages below snow line (ca. 5,000 feet). People over-wintered and engaged in communal activities at these larger village sites (Gayton 1948). The use of higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada by Western Mono people is only inferred, as most ethnographic accounts do not specifically mention use of these areas except in the context of travel for trade. As previously mentioned, the Western Mono traded directly with the Owens Valley Paiute. According to Gayton, (1948) the Paiute made the journey from Owens Valley over the crest, and then descended into the territory of the Western Mono where they exchanged east-side products such as pinion nuts, obsidian, and sinew-backed bows for west-side items such as acorns, baskets, and shell money. The ethnographic record is equivocal on many details of trans-Sierran trade. Gayton (1948) maintains that trade was between the Western Mono and the Owens Valley Paiute, with the Western Mono serving as middlemen between the Owens Valley Paiute and the Yokuts. Gayton also states that it was Owens Valley people who did most of the traveling over the Sierra (Gayton 1948). Arkush (1993), on the other hand, describes a scenario where professional Yokuts traders make the trip over the Sierra themselves, apparently without using the Western Mono as middlemen. Steward (1933) maintains that Owens Valley and California groups both crossed the passes to trade. Gifford’s (1932) information on Northfork Mono also mentions that people traveled from both sides. Also, some informants said that only men traded, while others suggest that women took part in trade as well (Muir 1894). Relationships between Californian and Great Basin groups likely predate the migration of the Western Mono (Jackson 1989). This hypothesized migration is perhaps the single best piece of evidence reflecting the connections between California and Great Basin groups in this region. While the greatest share of anthropological attention to the Numic spread hypothesis has been directed towards the eastern expansion of Numic groups across the Great Basin (e.g., Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982), the westward Mono expansion into California proper also represents an intriguing prehistoric development that begs explanation (Morgan 2010). Jackson (1989) suggests that the ethnographic territory of the Western Mono was formerly a shared resource area between Yokuts and Mono that became less important to nearby foothill Yokuts groups as they became increasingly more sedentary and more focused on lower elevation resources later in prehistory. If this was the case, then the territory of the Western Mono can be thought of as an economic opportunity that was capitalized on rather than a territory won by outcompeting previous inhabitants. Realizing the benefits of this opportunity would likely have required a prior knowledge of the area and its resources. Morgan (2006, 2010) sees the Western Mono as outcompeting earlier (Penutian) groups through a combination of Numic-specific mobility and storage strategies (e.g., seed caching) and a willingness to adopt profitable Californian traits (e.g., reliance on acorns). It may be that many of the differences between groups living on either side of the crest have been overstated and that settlement by the Western Mono was simply part of a long process that started centuries prior with informal contacts and later, the establishment of regional trade networks. The recency of the proposed migration certainly implies that it was developments in the latest prehistoric interval that precipitated this population movement. The Western Mono, and in particular the Northfork Mono in the vicinity of project area, did not face the kind of immediate and swift devastation of culture that befell mission indians in many parts of California and groups within the gold country of the central Sierra. Instead, occasional incursions by

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 15 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

trappers and Euro-American settlers eventually led to more substantial alteration of native lifeways as the region was transformed by numerous reservoir projects and logging pursuits from the 1850s through the early 1900s (IRI and TCRI 1985). Nevertheless, the current Northfork Mono community is exceptional in its depth of traditional knowledge, language, and continuing traditions such as food gathering/processing and basket making.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Archaeological work in the southern Sierra Nevada over the last several decades has documented prehistoric changes in land use, mobility patterns, technological organization, and trade relationships at various times during the Holocene (Garfinkel et al. 1979; Goldberg et al. 1986; Goldberg and Skinner 1990; Jackson and Dietz 1984; McGuire 1981; McGuire and Garfinkel 1980; Moratto 1972, 1988; Moratto et al. 1988; Morgan 2006, 2010; Roper Wickstrom 1992, 1993; Stevens 2002, 2005). Bennyhoff’s (1956) cultural sequence for Yosemite National Park represented the initial step toward understanding prehistoric culture change in the central Sierra Nevada. Subsequent work at reservoir sites in the lower foothills (e.g., Moratto 1972; Moratto et al. 1988) has documented a series of occupational periods broadly similar to those in Yosemite, but all three chronological schemes are ultimately based on Great Basin and Central California sequences (e.g., Beardsley 1954; Bettinger and Taylor 1974). Archaeological work at higher elevations in the southern Sierra Nevada has augmented data from the foothills (e.g., Goldberg and Skinner 1990; Goldberg et al. 1986; Jackson and Dietz 1984; Morgan 2006, 2010; Roper Wickstrom 1992, 1993; Stevens 2002, 2005), but lack of depositional integrity and chronological control remain problems to be resolved over much of the region (Goldberg and Skinner 1990; Jackson and Dietz 1984:179). More recently, a chronological scheme was developed for the watersheds of the Mokelumne, Calaveras, Stanislaus, and Tuolumne rivers based on a synthesis of chronological information from more than 100 excavated sites (Rosenthal 2011). Five major time periods were defined. These include the Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, Late Archaic, Recent Prehistoric I, and Recent Prehistoric II. While the applicability of this chronology in the southern Sierra is unknown, it is used here as a convenient organizing framework to facilitate the discussion of local prehistory within a larger regional context.

Early Archaic (11,500-7000 cal BP) In the southern San Joaquin Valley, Early Archaic deposits were identified in the basal cultural stratum at KER-116 at Buena Vista Lake which Fredrickson and Grossman (1977; see also Hartzell 1992; Wedel 1941) ascribe to the San Dieguito Complex. The assemblage, radiocarbon dated to earlier than 9000 cal BP, includes crescents, projectile points, and scrapers, but no milling equipment. The earliest use of the Sierra Nevada is documented at Clarks Flat (CAL-342; Peak and Crew 1990) and the Skyrocket site (CAL- 629/630; La Jeunesse and Pryor 1996). Both of these sites were also discovered in buried stratigraphic contexts and include large numbers of Wide-stem and Large-stemmed projectile points, as well as very small numbers of other notched and stemmed points. The Early Archaic stratum at the Skyrocket site included hundreds of handstones and millingslabs, as well as a variety of cobble-core tools, large percussion-flaked greenstone bifaces, and obsidian from the Bodie Hills and Casa Diablo sources located east of the Sierra Nevada (La Jeunesse and Pryor 1996). Milling equipment was substantially less common at Clarks Flat. Plant macrofossil assemblages recovered from Skyrocket are dominated by gray pine and acorn nutshell, but include few if any small seeds or other spring- and summer-ripening plant foods (e.g., manzanita). This suggests that the site was primarily used during the fall and early winter when nuts were available (plant remains were not sampled at Clarks Flat). Little else is known about the Early Archaic interval, but indications are that assemblages roughly correspond to those characteristic of adaptations

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 16 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

referred to as “Millingstone” in other parts of the state (Basgall and True 1985; Fitzgerald and Jones 1999; Jones et al. 2002).

Middle Archaic (7000-3000 cal BP) The Middle Archaic is little known from the southern Sierra, with most evidence coming from obsidian hydration readings and from the presence of certain projectile point styles thought to date to this interval (e.g., Pinto, Humboldt concave-base; Jackson and Dietz 1984). However, at least four Middle Archaic-age sites have been documented in upland areas of the southern Sierra Nevada, and in lower elevation zones in the Sierra Foothills and San Joaquin Valley. At FRE-534, in the Wishon region of the upper Kings River drainage, Wren (1976) recovered a substantial number of handstones (n=105) and millingslabs (n=36) in apparent association with Pinto (n=12) and Humboldt (n=16) series projectile points. Radiocarbon dates of 5220 ± 105, 5085 ± 100, and 4160 ± 90 radiocarbon years before present were returned from the site. A similar accumulation of milling equipment and early projectile point variants has been documented at FRE-805 near Balsam Meadow (Jackson and Dietz 1984). The assemblage includes Pinto, Humboldt, and Elko points, as well as a number of stratigraphically inferior millingslabs (n=16) and handstones (n=25). The deposits are mixed to some extent, and there is no corroborating radiocarbon information. Source-specific obsidian hydration data, however, put the initial occupation of FRE-805 at about 5250 BP. At Dinkey Creek, in the upper Kings River drainage, Kipps (1982) identifies a ground and battered stone component (four millingstones, four handstones, and three hammerstones) within the lower stratigraphic levels of FRE-1023. Time-sensitive materials include two Pinto series projectile points, as well as a suite of source-specific obsidian hydration rim values which she infers to have broad contemporaneity with FRE-534. At FRE-61, near the valley-foothill transition, a large assemblage of basin millingslabs, cobble-core tools, as well as a human burial were recovered in association with a radiocarbon date of 5920 ± 220 BP and thick obsidian hydration readings, characteristic of the Middle Archaic (McGuire 1994). In the north-central Sierra, sites from this time period were once thought to be quite rare (e.g., Moratto et al. 1988). However, the apparent absence of this record can be attributed in part to long-standing confusion by archeologists over when Corner-notched dart points (e.g., Elko points) were first widely used on the western slope, commonly thought to be within the last 3,000 years (Moratto 2002; Moratto et al. 1988). On the contrary, recent excavations at several well-dated and stratified Middle Archaic sites in the north-central Sierra have clearly revealed that Corner-notched dart points were the predominant projectile point form used in the region between the Tuolumne and Mokelumne rivers from about 7,000 to 1,100 years ago (Rosenthal 2011; Rosenthal and McGuire 2004). This is consistent with obsidian hydration evidence from Yosemite, where various Side- and Corner-notched dart points have produced hydration readings which suggest they date to the Middle Holocene or earlier (i.e., Intermediate Period; Moratto et al. 1999:141). Like the Early Archaic, most of the known Middle Archaic deposits in the north-central Sierra have been identified in buried stratigraphic contexts, including those at Texas Charley Gulch (CAL-347; Moratto et al. 1988), Skyrocket (CAL-629/630), Black Creek (CAL-789; Rosenthal and McGuire 2004), Chipper (TUO- 4514), and Edgemont Knoll (TUO-4559; Meyer 2008). Middle Archaic deposits often include large numbers of handstones and millingslabs, a variety of cobble-based pounding, chopping, and milling tools, as well as an occasional mortar and pestle, found only at the most intensively occupied sites.

Late Archaic and Recent Prehistoric (3000-100 cal BP) The prevailing post-3000 BP cultural sequence in the southern Sierra is derived from investigations at Buchanan Reservoir (King 1976; Moratto 1972; Peak 1976). The earliest components at Buchanan Reservoir are subsumed under the Chowchilla Phase and date from approximately 2300 BP to 1650 BP (Moratto 1972, 1984:316-317, 1988:50). Recognized as an “interval of prosperity,” assemblages include fish spears, large

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 17 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

projectile points, millingslabs, cobble mortars, small obsidian flake tools, varied bone artifacts, and abundant shell ornaments and beads. Expanded exchange and/or contacts with areas to the east and west are indicated by a variety of marine shell beads and ornaments, as well as substantial amounts of exotic obsidian. Subsistence pursuits included hunting, fishing, and gathering vegetal foods, likely including acorns. A certain degree of non-egalitarian sociopolitical ranking is evident in mortuary structure and content (King 1976), and like San Joaquin Valley sites from this time period, burial posture is commonly extended (Moratto 1972). Settlement structure appears centered on relatively large base camps along major drainages. The Raymond Phase, ranging from 1650 to 450 BP, is characterized as a period of cultural instability and change and perhaps decreased population densities in the foothills. Tool forms were dominated by small and medium points, millingslabs, bedrock mortars, unshaped pestles, core tools, and small retouched flakes. Olivella shell beads and Haliotis ornaments become scarce suggesting a lack of access or breakdown of certain exchange systems. Grave goods lack the displays of wealth of the earlier Chowchilla Phase. Villages seem to have experienced cycles of occupation and abandonment and violence was common. Moratto (Moratto 1984:563-564) suggests that ancestral Yokuts groups during this time “may have abandoned marginal foothill and valley areas and congregated near reliable water sources at higher elevations, along principal streams, and near delta waterways.” Factors initiating these disruptions and abandonments may center on paleoclimatic change resulting in “rapid desiccation of lowland environments.” Since Moratto’s (1972) pioneering work at Buchannan Reservoir (now known as Eastman Lake), archaeological research throughout central California and the western Great Basin has demonstrated that a number of significant cultural transformations occurred during the period encompassed by the Raymond Phase (e.g., introduction of the bow and arrow; adoption of bedrock milling technology; rapid economic intensification; Basgall 1987; Bettinger and Taylor 1974; Hughes 1994; Hull and Moratto 1999; Rosenthal 2011; Rosenthal et al. 2007). This time interval subsumes the second half of the Middle Period, the Middle- Late Period Transition, and Phase 1 of the Late Period, as defined in the northern San Joaquin Valley (e.g., Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987; Groza 2002; Rosenthal et al. 2007) and elsewhere in central California (e.g., Jones et al. 2007; Milliken et al. 2007). In the north-central Sierra, the timing of the Raymond Phase spans the end of the Late Archaic (3000-1100 cal BP) and all of the Recent Prehistoric I Period (1100-610 cal BP [Rosenthal 2011]). The final interval of prehistoric occupation at Buchannan Reservoir, the Madera Phase, lasted from 450 to 100 BP and witnessed a “florescence of the ancestral Miwok,” and presumably the Western Mono and ancestral foothill Yokuts (Moratto 1972). This period roughly correlates with the Recent Prehistoric II Period (610-150 cal BP), as defined in the north-central Sierra (Rosenthal 2011). Assemblage characteristics include steatite disc and Olivella shell beads, lightweight arrow points, bedrock mortars, and cobble pestles, steatite bowls, cooking vessels, pipes, arrow shaft straighteners, and ornaments. Dramatic population growth is inferred by the appearance of certain complex ceremonial and domestic structures, and by the emergence of a village community settlement pattern, with primary villages along major water courses and subsidiary hamlets on large tributaries. An important transition to the intensive use of acorns is suggested by the appearance of bedrock mortars in many areas during this interval. While bedrock mortars are not thought to have been present until after ca. 650 BP at New Melones Reservoir to the north, evidence from Buchanan Reservoir suggests the use of bedrock mortars began after ca. 1600 BP, (Moratto 1972; Moratto et al. 1988). At Yosemite and in the nearby Mokelumne River area, bedrock mortars are also thought to have been first used during this interval (Bennyhoff 1956; Cleland 1988). Evidence from the San Joaquin River drainage to the south suggests bedrock mortars first appeared after ca. 1100 BP (Jackson and Dietz 1984).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 18 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

FIELD METHODS AND RESULTS

FIELD METHODS Two separate pedestrian surveys were performed to cover the entire APE, including all staging areas (Figure 4). Principal Investigator Adrian Whitaker conducted an initial survey during the field kick-off meeting on July 23, 2013. He walked over the entire road area for 100 meters in either direction of the bridge and examined the ridges on either side of the bridge. On May 19, 2013, Far Western archaeologist Justin Wisely surveyed additional staging areas and portions of the APE that had not been previously surveyed, examining exposed soil for evidence of archaeological deposits. Wisely also attempted to re-locate the previously recorded bedrock milling station but was unsuccessful. It is presumably under the reservoir, as noted in the site record.

RESULTS No previously unrecorded resources were identified during survey, and there are no known resources within the project APE.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

An archival records search, consultation with interested Native American individuals, and a pedestrian survey identified only one prehistoric isolate within one-quarter mile of the project area; this resource is under the modern reservoir and will not be affected by the project. The buried site sensitivity assessment identified the entire APE as very low sensitivity for buried resources. It does not appear that the project will affect any cultural resources, and no additional cultural resource efforts are recommended. If previously unidentified resources are encountered during construction, it is recommended that work stop in that area until a qualified archaeologist can evaluate the nature and significance of the find. Additional survey will be required if the project changes to include areas not previously surveyed.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 19 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California IT A L I AN B A Madera Co. R R Fresno Co. D

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Survey Coverage O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 4. Archaeological Survey Coverage (Map 1 of 3).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 20 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California I T A Madera Co. L I A Fresno Co. N

B A R

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Survey Coverage O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 4. Archaeological Survey Coverage (Map 2 of 3).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 21 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California IT ALIAN BAR RD

D R R E G IN D E R R E P UP

Map Extent

Feet 0 150 300 Area of Potential Effects Survey Coverage O 0 50 100 Meters 1:2,500

Figure 4. Archaeological Survey Coverage (Map 3 of 3).

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 22 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

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Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 28 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

Roper Wickstrom, C. K. 1992 A Study of High Altitude Obsidian Distribution in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Sonoma State University. 1993 Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of High Altitude Site Patterning in the Southern Sierra Nevada. In There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson, edited by Greg White, Pat Mikkelsen, William R. Hildebrandt, and Mark E. Basgall, pp. 285-301. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis, Publication Number 11. Rosenthal, J. S. (editor) 2011 A New Frame of Reference, Prehistoric Cultural Chronology and Ecology in the North-Central Sierra Nevada. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication Number 16. Rosenthal, J. S., and K. R. McGuire 2004 Middle Holocene Adaptations in the Central Sierra Nevada Foothills: Data Recovery Excavations at the Black Creek Site, CA-CAL-789. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis, California. Submitted to California Department of Transportation, District 06, Fresno. On file, Central California Information Center, California State University, Stanislaus. Rosenthal, J. S., G. G. White, and M. Q. Sutton 2007 The Central Valley: A View from the Catbird’s Seat. In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by T. L. Jones and K. A. Klar, pp. 215-228. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, California. Rundel, P. W., D. J. Parsons, and D. T. Gordon 1977 Montane and Subalpine Vegetation on the Sierra Nevada and Cascade. In Terrestrial Vegetation of California, edited by M. G. Barbour and J. Major, pp. 559-599. California Native Plant Society, Special Publication 9. Sheets, P. D., and D. R. Stuart 1974 An Archaeological Survey of Selected Localities, Bass Lake, California, Part II. On file, Supervisor's Office, Sierra National Forest, Clovis. Shott, M. J. 1989 On Tool-Class Use Lives and the Formation of Archaeological Assemblages. American Antiquity 54(1):9-30. Singer, C., and J. E. Ericson 1977 Quarry Analysis at Bodie Hills, Mono County, California: A Case Study. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by T. K. Earle and J. E. Ericson, pp. 171-190. Academic Press, New York. Stevens, N. E. 2002 Prehistoric Use of the Alpine Sierra Nevada: Archaeological Investigations at Taboose Pass, Kings Canyon National Park, California. Master’s thesis, California State University, Sacramento. Coyote Press, Salinas.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 29 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

Stevens, N. E. continued 2005 Changes in Prehistoric Land Use in the Alpine Sierra Nevada: A Regional Exploration Using Temperature-Adjusted Obsidian Hydration Rates. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 25(2):41-59. Stevens, N. E., and J. S. Rosenthal 2012 Organization and Analysis of Existing Collections from CA-MAD-392/H, Falls Beach Rehabilitation Project, Madera County, California. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis, California. Submitted to PG&E, Fresno, California. Steward, J. H. 1933 Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in American Archeology and Ethnography 33:233-335. Taylor, Thomas, and Thomas Jackson 1995 Archaeological Survey and national Register of Historic Places Evaluation Report Big Creek No. 4 Hydroelectric Project (FERC Project 2017), Fresno, Madera, and Tulare Counties, California. Report of file at the Southern San Joaquin Valley Information Center, Bakersfield, California. Theodoratus Cultural Resource, Inc., and Archaeological Consulting and Research Services, Inc. (TCR and ACRS) 1984 Cultural Resources Overview of the Southern Sierra Nevada. Theodoratus Cultural Resource, Inc., Archaeological Consulting and Research Services, Inc. Submitted to the USDA Sierra National Forest, Fresno, California. Varner, Dudley M., and William C. Beatty 1980 An Archaeological Investigation of Cultural Resources for the Balsam Meadow Project, Fresno County, California. Report on file at the Southern San Joaquin Valley Information Center, Bakersfield, Calfiornia. Wedel, W. R. 1941 Archaeological Investigations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 130. Washington, DC. Whistler, K. A. 1984 Linguistics. In Cultural Resources Overview of the Southern Sierra Nevada, Theodoratus Cultural Resource, Inc., and Archaeological Consulting and Research Services, Inc., pp. 107-134. Submitted to the USDA Sierra National Forest, Fresno, California. Woolfenden, Wallace B. 1988 Human Ecological Implications of Migratory Deer Behavior in Sierran Prehistory. Society for California Archaeology 1:225-245. Wren, D. G. 1976 Two High Sierra Sites: FRE-534 and FRE-535. Submitted to the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 30 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California

York, Andrew, et al. (co-authors unlisted by information center) 1987 BICEP Transmission Project Big Creek to Magunden: Archaeology, Ethnology, History and Paleontology Technical Reports. Report on file at the Southern San Joaquin Valley Information Center, Bakersfield, Calfiornia.

Archaeological Survey Report for the San Joaquin 31 Far Western River Bridge Replacement Project on Italian Bar Road, Fresno and Madera Counties, California APPENDIX A

RECORDS SEARCH

Redacted APPENDIX B

NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION Consultation Request http://www.nahc.ca.gov/slf_request.html

Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request

NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION 915 Capitol Mall, RM 364 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 653-4082 (916) 657-5390 – Fax [email protected] Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search

Italian Bar Bridge Road Project:______Fresno/Madera County______

USGS Quadrangle Cascadel Point, California Name______09S 23E 12 Township _____ Range ______Section(s) ______

Company/Firm/Agency: ______Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. Adrian Whitaker Contact Person: ______2727 Del Rio Place, Suite A Street Address: ______Davis 95618 City: ______Zip:______(530) 756-3941 Phone: ______(530) 756-0811 Fax: [email protected] Email: ______

Project Description: The County of Fresno proposes to replace an existing bridge over the San Joaquin River with a new bridge. The new alignment will require some blasting of bedrock and paving.

1 of 1 1/11/2010 2:42 PM

April23,2014 ChairpersonElizabethHutchinsKipp BigSandyRancheriaofMonoIndians ExampleP.O.Box337/37302 Native American Letter Auberry,California93602 Re:ItalianBarRoadBridgeReplacement,FresnoandMaderaCounties,California

DearChairpersonElizabethHutchinsKipp,

The County of Fresno proposes the replacement of the existing Italian Bar Road Bridge over the San JoaquinRiver(RedingerLake),whichdoesnotmeetmodernsafetystandards.Potentialimpactsfromthe project may include excavation of footings/piles along the edge of the reservoir, blasting bedrock to realign a curve and minor ground disturbance associated with grading for the proposed the final approaches. This project will be completed in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic PreservationAct.

Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., on behalf of Area West Environmental and the County, is in the process of conducting a cultural resources investigation for the proposed bridge replacement.Thisinvestigationwillincludearchivalresearch,anassessmentforthepotentialofburied culturalresources,pedestriansurveyoftheprojectarea,andreportdocumentation.Atpresent,wehave initiated a records search with the Southern San Joaquin Information Center and sent a request to the NativeAmericanHeritageCommissionaskingforareviewoftheirSacredLandsfile.TheCommission indicatedthattherearenoknownNativeAmericanculturalresourcesintheimmediateprojectarea.

Theintentofthisletteristoinformyouabouttheprojectandprovidetheopportunityforyoutoexpress anyconcernsyoumayhaveaboutimpactstotraditionalvaluesorspiritualplaceswithintheProjectarea. We would appreciate your response by May 23, 2013. If you need any further information or wish to discussthisproject,pleasecontactmeat(530)7563941or[email protected]. Thankyouforyourtime. Sincerely, AdrianWhitaker PrincipalInvestigator [email protected]

NATIVEAMERICANCONTACTEFFORTSANDCOMMENTS

Name Affiliation Letter Phone Email Comment Sent Call Sent ElizabethHutchinsKipp, BigSandyRancheria 4/22/14 5/20/14 5/20/14 LeftMessagewithtribalEPAofficer,emailaddressbouncedbackas Chairperson undeliverable. RobertLedger, DumnaWoWahTribal 4/22/14 5/20/14 5/20/14 LeftMessageonansweringmachineofDumnaWoWahTribal Chairperson Government Government(SamenumberasEricSmithandJohnLedger) EricSmith, DumnaWoWahTribal 4/22/14 5/20/14 5/20/14 LeftMessageonansweringmachineofDumnaWoWahTribal Government Government(SamenumberasRobertandJohnLedger) JohnLedger DumnaWoWahTribal 4/22/14 5/20/14 5/20/14 LeftMessageonansweringmachineofDumnaWoWahTribal Government Government(SamenumberasEricSmithandRobertLedger) RobertMarquez, ColdSpringsRancheriaof 4/22/14 5/20/14 Noinformationorcommentontheprojectarea(outsidetheirterritory) Chairperson MonoIndians LawrenceBill,Interim SierraNevadaNative 4/22/14 5/20/14 Mr.Billcommentedthatthewholeareawasimportantandrequested Chairperson AmericanCoalition thatsomeonefromhisgroupbeallowedtomonitorwork. RonGood,Chairperson NorthForkMonoTribe 4/22/14 5/20/14 Leftamessage BobPennell TableMountainRancheria 4/22/14 5/20/14 Comment:Projectisnotwithinourarea. LeannWalkerGrant TableMountainRancheria 4/22/14 5/20/14 SeePreviousComment(BobPennell) MandyMarine DunlapBandofMonoHPS 4/22/14 5/20/14 5/20/14 Nocommentontheproject. JerryBrown ChowchillaTribeofYokuts 4/22/14 5/20/14 Voicemailmemoryisfull